International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) (2023) 17:1645–1651

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-01183-7

ORIGINAL PAPER

Investigation on mechanical behaviour of inconel 718 manufactured

through additive manufacturing
Vaishnavi Kohale1 · Samidha Jawade1 · Ganesh Kakandikar1

Received: 7 August 2022 / Accepted: 20 December 2022 / Published online: 5 February 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) creates three-dimensional objects by depositing materials layer by layer. Selective laser
melting (SLM) is one of the important AM processes used for metal. In SLM the fully melt metal transforms into a solid
three-dimensional part. This process allows for faster, more complex, and less time-consuming manufacturing. The mate-
rial INCONEL718 (IN718) is a nickel superalloy used due to its good weldability and can be processed using a variety
of manufacturing technologies. More than 50 process parameters control the quality of SLM-manufactured components.
The process parameters control the performance parameters. The anisotropic behavior is observed in the IN718. In this
research, the superalloy IN718 was created by additive manufacturing (AM) using a selective laser melting approach,
and the post-AM thermal treatments were evaluated. The effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties is observed
using UTS and Hardness as performance and heat treatment’s impacts on microstructure, process-induced flaws, and
microstructural behavior were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The samples are simulated using
the SIMUFACT ADDITIVE to calculate the yield stress. The microstructure and tensile characteristics of Inconel 718
superalloy were seen to be improved by ageing treatment.

Keywords Additive manufacturing · Selective laser melting · IN718 · Ultimate Tensile Strength · SEM analysis ·
Simufact Additive

1 Introduction geometric characteristics have traditionally been produced

Nowadays, industrial manufacturing is a slow and costly
trial-and-error process. On the other hand, additive manufac-
turing is a set of production technologies that use a solid dig-
ital model to produce an item additively [1]. The interaction
between solid models and additive manufacturing, as well
as material deposition, are entirely computer-controlled [2].
Additive manufacturing is referred to by several words such
as 3D printing, additive fabrication, and freeform fabrica-
tion. Low-volume components with complicated forms and
Samidha Jawade
samidha.jawade08@gmail.com
Vaishnavi Kohale
vaishnavikohale1998@gmail.com
Ganesh Kakandikar
kakandikar@gmail.com
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath Karad
MIT World Peace University, Pune, India
using traditional additive manufacturing methods. Powder
Bed Fusion (PBF) is a method of additive manufacturing in
which powder bed granules are selectively bonded or com-
pletely melted collectively in an inert gas environment or
vacuum, relying here on an energy source. The components
are produced to the appropriate shape in powder bed fusion
procedures by regulated melting or sintering of a succeed-
ing powder particle by a form of energy. SLM technology
allows for the creation of geometries with complex features
that are impossible to accomplish using traditional produc-
tion processes such as powder metallurgy, casting, forging,
and extrusion [3, 4]. The mechanical performance of selec-
tive laser melting manufactured components is essential.
SLM is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that
has various benefits over traditional technologies, includ-
ing reduced production processes, great flexibility, minimal
material utilization, and, most crucially, the ability to build
objects with high geometrical intricacy and dimensional pre-
cision [5, 6]. SLM-produced specimens have considerably
better mechanical characteristics as compared to traditional

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1646 International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) (2023) 17:1645–1651
casting methods because of their fine microstructure, grain
size, and cooling rate [7]. A significant concern in additively
made components is whether homogeneous microstructure
and mechanical and corrosive qualities can be attained, as
well as whether the method is competitive with existing
technologies like casting.
Superalloys are alloys created for application in the
engine of gas turbine (GTE) technologies that necessi-
tate excellent service qualities under sustained exposure
at extreme temperatures without degradation. They have
also been used effectively in various engineering fields like
chemical and petroleum facilities, nuclear reactors, gener-
ating electricity, space transportation, and so on. Superal-
loys, refractory metals, and ceramics are only a few of the
material groupings that may be used at extreme tempera-
tures. Nickel-based superalloys with high stress and high
temperature are applied in turbine blades and discs in GTEs.
Medical applications - dentistry uses prosthetic devices.
Various metal materials are considered for the fabrication
of the additive component. The metal alloys that are used
for the SLM process are Al-based alloys, Ti-based alloys,
Ni-based alloys, Fe-based alloys, Cu-based alloys, and Co-
based alloys [8]. The effect of heat treatment on mechanical
properties needs to be studied [9]. The current study aimed
to determine the effect of material parameters on metallurgi-
cal processes and the ensuing microstructural and mechani-
cal properties of IN718 treated by SLM [10].
2 Materials and methods
2.1 IN718
The UNS unique id N07718, which relates to alloy chemis-
try, is assigned to IN718. The designation “superalloy” often
alludes to the alloy’s improved performance. International
Nickel Corporation developed Inconel 718 to improve the
ability to weld and has been widely utilized in a variety of
industrial applications [9]. IN718 shows outstanding tensile
and impact-resistant properties, along with good high-tem-
perature corrosion resistance [11]. IN718-0405 alloy com-
prises nickel up to 55% followed by iron up to 21% and
chromium up to 21%, along with secondary elements. The
powder form of material is used for the manufacturing of
specimens.
These alloys are commonly used in different industries
such as aerospace, nuclear, automotive, etc. Alloy 718 has
importance due to its excellent creep properties, high resis-
tance to post-welding cracking, high-temperature strength,
and good high-temperature corrosion resistance[12, 13].
The impressive mechanical properties of Alloy 718 are due
to the presence of some key elements like Ni, Cr, Fe, Nb,
13
Table 1 List of Parameters [16]
PROCESS PARAMETERS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Layer Thickness– 30 Micron Ultimate Tensile Strength
Laser Power – 200 W Yield Stress
Border Count – 2 Elongation
Hatch Spacing – 0.09 mm Hardness
Strategy – Stripe
Build Orientation– Horizontal
Fig. 1 (a)Tensile Specimen (b) Tensile specimen with heat treatment
Ti, etc. in the chemical composition. In Alloy 718, Ni and
Cr are responsible for high-temperature corrosion and car-
burization resistance. The elements such as Fe, Nb, and Mo,
with small amounts of Al and Ti, enhance the mechanical
and corrosion resistance of this Alloy.
2.2 Manufacturing of specimen with SLM IN718
There is the effect of systematically varying process param-
eters on microstructural evolution and tensile properties.
There are a lot of process parameters with different con-
sequent effects on microstructure in the SLM process. As
previously explained, the main challenges related to powder
bed AM Alloy 718 are related to deposition parameters like
Laser power, laser energy input, laser exposure time and
scan speed, etc. which affect the microstructure, densifica-
tion, and mechanical properties in the built sample [14]. The
behavior of materials can be accurately analyzed by refer-
ring to anisotropic behavior and mechanical properties. The
anisotropic tensile properties are controlled by the process
parameters. The current study attempted to examine the
mechanical characteristics of In718 such as yield strength
(YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) [5, 15]. Using the
further mentioned parameters in Table 1 the specimens are
manufactured through Amison Engineering. The machine
used for the manufacturing of specimens is Renishaw AM
400. According to ASTM E8/E8M-22, the standard samples
were prepared as shown in Fig. 1 [7].
International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) (2023) 17:1645–1651 1647

Fig. 2 Tensile test specimens a &

b without heat treatment and c &
d with heat treatment

2.3 Heat treatment Table 2 Tensile test results of IN718

Sr no. Specimen Ultimate tensile Yield
Heat treatment is a process in which the heating metal is to strength (N/mm2) stress
(N/mm2)
a particular temperature followed by maintaining it there for
1 Without Heat treatment 1267 1011
a specific period, and then cooling till a particular time. It 2 Without Heat treatment 1166 932
is a tool for obtaining the desired microstructure and char- 3 Heat treatment 1359 1086
acteristics in metal. Heat treating is a term that refers to a 4 Heat treatment 1402 1119
group of industrial, thermal, and metallurgical operations
that are used to change the physical and, in some circum-
stances, chemical properties of a material. There are differ-
ent types of Heat treatment used for SLM components. One
of the important HTs is Aging. Heat treatment aging is the
process of raising the temperature of an alloy to modify its
characteristics [5]. The aging treatment helps in enhancing
the mechanical properties of metal. During manufacturing,
the specimen undergoes the annealing treatment which is a
stress relieving process. A long aging process is practiced
on the specimen in which the specimen is heated up to 720
°C temperature and then cooled for 1 h followed by another
heating up to 620 °C and then cooling for 5 h [17].

Fig. 3 Mechanical properties of SLM printed specimen - Ultimate ten-

3 Results and Discussion sile strength, Yield stress

3.1 Performance measure
A universal testing machine (UTM) is used for testing the
tensile properties of SLM manufactured IN718. Tensile test-
ing is necessary for evaluating the behavior of the materi-
als [18]. The testing was performed on the M100 Universal
testing machine in the Metallurgy lab of MIT-World Peace
University. Figure 2 shows the results of the tensile test per-
formed on the Universal Testing machine. The fracture on
the surface of the specimen indicates the Partial cup and
cone shape which shows the behavior of the material i.e.,
IN718 [19]. The material exhibits partial ductile behavior as
it shows cup and cone failure.
Table 2 shows the variation in the mechanical proper-
ties of IN718. A comparison of the measured properties of
samples is shown in Table 2 [20]. Due to uneven cooling
and machine error, heterogeny is found in the properties of
a specimen. In comparison to the as-built conditions, the
alloy gained a very good set of mechanical qualities after
being aged. Figure 3 shows the deviation in the mechanical
properties of the IN718 samples. The recrystallization that
occurs during the aging process leads to an increase in the
strength of samples with heat treatment. Due to the precipi-
tation of the γ′ and γ″ phases, there is an improvement in the
strength of IN718 after heat treatment [21]. Graph 1 shows
the values for UTS and YS.

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Table 3 Rockwell Hardness test results stress relief, the tension in the metal may be significantly
Without Heat Treat- Without Heat With Heat With Heat decreased using high-temperature heat treatment. Stress
ment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 1 Treat-
(HRC) (HRC) (HRC) ment 2 relief is the emission of internal energy correlated with
(HRC) microstructure defects such as intergranular barriers and
30 33 27 28 dislocation. At high temperatures, atomic diffusion accel-
32 31 29 27 erates, allowing atoms in high-stress locations to move to
30 32 30 30 low-stress regions, such as grain interiors, resulting in the
31 30 28 29 release of inner strain energy and coarsening of the grains
30 31 29 28 [22]. Metal grain size is recognized to have an inverse con-
Minimum-30 30 27 27
nection with hardness. Smaller grains restrict the develop-
ment of dislocations more than bigger grains, resulting in
increased stress that comes with smaller grains, which con-
tributes to the material’s strength. Due to stress relief in the
samples, there is a decrease in hardness.

3.2 Microstructure characterization

Scanning electron microscopy-The microstructure of IN718

Fig. 4 Rockwell Hardness test results (HRC)
The hardness Test method is a straightforward method of
deciding the strength of the material. An indenter of various
shapes is forced into the metallic surface with a set force, and
the depth of the impression is evaluated. The indenter might
be made of a pyramid-shaped diamond or a steel spherical.
Vickers hardness (HV), Brinell hardness (BH), and Rock-
well hardness (HR) are the three most popular hardness
tests. Rockwell’s hardness measurements were performed
using a standard tester (62.8 HRC) on the horizontal direc-
tion as the printed direction of samples with an amount load
of 150 kg and holding-time of 10 s with the 120° conical
shaped brale diamond intender. The hardness was measured
from 5 different points and used average hardness values for
each sample [5, 9]. The hardness test is done using a RAB
250, hardness tester in the lab of MIT- World Peace Univer-
sity. There are different Rockwell hardness scales like A,
B, C, D, and E with changing intender and the dial on the
machine and various applications. The applied load changes
with the type of scale. The test was performed on the C scale
with the red scale dial and utilized for various materials like
iron, steel, and titanium. The applied load for this test was
150 Kg f. The machine is first calibrated with the help of a
standard specimen. The results of indentation for 4 samples
are shown in Table 3 on each sample 5 tests were performed
to obtain an accurate value of the material hardness.
The hardness values in Fig. 4 show slight differences
between with and without heat treatment samples. During
samples manufactured utilizing SLM technology allows us
to comprehend the melting and re-melting processes plus
investigate the faults connected with the approach. A scan-
ning electron microscope can be used to inspect the micro-
structure of SLM-manufactured IN718 specimens [23]. A
Scanning Electron Microscope was used to examine the
microstructures of samples (SEM) in the Physics department
at Savitribai Phule Pune University [25]. SEM images are
used to observe the microstructural behavior of the speci-
men. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the samples
was assessed using the SEM’s energy dispersive spectros-
copy (EDS) detector. In JEOL SEM (JSM-6610LV), a range
of chemical studies may be performed using the EDS sys-
tem. By using a backscatter electron detector, SEM may be
utilized to determine the region of interest on the specimen
at 20 kV. Utilizing this sort of detector will provide picture
contrast between elements of varying atomic weight. Once
the region of interest has been defined, the EDS is used to
scan the area and describe the components present. A clear
presentation of several spectra allows for rapid and easy
identification of variations in composition between distinct
places on a sample as shown in Fig. 5; Table 4. It also allows
for simple comparability with another area of interest.
Unmelted powder particles are visible due to the uneven
cooling in specimen production. Micro-cracks often begin
in the fragile areas while the mechanical testing owing to
stress accumulation and afterward proliferate to quicken
the rupture. As a result, shallow dimples with the low-
est mean size develop, resulting in the SLM samples hav-
ing lower ultimate strength than the forged IN718. IN718
displays ductile fracture with typical dimpled fracture and
microvoid coalescence [24]. The primary fracture mecha-
nism is an intergranular dimple rupture caused by microvoid
nucleation on a localized strain discontinuity, and it is often

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Fig. 7 Simulation results for As-built IN718

Fig. 5 Microstructure chemical characterization of a sample

Table 4 Results for EDS Analysis

Element Weight%
Ni 28.61
Fe 12.88
Cr 10.87
Nb 2.34
Ti 0.52
Zn 1.37
Mo 1.75
C 26.72
O 15.16
Fig. 8 Simulation results for Heat treated IN718

characterized by cuplike depression [25]. It is mostly due to and perhaps other flaws on the surfaces of the fracture. The
the spherical-shaped morphology of the particles utilized, fracture behavior observed is ductile. the tensile specimens
which plays a key role in generating completely dense com- demonstrate ductile behavior for scattering dimples on the
ponents throughout the SLM process. Because of the gen- surface where the fracture occurs. As a result, at ambient
eral non-equilibrium melting and coagulation generated by temperature, mechanical characteristics comparable to the
the laser in the IN718 samples, the particle size is quite fine SLMed IN718 are achieved for SLM + HTed specimens.
[26]. Heat Treated Inconel 718 Alloy-Homogeneous cellu-
lar network structure is observed in the samples as shown in
Fig. 6. Due to the heat treatment, the dimples grow some-
what in size but are deeper than that of the as-deposited form.
And from the other end, there are almost less micro-pores

Fig. 6 Microstructure analysis of fracture surface of (a) As-Fabricated Inconel 718 Alloy (b) Heat-Treated Inconel 718 Alloy

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4 Simufact additive
Simulation offers the user support in optimizing the results
and ensures reduced development and production costs.
Simufact Additive substantially reduces the number of
test prints. To calculate the yield stress in the component
Simufact Additive is used. Simufact Additive is a software
solution for simulating metal-based additive manufactur-
ing processes that is both reliable and scalable [7]. Simu-
fact Additive is a technology for predicting and resolving
impairments throughout the printing process, optimizing
the additive process. Using Simufact Additive, they can
also predict sintering-induced stress in advance and indicate
where defects might occur.
Renishaw AM 400 machine is used for the simulation of
the component. Renishaw AM 400 uses high-density laser
power. The build and support are given, and then the part
is imported from the browser. The support is generated for
the part that is imported base plate is already assigned to the
part. The material IN-718 powder is applied to components
from the material library. The build conditions are given to
the component. The support removal process is also applied
to the part. The process parameters are varied. The value
for layer thickness is 0.03 mm. The manufacturing data is
inputted in the software accordingly for the As-built as with-
out heat treatment and heat treated as with heat treatment. It
is noticed that the yield stress varies due to the temperature
change as shown in fig 7 & 8. The experimental and soft-
ware value when compared to each other there it gives a
similar output.
Since there is little variation between analysis and real
testing, the generated findings are confirmed using Simufact
Additive manufacturing software as seen in table 5 . Because
several aspects affect the manufacturing process during real
experiments, such as the quantity of gas removed from the
laser pulse, the number of voids created, and disturbances in
the thickness of the layer, such as bubbles developed owing
to entrapped air [7]. However, during simulation, these set-
tings are assumed to be correct. As a result, the outcomes of
simulation and actual experiments differ.
5 Conclusion
Presently, new methods like as 3-d printing provide a chance
to improve superalloy functioning via optimizing and regu-
lating process variables. Because of its outstanding ability
to withstand damaging conditions and high temperatures,
Ni-based superalloy material is employed in a wide range of
sectors. This work considers the material characterization
and mechanical behavior of In718. During tensile testing,
layers are formed in horizontal orientation along the path
13
of loading. They have stronger interlayer bonding, resulting
in higher tensile strength. The aging heat treatment effect
on the microstructure and mechanical properties of samples
were systematically investigated. The influence of process
variables, beam exposure period and point distance on
microstructure and tensile strength, and hardness is inves-
tigated in this study. For this reason, four test specimens
were created using the SLM method using Alloy 718, two of
which were heat-treated with ageing treatment. Tensile test
findings at room temperature(25ºC) demonstrated that heat
treatment enhanced both YS & UTS readings substantially
due to recrystallization. Due to the uneven cooling and the
machine error, the heterogeny is found in the properties of a
specimen. The recrystallization that occurs during the aging
process leads to an increase in the strength of samples with
heat treatment. The microstructure and tensile characteris-
tics of Inconel 718 superalloy can be improved by ageing
treatment. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength
of inconel718 increase as the temperature rises. The hard-
ness of the as-built specimen is greater than that of the
heat-treated specimens. When evaluated in terms of a manu-
factured component and heat-treated specimen, anisotropy
is claimed to be evident. SEM-EDS was used to examine the
microstructure samples manufactured using the SLM tech-
nique. The requisite microstructural build-up was attained
using H/T post-processing, and the resulting mechanical
properties were preferable to those of Inconel 718 as built.
Declarations
Conflict of interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author
states that there is no conflict of interest.
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