POMORSKI ENGLESKI 4- USMENI

ANCHORING
Anchoring is as frequent operation on board as loading and unloading of cargo. It is a routine job.
When anchor is dropped, the crown of the anchor is the first to hit the sea bottom. As the ship moves back
the flukes embed themselves into the sea bed. The flukes will only dig into the sea bed once the ship moves
aft and flukes are facing downwards into the sea bottom. Opposite happens when we pick up the anchor,
flukes face upwards and the anchor gets uprooted from the bottom.
Three things that affect the holding power of anchors are: construction of anchor, nature of seabed and
scope of the cable.
The fluke area influences the holding power of the anchor- Normal, High and Super high holding power.
Correct scope is essential for safe anchoring and better holding power. Scope is the ratio of the depth of
water to the length of the cable deployed. Scope of 6 is advisable for achoring, hard weather up to 10.
Preparing for anchoring include checking charts, depths, nature of sea bed,..
Standard condition: length of cable= ((depth of water in meters*2)+90)) / 27.5
Strong wind, strong current, harder sea bottom= ((depth of water in meters*3)+140)) / 27.5
A ship is normally fitted with ten shackles of cable, each shackle is about 27.5 metters in length, and
connected to another shackle by an accessory fitting called kenter joining-shackle.
Many types of shackles like mooring, type baldt, kenter joining(joining two lengths of chain), type D(for
connecting the anchor to the anchor-chain),…
SQUAT EFFECT
Ship squat is the sinking of a ship deeper into the water as it moves forward. This sinking causes the water
level around the ship to rise, and it can be particularly pronounced when ship sail in narrow channel or
shallow water. The main factors are the speed of the ship, the depth of the water, and the shape of the
ships hull. Water level around the ship rise, and the under keel clearance is smaller. Squat is approximately
proportional to the square of the ships speed.
BANK SUNCTION
Is caused by the increased speed of the water in the restricted space between the hull and the bank.
BEAR DOWN/BEAR AWAY
The effect of the wind depends on the area presented to the wind before or aft of the ships pivoting point.
Ship with the main superstructure aft, such as tankers, will turn towards the wind.
An offshore supply boat will turn away from the wind- effect on steering.
AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE THRUST
Thrust can be defined as the propulsive force that drives the vessel through the water against the resistive
forces. Axial thrust is thrust along the axial direction in order to push the ship forward by pushing water
backwards. Transverse thrust is athwartship components of water force acting on the propeller blades.
While moving ahead, bow will cant(turn) to port for right handed propeller. While moving astern, bow will
cant to starboard.

PIVOTING POINT
The pivot point is considered to be the centre of leverage for forces acting on the ship. At 1/3 ships length
from the bow when the ship is moving ahead, and ¼ ships length from the stern when going astern.
COLREG
The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972
A-General B- Steering and Sailling Rules C-Čights and Shapes D- Saunds and lights
signals E- Exemtions
Rule 5- Lookout- the most important rule
Rule 13- Overtaking situation (starboard side- 1 short blast, port side- 2 short blast)
Rule 14- Head on situation (both alter course to starboard so they pass on port side of the other)
Rule 15- Crossing situation (if you have vessel on starboard side, you are the give way vessel)