Class 7th Science Chapter no 7 solution

1. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called solution.

2. Solution is made up of two parts solute and solvent.
3. The substance that dissolves and is present in less amount is called solute.
4. The substance in which the solute gets dissolved and is present in greater amount is called
solvent.
5. The solvent water is called a universal solvent.
6. The most valuable of water is its ability to dissolve more solute than any other liquids.
7. When solute particle dissolved in solvent a solution is formed.
8. The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent is called concentration of a solution.
9. A solute can be dilute or concentrated solution depending upon the amount solute.
10. Dilute solution is one in which the small amount of solute dissolved in solution.
11. Concentrated solution is one in which the greater amount of solute is dissolved in solution.
12. Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in certain amount of solvent is
called solubility of a solution.
13. When a solute completely dissolved in the given amount of solvent is called unsaturated
solution.
14. When a solute partially dissolved In the given amount of solvent is called saturated solution.
15. Like dissolve like
16. When the temperature increases the solubility also increases.
17. When the temperature decreases the solubility also decreases.
18. Rock and candy is made by the process of crystallization.
19. If the temperature is lowered, the solute becomes less soluble and crystals are formed this
process is called crystallization.
20. Increasing pressure increase the solubility while decreasing pressure decreases the solubility.

Unit no 8
Force and Motion

1. Anything which changes its position between two points the object is said to in motion. The
actual path covered by object is called its distance. The covered path may be straight or
curved.
2. When you are setting in a chair and an astronaut observe you from space station you are in
motion according to the astronaut because the earth is in motion.
3. How fast the object travelled is called its speed.
4. In order to measure speed we need to know two things distance and times.
5. The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.
6. The formula of speed is : speed = Distance/time
7. The formula of Distance is ; Distance = Speed * time
8. The formula of time is ; Time = Distance / speed
 9. The symbol for speed is ‘V’
10. The SI unit of speed is meter per second (m/s)
11. The bigger unit of speed is kilometer per hour ( Km/hr) or miles per hour (mi/hr)
12. The total distance covered by a body in total time taken is called its average speed.
13. Average speed = Total distance/Total time
14. Before the SI units the length was measured in meter in America.
15. Speedometer measured speed of a moving object.
16. Odometer measure the distance covered by a moving object.
17. Force is an agent that pulls or pushes an object.
18. Force can change the state or direction of an object.
19. The SI unit of force is Newton. The symbol for SI unit is N.
20. The name unit is from the name of the scientist Sir Isaac Newton.
21. If a body of mass 1 kg is pushed and its speed is increasing at rate of 1 m/sec in each second
then the force applied on it has value of 1 newton.
22. A force that acts only when there is physical contact between two bodies.
23. A force that acts with contact between two bodies. E.g gravitational pull.
24. According to Newton first law every action has equal but opposite reaction.
25. When a rocket is fired the hot gases come out from the rocket in reaction the rocket moves
forward.

Unit no 9

Waves

1. When we disturb a medium the particles of the medium vibrate after disturbance then the
disturbance of the medium is called wave.
2. Waves carry energy but not the particle.
3. On the basis of medium wave have two types. Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.
4. Mechanical waves are those waves which require a material medium for their propagation.
5. Electromagnetic waves are those waves which do not require a material medium for their
propagation.
6. Light and heat from sun reaches us because they travel in the form of electromagnetic waves.
7. Sound wave is the mechanical wave it cannot reach from the sun because of vacuum.
8. Transverse are those waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the
direction of the wave travel.
9. Transverse waves are in the form of trough and crest.
10. Crest is the portion of transverse waves which is above the mean position.
11. Trough is the portion of transverse waves which is below the mean position. E.g. string waves.
12. The waves in which the particle of the medium vibrates parallel to the direction of wave travel.
13. Longitudinal wave travel in the form of compression and rarefaction.
14. The portion of the longitudinal wave in which the particle of the medium is close to each other is
called compression.
15. The portion of the longitudinal wave in which the particles of the medium are spread out is
called rarefaction.
16. In the compression region longitudinal waves have low volume, high density and having high
pressure.
17. Rarefaction is the region of longitudinal wave having large volume, low density and low
pressure.
18. Variation in density of medium is due to variation of pressure on its particles in longitudinal
waves.
19. An earthquake generates both transverse and longitudinal waves.
20. Longitudinal waves faster through the earth and seismographs (earthquake detector) first they
are called primary or P waves.
21. Transverse waves travel much slower and are called secondary or S waves.
22. From the difference in the time of arrival of the two waves, seismologists can estimate the
distance from the detector to the quake.
23. Length of one wave is called the wavelength of wave.
24. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs.
25. The SI unit of wavelength is meter.
26. The unit might differ for millimeter to kilometer.
27. Electromagnetic wave does not require a material medium to travel. In these waves, instead of
medium particles electric and magnetic fields vibrate perpendicular to wave just like the
particles of the transverse waves.
28. Number of waves passing through a point in one second is called frequency.
29. The formula for frequency is ;
Frequency = number of waves passing through a point / time taken by waves to pass through
a point. F=n/t
30. Time period is the time taken by a wave to pass through a point in the medium. The SI unit of
time period is of time period is second.
31. The formula for time period is;
Time period = time taken by waves to pass through a point / number of waves passing
through it. T = t/n
32. Frequency of wave and its time period is inverse to each other.
33. F=1/t or T= 1/f
34. Time period and frequency are reciprocal to each other.
35. Amplitude is the maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the medium from mean
position when a wave is passing through it.
36. Amplitude of the wave measure the energy carried by the wave.
37. Greater the amplitude of the wave greater will be energy carried by it.
38. Smaller the amplitude of the wave less will be energy carried by it.
39. Red waves have greater amplitude and greater energy is compared to blue waves.
40. Higher frequency wave means it has greater number of waves passing a point in one second
41. Higher frequency wave means, it has greater number of waves passing a point in one second
therefore it carries more energy than a lower frequency of waves.
42. Sound is produced by vibrating bodies and sound waves travel away from the vibrating bodies.
43. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
44. Pitch of sound tells us that the sound is shrill or grave.
45. Shrill sound has greater frequency (higher pitch) while grave sound has low frequency (low
pitch).
46. Pitch of sound is directly proportion to frequency of sound.
47. Loudness of sound is the sensation produced by sound on our ears.
48. Two sound of same pitch (same frequency) may have different loudness.
49. The property of sound which help us to distinguish between a soft sound and a louder sound is
called loudness of sound.
50. Amplitude of the wave is directly proportion to the loudness of sound.
51. Louder sound has greater amplitude, and soft sound has smaller amplitude.
52. If the sound source has larger surface to vibrate, it produces louder sound.
53. Distance from sound source is directly proportional to loudness of sound, a man near to sound
source will hear louder sound while a man away from sound source will hear slow sound.
54. Sensitivity of the ear is directly proportional to the loudness of sound. Sensitive ear can hear
louder sound and vice versa.
55. The soft reflected sound waves is called echo.
56. Echo is the repetition of sound due to reflection of sound waves from a hard surface.
57. To hear echo sound must reach our ear after 0.1 sec.
58. The gap between the original sound and the reflected sound is or echo should be at least 0.1
sec.
59. The minimum distance in air between the speaker and the reflecting surface should be at least
17 meters.
60. During lightning in the sky both light and sound are produced at the same time but light reaches
us earlier than the thundering sound because light is faster than sound.
61. Speed of light is 300000 kilometers per second.
62. Speed of sound at 0 degree centigrade is 332 meter per second.