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caie-igcse-mathematics-0580-theory-6505642c74e5db28208cdd2e-399
caie-igcse-mathematics-0580-theory-6505642c74e5db28208cdd2e-399
ORG
CAIE IGCSE
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
Prepared for Muntaha Ijaz for personal use only.
CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
1. Number
Natural numbers:
used for counting purposes
A∩B is shaded A∪B is shaded
all possible rational &irrational numbers
Integer: a whole number ⊂‘is a subset of’
Prime numbers:
divisible only by itself and one
1 is not a prime number
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction
Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g. π
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational number
ξ = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
to itself thrice.
b∈X
Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational number
to -1, or 1 over that number
of elements in A
1.4. Indices
Standard form:
10 4 = 10000
10 3 = 1000
10 2 = 100
Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers 10 1 = 10
multiply together to make the original number 10 0 = 1
10 −1 = 0.1
1.3. Sets 10 −2 = 0.01
10 −3 = 0.001
Definition of sets e.g. 10 −4 = 0.0001
A = { x : x is a natural number} 10 −5 = 0.00001
B = {( x , y): y = mx + c } Limits of accuracy:
C = { x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
D = { a, b, c , … } The degree of rounding of a number
E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p 2.05 ≤ x < 2.15
Set representations: Finding limits when adding/multiplying: add/multiply
respective limits of values
Finding maximum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: max value divided by/minus min
value
Finding minimum value possible when
A∩B is shaded A∪B is shaded dividing/subtracting: min value divided by/minus max
value
⊂‘is a subset of’
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Total Distance
1.5. Ratio & Proportion Average Speed =
Total Time
$22.50 : 6.75KD 18
Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales m/sec × = km/hr
5
1km = 1000m
1m = 100cm
1cm = 10mm 2. Algebra & Graphs
Direct variation: y is proportional to x
Trinomial:
Simple interest:
x 2 + 14x + 24
PRT
I=
100 x 2 + 12x + 2x + 24
A = P (1 +
r nt
)
2.2. Quadratic Factorisation
n
General equation:
Where, P = P rincipal, R =
Rate Of I nterest, N = number of times the ax 2 + bx + c = 0
interest is compounded per year and T =
T ime Solve quadratics by:
Trinomial factorization
Quadratic formula
1.7. Speed, Distance & Time
−b ± b2 − 4ac
Distance x=
Speed = 2a
Time
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
- Quadratic Formula
Factorize a out e.g. x 2 − x − 6 = 0
Where a = 1 , b = −1 , c = −6
a (x 2 + x) + c = 0
b
Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula:
a
−b ± b2 − 4ac
Complete the Square x=
2a
b 2
a ((x + ) − 2) + c = 0
b2 Therefore:
2a 4a
2 x=
b2
a (x + ) −
b 2 (1 )
+c=0
2a 4a
x1 = 3
b 2
b2 − 4ac
a (x + ) = x 2 = −2
2a 4a
e.g. x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
(WARNING! Coefficient of x 2 Must be 1 for this to work)
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =± x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
2a 4a2
b ± b2 − 4ac (x + 5 )2 − 5 2 + 5 = 0
x+ =
2a 4a2
2
(x + 5 ) − 20 = 0
Note: 4a2 is a square number
(x + 5 )2 = 20
b ± b2 − 4ac
x+ = x + 5 = ± 20
2a 2a
−b ± b2 − 4ac x = −5 ± 20
x=
2a
Answer is:
Standardized form:
y = ax2 +bx + c x 1 = −5 +
20 , x 2 = −5 −
20
(−a, b)
Ways to solve Quadratic equations: If a is Positive: If a is Negative:
Graphing Method The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
Factorizing 1st &3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
Quadratic Formula
Complete the Square
2.4. Cubic Equation
- Graphing Method – Graph the equation,
see where it touches the X-axis Standardized Form:
- Factorizing y =ax3 +bx2 +cx + d
e.g. x 2 − x − 6 = 0 Properties:
The highest exponent of x is 3
x2 − x − 6 = 0 Has a maximum of 2 turning points
(x − 3 ) (x + 2 ) = 0
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Using differentiation
dy
dx gives you the gradient of the the curve at any point
in terms of x
dy
When y = xn , dx = nx n−1
dy
Stationary/ turning point: dx = 0
dy ′
1st Derivative = dx = f (x )
2.5. Exponential Graphs
nd d2 y ′′
2 = f (x )
Derivative = dx 2
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
3.2. Congruence
Gradient = speed SSS (Side – Side – Side) rule: All the three sides of the
triangles must be equal
2.12. Speed-Time Graphs
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Rectangle:
Trapezium:
Kite:
3.5. Construction
Constructing triangles:
3.4. Quadrilaterals
Rectangle:
Opposite sides parallel/equal
all angles 90°
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
3.6. Symmetry
Line of symmetry: Divides a two-dimensional shape into
two congruent (identical) shapes
Plane of symmetry: Divides a three-dimensional shape
into two congruent solid shapes
Properties of circles:
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
Tangents from an external point are equal in length
∘
Internal angles = 180 ∘ − 360
n
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
1
Trapezium= 2 (a + b) h
Circle= πr 2
Sector= πr 2 × θ
360
Sphere
Surface Area = 4πr 2
Volume = 43 πr 3
Hemisphere
Surface area = 3πr 2
Volume = 23 πr 3
Kite
pq
Surface area = 2
4.3. Units
3.8. Circle Theorem
Volume:
4. Mensuration
4.1. Area
Parallelogram = b × h or AB sin θ
Triangle= 12 b × h
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Capacity:
f(x) = 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓( 𝑥) = 𝑥2
Connecting volume and capacity: f(x) = x3 f(x) = 1/x f(x) = 1/x2
1ml = 1cm3
1kl = 1m3
Mass
Density = Volume
6. Trigonometry
x2 − x1
Equation of Line:
y = mx + c
Find the gradient, m 6.2. Pythagoras Theorem
Find the y -intercept, c
To find hypotenuse
a2 + b2 = c 2
Midpoint of Graph:
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y2
( , )
2 2
2 2
(x 2 − x 1 ) + (y2 − y1 )
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Angle of depression:
Angle below the horizontal line.
∘
cos (x ) = cos (360 − x)
1
Area of a triangle: 2 ab sin c
6.3. Ratios
Right angled triangles:
opposite
sin x = hypotenuse → SOH
adjacent
cos x = hypotenuse → CAH
tan x = opposite
adjacent → TOA
A B C
= =
sin a sin b sin c
Cosine rule
To find the angle given 3 sides
b2 + c 2 − a2
cos a =
2bc
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos a
length of image
Scale factor =
length of object
Modulus of a vector:
time
In general, if x = (m
n ) , ∣x ∣ =
(m2 + n2
7.2. Transformation
Reflection (M):
When describing a reflection, the position of the
mirror line is essential
Rotation (R):
The centre, angle and direction of rotation are needed
to describe a rotation
A clockwise rotation is negative, and an anticlockwise
rotation is positive
The OR Rule:
For exclusive events A and B
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) Take the required number from the table and divide
by the sum of all values in the row/column of the
Independent events: condition provided.
Remember: P(A|B) and P(B|A) are not the same
Two events are independent if occurrence of one is
unaffected by occurrence of other
The AND Rule:
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
9. Statistics
Symbol : P (A∣B)
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Interpretation:
Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found by
reading on the scale of y-axis
Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3)
Long whiskers mean a lot of extreme values and vice
versa (1) 9.7. Pictograms
Difference in position of boxes represents if data in
one set is overall higher or lower than another data Data is represented in pictures
set. (3) and (4) A key is given to represent the value of a picture.
Variation in lengths of different sections and position
of median show how evenly the data is spread,
compared to other data sets (1) E.g. = 5 people
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
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CAIE IGCSE
Mathematics
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