MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

1. describes principal roots and tells whether they are rational or irrational. (M7NS-Ig-1)
2. determines between what two integers the square root of a number is. (M7NS-Ig-2)
3. estimates the square root of a whole number to the nearest hundredth. (M7NS-Ig-3)
4. plots irrational numbers (up to square roots) on a number line.*** (M7NS-Ig-4)

EXPONENTIALS
The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication.
In 82 the "2" says to use 8 twice in a multiplication, so 82 = 8 × 8 = 64.
In words: 82 could be called "8 to the power 2" or "8 to the second power",
or simply "8 squared"
Exponents are also called Powers or Indices.

Solving for the Standard form of Exponentials

For Example:
(i) three cubed, in symbol 33
i.e. 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟑 ● 𝟑 ● 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟕
(ii) five squared, in symbol (−5)2
i.e. (−𝟓)𝟑 = −𝟓 ● − 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓
(iii) negative two to the fifth power, in symbol (−2)5
i.e. (−𝟐)𝟓 = −𝟐 ● − 𝟐 ● − 𝟐 ● − 𝟐 ● − 𝟐 = −𝟑𝟐

RADICALS
"Roots" (or "radicals") are the "opposite" operation of applying
exponents; we can "undo" a power with a radical, and we can
"undo" a radical with a power.

For instance,
if we square 3(32 ), we get 9, and if we "take the square root of 9
“(√9), we get 3
i.e.
32 = 9 (exponentials)
√9 = 3 (radicals)
if a unique non negative solution exists for the equation then it can be called as principal root.
For Example:
(i)The square root of 81, In symbol: √𝟖𝟏
i.e We all know 9 ● 9 = 81 and also -9● -9 = 81, so √𝟖𝟏 = 𝟗 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟗
here the principal root is 9
𝟑
(ii)The cube root of 27, In symbol: √𝟐𝟕
i.e We all know 3 ● 3 ● 3 = 27, so √𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑
𝟑

here the principal root is 3

4
(iii) The fourth root of 625, In symbol: √625
i.e We all know 5 ● 5 ● 5 ● 5 = 625 and also -5 ● -5 ● -5 ● -5 = 625, so √𝟔𝟐𝟓 = 𝟓 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟓
𝟒

here the principal root is 5

How to determine if the roots of a radical is a Rational number or Irrational number?

A. To determine if the square root of a radical number is rational or not:

Square roots
2
i.e. √𝑎 ; here the radicand is “a” and the index is “2”
Identify the radicand and the index in the radical expression.
i. if the radicand is a perfect square having the index 2, then the root is a rational number.
ii. if the radicand is not a perfect square having the index 2, then the root is irrational
For Example:
(i) √16, here 16 is a perfect square for 4 ● 4 = 16 ; its root is a Rational Number
(ii) √15, here 15 is not a perfect square, so its root is an Irrational Number
B. To determine if the cube root of a radical number is rational or not:
Cube roots
3
i.e. √𝑏 ; here the radicand is “b” and the index is “3”
Identify the radicand and the index in the radical expression.
i. if the radicand is a perfect cube having the index 3, then the root is a rational number.
ii. if the radicand is not a perfect cube having the index 3, then the root is irrational
For Example:
(i)√125, here 125 is a perfect cube for 5 ● 5 ● 5= 125; its root is a Rational Number
3

3
(ii) √121, here 121 is not a perfect cube, so its root is an Irrational Number

Squares and Cubes of numbers 1-30

To easily identify which integers will the radical be in between,

the knowledge of perfect squares and perfect cubes is highly recommended. (memorize them)
For Example:
(i) √7; here 7 is not a perfect square, meaning it is an irrational number.
To determine what integers √7 lies in between.
Look for the closest to the perfect square less than 7 and the closest to the perfect square greater than 7 .
4 is the closest perfect square less than 7
9 is the closest perfect square greater than 7
So √𝟕 is in between √𝟒 and √𝟗. Meaning √𝟕 is located in between 2 and 3
3
(ii)√2200; here 2200 is not a perfect cube, meaning it is an irrational number.
3
To determine what integers √2200 lies in between.
Look for the closest to the perfect cube less than 2200 and the closest to the perfect cube greater than 2200.
2197 is the closest perfect cube less than 2200
2744 is the closest perfect cube greater than 2200
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
So √𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 is in between √𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟕 and √𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟒 Meaning √𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 is located in between 13 and 14
Steps of Long Division Method for Finding Square Roots up to two decimal places:

Step I: Group the digits in pairs, starting with the digit in the units’ place. Each pair and the remaining digit (if any) is
called a period.
Step II: Think of the largest number whose square is equal to or just less than the first period. Take this number as the
divisor and also as the quotient.
Step III: Subtract the product of the divisor and the quotient from the first period and bring down the next period to the
right of the remainder. This becomes the new dividend.
Step IV: Now, the new divisor is obtained by taking two times the quotient and annexing with it a suitable digit which is
also taken as the next digit of the quotient, chosen in such a way that the product of the new divisor and this digit is
equal to or just less than the new dividend.
Step V: Repeat steps (2), (3) and (4) till all the periods have been taken up. Now, the quotient so obtained is the required
square root of the given number.

For Example:

(i) √𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟔 = 124 1 1 53 76 (124)

1
22 53
44
244 976
976
0

(ii) √𝟕𝟔 ≈ 8.71 8 76 00 00 (8.71)

64
167 1200
1169
1741 3100
1741
1359

(iii) √𝟖 ≈ 2.82 2 8 00 00 (2.82)

4
48 400
384
562 1600
1124
476

Irrational numbers on a Number Line

- The exact location of an irrational number is cannot be identified, but we can use approximations or estimations
to represent them on the Number Line.

For Example: Plot the following Irrational numbers

≈ 0.87 ≈ 4.24 ≈ - 5.2 ≈ - 8.66 ≈ 8.13 ≈ - 1.57 ≈ 6.28