GROUP

REPORT
GROUP 1 : BRUNEI

Brunei is a small sovereign state located on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by the
Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah and has a coastline along the South China Sea.

I. Demographic Profile

Population – 428, 962 people.

Income per capita- 9,438.4 U.S. dollars.

Landmass :

- 5,265.00 km2 (Land area)

- 500 km2 (Water area)

- 5,764.00 in total.

II. Education:

· Primary education (7 years)

· Lower secondary education (3 years)

· Upper secondary education (2-3 years)

· Pre-university education (1-2 years)

Language

- The official language of the state of Brunei is Standard Malay.

Literature

In Brunei, literature and arts are important parts of its culture.

Tradition stories, poems, and folk tales are passed down orally and celebrate Brunei’s history and values.

Nowadays, Bruneian writers and artists create modern works like novels, short stories, and plays that still
connect to their roots.

Brunei also has a lively arts scene with crafts like weaving and woodcarving, as well as music, dance, and theater.

III. Cultural Heritage:

· Customs And Traditions - Brunei is a tightly-knit, conservative community filled with warm politeness, evident
in the way we speak, dress and carry ourselves. There are also hidden wonders in the vast expanses of the
rainforests!

· Ethical Values - Brunei emphasis on core ethical values like respect, humility and hospitality. These values are
deeply ingrained in societal interactions, influencing relationship within families, communities and workplaces.

· Beliefs - Brunei, like many countries, has a diverse range of beliefs and religions among its population. The
official religion of Brunei is Islam, and the majority of Bruneians are Muslims, predominantly following the Sunni
branch of Islam. Islam plays a significant role in the cultural, social, and legal aspects of life in Brunei
However, Brunei is also home to other religious communities, including Buddhists, Christians, and followers of
indigenous beliefs. While Islam is the state religion and holds a prominent position in society, Brunei's
government generally promotes religious tolerance and coexistence.

IV.Global Partnerships

Brunei's role in the international organizations mentioned is as follows:

1.Comprehensive Partnership with Australia (2023): Aims to enhance cooperation in economic development,
cybersecurity, climate change, food security, health, education, and people-to-people links.

2.ASEAN Engagement: Active participation in ASEAN, using it as a platform for regional cooperation, conflict
resolution, and addressing transnational issues.

3.United States Relations (Since 1984): Diplomatic ties include agreements on military cooperation, joint
exercises, and training programs.

4.OIC Membership: Brunei is an active member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, fostering
collaboration among Muslim nations.

5.Commonwealth of Nations: Brunei joined the Commonwealth in 1984 and has been actively involved in the
organization's activities, including hosting the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 2003.

Tourism Industries

Brunei's tourism industry offers a unique blend of modern refinement, scenic allure, cultural reverence, and
majestic opulence. The country's four pillars of tourism products are Culture, Heritage, Nature, and
Contemporary Asia.

Culture: Brunei is the world's oldest reigning monarchy, with a royal heritage dating back over 600 years.
Visitors can explore relics from an ancient shipwreck, walk around the surroundings of a royal tomb, and
experience history through numerous exhibitions and displays.

Heritage: The country's Islamic roots date back to the 10th century, and Brunei grew into an Islamic empire.
With Islam as the state religion and the Malay Islamic Monarchy (MIB) concept as the national governing
philosophy, Brunei flourished spiritually and through the people's material well-being.

Nature: Brunei is endowed with rich natural tropical rainforests and non-urban communities. The country has
been developing infrastructure to make tourist attractions more accessible, with a focus on nature and
community-based tourism.

Contemporary Asia: Brunei offers a blend of modern refinement and contemporary Asian experiences,
providing a unique perspective on the region.

Mercantilism Theory

Economic Backbone: Brunei's mercantilism theory centers on its oil and gas industry, which constitutes 80% of
exports and over half of GDP.

Trade Balance: Large oil exports maintain a positive trade balance; Brunei dollar is pegged to the Singapore
dollar.

Halal Food Industry: Brunei promotes its halal food sector for economic diversification, with a stringent
certification process that may pose challenges for foreign exporters.

Foreign Investment: Encourages FDI with incentives from the Ministry of Finance and Economy, support from
the Brunei Economic Development Board, and a tax-friendly environment.
VII. Flag Anthem

"Allah Peliharakan Sultan"

("God Bless the Sultan")

Allah Peliharakan Sultan" is the National anthem of Brunei Darussalam. The anthem is sung in Malay, the
national language of the country.

It was adapted as the national anthem of Brunei Darussalam upon independence from the United Kingdom, and
was sung as the national anthem of the independent state at the stroke of Midnight 1 January 1984.

THE FLAG:

Yellow Background: The yellow color represents the Sultan of Brunei and the monarchy. It symbolizes the royal
authority and sovereignty of the Sultanate.

Diagonal Stripes: The black and white diagonal

stripes represent the country's chief ministers. They signify the government's commitment to justice, peace,
and honesty.

Crest: The crest at the center of the flag is a symbol of Brunei's National identity and heritage. The royal
umbrella symbolizes the monarchy, while the crescent moon represents Islam, the official religion of Brunei. The
upturned hands symbolize the government's duty to protect and serve the people.

VIII. Laws and Jurisprudence

( Constitution & Special Laws)

1. Sharia Law: Brunei's legal system is based on Islamic Sharia law,

which governs personal and family matters, as well as aspects of criminal law.

2. English Common Law: English common law, inherited from Brunei's colonial history,

is also a significant part of the legal system, especially in commercial and administrative matters.

3. Constitution: Brunei's constitution, established upon independence in 1984,

outlines the framework of the country's legal system, emphasizing the Sultanate's Islamic monarchy.

4. Judiciary: The judiciary in Brunei is independent and structured with a hierarchy of courts,

including the Supreme Court, which encompasses the Court of Appeal and the High Court.

5. Legislation: Legislative power resides primarily with the Sultan, who issues decrees and promulgates laws.

The Legislative Council advises on legislative matters but has limited law-making authority.

6. Penal Code: Brunei introduced a Sharia penal code in 2014, drawing international criticism for its severe
punishments, such as stoning for adultery and amputation for theft. However,

some of the harshest penalties have been put on hold.

7. Human Rights: Brunei's legal system has faced scrutiny from human rights organizations, particularly
concerning freedom of religion, expression, and LGBT rights, due to the implementation of Sharia law.
IX. Socio-Economic, Socio-Political, Socio Cultural Aspects

Socio-Economic Aspects:

1. Oil and Gas Economy: Brunei relies heavily on its oil and natural gas reserves,

contributing significantly to government revenue and GDP.

2. High Standard of Living: Citizens enjoy a high standard of living with free education,

healthcare, and subsidized housing.

3. Low Unemployment: The country maintains low unemployment rates

due to its robust oil-driven economy.

4. Income Disparity: Income inequality exists, with disparities between

the wealthy elite and the general population.

5. Diversification Efforts: Brunei is diversifying its economy to reduce reliance on oil,

focusing on tourism, halal industry, and foreign investment.

6. Social Welfare: Extensive social welfare programs include education,

healthcare, housing, and food subsidies.

7. Islamic Influence: Islamic values influence governance, education,

and social norms as Brunei is an Islamic monarchy.

8. Foreign Labor Dependence: The country relies on foreign labor,

especially in sectors like construction and hospitality, posing challenges for local workforce integration

SOCIO POLITICAL

1. Monarchy and Governance: Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, who holds ultimate authority
over the government and state institutions.

2. Islamic Influence: Islam is the official religion and plays a significant role in shaping both the legal and cultural
landscape of Brunei. Sharia law influences the legal system, governance, and social norms.

3. Political Stability: Brunei enjoys political stability under the rule of the Sultan, with a lack of significant political
dissent or opposition parties.

4. Limited Political Participation: While Brunei has some democratic institutions, political participation is limited,
and power is concentrated within the royal family and elites.
5. Social Cohesion: Brunei's society is characterized by strong social cohesion and respect for traditional values,
with close-knit family structures and community ties.

6. Government Subsidies: The government provides extensive subsidies and social welfare programs, which
contribute to social stability and support for the monarchy.

7. Foreign Relations: Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with various countries and is an active member of
regional and international organizations, contributing to its geopolitical positioning and economic partnerships.

SOCIO CULTURAL

1. Islamic Influence: Islam deeply influences Brunei's culture, traditions, and laws.

2. Family Values: Strong family ties and respect for elders are core cultural values.

3. Traditional Festivals: Hari Raya Aidilfitri and other festivals are celebrated with communal gatherings and
religious ceremonies.

4. Cultural Diversity: Brunei embraces a mix of Malay, Chinese, and indigenous ethnic groups, enriching its
cultural landscape.

5. Arts and Crafts: Traditional crafts like weaving and silversmithing reflect Brunei's cultural heritage.

6. Language: Malay is the official language, while English is widely spoken, reflecting Brunei's diverse population
and global outlook.

7. Modern Influences: While traditional values endure, modernization and globalization introduce Western
influences, especially among the youth.

8. Hospitality: Generosity and warmth towards guests are cherished cultural traits in Brunei.

X. Indigenous People & Sustainability

- Nearly two-thirds of the population of Brunei is classified officially as Malay. This category, however, includes
not only ethnic Malays but also a number of the indigenous peoples, namely the Dusun, Belait, Kedayan, Murut,
and Bisaya (Bisayah).

- Sustainability is increasingly becoming a focus in Brunei, particularly concerning environmental conservation

and the preservation of indigenous cultures. Efforts are being made to integrate traditional ecological
knowledge with modern conservation practices to protect Brunei's rich biodiversity and natural resources.

The Dusun people are indigenous to Brunei, living primarily in rural areas. They traditionally rely on farming,
fishing, and gathering for their livelihoods, with a deep connection to the land and forests. Their cultural

practices, including traditional knowledge of agriculture and herbal medicine, are passed down through
generations.
The Belait people are indigenous to Brunei, mainly residing in the Belait district. They traditionally engage in
fishing, farming, and trading, with a strong connection to their land and rivers. They have a distinct culture,
including language, dances, and ceremonies. Efforts to preserve their traditions and rights to land are essential
amidst modern challenges

The Kedayan people are indigenous to Brunei, known for their unique culture. They traditionally farm, fish, and
trade, with a rich oral tradition and distinct language. Challenges include land loss and cultural erosion,
emphasizing the need to preserve their heritage and land rights.

The Murut people, indigenous to Brunei, have a rich culture rooted in their traditional lifestyle. They excel in
hunting, fishing, and farming, relying on the land for their livelihoods. Despite facing challenges like land
encroachment and cultural loss, preserving their traditions and rights remains vital for their well-being and
cultural identity.

The Bisaya people in Brunei are coastal dwellers known for fishing, boat-building, and farming. They have a
strong cultural heritage, including their own language and traditions. Challenges include environmental
degradation and cultural erosion, emphasizing the need for preservation efforts and rights protection.

XI. Science & Technology

( Inventions & Inventors )

One of the last remaining absolute monarchs, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (born 1946) has used enormous income
from vast reserves of oil and natural gas to make his tiny sultanate one of the world's most economically
prosperous and socially secure societies. As one of the world's wealthiest individuals, his own lifestyle has
become famous for its extravagance and record-setting excesses.

XII. Social Issues, Problems, and Trends

- In Brunei, a nation renowned for its high GDP per capita and government subsidies providing free education,
medical care, and housing, a surprising rise in mental illness and suicide rates has emerged. Despite economic
stability and material comforts, factors like materialism, societal pressures, and a stagnant job market contribute
to the mental health crisis. Financial literacy is cited as a potential solution, yet debt has become normalized,
reflecting underlying economic issues. The reliance on the hydrocarbon sector has stifled economic
diversification, leaving many without meaningful job opportunities. The younger generation, disillusioned with
the belief in a rescuer from economic distress, faces the reality of a troubled economy. Overall, addressing the
mental health crisis requires multifaceted approaches, including economic reform and social support.

XIII. Forms of Government

The Government of Brunei is the union government created by the constitution of Brunei where by the Sultan of
Brunei is both head of state and head of government (Prime Minister of Brunei). Executive power is exercised by
the government. Brunei has a legislative council with 36 appointed members, that only has consultative tasks.

Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Hassanal Bolkiah, is the head of state with full executive authority,
including emergency powers since 1962. The Sultan's role is enshrined in the national philosophy known as
"Melayu Islam Beraja" (MIB), or Malay Islamic Monarchy. The country has been under hypothetical martial law
since a rebellion occurred in the early 1960s and was put down by British troops from Singapore. The Seat of the
Government is located in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
XIV Theoretical and Historical Perspective

Theoretical Perspective

1.Islamic Perspective: Analyzes Brunei's society and governance through Islamic teachings, focusing on law,
politics, economics, and social norms.

2.Post-Colonial Perspective: Examines the effects of British colonization on Brunei's society, culture, politics, and
economy, including identity, power dynamics, and resistance to colonial legacies.

3.Developmental Perspective: Focuses on Brunei's economic development, particularly its oil and gas resources,
and addresses issues like industrialization, modernization, and socio-economic inequality.

4.Environmental Perspective: Emphasizes Brunei's biodiversity and natural resources, addressing conservation,
sustainable development, and climate change adaptation while considering the interconnectedness of
environment, society, and economy.

5.Cultural Perspective: Explores Brunei's diverse cultural heritage, including Malay, Islamic, and indigenous
traditions, and examines how they interact with modernity and globalization in areas such as language, religion,
customs, and traditional practices.

Historical Perspective

Brunei has a rich history spanning centuries, with early evidence of civilization dating back to the 7th century. It
became an influential Islamic sultanate in the 15th century, controlling much of Borneo and trading with
neighboring regions. However, the arrival of European powers, particularly the Portuguese and later the British,
led to periods of colonization and decline. Brunei became a British protectorate in the 19th century, and despite
retaining some autonomy, it experienced significant changes under British rule. In 1984, Brunei gained
independence from Britain, marking a new chapter in its history as a modern Islamic monarchy. Understanding
Brunei's historical perspective is crucial for comprehending its cultural identity, political system, and socio-
economic development.es has contributed to stability.