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2025 수능특강 영어독해 - 3강
2025 수능특강 영어독해 - 3강
3�� - Exercise 1.
The bitter irony of the nature-nurture wars of the twentieth century
20������ õ���� ��� ���� ������ ���� ���̷��ϴ�
was that a world where nurture was everything would be horribly more cruel than one
where nature allowed people to escape their disadvantages through their own
talents.
����� ���� �߿��� ���� ������ õ����� ������ �ڽ��� ���� ���� �ڽŵ��� �Ҹ���
��Ȳ� ��� �� �ִ� ���� �����ϰ� �� ������ �Ŷ�� ���̾��.
How peculiarly nasty to write people off because they were born in a slum, or
fostered by indifferent parents.
��ΰ����� �¾�ų� ������� �θ� ���� ����Ǿ�� ���� ����� ����� ٴġ�ϰ� ���� ���
����� ���� ������ ���̴�.
The society depicted in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World is usually mistaken these
days for one of fatalistic genetic determinism.
Aldous Huxley�� Brave New World���� ����� ��ȸ�� ���� ���� �������� ����� �������
��ȸ�� ���εȴ�.
In fact it is the very opposite, a place where early nurture for the elite produces
unfair advantages.
��� ��װ�� ��ݴμ�, ����Ʈ�� ��� ��� ����� �Ұ����� ���� ���� ���̴�.
Fortunately, we know from the work of the economist Gregory Clark that elites
regress inexorably to the mean over time.
������, �츮�� ������� Gregory Clark�� ������ ���� ����Ʈ�� �ð��� ��� ��� ���� ����
������ ȸ���Ѵ�
�ִ� �˰� ��� ٴ.
Despite sending their children to elite pre-schools,
����� ���ڳƮ �ġ�� �������� �ұ��ϰ�,
the richest of the rich in a city like New York can do little to make up for their
children's genetic mediocrity
����� ��� ������ ���� ������ ������� ���� ����� ����� �ڳ
������ ��ȸ�ϱ� ��� �� �� �ִ� ���� ���� ���,
and despite getting little opportunity, brilliant kids from the slums can make it
big.
��ȸ�� ���� ���� ���Կ��� �ұ��ϰ�, ��ΰ� ����� ����� � ��̵���پũ�� ������ �� �ִ�.
Nature is the friend of social mobility.
õ��� ��ȸ�� �̵����� ģ���̴�.
3�� - Exercise 2.
3�� - Exercise 2.
The expanding nature of digital technology meant new forms were constantly
surfacing and rapidly diversifying.
������ ����� Ȯ��Ǵ� ����� ��ο� ����� ���Ӿ��� ��Ÿ���� ��� ���� �پ������ ִ�ٴ
�ǹ��ߴ�.
As Dieter Daniels wrote regarding the growing complexity of current digital media,
it is "impossible to take in the whole picture."
Dieter Daniels�� ������ ������ �̵���� ������� ���⼺�� ���Ͽ� ����� ��ó��, '��
��ü���� ���� �����ϴ� ��� �Ұ����ϴ�.'
No technology has ever unfolded its potential as swiftly as computers.
� ��� ��ǻ��ŭ �ż��ϰ� �� ������ ��ģ ��� ����.
In contrast to traditional tools, which retained their form and function for
hundreds of years, the computer has changed dramatically in a short space of time.
��� �� ���� ��İ� ���� ����ߴ� �������� �������� ��������, ��ǻ�� ʹ ª�
�Ⱓ�� ������� ��ȭ�ߴ�.
There was, as pioneering artist Mark Wilson suggests, a "bewildering variety of
computational techniques" available to the artist.
�������� ���� Mark Wilson�� ���ϴ� ��ó��, ���� �̿��� �� �ִ� '��Ȥ�ϰ� �� ��ŭ ����پ
��ǻ�� ���'�� ���־.
Throughout the history of computer art, it seems that artists have often struggled
with the morphology and tempo of digitalization.
��ǻ�� ������ ���縦 ��Ʋ��, ������ ���� ������ȭ�� ���� �� �ӵ��� �ο� �� ����� ���δ�.
For the theorist and artist, it was difficult to follow the rapidly evolving nature
of the technology and the sudden succession and redundancy of forms.
�̷а����� ������ ���, ��� ��ȭ�ϴ� ����� ����, ��°�� �������� ����� ���۽
ߺ��� ������� .
Equally, the historian was faced with the difficulty of mapping these rapidly
transforming and ever-expanding digital forms.
�������, ������� ��� ���̷� �ڵȭ�ϰ� � �Ȯ��Ǵ� ������ ���¸� ���� ����ϴ� ����
����ߴ�.
This is perhaps why art historians have traditionally preferred subjects that
evolved at a manageable pace.
�̰
��� �Ƹ��� ���� ������ �ִ� �� ������ ���ڵӵ��� ��ȭ�� ����� ��������� ��ȣ��
�� ����� ���̴�.
3�� - Exercise 3.
3�� - Exercise 3.
One might say that a language predisposes us to think certain things, but perhaps
its main effect is in causing us not to think certain things.
�� �츮���� Ư��� ��� ���ϰ� ����ٰ� ���� �� �ְ���, �Ƹ��� � �ֵ� ���װȿ��� �츮��
Ư��� ��� ������ '�ʰ�' �ϴ� ���� ��� ���̴�.
It is well established that we fail to notice much of what goes on around us.
�츮�� �츮 �ֺ����� �Ͼ�� ���� ��� �κ�� �˾����� ���Ѵ� ���� ����� ��� ٴǾ�
�ִ�.
Research on human decision making shows that while we routinely disregard a portion
of available information, this in fact makes good sense.
�ΰ��� �ǻ� ����� ���� ������ �츮�� �̿��� �� �ִ� ��� �Ϻθ� �ϻ������ ��������, �̰ ��
��� �� �ϸ��� �ִ�ٴ� ��� ���� �ش.
Part of the logic of decision making is to minimize the costs involved.
�ǻ� ��� ���� �Ϻδ� ��ݵǴ� ���� �ּ�ȭ�ϴ� ���̴�.
It is the same from small things, like choosing which brand of cereal to buy, to
big things like finding a life partner.
�� ��� ��װ귣���� �ø���� �� ������ ���� �Ͱ� ��� ��� �Ͽ������� �λ��� ����� �ڸã��
�Ͱ� ��� ū�Ͽ� �̸������ �Ȱ���.
Once you have locked on to a decision-making problem,
�ϴ� �ǻ� ��� ����� �ü�� ����ϸ�,
your next step is to find ways to narrow the search for an appropriate solution and
lock off, or stop the search, by making the decision that yields the best balance:
desired benefit for lowest cost.
��� ��� �ְ��� (����) ����, �� ���� ��� ���� �밡�� �� ������ �����ٶ
�����ϴ� ���� ����ν� ������ ��ذå� ��� �˻� ����� ��� �� �˻�� �ɾ� ���״, ��
�����ϴ� ���� ã�� ���̴�.
And you should make the decision quickly in order to get on with making the next
incoming decision.
����� ���� ��� ����� ���ϱ� ��� ����� ���� ���� �ؼѴ�.
3�� - Exercise 4.
3�� - Exercise 4.
Few accounts of early human evolution depict males being fathers or sons, and yet
every single one of our male ancestors was both of those things.
�ʱ� �η��� ��ȭ�� ���� ���� ��� ������ �ƹ��� �Ƶ��̶�� �����ϴ� ��� ���� �����, �츮�� ��
�� ��� ��ΰ� ��(���װ� �� �ٿƹ������� �Ƶ��̾ ��).
That's not to say that early human fathers put as much effort into hands-on child
care as early human mothers did.
�� ��װʱ� �ΰ� �ƹ��� �ʱ� �ΰ� ��Ӵϰ� �ߴ� �ŭ � ��� ��ƿ� ��� ���� ���ٰ�
���Ϸ�� ����
�ƴϴ�.
But once the size of our ancestors' brains began to expand, it's likely that adult
males began to live with mothers and children, and groups worked together to
collect and prepare food.
�� ���츮 ����� ���� ũ�Ⱑ Ŀ��� ����������ڸ, ���� ����� ��ӴϿ� ���̿� �Բ� ���
�����߰�, ���� �ķ�� ä���ϰ� ���غϱ� ��� �Բ� ����� �� ����.
It seems to us that mothers would have needed help from adult males to get enough
food for themselves and their larger-brained children.
�츮���Դ� ��Ӵϰ� �� �ڽŰ� � �� ���ū �� ���� ���̸� ��� ����� �ķ�� ��� ��� ����
������ ������ �ʿ���� ����� ���δ�.
Chimp mothers are stretched to capacity finding enough food to keep their larger-
brained babies alive.
ħ���� ��̴� �� �� ū ��� ��� �ְ� �ϱ����� ���̸� ã�� �� �ɷ�� �ִ��� �����Ѵ�.
We reckon that australopithecine mothers could have managed if they had worked
together and got help from their older children.
�츮�� ���Ʈ��������� ���� ��Ӵϰ� �Բ� ���ϰ� �ڽŵ��� �� ���� �� ���̷κ��� ����� �Ҵ���
��� ���� �� ���� ����� ��־Ѵ�.
But it's hard to see how mothers could find enough food to supply the calories
needed to support the growth of even larger-brained youngsters while at the same
time supporting their own larger brain.
���� ��Ӵϰ� � �� ���� �ڽū �� ����ϸ 鼭 ���ÿ� �ξ� �� ū �� ���� ������ �����
����ϴ� �� �ʿ��� ����� ����ϱ����� �ķ�� ã� �� ��� ���� �ٰ�־ƴ�.
Males were the only possible source of the extra nourishment.
������ �߰��� ����� ���� �����ϰ� �� ����� ��õ�̾ ��.
3�� - Exercise 5.
3�� - Exercise 5.
Health researchers are increasingly examining how people move around the world and
interact.
�ǰ� �������� ������ ��ڵ踦 ���ƴٴϰ� ��ȣ �� ��ۿϴ� ���� �� �� ���� ����ϰ� �ִ�.
They do this through surveys, mobile phone data and satellite imagery.
��, ��� ���� ���� �ȭ ������, �ΰ�������� ��� ����� ���� �̰ �� �Ѵ�.
Soon it will be possible to link this data with other information �� from genome
sequences to environmental analysis �� to study infections across a range of
scales.
�� ������ ������� ���� ����� ���پϱ� ��� �� ������ ����� ��������
ȯ�� �м��� �̸������ ������ ����� �ٸϴ� ���� ������ ���̴�.
Rather than focus only on the biological features of a disease, or its impact on a
particular population,
���� ������ Ư¡�̳� � ���װƯ� �ֹο� ��ġ�� ����� ���� ���߱⺸��
we will be able to simultaneously analyse the infection, its evolution and its
environment, as well as the behaviour of its human patients.
�츮�� ����, ������ ��ȭ, ���� ȯ��Ӹ� �ƴ϶� ������ �ΰ�ȯ���� �ൿ�� ���ÿ� �м��� �� ���
���̴�.
This will allow health agencies to design disease control strategies specifically
for different populations and areas,
�̰�� ���� ���� ���� �ֹ� ���پΰ� ��� ���� Ư���� �� ��� ��� ������ �� ��� ���̰�,
and it will be particularly important in situations where a person's history of
infection can influence their future risk of disease.
��� �� ���̷� ���װ�� ������ ���� ̷���� �迡 ����� ��ĥ �� �ִ�
��Ȳ���� Ư�� �߿��� ���̴�.
Dengue fever is a good example: if you've previously been exposed to one strain of
dengue, it can make your second infection more severe.
����� ��� ����ε�, ���� ���� ����� �� ��� ����Ǿ� �װ,��� �� ��ٸ° ����� ��
�ɰ��ϰ� ���� �� �ִ�.
That's why a 2016 study coordinated by the World Health Organization recommended
that dengue vaccination campaigns should account for the history of infection
within a population.
� ����� ��� ���� ���� ����� �2016�� ������ ��� ���� �� ķ������ �ֹ� ��
���� �̷�� ����� ��� �ǰ��ߴ�.
3�� - Exercise 6.
3�� - Exercise 6.
It was an amazing feat to get to the moon, stay there for a few hours, and return
to Earth.
�� �� �� �����ؼð� ���� �� �װӹ����� ��� ���ƿ�� ��� ���� ����̾ ��.
The spacecraft for the eight-day journey was equipped with enough food, oxygen, and
other necessities for the astronauts to survive.
�� 8�ϰ��� ����� ��� ���ּ�� ���� �������� ����ϱ����� ���, ���, � ���
� ��ٸʼ�ǰ��� ���߰� ���־.
It's quite another undertaking for a colony of people to live indefinitely in space
by growing crops and recycling water and wastes.
���۹�� ����ϰ� ���� ��� ��Ȱ������ν� ���� ����� ������ ���ֿ��� ���������
��� ��� ����� �� ��̴��� ��� ���ٸ.
One person consumes roughly three times his or her body weight in food, four times
that weight in oxygen, and eight times that weight in water,
�� ����� �� 1� �� ����� �ڱ뷫 �� �踦 ������, �� ������ �� �踦 ��ҷ�, �� ������
���� �踦 ���� �Һ��ϰ�,
and generates 130 pounds of feces and 880 pounds of carbon dioxide in a single
year.
130�Ŀ���� �輳���� 880�Ŀ���� �̻�ȭź�Ҹ� ���Ų��.
Clearly, the prospect of carrying enough food to eat, water to drink, and air to
breathe for a colony of people is out of the realm of possibility, not to mention
the difficulty of carrying away the waste.
�и���, ��� ����� ��� ����� ���� ��͵ ���, ���� ����� ������ �Ա ����� ���, ���ñ
(�����) ��, ����� �� )�����( �� ���Ѵ� ��� ���� ٴɼ��� ���� ��ִ� �ۿ.
Even a single glass of water would require massive amounts of energy to lift into
space.
����� �� ���� ���� ���ַ� ��� �ø��� ��� ��û���� ��� ���� ������ �ʿ��� ���̴�.
A colony living indefinitely in space or on another planet would need to grow its
own food and cycle its water and wastes.
���ֳ� �� �������� ���� ���� ��� ��������� ��༺� �ٸķ��
����ϰ� ���� ��� ��ȯ���Ѿ� �� ���̴�.
Clockwork switches over to complexity.
�ð��� �¿� ��ġ�� ���⼺��� ��ȯ�ȴ�.
3�� - Exercise 7.
3�� - Exercise 7.
If punishment were about promoting cooperation, we should simply punish unfair
people.
ó���� ���� �����ϴ� �Ϳ� ��õ� ���̶��, �Ұ���� ����� ó���ϱ⸸ �ϸ� �ȴ�.
How much the other person's unfairness caused them to gain on us personally
shouldn't impact our decision.
������ �Ұ������ν� ��������� �츮�� �� ���� �����Ҵ���� �츮�� ����� ����� ��ġ�� �ʾƾ�
�Ѵ�.
However, as two psychologists, Nichola Raihani and Katherine McAuliffe, have found,
this is not the case.
� ���Nichola Raihani�� Katherine McAuliffe��� �� �ɸ����ߵ���߰ ����ڰ, �̰��
����� �ƴϴ�.
Their experiment involved a two-player game where one player could steal money from
the other.
���� � ��� ����� �� ���� � κ��� ��� ��ĥ �� �ִ� 2�ο� ����� �����ߴ�.
�ٸ
The victim always suffered the same loss.
������ �� ��� �ڴս�� �Ծ��.
However, the relative outcome varied.
�ߴ������ ������� ���� �پ.
Sometimes the thief still ended up with less cash than their victim, sometimes they
had the same as the victim, and sometimes they had more.
� ���� ������ ������ �� ����� ���� ��� �� ���ڽ��� �����ںǾ��, �
���� �
������ ���� ��� � ��� �����ڿ, � ���� �� ��� ���� �����.
The study found that the victim's decision to punish the thief was strongly
influenced by whether the thief ended up better off than the victim.
�� ������ �˾Ƴ� ���, ����� ó���ϱ�� �� �������� ����� ������ ������� ���ں
�������� �Ǿ���� ���ο� ���� ���ϰ� ����� �´ ��̾��� � ٴ.
People punished when they were made worse off by another person breaking a rule.
����� ��� ����� �ٸĢ� ���� �Ϳ� ���� � �� ������� �� ���ڽó��� ���ȴ�.
They did not simply punish because the other broke a moral rule.
� ������ ���� ������ ������ ���� ��ó������ �ʾҴ�.
Their punishment was not about increasing cooperation.
� ���ó��� ���� �����ϴ� �� ��õ� ���� �ƴϾ��.
It was about harming someone who had unfairly advanced ahead of them.
�� ��װҰ���ϰ� �� ��ռ����� ���� ���� �ظϴ� �Ϳ� ��õ� ���̾ ��.
3�� - Exercise 8.
3�� - Exercise 8.
We recognise that groups divide as well as unite, and the intensity of our bonds
within them may proportionately discourage relationships with non-members.
�츮�� ����� �ܰ�ܰ����Ӹ� �ƴ϶� �п��ϱ��ϸ�, �� ���ο����� �츮�� ��� ������ �������� �ƴ�
������� ��踦 ����� �Ͽ� ������ �� �ִ� ��� �ٴν��ϰ� �ִ�.
This presents us with a distinctly utopian problem.
�̰�� �츮���� �и��� ����Ǿ����� ����� ����Ѵ�.
Utopia is an idealised group characterised by enhanced sociability.
����Ǿƴ� ���� ��ȸ��� Ư¡��� �ϴ� �̻�ȭ�� ����̴�.
But every "in" group implies exclusion, or an "out-group".
���� ���� '����' ��� ���, �� '�ܺ�ܺ����'� �Ͻ��Ѵ�.
The attractiveness of the group may well be proportionate to its delineation of and
antagonism towards its enemies.
�� ����� �ŷ�� �Ƹ� �� ���� ��� ����� ��� ���� ��̴��� ����� ���ݰ.
Germans, for instance, have been described as achieving a "grand utopia of
belonging" in their united enmity to the Jews under Hitler.
���� ��� �����ε�� ��Ʋ�� ġ�Ͽ��� ����ο� ���� �ܰ�ܰ����밨���� '�ҼӰ��� ����� ����Ǿ�'��
�ߴٰ��� ����Ǿ� �Դ�.
So every utopia is a potential dystopia.
����� ��� ���Ǿƴ� �������� �����Ǿ��̴�.
Affection for and loyalty to some may be defined by hostility towards others:
neighbouring countries, rival football clubs, other races, religions, and nations.
� ��� ���� ����� �漺� �̿� ����, ���̹ � �౸ Ŭ��, � �� ��� ����� �ٸ
��� ������� ��� �ٸ ��ܿ��� ��밨�� ���� �и��� ������ �� �ִ�.
The last are particularly guilty here.
����� ����� ��(����)�� Ư�� �� ����� å���� �ִ�.
The most ambitious and universalistic theories of sociability demand a moderation
of the more primitive forms of national loyalty by cosmopolitanism to emphasise our
common essential humanity.
���� �� ��� �������� ��ȸ�� �̷е�� �츮 ������ �������� �ΰ���� ����ϱ� ��� ����
�ù����Ƿ� �� �������� ������ ���� �漺���� ��ȭ�� �䱸�Ѵ�.
But often they fail, and national enmity prevails instead.
���� ������ ���� ��͵װϰ� ��� ������ ��밨�� �����Ѵ�.
3�� - Exercise 9.
3�� - Exercise 9.
Small mammals and insects live near one another, often in dense vegetation.
��� ��������� ����� ���� ������, ��� ��� ������ �ʸ� �ӿ��� ���.
Their hearing range extends into what humans call the ultrasonic because these high
sounds reveal useful information about the close-at-hand environment.
�� ����� ��� ���͵װΰ��� ����Ķ�� �θ��� �ͱ��� Ȯ��Ǵµ�, �� ��� �Ҹ��� �ٰŸ��� ȯ�濡 ���� ���
�� ����� �巯���� �����̴�.
Social and breeding signals of these animals are therefore also ultrasonic.
��� �� �������� ��ȸ�� ��ȣ�� ��� ��ȣ ���� ������̴�.
To human ears, for example, mice and rats seem almost entirely silent, but these
animals have rich vocal repertoires including play sounds, calls from pups to
mothers, alarms, and breeding songs.
���� ��� �ΰ��� �Ϳ��� ����� �㰡 ���� ������ ħ���ϴ� �� ����, �� ������� ���� �Ҹ�,
����� ��̿��� ������ ����Ҹ�, �溸�, �� ��� ���뷡�� ������ dz���� �Ҹ� ���� �����
�ִ�.
Such high-frequency sounds travel very poorly in air, and so these sounds offer
rodents good close-at-hand communication without revealing their locations.
�̷��� ������ �Ҹ��� ��� ��� �� ������ �ʱ� ������, �� �Ҹ��� ��ġ��鿡�� �ڽŵ���
�ġ�� �巯���� ��� ä�� ��Ȱ�� �ٰŸ� �ǻ����� ����Ѵ�.
For animals that interact on larger scales, like humans and birds, lower
frequencies work better for long-distance communication.
�ΰ��� ��ó�� �� ū �Ը�� ��ȣ �� ��ۿϴ� ������ ���, �� ��� ���ļ� ��Ÿ� �ǻ���뿡 ��
ȿ�����̴�.
Their ears �� and thus breeding songs and calls �� are tuned to lower frequencies.
��, �� ���͵� ��� ��� ���װ뷡�� ����Ҹ��� �� ��� ���ļ� �������.
The diversity of sonic expression therefore reflects the varied ecologies of each
species.
��� �Ҹ� ǥ���� �پ缺� �� ��� �� �¸��� �����پѴ�.