ENGG252 Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Energy efficiency and Energy equation

worked examples

Lecture slides by Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences

A/Prof M Sivakumar University of Wollongong
 Fan (Pump) Efficiency (Ex 7.1)

=0 =0
=0
P2 − P1 V22 − V12
∆emech= + + g ( z2 − z1 )
ρ 2

∆ E mech, fluid = mass flow rate x ∆emech

V22
= m
2
(12m / s ) 2
= (0.50kg / s )
2
= 36.0 W

∆E mech, fluid 36.0 W

η mech, fan =

= = 0.72
Wshaft , in 50.0W

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 2
Overall Efficiency (eg: Turbine-generator)- Ex 7.2

Overall efficiency
must include motor
ηturbine − gen =ηturbineη generator or generator
= 0.75 x 0.97 efficiency.
= 0.728 (3sf )

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 3
Worked example
week 7-3: (Energy
efficiency)

Performance of a
Hydraulic Turbine–
Generator

The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by the

installation of a hydraulic turbine–generator at a location where the
depth of the water is 50 m. Water is to be supplied at a rate of 5000
kg/s. If the electric power generated is measured to be 1862 kW and
the generator efficiency is 95 percent, determine (a) the overall
efficiency of the turbine– generator, (b) the mechanical efficiency of
the turbine, and (c) the shaft power supplied by the turbine to the
generator.
 Worked example week 7-3: Solution

Problem: A hydraulic turbine-generator assembly

is used to generate electricity. Overall turbine-
generator efficiency, turbine efficiency and shaft
power is to be calculated.
Assumptions:
(i) Elevation of the lake remains constant.
(ii) Mechanical energy of the water at turbine exit is
negligible
Properties: The density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 5
 Worked example week 7-3: Solution (contd)

Analysis:
(a) Take location 2 as the reference level (datum) for convenience.

P1 − P2V12 − V22
emech, in − emech, out = + + g ( z1 − z 2 )
ρ 2
= ( Patm − Patm ) + ( 0 − 0) + gh
2 1J
= (9.81 m / s ) (50m) ( 2 2
)
kg.m / s
= 0.4905 kJ / kg

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 6
 Worked example week 7-3: solution (contd)
The rate at which the mechanical energy is supplied to the turbine by the fluid and
the overall efficiency are:
∆E mech, fluid = m (emech, in − emech, out )
= (5000 kg / s ) (0.4905 kJ / kg ) = 2452.5 kW
Welec −out 1862 kW
η overall = ηturbine − gen = = = 0.7592 = 0.760 (3sf )
∆E
mech , fluid
2452.5 kW

(b) Once the overall and generator efficiencies are known, mechanical efficiency of
the turbine can be found.
ηturbine − gen =ηturbine . η generator
ηturbine − gen 0.7592
∴ ηturbine = = = 0.7992 = 0.799 (3sf )
η generator 0.95

(c) Now the shaft power can be determined. 2453 kW

W shaft , out = ηturbine ∆E mech, fluid = (0.7992) (2452.5 kW ) = 1960 kW (3sf ) 1960 kW

1862 kW
Worked example Week 7-4 (Steady Flow Energy Equation)
- Problem
Hydroelectric Power Generation from a Dam
In a hydroelectric power plant as shown in figure below, 100 m3/s of water
flows from an elevation of 120 m to a turbine, where electric power is
generated. The total irreversible head loss in the piping system from point 1
to point 2 (excluding the turbine unit) is determined to be 35 m. If the overall
efficiency of the turbine–generator is 80 percent, estimate the electric
power output.

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 8
Worked example 7.4 - Solution

Problem: Given the head, flow rate, head loss and

efficiency of the hydroelectric turbine, find electric power
output.
Assumptions:
(i) Water levels in the reservoir and discharge sites remain
constant.
(ii) Flow is steady and incompressible
Properties: The density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 9
Worked example 7.4 – Solution (contd)

Analysis: Mass flow rate of water through the turbine is:

m = ρ Q = (1000 kg / m ) (100 m / s ) =10 kg / s
 3 3 5

Take the reference level as location 2.

At location 1: P1 = Patm = 0 (gauge); V1=0 (negligible); z=z1

At location 2: P2 = Patm = 0 (gauge); V2=0 (negligible); z=z2=0

Apply steady flow energy equation (5-77) between 1 and 2 and substitute
known values.
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ α1 + z1 + h pump , u = +α2 + z 2 + hturbine , e + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
0 + 0 + 120 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hturbine , e + 35
∴ hturbine , e = 120 − 35 = 85 m
Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 10
Worked example 7.4: solution (contd)

The corresponding turbine power is given by

105 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 9.81𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔ℎ
̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒 = 85𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 2
6
= 83.39𝑥𝑥𝑥0 𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 83.4𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

An ideal turbine will generate 83.4 MW of electric power. However the

actual power generated is:

Welectric =ηturbine − gen Wturbine , e = (0.80) (83.39 MW ) = 66.7 MW

Discussion:
(i) The power generation could be improved approx by 1MW by each
percentage improvement in the efficiency of the turbine-generator
unit.
(ii) In week 9, we will learn how to precisely calculate hL.
Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 11
 Example 7.5: Pumping water from a Lake to a Pool (Text: p227)

Find: m and ∆P Apply SFEE between 1 and 2:

across pump. P1 V12 P2 V22
+ α1 + z1 + h pump , u = +α2 + z 2 + 0 + hL
Also draw EGL and HGL ρg 2g ρg 2g
0 + 0 + 0 + h pump , u = 0 + 0 + 25.0 + 0 + 4.0
h pump , u = 29.0m

Given:
W pump ,u = η pump . W shaft = 0.72 x(5kW ) = 3.6kW
W shaft = 5kW
W pump ,u = m g h pump , u
η pump = 0.72
hL = 4.0m 3600 W = m x9.81m / s 2 x 29.0m
m =12.654 = 12.7 kg / s (3sf )
Datum
𝑃𝑃3 𝑉𝑉32
+ 𝛼𝛼3 2𝑔𝑔 + 𝑧𝑧3 + ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢
4 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
3 𝑃𝑃4 𝑉𝑉32
= 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
+ 𝛼𝛼4 2𝑔𝑔 + 𝑧𝑧4 + 0 + ℎ𝐿𝐿

𝑃𝑃4 − 𝑃𝑃3= 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢 =1000*9.81*29 = 285 kPa (3sf)

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 12
 Example 7.5: Pumping water from a Lake to a Pool (Text: p227)

EGL
HGL Draw EGL and HGL between 1 and 2:
2
Vout
2
2g P V
EGL1 = 1 + 1 + z1 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.0
ρg 2 g
P
HGL1 = 1 + z1 = 0 + 0 = 0.0
ρg

2
P V
EGL2 = 2 + 2 + z 2 = 0 + 0 + 25.0 = 25.0
ρg 2 g
Datum P
HGL2 = 2 + z 2 = 0 + 25.0 = 25.0
2
ρg
Vin
2g

Energy Equation and Energy Efficiency worked examples by A/Prof M Sivakumar, UOW 13