PRELIMINARIES

Vectors and
Scalar
-

only magnitude ,
no direction

" both and direction

magnitude

a -

Vectors Drawn :
using an arrow , and length of arrow represents magnitude b (larger magnitude
-

Represented symbolically using Fi F ,

System of units - Basic and derived quantities

Basic quantities Derived

quantity
-

-
Mass :

kg Ex +
Speed
-

Length -
m :
:
-time-s speed m/s :

-
Current A -

Temperature -
K

Luminosity -
Cd (candella)
-
No of particles : mol

Significant figures-
1. All non-zero digits are significant .

.
2 All zeroes blu non-zero numbers are
significant (12060 + 4 sf 900 43 - 55 +]
. .

,
.

.
3 Filler zeroes to the left of a decimal are not
significant (220 = 2 sf 0 30 + 2 st]
. .
.

.
4 Filler the right of decimal place are not
significant (0 0006- 1st 0 00 1 St)
+
zeroes to a
.
. .
.
,

.
5 All non-filler zeroes to the right of a decimal place are significant (80 2-3 st 60 40 + 35 f]
. . .
. .

Significant figures in calculation

- >

Multiplication :

23x978
~
2

>
-
=
13292 + 1.3x104

The should have the same of s f the with the least of in

answer no as no
question
·
. -
.

NOTE Same for division

:

Addition 3 subtraction :

-3
>
- 3 21
.
+ 4.1 = 7 .
31 + 7 3 .

· The ans should have the same no of dop's as the no with the least dop in the operation.
 Scientific notation +

·
axiob

NOTE-Value in the place of 'a' has to by the same no of sofas the

og number.

x10213
.
st
.

>
-
504 = 3 5 77
. .
5

Rounding off -

·
3 250000
.
- will be rounded off to 3 2 .
+ 3 3
.
bes the no ·
bo the last non-zero digit is even .

↓ for odd round off to next number.

-

Uncertainties -

L L 1L+ absolute
: +
uncertainty
·
.

absolute value/measured value

As the instrument changes uncertainty changes bes they function differently

,
.
S
↓
·
In a digital instrument ,
the least count is the uncertainty
. (Digital clock--L C .
:
seconds)
·
In an analog instrument ,
the /2 is the uncertainty
.

/Q a s
:
Fractional For multiplication
uncertainty
La +
- Q :
:

Percentage uncertainty For addition Q b

1x100 a
:
- > : -

Qo : 90-bo , 19 : 1a + Ab

NOTE :
Uncertainties are always added no matter the operation of 10

Power-Q an Square :
Q:
For In
AQ a root-Q
: :
= a :
 KINEMATICS
scalar Vector
↑ ↑
Distance and displacement :
length from one point to another.
↓,
·
shortest path possible from one path to another .
(disp [dist]

Distance be 7) but be both

disp can .
0
-

can never ,
or

Speed and velocity : Rate of change of disp Cov) dist. .

(Speed - velocity]
↓
v = S/t [distance/time]

Velocity is represented as

·
For instantaneous velocity ,
draw a tangent in the graph and find for that point
.

Average speed -

>
-

totaldistance J-
FOR UNIFORM MOTO T
Vavg :

FOR NON-UNIFORM SPEFD -

· (V
Intel +i = t)
+ for both #12
avg
= >
-

only applicable if tis same journeys .

, ;

Projectile motion -

·
The mass will have both x and y coordinates.

Has parabolic path

..........
a
-

v7

m)o 1111 1/
-
Is thrown at an angle ,
O .

M
yIm
Point H-has both x values
-y
-

. ·

The only acceleration gravity (a g) +

·
-

is = +

:
H
7v ·

H
..........
10 *

xim >

Usino at the
top is 0 In this graph horizontal component isucolo vertical is Usino
-

component
-
.

,
e .

decelerating accelerating
↑
Usino is ↓ while going up to the vertex but t when it is UCOSO constant there is velocity.
=
as no
change in
-
· , ,

moving down
.
-

Usin O will keep changing

.
 Equations for projectile motion-

Horizontally :

O
T
1 Vx =
Ux + axt GVy u3 -
=
2axSx 3 .

Sx = Ut + at

Vy = Ux Vy uy -
= 0 Sx =
Uxt

Vy UCOSO : V :
ux
* +
Xx =
ULOSO S= UCOSOxt

Vertically ↳

to ano
:

.
3 v2-42
1. V = U + at 2. S : Ut +
1 at : Las

Yy Hy + dyt Sy tay + Vy"- My Days y

Rmaxing
2
= :
lyt + =

Vy :
Usino-gt Sy :
Usinot--gth V
y2 (Usinon-agg
:

hmax
using
-

Creating equations from projectile motion requires : max height, range , time of flight
-

FORCES &MOMENTUM
↳ = mit

-
Amount of force required to displace an object depends on its mass .

↑ newton's first las

Inertia Phenomena : of an object resisting force because of a
greater mass. (Resistance to
applied force]
-

Types of forces >

-

m
[W] WEIGHT :
Always acts downwards
↓
w : mass
g (w =
mg] g(wimg]
V
then
-
If
g increases , weight also increases
111111111 I / I

Mass the in
-
can never change despite
,
changes g.

TENSION Present in a string

: .

·
If there is a mass at the end of a string tension ,
is a force that acts along the string ⑧

towards the point of suspension

. TY
>
-
Points of

suspension
·
The ball also has the force of weight
.

knot ·

1T

·
Because the mass doesn't drop weight and tension
,
are equal · W =T :
MG
·
Net force blu
weight and tension is o
"Wh
·
↓and
Tension acts both as there are 2 points of suspension .
 SPRING FORCE : associates with Hooke's law

displacement
·

Restoring force is force which makes the spring come back to the
original shape and

ExF*
>
-
Force & X
position
.
·

spring constantthe
Fr kx
Frestoring X-X + = -

NORMAL FORCE :

something that balances the weight

TN f + friction

M
⑤
M ·
>
N >
- at rest mg
coso
L
-· mysing
,m I

- , , I

~W =
mg
11 1 1 I

·
I 11 /

FRICTION :

·
There are 2 types of friction : static and dynamic .
cas applied EX , fo also increases .

IFLf]
Static friction > Body -
is at rest -
For an obj to move ,
F has to overcome fo

F
mgcosOY fret
TN N= -
In static friction
0 :
rest
x(F2N/mg]
,
.

-
=

·
tr-mysing -
As
mg
↑ applied F should also increase
masino
,

f 7 F
·
-⑤ >
>
M
-

·
11 1 1 I I 11 //
/ / ,
FLmg + F =
MsXmg
L

-
mg (or N E
:

~W =
mg Us

For the body to change from static to dynamic friction ,

f' needs to break and F needs to overcome f.

Point A +
when t breaks and
M
A
f - - - - - - -⑧

Dynamic friction :
Body starts moving coefficient of dynamic friction
.
Us # overcomes f

↑ Log -F =
yaxmg -
> M Flig Md ------- Point By constant
Nd
↓
Md is a constant - doesn't change even if velocity changes dynamic friction starts

E
,

rest
A

moving

BUOYANCY (Fb) :

Yim Volume of immersed obj D

M mass gl s
: - :

: +

Ex =
pXgXYim "Where :
p :
density of fluid .

-
If Fp =
weight of body the body
,
will float in the fluid
.

-
If Ep weight of body the body will sink
,
in the fluid
.
 VISCOUS DRAG :

Drag force acting on a small sphere opposing its motion through a fluid

Fa GHMUV = +
r-radius of sphere v-velocity
,
of sphere through the fluid
,
n-fluid viscosity constant
"eta kgm's" Pas Pascal's
= = = .
second
Stokes law :

When
-
an
object moves through a fluid it has to
, push the fluid out of its .
path

-
A fluid's resistance to such movement is called viscosity.

Viscosity and drag are directly proportional (V1 Fa] .

Equilibrium -

equilibrium of a
point particle means that the net force on the particle is zero
.

Momentum and impulse +

·
Momentum :

product of mass and velocity (kgm/s or N/s)

·
In terms of momentum ,
newton's second law is Fret :
Splat [Fneeda]
"The ang net force on a system = rate of change of 'p' of
system

m()-mu-Pi =
~
Fret mxa + (derivationis
X
:
a : +

A collision in which total KE before total KE after is elastic collision

-

= an .

Momentum in ↓D collisions +

M
akg
Conservation of momentum - -
If kinetic
energy
is same before and after it is elastic
,

skgmis
-umls
,

UX2
:

along
°
~
sin20 pV = X-axis : collision
8

!
mV
, ,
=
Mala -

If KE is not conserved ,
its inelastic .

12 kgm/s =
Scos20 + 4VcOSO -
Q

30
I
12 = 7 51 .
+ hyCOSO
3
scosao
4xcoSO 4V(010 + X

along y-axis :

Y 4 v sin O m ,V , =
McV 2
-

~
v

pX =
ukg
4xkgm/s
0 = Osin20 -Usin +O
°

/going in p directions]
-Gm/s rest
sino = 27 .
+
y
⑳ ⑧
tan"(060 =
sino-tano
- = 060-0 =

zkg uky
↓
Before = 2x6 +0 =
12 kgm/s 41Sin31 : 2 7 .

4 t 3.4 Y 139Ml
+:
:
=
:
 2)
rest Conversation of momentum
⑧
before : 3w
long X-axis :
skg a

M
, V,= Mall2 Substitute i eg D- KEbf :
-my
3
M
als 3w Sycos20 + IScos60 3w 5x7 4(020 + 7 5
[x8x32
.

= =
.

15 sin
~ 600
s gm/s 30 = Sy (020 + 7 5 .
+ Q zw = 38 + 7 .
5 = 100J

49 E
"
along y-axis - 3W =
.

IEaf :
My
%

760 150s 60
M V,
,
=
McKc w 45 S
=
.

I
:
[x8x(5 + 1 6) .

scosao
>

(200 0 :
15sin60-SysinG0
3
: x 8 x 6 .
62 =
1747

0 =
13 -Susin 20 KE (before) = ICE (after
↓
v Sysin 200 0 == 13- 5VX0 35 .
elastic collision

v ↑ 15xkgm/s/ Sxx0 35 .
= 13

5x :
13 = 37 14 .

0 .
34

V = 37 14 7 4 m/s
.

a
Connected motions- > >

1) a= ? 2)
E m. Me
>
-
m,
F = mX &

E , m
,
Mz
F = m, + mc Xa

a = F
-

M , + Mc
a, +M

f2
f C
M,a

mm
Med f
f f -

#, m ,
<
f +
>
-

Mr >
-

Mc My

f is the force exerted by m , on me Mz = f Med

:
M2 + : Qing
and me on m , m. - F f =
= m ,d
fi fy =
mca + 0 fz-f =
MzA

for me +
= f = Med + 0
F- McA = M ,d My +
f2-Myd :
Mea

for m, + there is force exerted on both sides it

: f =
mja + fc :
Mja + M29
m
↓
F -f = m ,a - Q f McA =
= My # f =

f
F My + M2
Din mz

M
Sub =

m+mal
-
-
·
Mc+ M ,

F -
m ,a = m a
, M31
my+ M2
=
Mr ,
+m

F = m ,a + McA

F =
a(m ,
+ mi)
: m
: MyXf =

MeXIXM
&

#mmstm
F = 10x23 nin
- ,

xm
Is

f
:10
f =
 therefore accelerates
.
Circular motion > Velocity changes direction
-
at every point ,
so velocity changes , M
·

v >
(T) Vx2
-

Time taken - One rotation

L ⑨M
Total distance for one rotation = 2Tr
(10 X
ect
Y
el ⑳
ob

%
v >
- linear velocity St
·
Speed stance U

-
Circular motion has linear speed and angular speed
.

Object takes It time to 10 Object

-

x cover -

Angular velocity Angular displacement

:

time Y takes At to cover 10 .

as

11- distancecover
* *

O refers to the amount of distance from the horizontal ⑨US

17
-

Object y covers more distance at same Tand O

as object X therefore Object travels faster

,
y,

M
In time T=O :
2i
Om f 1 V Gryf
: V=
=
&
>
--
W W Omega/angular velocity a
=
=

·
V UX:

↓
-

v= Ext radius

-unit is radian/second
. Centripetal acceleration :

1) Angular velocity of Earth- a,

+ always acts inwards -

Ac : rw

W
= =
=
2x as a Hence :
-
If radius +
by 2 ,
the acct by 2
.

Fret =
Fc (centripetal force
-mass
2) O for 30
days ? F, mxac =
>
-
Alternate :
FC Mrw2 :

0
=30 x2H
= 0 51 radians
.

G
&: :
wir :

centripetal force is the net force .

R R
1 - -
reaction force always acts on the point of contact .

~ 9
:
speed
num
v W Maximum at which the object will stay in contact with road j

>
-
curved road .

mg
 Vehicle on a bending road -

⑧ v = rw Fr friction
=

- N

I
2
Basics
y
A ac
Fc = .

v ->
,

·......
& 2
F : my
-
mg the vehicle remains on the track.
W

normal
-
-

Fr =
yN +
mg + R

1 .

Mcar =
1100kg :

y xmg

Ms : 0 70 .

, Vmax :? r - 95m Fc :

m
>
-

yog -
my
·
ymg =
Y 149

400X
:
0 70.
x 1100 x 9 8 -
.
T

21 ygr
: v = 0 .

70x9 8x95.

=
Furg
v < 29 .
54m/ -
Vmax = 26 m/s
↓

The max ofV that be obtained without frictional force that the in
can overcoming ,
so car
stays

the track .

Banking without friction

mmmes
:

-
If a car moves too fast who friction it will slide off the ,
curve .
Los O is if O is adjacent

If the vehicle moves too slow it will slide into the centre Sind is it O is oppoite
·
- .

In y direction :

Ny =
Nsin O ENy =
NCOsO-mg

Nr
& bes
Ny = NcosO =

mg Ny = 0 ,
no acceleration vertically
7

NCOsO-mg
N-M
0
N
= :·

N,
d
(8 In X direction :
Y

mg The a , is in 7) direction
~
-
.

& Ny = -

Nsino (acting to left)

mX-ac :. +Ma = Using

: getano : v :

↓
ugtan
~ MX
= Using speed at which car can maintain

its position who sliding up or down

.

If Ot , the Y +.
 Banking with friction :

If the car is not moving ,

friction acts
up the incline
.

-NCOSO
NsinO All vertical forces must add to 0 because the vehicle doesn't act
·

up or down
.
-
-
M
o Mertically :

(
MNCOS
g . for y EFy may : =

YNsinO
Y NcosO-MNsinO-mg = 0

e 18

ing Horizontally :
Nsino +
yNO -
L

Vertical - Horizontally-

NcosO-yNsinO-mg =
O NsinO +
yNcosO : mg (sino ycos0)+ =
My

N(cosO usino)-mg -
= 0 >
N(sino + yc00) : coso-using

N =
mg >
-
vertical .
:. v =
vg(sino yc0s0) + : v=
vg x (sino + y(0)
COS O-usin O coso-usin O coso-usin O

v =
vg x (sino + 1010) -
Using this formula make O the subject for
, angle of bending.
coso-usin O 0 tan"
(tr rg
:

doesn't drop
Vertical circular motion - - so
it
,

in circle and not like a pendulum

tension and velocity. >
- so it moves a
-
When the mass reaches the top of the circle the , mass/string needs to have minimum

Fc =
>
-
Fret ·
0 = 0 'when body is at the bottom [coso 1] =

⑨ >

+ my()
T =

⑳
· ·
= T-mgCOSO
-
>
string with masing to groso T:
+ Mg + tension is large at the bottom

T-m
L
mass attached mycoso
· +

mig my ↓
for bottom
-

If the mass is at the top :

~
-

0: 180" Tension centripetal force and weight will act downwards/towards the centre .

·~
,

COS180" -1 :
for the top
↑

T =

m + my (1) = T
= m

highestpoint,TA re
At

velocity than required so it move and not drop

, ,
t

If T = 0 Cattop) -
mmg = O At the top if ,
V =
Fg ,
the T will be 0 and mass will drop down
.

MV" Ng Therefore at the V > Ag

= ,
top ,
: to continue
-

= =V =
Frg
 WORK POWER , GENERGY
-

work done ,
power energy-interrelated

CASE I CASE 2 Froso helps in s

~
En sin
Y EnsinO =
mg
V
Fnet -
Fnet
-
- s-
=>
Fret
m
70S, 20S FnCOSO
>
-

> m se m se m
>
-

i i
angle blu GS. -MG
(w)
-

Work Done =
Fet * (If sand Fare in the same direction) W =
Fret5 cos :

Scalar

Cases for work dones >

-

Work-energy theorem >

-

1. 0 : 90 °, w = 0 ,
because cos 90 : 0 -
The body is changing its velocity to accelerate
a
Kineticheaa
>
-
m
Fret
0 0 °, 0 maximum bes cos0 1 Energy Something stored in body to do work
.
.
2 : =
,
: .
-

gy
"Scalar
↓,
W: Fret X S
Elastic potential energy (only in elastic bodies)
~

.
3 0 :
180 °, w= -

Fret XS ,
bes los 180 = -1
> V
-

York done by F, on a circular track is o* KINETIC ENERGY : Energy in an

accelerating/moving body . (K F : MV)
.

xespeed
m

mI
u
Moving w
speed (n) Fret
but due to it changed to
speed (v) > acceleration
-

.
-

L m .....

Y
If KE4 , w =
(H) ↓ #s - - work ison a
by reaction
If KE Y w () force Imu' Fret
KE
Initial KE
=
,
final
↓
↑
==
+ a : Work done is change in

x2 ( =
= 2as VU :

I =MM =
w Kinetic eny
i

frictional restrictive force

.,
mechanical energy
↑ Y
If work is done the system from outside the system is called isolated in that the Senergy of the system does not change.
-

no on ,
case ,

We say that the total .

is conserved
energy
- KE + PE
If mechanical energy is conserved work is the amount of
energy transformed blu different different forms of energy
- .

elastic
-
>
-

E Ex + Ep= +
Ey
=
[mv + migh + + kx

If there are interactions F d

blu system and surroundings the total mechanical energy may change.
-

M M

(W )

F40
>
-

W :
SKE -
~
-
In this the speedy so 2 Ball speeds while coming down = +
up
, -
, ,

->
>
- -

KE ↳ >
-

AKE 7) : =- SokEX . -
OKE =+

1 bcs W: SKE :
(W =
() ~ (W = DkE =
+

↓
Kinetic
energy of transational motion : E
= (Relationship blokp or
I
2m .

(MX
2
E -My ap MXX E:
MVx E :
:
= : +
 >
-
Work/time (1 watt :
151s] 1kW =
1000 w

POWER rate at which work

:
is done & energy is transferred
. 1MW : 1 X10'w

"rate at which energy flows -

1 hp : 746W
**
P FX :· P P Ex
[
= - :· :

Energy efficiency -1 :

- How much of a
given amount of energy can be converted from one form to another important form
.

output =Put
1 :

A 1-kinematics
.

drag

Fluid resistance 3 terminal velocity >

-
↓
& parachute
my-dragFret = = 0

Is
&
X
When Fnet blu drag force and velocity (V1) acheived
a 0
then terminal .
Eng
=
O
mg is
(V )
-
=

constant
,
v =
+

-
V I is also acheived in fluids .

buoyancy
M
"As the mass
goes deeper into the fluid the pressure increases thereby viscosity + which increases a drag force .
"My
, ,

·
>
-
fluid
F KY (for
= low speeds] F kY (for
:
high speeds]
kxV ; <
mg =

Vi :
mg
 thermal physics
Temperature and absolute temperature :

: Partidemoinginrandomdirections withdifferentspeed a
-

-
-

273 °

O°
C - absolute temperature -> motion freezes

-
Pressure is force applied by gas particles perpendicularly to the walls of the container
.

Internal energy :

particles connected with a bond

a

o
In case of

solids.
When heat applied to one particle both the particles start
vibrating and the bond stretches , therefore
is ,
acquering
~
elastic potential energy.
P Ee.

AugKE
Internal P E E
energy = +
.

:
°

T =
30 °, 313 % /T ,
= 30% ic : 60 ] -

change in temperature will remain same ,

no matter the scale
.

°
↓
30% is 30
°

AT =
T2 T1 = 60 30 : 30 C-
So , ,
30 F and etc .....

AT :
Tz -
T ,
= 333k -
303K :
300K

Specific
heat capacity
- no change in potential energy
t
X

substance will take time C

4200i/Kg
:
-
+
to
temp from Tito if water
=
K

T;
m AT :
T1-T : >
-

ST is bes of heat
energy.
-

42005 of energy is
required to t
temp of

↑ :.
Q4AT/Qm +
QXMAT 1kg of H20 by 1%
Q-heat
supplied formulas Q =
<MIT + fixed fora substance
Cice = 2200 j/kgk
Unit for
J/kg
*
-
C : K

Specific when the state of matter

heat
capacity changes changes
·

&1 +
Q 9800]
:
, m : 1 8 .

kg ,
c =
190 J/kgok ,
AT =?

>
-

Q :
MCST + 9800 :
1 8 . x 490 XST

8101AT 12.1
9800
ST-100
- : -
:

colder
°

2 -
Ti(water)
=
20 c -

Iron loser heat to Hc0 as it is .

~
°

Fl
Ti (iron) = 300 C
-
The temperature is exchanged blo both bodies
(t) M(water) =
1kg
Predict equilibrium temp before both reach the
m(fe) 200g
same temperature
- .
: .

Q MCAT
:
equilibrium
.

Iron m G 1T
~
T = 117000 26 4
.
:

(300 1)
-
02x490x(300 7) x(T
20) 27000
heat energy lost = 0 2 .
x 450 x - =
4200 T 42007 84000 4201
- - - = -

>
-

↑
heat energy gained by H20 =
1 x 4200 x (T-20) 90 x 300 1)-
=
4200 x[T 20) -

27000 + 84000 =
4200T +7 + 111000 =
4201T
 - Latent heat of fusion

Specific latent heat : [L] jlkg- > latent heat of vaporisation

State of matter changes QCM Q mL 1

=
-
. + = +

~ T = constant

M phase changes-P -changes If doesn't change

.

↳ Latent heat of fusion : (melting or

freezing) + ( =
Ly Latent heat of vaporisation :
(condensing/vaporising) (
:
T= constant

heating supe :
Specific latent Heat : only phase change

"heat transfers from hot body to cold body till they reach thermal equilibrium
To
What is the
·

1
-
water thermal equilibrium ?
~
°
m :
3009 T = 20 c

AT = 0 Jkg"1
Cice 2200
·
:

L Iice cube
- T = - 10C "

0
Dc
·

CH20 : 4200 J kg k
AT =
m =
299 bes
- it is changing phases

!
"

s L -

Lice = 334 Jkg

L

C
Let final temp = T

& 1)Q MCAT (H2O) =

ti ts
0
(20 1) +
Q : 0 3
. x 4200 x -

-
Equate ea 1 to the sum of
.
"ice" equations - For ice :

&
(20 1) (0 107 + 10 023x3347 + [0021x4200xi]
'
0 3x4200 to Oc First state and
x = 025x2200 x
secondstage uses & to change temp from -10 C
changes
. - . .
+ -
,

↓ -
10-1-10)
1260 (20 7) -
=
590 + 8 33 .
+ 1037 0 025
.
x 2200 x 10 (Q MCAT)
= then temperature changes
[
°
29200 -
12607 :
598 35 .
+ 1097 first stage+ uses a to change state at O C

29200 -
598 35 .
:
109T + 12607 = 0 025
.

x334

°
24641 7 .
= 13697 - T =
18 09 C
.
third stage - Q to change temp from O'C to Tc
to water , so
-ice e value
changes
: 0 029x4200
.
x (T b)
-

M
To
2) Msolid :
120g 552--- - - - - -W

Ti(solid) = 20 C
48 ..... I

S S

power-constant- heater
!
I

°
·
20 C ,

!
&

Csolid =
1500J/kg0K I

7
120 560s 600s

Find power =?

P s what value d)
energy heat is
:
: energy :
o C :? of gar

Q : PXt

Q Q mx) Q (600 560)

0 12 (500 28 84005 4
am 70 70x40 28005
: .
x x = -
= - : : x -
: =

>
Q Q 4xt
260-120)3 Q McAT
p = +
: :

F -

Q 9x18 Jgk
CQ-2
: 70x440 =
30800 .

1 3 x10 Tl
30000
2
: .

:
 Transfer of thermal energy :

.
1 Conduction > -

↑AX + (1) (Ax) (DT)

-

Factors affecting rate of heat transfer : Cross-sectional area

,
width ,
Temperature difference

That Told

=A
ATTH

Y
K-
direction of conductivity
heat transfer .

1) K 3k

A o T A

L L
Find T ?
100 C Oc

(700 -000
-
Heat : I
energy in left rod A -
1)

=
3T = 100 -
T
-
(T - 0)
Right rod: (31(1) °

4T = 100 + T : 29 C

.
2 Radiation Doesn't require: medium
luminosity
-

>
-
to calculate

Stefan-Boltzman's law :
P =
-AT" ~
Intensity of radiation : P =T
P-power T-Surface temp
A- surface area --Stefan-boltzman constant 5 . 67x108 Wm21"

-
P = o AT" >
-
F SATh :
1 = 45r8ih

-X- minosity
-

*
A black body is something that absorbs and radiates all spectras of radiation .
*

Every object has a certain body temperature. Depending on the

temperature ,
the objects emit different colours .

(radiation)

*
M

Intensity
As temperature and
decreasing intensity
wavelength
-
is ,
decreases increases

the most emitted wavelength is the color you see

ol

Wein's displacement law :

not
↑
maxT = 2 90
.
x103km
Y
Wave length/you

1. m = 0 .

150g ST =
5 C
.
Q 3835
=

Q MCAT
=* =
8-
: + C

2 M,
. =
909 calorimeter
= 420 Jkg" 1

m, 310g
°
=
Ti : 19 C P : 20W

T : 19 ° + 3 min
:
= 180s

↑360m
Q MCAT :

Q PXt : :
20 x 180 : 3600 I 031x(x2)
↓
used
by calorimeter and water
Black bodies :

solids can be heated to incandesence& different temperatures have different visible radiation
-
.

An object that absorbs all of the radiation incident it and does not reflect transmit radiation.
-

on or
any

Wien's displacement law -

-
Relates wavelength emitted by a body to its temperature . - "maxdF +
X max ·
T = 2 . 9x103mk

The the shorter the wavelength

higher the temp of body and the greater the
intensity of radiation.
-

a ,

Stefan-Boltzmann's law >

-

Power output of a black

body depends on surface temp and radius
·
.

The total by black

energy emitted body the fourth absolute
a per unit area per second is proportional to
power of
temp
·

Ostefan-boltzmann constant
of the body. >
-
P = -AT"
-
Luminosity
P : StroT
When considering
·

a
sphere such as a star ,
the equation is :

Solar constant- >

Amount of solar radiation across all wavelengths that is incident in one second in one mat mean distance of Earth from

Sun .

Albedo -

Proportion of
light reflected
by a given surface .

- a :
total scattered power

total incident power

>
- effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation
.

-
perfect reflector
Emissivity > (e) > values can range from 0-E strength)
- -

thermal radiation with max

, blackbody (incident radiation is absorbed emitted an

Power radiated by a surface divided by power radiated from blackbody of some surface drea stemp.

C = Power radiated by object

power emitted by black body

Stefan-Boltzmann for realbody : P : eSAT" + e

:AT"-ranges from 0

Apparent brightness luminosity

same as intensity
/ power
-

>
-
,

:
L
F d distance from F
light source
= = =
- .

4id"

Stefan-Boltzmann law :

+
Ed ATY
T

4d All

P = &AT" + b
= -

d2
GAS LAWS :

Moles molar
,
mass and Avogadro's constant : Work done by gas =
pressure x A volume
n = moles
"

R universal gas constant

= : 8 31 JK "mol
.

Ideal gas equation - P ,

V ,
T ,
n >
-
PV = RT

Alogadro's constant > -

1 mole :
no of particles in 129 of C" >
-
6 023
. x10 atoms in one mole .
,

Particles in one mole of any substance

-
nx NA

Charle's Law -

VCT ,
p =
constant >
-
P :
I
a

Presurre the walls of the container

gasparticles
-

is force exerted by on

perpendicularly

Flos
O
P-Eoso
>
-

Esino
·

Boltzmann equation :

V = V,+ 12 + Vz + .....
In RMS Speed - Root mean square speed (c)
N A
C =
v
,
2
+ Vi + V +... Vi
NI
A

En of
gas
=
+my Emv +... [myn +
>
- KEXT

Ex avgotgas =
/.
-mc =
E-average kinetic
energyo

Kinetic in terms of temperature

energy
:

PV : nRT
P-density
I
imassoteachparticlea
1 (Nm)c
of as -

P-tp2 particles.
h: Nym of all
Step 1 : Step nRT mass
=

- =

(pc) V nRT
.
=

> N nx=
Na + n
=
Step :
5 (NM)c : I NA
sola
a

Step 2 p M/V
: :

[c] X UR Step 6: Multiply both sides by I

·
:

(NM)
Ex Ex
=
>
-

Step 3: Mc = nRT
((m)c
- =

2 x XR
>
-
mc =

3
El :

EKT/Ex :

EX
Boltzmann constant -

KB - 1 . 38x15
 Past paper

1. An ideal monostomic gas is kept in a container of volume 2 . 1x10"m2 temperature

,
310k and pressure 5 3 .
x 10 Pa
.

(ii) No· of atoms in the gas.

PV /

PVPN
= nRi + H =

Na
PV
:
RT -

+ 2 . 6x1022

F A1
. .
.

Syllabus >
-

-
heat and temperature Stefan Boltzmann
- .

equation

thermal energy transfer -

wein's law

specific heat capacity gas laws

-

specific latent heat -

ideal gas equation

-
method of mixtures

thermodynamics
Internal Sum of random IE of all particles and the p E due to intermolecular forces
energy gas
:
in a .

consen
In ideal internal energy is only KE intermolecular force is negligible
.
an
gas ,
as

Ex
ExKXT
+

Ki
:

U
7
internal energy tran ideal gas
-- -

29 2 2024
- -

current
& circuits (B)

Properties of charge :

1.Like forces attract and unlike forces repel.

- charge of

.
2 Entire charge of body : Q : n .

q +
(9 1.6x10c)
:
e-

Current 1 t
.
3 19 + I: ampere a + couloumb seconds
-

> : =
, ,

AT

Couloumb's law of electric force

+

>
-
2 particles with charges are placed in air/vaccum ,
and they will either attract or .
repel

.................. q F292-FdF9 , o

F
>
-

Follows inverse square law

.

kx99
=

>
-
The medium
changes ,
then the force also changes.
 If the substances are placed in air/vaccum
-

lepsilon knot) has

=- E specific value dependent
-
a on medium
is

Kair 9x10Nm2/c
= >
-

to a = 8 .
85 x10"Nm2c

-
If one of the charge is doubled ,
then the force will also double.

-
If both the charges are doubled ,
then the force will + by 4 times.

If the vishalved then the force doubles. ,

4 3- 2024
-

Resistance and reactivity I

->

R/a Pam

Natural property of any material which allows for opposition of flow of current.

>
- length P-row-resistivity
RCtandRd Cross-sectional area -

Rx = R =

Ohm's law Voltage : is directly proportional to the current for constant resistance
,

V = RXI

-
Devices that follow Ohm's law are called ohmic devices .
-

Devices that don't follow are non-ohmic devices.

In
-

Gradient of this
graph is
histance I M
-
Ex : filament bulb . 1 -work
:

7 >
9 -
charge

>
Y
lohmic device)

6 3 - 2024
-

Electric Power (p) :

Watts (w)
s

V Potential difference
=
v:

-work current

Power
P :
F : Watt-p : P = P-P = I
is the work done over a period of time .
-

1. I = 2A ,
R 122
= +
How much
energy is generated in the resistor in 1 minute ?

P EXR : + P = 22 x 12 + 4 48 : >
-

Energy ; 4xt :
48x60 =
2880]
↓

P
=
P Energy a
:
nergy
:
or -

. 4 : 60W
2 ,
U 2208 P D
:
,
. :
110r +
Power generated ?

:,
Po
↑ > 60 -

P
 Combination of Resistors :
(How much is the total resistance)

1 .
Series

..........
R2 Stotal ristance
R,
>
-

mu-MM Rs Rz = R ,
+ +..... Rs

I i Poli ↓ -

The current is same and it is not shared by resistor

component
-

The voltage from battery .

is shared (The voltmeter is connected at the end
points of the resistor Voltmeter should be connected
-

parallel to the unknown

2 .
Parallel
-
R,
Voltage splits based
-

umum
is constant but the current is shared ,
so it on the resistor.
- -

·
1I Y I,
,

1I2
+ - Rp
=
1:
11t
7 3-2024
-

Potential Divider :

Yin
I im
I is constant
111111
-

> in
12V

-
Series resistors will only share equal voltages ,
if the resistor is identical
. Internal Resistance =

42
# g e = V + Ir
R1 R2 -Yin-shared
e = emf
-
Total current = Total Voltage = 1 2A-
>
Voltage of Re = IxR = 2x2 = 4V
= r = Resistanc
& Resistance G

I tot
>

- =
constant

... Potential divider

=
X formula
-

-
VouVi

0 09 A
.

1
Designa voltage divider circuit with output of 121 and current of A
using a 201 battery

Not +t -no
* On
tot
20Y

111111
Y0 OSA
.

-umum
R2 Ri
-
Yout :

"inp() + 12 = 20
x2 + R2 =
240-

2402 160-2

R =
Rtot -

Re = 400 -
240 = 1602
 d-fields
D
. 1 + Gravitational fields ,
D 2+. Electric and magnetic fields ,
D 3 . - Motion in EM field

GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS >

-

Newton's law of gravitation : A mass M ,

has a field f and if a smaller mass is placed in the field , it will experience attraction of F
.

F 667110NMI
Famm xM
M m , =
:
I
C =

F F
C
M -
Mxg
= =
,

g dependent
:
of mass of planet -
gravitational field strength
-)
g / G = universal
Mg
LMM
=>

:
:
=
g d = distance blu a bodies

M Mass of larger body

-Earth
S ·
:

-
- 2
& Gravitational field (g-N/kg) is the force experienced by an object
Strength that is residing in another mass'
-

field
-

gravitational .

The field lines

- Id
gives us magnitude and direction of field strength.
-

y
M

For a spherical body ,

the field line are radially inwards.

1.
g =? M : 10 MEarth V 20 Hearth
=

9
:M 9
=gMME
:
.

·
2 Calculate the where it is 300km from surface of Earth
. Radius of Earth is 6 4x100m 3 M of earth is 6 0x184kg.
g
. .

9 9-892v ?

=>
M
gdue to M Total g:
:
7 -
me
[ M2 d
&
⑧ O

9
EME
:

1 X -
1 A- d -
xr

9 que to
to
-
m :

9/1

-
Nkg
-

Relationship between XI total d and

g
of Me
- 0 75.
140 25- .

x(d
di >
O
dinof 9 of
.

M m Ratio of 0 at 0 75 distance fro

g
:
= = = .

0 75.

=> g = 0 at = 0 25.
distance from m

=MMM

Orbital Motion -

m
From TOM =The lesser
>
-
velocity of m around M with

If value of M 1 then speed of

r

the radius the faster the oa

speed

will .
-

,
m
 Kepler's
third

4 , iT , G M are constant , so
,
relationship blur & T is tested
.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion :

- The law of orbits : Each planet's orbit around the sun is an eliptical shape (Sun . is at foci]
planet
e
(fast motion

Foi
⑧ -
The point X is the perihelion where the Sun is closent to the planet .

X
⑳
·

!
Majoraxis -
PointY is the aphelion where planet is farthest from sun .
(slow motion
Minor axis
Foci 1

.
2 The law of equal areas :

The area covered at time T , and is is the A , -the planet slower while Ac-planet faster.
-

m same ,
as moves moves
⑨ om

Tz Al ⑨ Al T,
A , Az =
at same time.
~ ⑧
m

.
3 The law of harmonies The squares of the semi-major : axis and cube of time taken for a revolution is directly proportional
.

=<
T
3
= Txr32

revision

1. a .
Q 98005
:

Ciron = 440 J/kgK m =

0 50.

kg ST =?,

Q mx(x1T 9800 0 5x440x1T 45g S

980
= = = .
= ST :

°
b .

Quater
=
98005 removed Ti = 48 C C : 4200 Jkg"k"m 0 5kg. = .

,)
, ,

(48 x) 2100(48 x) 4
9800
9000
:
0 5x4200
.
x -
= 9800 =
- = 9800 =
100000 -
2100X = -
91 000
,
: -2100X = X =
:

.
2
Ticwater) 20 C
M() 1kg 4200 5/lgk
=
: :
, , water

Miron
=
2009 , Ciron : 440 Jkg" K ,
Ti = · Find
300 C equilibrium of this

(
Q =
MCAT (iron) Q : MCAT (water) + 02x428x(300 Tf) - =
4200x(Ty 20) =

= 200x103x440 x (200 if) -

: 1 x 4200 x
(Tf 20)
-

88x(300 if) - =
420077
-
84000

=> 26400 -

867f : 4200 if -

84000 = 26400 + 84000 =

4200x + 88x

=> 710400 4688x 29.72

400
= =
:
X =
 1) 2-electric fields

Couloumb's law -

If there are a charges ,

g and an with
,
a distance of 'r' between them
,

91 > F 92
2
the force acting blo them Fis :

↑ v p
88 x in a
F
kxK : Topermissintoffreespace
+
=

If'g is doubled 'F' is doubled , ,

if 'v is divided by 'n ,
t' is multiplied by 'n

If in water -> (Ew)

Kiox relative
permissii as
F=
kx
el
=

Electric field strength+

E
=
Electric field strength
↑

F1q 1 = E =

k
·
: E =
#1 = E

· -
Q
Electric field the force exerted between an object and another in its field thus
=>
strength depends on
,
,

also by distance ,
'v'

Field lines -

Fistangential to fieldlines ,

·
-
Z V
X F2 7
↓
> - F If the charge is t ,
force is in same direction as field line .

L
X
↑
-

t
If the charge is force opposite direction to field line .
-

,
is

He
↑ jEsti
-
+ / * + >
-
-

S
Y I -
↓ (4 Ty

Oil drop experiment -

Stokes law

atam
:

(ii J
R =
GAhrV mG =

spray evitation
T
r =
mmg
65778

View
# > M viscosity of M P Y
: =
m =
P
.

,
---- oil
??
:
+ + +

radius of oil
-
r:
p r=
drop
249
v : terminal velocity
ofcrop
radius of oil relation

to density
 d 3 .

Magnetic fields (1)

-
For a straight wire :
(right hand thumb rule) Magnetic field lines ->

- -
XXY
-
cocentric
I
1

?
X X -
of field ↓
Y
As distance from wiret , strength

-
distance blo field lines t as
you move
away from the wire . into the page out of the page

>
-
Thumb Direction of : current

>
-

Fingers : Direction of
mag field lines
· .

Magnetic force experienced by charged particles :

b/wv3B

X X X
B F= gvBsin
-
11
1 - I

7))
> Thumb = North pole of
mag field
.
⑳ u X X X magnetic flux
density B :
F

q
arsing
direction of current X Tesla (i)
Fingers X
>
-
: . X -

1T =
1(x 1 m/s

F
= 90
0 F max
=
L
Na
-
How the magnetic field works in a solenoid
0 0' °
.

:
or 180 F min
:

Right hand rule -

v/ + ve

& .
L

" X XX
X B
-

...
&

Y
-
X

M
x
& >
-

F :

-
>
⑧-

O
&
I
I -
>
-

~" Y X
X

i X X X
X X
·
v

X
>

X
F =
grB

is - a,
-
11
= *
⑧

L
-

↳
r

Time taken for a rotation V =

doesn't depend on r
i :

are
of wire
length
(v(I)
F= BIsino

...
F

= ~
thumb

90
· >
0
-

I
:

F
(B) .

- 1st <
F: BIL
- -

S
max

-
I
2nd L
Fain
- -

(F) = G
Force acting blu 2 current
carrying wires -

↑
rB2
B1

-
Parallel Circuits
F1 F2
> &
#1 12

Fy =
Fz

revision
Forces and momentum :

Ap
Limpulse Fix
Fr = =

·
# Ex mgcoso = N
1T
-

Acts towards the knots

M

x
f
mgs in O
O

·
=

oo si

-mgoso
masino T
masino
V
E
mg
mg

omg
gcosa

Elevator problem :

If the elevator is R mg-Free

-
-

moving down ,
weight decreases : =

to
M
R -
If it is moving up : R :
Fret +
mg reaction force/
~
apparent weight

>
-
elevator w
m

person inside

is

NOTE The
:
experimental value are
always leve than the calculated values bes of systematic erron .