Force and Law of Motion

Exercise - 01

Multiple choice questions

1. Which of the following situations involves a non-contact force?
(1) Opening a drawer (2) Kicking a ball
(3) Magnet pulling an iron piece (4) Closing a door
2. Which of these is not an effect of force?
(1) It can start a stationary body (2) It can change the colour of an object
(3) It can increase the speed of a moving body (4) It can stop a moving body
3. Which of the following statements is not correct for an object moving along a straight path
in an accelerated motion?
(1) Its speed keeps changing (2) Its velocity always changes
(3) It always goes away from the earth (4) A force is always acting on it
4. If a constant force acts on a body initially at rest, the distance moved by the body in time 't'
is proportional to
(1) t (2) t (3) t2 (4) t3
5. An object moving at constant velocity must
(1) have a net force on it (2) eventually stop due to gravity
(3) not have any force of gravity on it (4) have zero net force acting on it
6. The block shown moves with constant velocity on a horizontal surface. Two of the forces
on it are shown. A frictional force exerted by the surface is the only other horizontal force
on the block. The frictional force is

3N 5N

(1) 0 (2) 2 N, leftward

(3) 2 N, rightward (4) slightly more than 2 N, leftward
7. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 4 m s –1 on a frictionless
horizontal table. The force required to keep the object moving with the same velocity is
(1) 32 N (2) 0 N (3) 2 N (4) 8 N

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NCERT Course : Class 9
8. The inertia of an object tends to cause the object
(1) to increase its speed (2) to decrease its speed
(3) to resist any change in its state of motion (4) to decelerate due to friction
9. The term “mass” refers to the same physical concept as
(1) weight (2) inertia (3) force (4) acceleration
10. A water tanker filled up to (2/3)rd of its height is moving with a uniform speed. On sudden
application of the brake, the water in the tank would
(1) move backward (2) move forward (3) be unaffected (4) rise upwards
11. A heavy ball is suspended as shown. A quick jerk on the lower string will break that string
but a slow pull on the lower string will break the upper string. The first result occurs
because

upper string

lower string

(1) the force is too small to move the ball (2) action and reaction is operating
(3) the ball has inertia (4) air friction holds the ball back
12. When the driver of a fast moving car suddenly applies brakes, the passengers in the car
(1) fall backward (2) fall forward (3) are not affected (4) none of the
above
13. A passenger sitting in a train with his face in the direction of the moving train, tosses a coin
which falls behind him. It means that motion of the train is
(1) accelerated (2) uniform (3) retarded (4) along a circular
track
14. A body P has mass 2 m and velocity 5 v. Another body Q has mass 8 m and velocity 1.25 v.
The ratio of momentum of P and Q is
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 3 : 2
15. Acceleration is always in the direction
(1) of the displacement (2) of the initial velocity
(3) of the final velocity (4) of the net force

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16. In SI units, a force is numerically equal to the .................... , when the force is applied to it.
(1) velocity of one kilogram object (2) speed of one kilogram object
(3) acceleration of one kilogram object (4) acceleration of any object
17. The unit of force called newton is
(1) 9.8 kg m/s2 (2) 1 kg m/s2
(3) defined by means of Newton’s third law (4) 1 kg of mass
18. Which of the following quantities is not a vector?
(1) Mass (2) Displacement (3) Weight (4) Acceleration
19. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at
the goal. This enables the goalkeeper to
(1) exert larger force on the ball
(2) reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands
(3) increase the rate of change of momentum
(4) decrease the change in momentum
20. Equal forces F act on isolated bodies A and B. The mass of B is three times that of A. The
magnitude of the acceleration of A is
(1) three times that of B (2) 1/3 that of B
(3) the same as B (4) nine times that of B
True or false
1. If there are many forces acting on an object, it must have a non-zero net (unbalanced) force
acting on it.

2. If the net external force on a body is zero, its acceleration may not be zero.
3. To maintain a body in uniform motion, we need to apply an external force to counter the
frictional force.

4. If the acceleration of an object is zero, it must be at rest.

5. It’s possible to have motion in the absence of a force.
6. If the net force acting on an object is in the positive x-direction, the object moves only in
the positive x-direction.
7. Galileo concluded that an object moving on a frictionless horizontal surface should move
with constant velocity.

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NCERT Course : Class 9
8. Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of non-uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled by some external force to act otherwise.
9. Momentum of a body is defined to be the product of its mass and speed.
10. An experienced cricketer allows a shorter time for his hands to stop the ball so as to catch
the ball easily.
11. In the second law, F = 0 implies a = 0. The second law is obviously consistent with the first
law.
12. 1 newton is the amount of force that produces an acceleration of 1 m s –2 in an object of 1
gram mass.
13. The earth pulls a stone downwards due to gravity. The stone does exert an equal and
opposite force on the earth.
14. When a book is placed on a horizontal surface, it is subjected to two external forces : the
force due to gravity i.e., its weight W acting downward, and the upward force on the book
by the table, the normal force R.
15. The total momentum of an isolated system of interacting particles is not conserved.
1. Match the column
Column-I Column-II
(A) Dusting of a carpet (p) Inertia of direction
(B) Vehicles are provided with mud guards (q) Inertia of motion
(C) Fan continues to rotate after switching off (r) Measure of inertia
(D) Mass (s) Inertia of rest
2. Match the column

Column-I Column-II
(A) Rocket propulsion (p) Force
(B) Agent which causes acceleration (q) Momentum
(C) Product of mass and velocity (r) SI unit of force
(D) Newton (s) Law of conservation of momentum

Fill in the blanks

1. There are circumstances in which two objects exert forces on one another even though
they are not touching. Such forces are called ............................
2. The gravitational force is a ....................... force.
3. If no net force acts on an object, then the ..................... of the object remains unchanged.

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4. When a boy tries to push a heavy box placed on a rough surface, the box does not move
because of an opposing force called ............... .
5. If the net force on an object is zero, then the object is in ....................... .
6. Inertia means ‘...................... to change in the state of rest or state of motion’.
7. The mass of an object is a ...................... measure of inertia.
8. Linear momentum is always in the direction of ...................
9. If a car and a truck are moving with same momentum, the velocity of car is ....................... than
the velocity of truck.
10. The change in momentum always takes place in the direction of ...........................
11. When 1 newton of force acts on an object that has a mass of ............., it produces an
acceleration of .................. in the object.
12. When a net external force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is
directly proportional to the ..................... and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional
to the ............... .
13. According to Newton’s third law, forces always exist in ..................... .
14. A force on an object that is perpendicular to a common contact surface is called ................
force.
15. Rocket works on the principle of ..................... of momentum.
Crossword puzzle
1

3 4

6 7

10

Across
3. Recoil of gun is based on law of ................. of momentum.
6. An object in equilibrium has zero .................
8. Scientist who introduced the idea of ‘inertia’.
9. An action force always produces an equal .................
10. ................. force arises due to physical contact between two objects.

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Down
1. Inertia may be of rest, motion or .................
2. SI unit of force.
4. Product of force and time for which it acts.
5. Forces which cancel out each other.
7. Another name for net force is ................. force.

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Answer Key
Multiple choice questions

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 4
Que. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 1 2 1

True or false
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False
7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. True 12. False
13. True 14. True 15. False

Match the column

1. (A → s), (B → p), (C → q), (D → r) 2. (A → s), (B → p), (C → q), (D → r)

Fill in the blanks

1. Non-contact forces 2. Non-contact 3. Velocity 4. Friction
5. Equilibrium 6. Resistance 7. Quantitative 8. Velocity

9. Greater 10. Force 11. 1 kg,1 m/s2

12. Net force, mass 13. Pairs 14. Normal
15. Conservation

Crossword puzzle
1
D
2
I N
3 4
R C O N S E R V A T I O N
5
B E W M
6 7
A C C E L E R A T I O N P

L T E O U

A I S N L

N O U S
8 E
C N G A L I L E O
E T
D 9
R E A C T I O N
N
10
C O N T A C T

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NCERT Course : Class 9

Exercise - 02

Very short answer type questions

1. A ball is moving over a horizontal smooth surface with a constant velocity. What type of
forces are acting on the ball?
2. An aeroplane flies at a constant speed in a horizontal straight path. Two horizontal forces
act on the plane. One is the thrust of the propellers that pushes it forward, and the other is
the force of air resistance that acts in the opposite direction. Which force is greater?
3. A jet aeroplane is moving with a constant velocity of 1000 km/h when the thrusting force
of its engine is a constant 100,000 N. What is the acceleration of the jet? What is the force
of air resistance on the jet?
4. A ball rolling along a floor doesn't continue rolling indefinitely. Is it because it is seeking a
place of rest or because some force is acting upon it? If the latter, identify the force.
5. Who first proposed the concept of inertia?
6. On what factor does inertia of a body depend?
7. Which has more inertia : a man or a child?
8. State Newton’s second law of motion.
9. You push on a crate that sits on a smooth floor, and it accelerates. If you apply four times
the net force, how much greater will be the acceleration?
10. Do action and reaction forces exist in a pair?
11. What do you mean by recoil velocity of a gun?
12. Can you identify the action and reaction forces in the case of an object falling under
gravity? Neglect air resistance.
13. A car accelerates along a road. Identify the force that moves the car.
14. If the forces that act on a cannonball and the recoiling cannon from which it is fired are
equal in magnitude, why do the cannonball and cannon have very different accelerations?
15. State law of conservation of momentum.
Short answer type questions
1. A horse continues to apply a force in order to move a cart with a constant speed. Explain
why?
2. When any object is in equilibrium, what can be correctly said about all the forces that act
on it? What can be its possible physical states?

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3. Is it possible to move in a curved path in the absence of a force? Explain.
4. There are three solids made up of aluminium, steel and wood, of the same shape and same
volume. Which of them would have highest inertia?
5. Two balls of the same size but of different materials, rubber and iron, are kept on the
smooth floor of a moving train. The brakes are applied suddenly to stop the train. Will the
balls start rolling? If so, in which direction? Will they move with the same speed? Give
reasons for your answer.
6. Consider a ball at rest in the middle of a toy wagon. When the wagon is pulled forward, the
ball rolls backwards. Explain.
7. Explain how Newton's first law of motion can be considered to be a consequence of
Newton's second law.
8. A truck of mass M is moved under a force F. If the truck is then loaded with an object of
mass equal to the mass of the truck and the driving force is halved, then how does the
acceleration change?
9. Two identical bullets are fired, one by a light rifle and another by a heavy rifle, with the
same force. Which rifle will hurt the shoulder more and why?
10. Suppose a ball of mass m is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed v; its speed
decreases continuously till it becomes zero. Thereafter, the ball begins to fall downward
and attains the speed v again before striking the ground. It implies that the magnitudes of
initial and final momenta of the ball are same. Yet, it is not an example of conservation of
momentum. Explain why?

Long answer type questions

1. Define inertia. Explain the 3 kinds of inertia with examples.
2. What is momentum? Write its SI unit. Interpret force in terms of momentum. Represent
the following graphically
(a) momentum versus velocity when mass is fixed.
(b) momentum versus mass when velocity is constant.
(c) velocity versus mass when momentum is constant.
3. Using second law of motion, derive the relation between force and acceleration. A bullet of
10 g strikes a sand-bag at a speed of 103 m s–1 and gets embedded after travelling 5 cm.
Calculate
(i) the resistive force exerted by the sand on the bullet.
(ii) the time taken by the bullet to come to rest.

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4. Derive the mathematical form of second law of motion. A force of 5 N produces an
acceleration of 8 m s–2 on a mass m1 and an acceleration of 24 m s–2 on a mass m2. What
acceleration would the same force provide if both the masses are tied together?
5. Prove mathematically, the principle of conservation of linear momentum, using Newton’s
third law of motion. Two friends on roller-skates are standing 5 m apart facing each other.
One of them throws a ball of 2 kg towards the other, who catches it. How will this activity
affect the position of the two? Explain your answer.
Numerical problems
1. A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without changing its
initial speed of 12 m s–1. If the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg, determine the change in
momentum of the ball. (Assume linear motion of the ball).
2. A loaded transport truck with a mass of 38000 kg is travelling at 1.20 m/s. What will be the
velocity of a 1400 kg car if it has the same momentum?
3. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g rolling on a concrete floor is shown in
figure. Calculate the acceleration and frictional force of the floor on the ball.

100
Velocity (ms–1)

80
60
40
20

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)

4. An airboat with mass 3.50  102 kg, including passengers, has an engine that produces a
net horizontal force of 7.70  102 N, after accounting for forces of resistance. (a) Find the
acceleration of the airboat. (b) Starting from rest, how long does it take the airboat to reach
a speed of 12.0 m/s? (c) After reaching this speed, the pilot turns off the engine and drifts
to a stop over a distance of 50.0 m. Find the resistance force, assuming it’s constant.
5. Reena is riding a motorised scooter along a straight path. The combined mass of Reena and
her scooter is 80 kg. The frictional forces that are acting total to 45 N. What is the
magnitude of the driving force being provided by the motor if
(a) she is moving with a constant speed of 10 m s–1 ?
(b) she is accelerating at 1.5 m s–2?

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6. Two athletes on a team, A and B, are practising to compete in a boat race. Athlete A has a
mass of 70 kg, B has a mass of 75 kg, and the boat has a mass of 20 kg. Athlete A can exert
an average force of 400 N and B an average force of 420 N on the boat using the paddles.
During paddling, the magnitude of the water resistance on the boat is 380 N. Calculate the
acceleration of the boat.
7. A constant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving initially with a
speed of 15 m s–1. How long does the body take to stop?
8. A constant force acting on a body of mass 3.0 kg changes its speed from 2.0 ms–1 to 3.5 ms–1
in 25 s. The direction of motion of the body remains unchanged. What is the magnitude and
direction of the force?
9. The driver of a three-wheeler moving with a speed of 36 km/h sees a child standing in the
middle of the road and brings his vehicle to rest in 4.0 s just in time to save the child. What
is the average retarding force on the vehicle? The mass of the three-wheeler is 400 kg and
the mass of the driver is 65 kg.
10. A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is
80 m s–1, what is the recoil speed of the gun?
Activity based questions
1. A girl is pushing on a crate with a force as great as the force of friction between the crate
and the floor (see figure). Which one of the following is correct?

(1) the net force on the crate is zero.

(2) the crate may be at rest or just start sliding.
(3) the crate must not be accelerating.
(4) All of the above
2. In question 1, suppose the crate just starts sliding when she applies a force of 50 N, then
the force of friction is
(1) less than 50 N (2) more than 50 N
(3) equal to 50 N (4) nearly half the applied force

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NCERT Course : Class 9
3. Suppose you are travelling in a high speed train like Jan Shatabdi express which is
travelling with uniform velocity. If you flip a coin as shown in the figure, you will observe
that

(1) the coin does not reach again in your hand.

(2) the coin reaches again in your hand.
(3) the coin falls behind you.
(4) the coin falls in front of you.
4. In question 3, if the train is retarding, then you will observe that,
(1) the coin reaches again in your hand.
(2) the coin falls behind you.
(3) the coin falls in front of you.
(4) the coin follows a circular path.
5. Suppose you apply force on a brick by one hand and this force of hand accelerates the brick
to an acceleration ‘a’ [see fig(a)]. What happens if you apply force by both of your hands
[see fig(b)]?

(a) (b)
(1) The acceleration remains the same
(2) The acceleration almost doubles
(3) The acceleration becomes half
(4) The acceleration becomes four times

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6. Now, suppose you use both of your hands (see figure) to apply force on two identical
bricks as shown in question 5. What will be the new acceleration?

(1) becomes ‘2a’ (2) almost equal to ‘a’

(3) becomes ‘a/2’ (4) becomes zero
7. Ask a friend to drive a small nail into a piece of wood placed on top of a pile of books on
your head. Why doesn't this hurt you?
(1) Because the nail has a sharp point and thus, exerts less pressure on wood.
(2) The force is exerted on the wood, thus it has no effect on our head.
(3) The relatively large mass of the books and block on your head resists being moved.
(4) Action-reaction forces cancel out each other.
8. Suppose you push a spring with a force F1 as shown in figure, the spring also pushes up on
your hand with a force F2. What is the relationship between F1and F2?

(1) Can’t be predicted (2) F1 > F2

(3) F1 < F2 (4) F1 = F2
Student A and student B sit in identical office chairs facing each other, as shown in figure.
Student A is heavier than student B. Student A suddenly pushes with his feet. (Q.9 to Q.12)

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NCERT Course : Class 9
9. Which of the following occurs?
(1) Neither student applies a force on each other.
(2) A exerts a force that is applied to B, but A experiences no force.
(3) Each student applies a force to the other, but A exerts the larger force.
(4) The students exert the same amount of force on each other.
10. Which of the following statements is correct?
(1) Both A and B will move in same direction.
(2) B will move to right while A will not move.
(3) A will move to right while B will move to left.
(4) A and B will move in opposite directions.
11. Which of the following statements related to momentum is correct?
(1) Momentum of A is greater than momentum of B.
(2) Momentum of A and B are equal but opposite in direction.
(3) Momentum of B is greater than momentum of A.
(4) Momentum of A and B are equal and are in same direction.
12. Suppose vA and vB are the velocities of student A and student B respectively, then,
(1) vA > vB, vA is leftward and vB is rightward.
(2) vA < vB, vA is leftward and vB is rightward.
(3) vA = vB, vA is leftward and vB is rightward.
(4) vA > vB, vA and vB both are rightward.

Answer Key
Numerical problems

1. 3.6 kg m/s 2. 32.57 m/s 3. –10 m/s2, –0.5 N

4. (a) 2.2 m/s2 (b) 5.45 s (c) –504 N 5. (a) 45 N, (b) 165 N

6. 2.67 m/s2 7. 6s
8. 0.18 N, direction of force is in the direction of motion of the body
9. –1162.5 N 10. 0.016 m/s
Activity based questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 2

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Exercise – 01 Solutions

Multiple choice questions

1. Option (3)
It is because in all other situations opening a drawer, kicking a ball and closing a door
requires muscular force which is a contact force while magnetic force is a non-contact
force.
2. Option (2)
It can change the color of an object. There is no change in color that can be observed when
a force is exerted on an object.
3. Option (3)
In an accelerated motion, speed or direction of motion of an object changes which leads to
the change in velocity. This happens due to action of force on object. The 3rd option is not
necessary that for an object going away from earth is the only accelerated motion, falling
towards earth is also an example of accelerated motion. So, answer is (3).
4. Option (3)
Acceleration of object is constant as
1
 s = ut + at2
2
1
 s = (0) t + at2
2
 s = at2
 s  t2 [a is constant]
Hence for the body a rest distance is directly proportional to 't2'.
5. Option (4)
An unbalanced force can change the speed or direction of motion of an object, here the
object is moving at a constant velocity, means zero net force is acting on it.
6. Option (2)
Frictional force acts opposite to the direction of motion. The unbalanced force of 2N is
letting it move hence frictional force of 2N acts opposite to the motion i.e. leftward.
7. Option (2)
According to Newton's first law of motion, an object tends to maintain its state of motion
unless and until acted upon by an external force.
Since no external force is acting here, no force is required to keep the object moving with
same velocity.

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NCERT Course : Class 9
8. Option (3)
According to Newton's first law of motion a body at rest, will remain at rest and a body in
uniform motion continues to be in uniform motion until and unless external unbalanced
force is applied. This is also called law of inertia which is the property of an object to resist
change.
9. Option (2)
Mass of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia. More the mass more will be the
inertia of an object and vice-versa.
10. Option (2)
According to inertia of motion the body has the tendency to remain in state of uniform
motion. The water in the tank will resist the decrease in speed and hence move forward.
11. Option (3)
Due to inertia of rest the quick jerk on the lower string will cause it to break from the
lower end as the lower part of the string comes in motion but the upper part is at rest.
Now when a slow pull is applied, the force is transferred to the upper string also, thus the
string will break from upper end.
12. Option (2)
According to inertia of motion the body has the tendency to remain in state of uniform
motion. The passengers will resist the change in speed and hence move forward.
13. Option (1)
In the starting when coin is not tossed, it is in motion with same speed as train. But later on
train is under acceleration hence speedup, but the coin will not. Coin will have same
velocity as train and will fall backward.
14. Option (2)
m1 = 2m ; v1 = 5v m2 = 8m ; v2 = 1.25v
p1 = m1v1 p2 = m2v2
p1/p2 = (2m × 5v)/(8m × 1.25v) p1/p2 = 1/1 = 1:1
15. Option (4)
The acceleration always occurs when an unbalanced force acts on an object. Hence the
direction of unbalanced net force is the direction of acceleration.
16. Option (3)
Acceleration of 1kg object.
As, F=m×a
i.e. 1N = 1kg (mass) × a
F=a

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17. Option (2)
Force = m × a
F = 1 kg × 1 m/s2 = 1 kg m/s2
18. Option (1)
Mass of an object does not depend on the direction. It is a fundamental quantity and is
scalar.
19. Option (2)
Reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands
According to Newton's 3rd law, the reaction force is equal to action force.
Hence to reduce the force exerted by the ball on his hands, the goalkeeper pulls his hands
backward so that time taken by a ball to change its momentum increases.
F = p/t [If t increases ; F decreases]
20. Option (1)
Force on A = F Force on B = F
Mass of A = m mass of B = 3m
Acceleration a = F/m Acceleration a = F/3m
Hence the magnitude of acceleration of A is 3 times that of B
True or false
1. False
It may have non-zero net force acting on it but it is not always possible to have zero net
force.
2. False
The acceleration should be zero as F = m × a, If F = 0 then a = 0.
3. True
For a body to accelerate, we need to apply external force greater than frictional force.
4. False
The body in uniform motion having constant velocity also has acceleration zero.
5. True
During uniform motion no net external force is required for motion.
6. False
A body always accelerates in the direction of net force but it can move in the direction
opposite to net force.
7. True
Galileo concluded that an object moving on a frictionless horizontal surface should move
with constant velocity.
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NCERT Course : Class 9
8. False
Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled by some external force to act otherwise.
9. False
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
10. False
An experienced cricketer allows a longer time for his hands to stop the ball so as to catch
the ball easily.
11. True
Newton's second law states that the net force on an object is equal to the rate of change of
object's momentum
Fnet = dp/dt = d(mv)/dt

(For cases of constant mass, this becomes Fnet = m × a.

Newton's first law states that an object's momentum will remain constant in the absence of
a net external force. This may seem to be simply Newton's second law applied to a case of
zero net external force.
12. False

1 Newton is the amount of force that produces an acceleration of 1m/s2 in an object of 1

kilogram mass.
13. True
According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action there is equal and opposite
reaction.
14. True
According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action there is equal and opposite
reaction.
15. False
Total momentum of an isolated system of interacting particles is always conserved.

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Exercise – 02 Solutions

Very short answer type questions

1. Balanced force
If the net force exerted on an object is zero, then the forces acting on it are said to be
balanced. In such a case, the acceleration of the object is zero and its velocity remains
constant.
2. As the aeroplane is flying with constant speed in a horizontal straight path the forces acting
on it are balanced forces. Hence, the thrust of the propeller and the force of air resistance
are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
3. As the aeroplane is moving with a constant velocity hence its acceleration is zero.
Again as the velocity is constant the forces acting on it are balanced, therefore for the force
to be balanced, forces should have equal magnitude and opposite direction.
Hence the force of air resistance on the jet is 100,000 N in opposite direction to thrusting
force.
4. The force acting on the ball is the frictional force which opposes its rolling motion and
prevent it to roll indefinitely.
5. Galileo Galilei proposed concept of inertia.
6. Inertia of a body depends on its mass. More is the mass of an object more will be its inertia.
7. Inertia of a man is more than that of a child as inertia depends on mass, and here mass of
man is more as compared to that of child.
8. The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and
takes place in the direction, in which the force acts.
F  p/t
9. According to Newton's second law
F=m×a
Here, as the mass of crate is constant therefore
Fa
As the force applied is increased 4 times, the acceleration also increases 4 times.
10. According to Newton's Third law, 'whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the
second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the first body.
or 'To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'. Hence the action and reaction
forces exist in a pair.

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NCERT Course : Class 9
11. Recoil velocity of a gun is the velocity acquired by the gun in direction opposite to the
direction in which bullet is fired. During firing bullet exerts an equal and opposite reaction
force on gun resulting in its recoiling.
12. The force applied by earth on the body can be considered as action force and the force
exerted by the object falling due to gravitational force can be considered as the reaction
force. Any of the two forces can be considered as action and the another as reaction.
13. The force acting on the car is unbalanced force. The force of friction acting on car is small
as compared to the forward acceleration force and therefore the unbalanced force results
in acceleration of the car.
14. When the cannonball is fired from cannon, it exerts a forward force on the cannonball. The
cannonball exerts equal and opposite reaction force on the cannon. This results in the
recoil of the cannon. Since the mass of cannon is much greater than the mass of cannonball,
the acceleration of the cannon is much less than the acceleration of the cannonball.
15. The law of momentum conservation can be stated as follows, if the net external force acting
on a system is zero, then net momentum of the system remains conserved.
Short answer type questions
1. According to Newton's third law, action-reaction acts on different objects- the horse exerts
a force on the cart, and the cart exerts an equal magnitude and oppositely directed force on
the horse. To balance the reaction force acting on it due to cart and frictional force due to
road.
2. The object is in equilibrium means the resultant of all the forces acting on the body is zero,
this means forces acting on the object are balanced forces.
In such case, the acceleration of the object is zero and its velocity remains constant. That is,
if the net force acting on the object is zero, the object either remains at rest or continues to
move with constant velocity.
3. No! If something is moving along a curved path, it is changing its velocity because velocity
is defined as speed and direction. If something changes its velocity, then by definition, it is
accelerating. Newton's Second Law tells us that if something is accelerating, then a non-
zero net force is acting on it. Therefore, if something is moving along a curved path, it must
have force acting on it.
4. Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant
speed along a straight line. It depends on the mass of the body. The higher the mass of an
object the higher will be its inertia. Here among aluminium, steel and wood; steel has the
maximum mass compared to aluminium and wood. Therefore inertia of steel is highest.

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5. Yes, both the balls will start moving as the sudden brakes are applied to stop the train.
Both the balls will move in the direction in which the train was travelling according to the
inertia of balls to resist change. The speed of both the balls will be different as balls have
different masses. The inertial force acting on the balls will not be the same.
6. According to the property of inertia, the sudden pull on the wagon is resisted by the ball
kept in the middle, as it is at rest and hence it rolls backwards.
7. Newton's second law states that the net force on an object is equal to the time rate of
change of that object's momentum
Fnet = dp/dt = d(mv)/dt (For cases of constant mass, this becomes Fnet = ma.

Newton's first law states that an object's momentum will remain constant in the absence of
a net external force i.e. in an inertial (non-accelerating) reference frame. This may seem to
be simply Newton's second law applied to a case of zero net external force.
8. According to Newton's Second Law
F=m×a
Here when mass is M and force is F then,
F=M×a
Now as the mass is increased to 2M and force is halved i.e. F = F/2

Net acceleration a = F/m

a= (F/2)/2M
a = F/4M
Hence acceleration is reduced 4 times.
9. The rifle which is light will hurt the shoulder more than heavy rifle as the recoil velocity of
light rifle is more than of the heavy rifle.
10. It is not an example of conservation of momentum because, although the magnitude of
momentum of the ball is same but the direction of motion changes i.e. the velocity changes,
therefore momentum is not same in both the cases. (p = m × v)
Long answer type questions
1. The tendency of an object to remain at its state of rest or in motion at a constant speed
along a straight line is called inertia. Inertia of an object can be of three types:
(1) Inertia of rest (2) Inertia of motion (3) Inertia of direction
Inertia of Rest : It is the tendency of an object to remain at rest.

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NCERT Course : Class 9
Example of Inertia of rest : When you are sitting in a stationary car, if the car starts
suddenly i.e. accelerates forward, you feel as if your body is being pushed back against the
seat, because your body which is initially at rest resists this change due to inertia. The
lower part of body comes in motion as it is in direct contact with the car floor, while the
upper portion still remains at rest due to inertia of rest.
Inertia of Motion : It is the tendency of an object to remain in the state of uniform motion.
Example of Inertia of motion : When you are driving a car and you apply brakes to stop
the car suddenly, you feel as if your body is being pushed forward, because your body
resists the decrease in speed. The lower part of the body comes to rest as it is in direct
contact with the car's floor, while the upper portion still remains in motion due to inertia
of motion.
Inertia of Direction : It is the tendency of an object to maintain its direction.
Example of inertia of direction : When your motorcar makes a sharp turn at a high
speed, you tend to get thrown to one side, you tend to continue in straight-line motion due
to inertia of direction.
2. The momentum of a particle or an object that has mass 'm' moving with a velocity 'v' is
defined to be the product of the mass and the velocity.
Linear momentum is a vector quantity and its S.I. unit is kg m/s.
F=m×a
F = m × (v–u)/t
F = (mv - mu)/t
F = p/t (i.e. rate of change of momentum is force)

p vs v p vs m
Momentum in kg – m/s
Momentum in kg – m/s

20 30
15
20
p 10 p
(a) 5 (b) 10

0 5 10 0
V 5 10
Velocity in m/s m
Mass in kg
p v  p m 
   
 for m = const.   for v = const. 
Velocity

(c)

 1 
Mass v  m 
 
 for p = const. 

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 Physics
3. According to second law,
F  p/t
F  m (v – u)/t
F = k m (v – u)/t
Where k is constant of proportionality
Now, acceleration a = (v - u)/t
F=km×a
The SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m/s2 respectively. The unit of force is so
chosen that the value of the constant 'k' becomes 1.
Thus, the value of k becomes 1. Therefore,
F=m×a
(i) m = 10g = 0.01 kg, u = 1000m/s; v = 0m/s, s = 5cm = 0.05m
According to 3rd equation of motion
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = (1000)2 + 2 × a × (0.05)
a = –107 m/s2
Now, F = m × a
F = 0.01 × (-107)
F = –105 N [-ve sign indicates that force is resistive in nature]
(ii) Now, v = u + at
0 = 1000 – 107t
 107t = 103

 t = 10–4 sec.

4. According to second law,

F  p/t
F  m (v – u)/t
F = k m (v – u)/t
Where k is constant of proportionality
Now, acceleration a = (v – u)/t
F=km×a

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NCERT Course : Class 9
The SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m/s2 respectively. The unit of force is
chosen that the value of the constant 'k' becomes 1.
Thus, the value of k becomes 1. Therefore,
F=m×a
Given; F1 = 5N F2 = 5N
a1= 8m/s2 a2 = 24 m/s2
m = m1 m = m2
m1 = F/a1 m2 = F/a2
= 5/8 kg = 5/24 kg
Now when two masses are tied together; m = (m1 + m2)
a = 5/ (5/8 + 5/24)
5
a= = 6 m/s2
 15 + 5 
 
 24 

5. Let us consider two balls of mass A and B having masses m1 and m2, travelling in the same

direction along a straight line at different velocities u1 and u2, respectively.

u1 u2
A B A B A v B v
1 2

Let u1 > u2 and two balls collide with each other as shown. During collision which lasts for a

very short time t, the ball A exerts a force FBA on ball B, and ball B exerts a force FAB on ball

A.
Suppose vA and vB are velocities of two balls A and B after the collision respectively.

Initial momentum of ball A = m1u1

Final momentum of ball A = m1v1

Force on A due to B, FAB = Rate of change of momentum of ball A

FAB = (m1v1 – m1u1)/t = m1 (v1 – u1)/t ……………………… (1)

Initial momentum of ball B = m2u2

Final momentum of ball B = m2v2

Force on B due to A, FBA = Rate of change of momentum of ball B

FBA= m2v2 – m2u2/t = m2 (v2 – u2)/t

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 Physics
According to Newton's third law of motion, the force FBA exerted by ball A on ball B (action)
and force FAB exerted by ball B on ball A (reaction) must be equal and opposite to each
other. That is FBA = – FAB

m2 (v2 – u2)/t = – m1 (v1 – u1)/t

m2 (v2 – u2) = – m1 (v1 – u1)

m2v2 – m2u2 = –m1v1 + m1u1

m2v2 + m1v1 = m2u2 + m1u1

Total final momentum = Total initial momentum

This is law of conservation of momentum.
The separation between them will increase. Initially, the momentum of both of them is zero
as they are at rest. In order to conserve the momentum the one who throws the ball would
move backward. The second will experience a net force after catching the ball and
therefore will move backward that is in the direction of the force.

Numerical problems
1. Given : v = 12m/s ; u= –12m/s ; m = 0.15 kg
Solution : p = pf – pi = mv – (–mu)

= mv – (–mv) (since v = u)
= 2mv = 2 × 0.15 × 12 = 3.6 kg m/s
2. Given: mass of truck = 38000 kg, v = 1.20 m/s, mass of car = 1400kg
Solution : p (momentum of truck) = m × v
p = 38000 × 1.2
velocity of car having same momentum as that of car
v = p/m
v = (38000 × 1.2)/1400
= 32.57 m/s

3. Acceleration a = (vf – vi)/t

= (0 - 80)/8
= –10m/s2
Frictional force F = 50/1000 kg × (–10) m/s2 = –0.5 N

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NCERT Course : Class 9
4. Given: Mass of airboat = 3.50 × 102 kg
Force = 7.7 × 102 N
(a) Acceleration a = F/m
= 7.7 × 102/3.50 × 102 = 2.2 m/s2
(b) a = (v - u)/t
2.2 = (12 - 0)/t
t = 120/22 = 5.45 seconds
(c) v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 144 + 2a × 50
a = –1.44 m/s2
F=m×a
= – (3.5 × 1.44 × 102) N
= – 504 N

5. (a) When Reena is moving with a constant speed of 10 m/s the driving force will be same
as frictional force. As force for attaining constant speed balanced force should be applied.
Hence the driving force will be 45N.
(b) F – 45 = m × a
F = 45 + 80 × 1.5 = 165 N

6. Given : mass of A = 70kg; mass of B = 75kg; mass of boat = 20kg, Force by A = 400N; Force
exerted by B = 420 N, Water resistance force = 380 N
Solution :
Acceleration ; a = Net force/ Total mass
= (400 + 420 – 380)/ (70 + 75 + 20)
= 440/165 = 2.67 m/s2
7. Given: F = –50 N (retarding force)
Solution:
Acceleration; a = F/m
= -50/20 = -2.5 m/s2
v = u + at
0 = 15 –2.5 × t
t = 150/25 = 6s

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 Physics
8. Given: Mass = 3kg; time = 25 seconds; u = 2m/s; v = 3.5m/s
Solution: F = m × a
a = (v – u)/t
F = m × (v – u)/t
= 3 × (3.5 – 2)/25
= (3 × 1.5)/25
= 45/250 = 0.18 N
9. Given: u = 36 km/h = 10 m/s, Mass of three wheeler = 400 kg
Mass of driver = 65 kg, v = 0, t = 4 s.
Solution:
v = u + at
0 = 10 + a × 4
a = –2.5 m/s2
F = ma = –(400 + 65) × 2.5
= –1162.5 N
10. Given: mass of shell = 0.020 kg, Speed of shell = v = 80m/s, Mass of gun = 100kg
Speed of gun (recoil) = ?
Solution :
Using Law of conservation of momentum
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
0.020 × 80 + 100 × v2 = 0 (as, u1 = u2 = 0)
v2 = –(80 × 0.020)/100
v2 = –0.016m/s

Activity based questions

1. (4)
When friction force is = applied force, Net force is zero.
2. (3)
Equal to 50 N.
3. (2)
Speed is uniform (No force acting)
4. (3)
Retarding motion (law of inertia)
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NCERT Course : Class 9
5. (2)

Applied force double, acceleration will also be doubled.

6. (2)

Force doubled, mass doubled so acceleration will remain same.

7. (3)

8. (4)

Action reaction pair

9. (4)

Action reaction pair

10. (4)

Due to action reaction both objects move opposite to each other.

11. (2)

Conservation of momentum.

12. (2)
VA < VB because mA > mB

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