(Original PDF) Calculus Early

Transcendentals, 11th Edition by

Howard Anton
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-calculus-early-transcendentals-11th-edit
ion-by-howard-anton/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

(eBook PDF) Calculus: Early Transcendentals 9th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-early-
transcendentals-9th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Calculus Early Transcendentals 3rd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-early-
transcendentals-3rd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Calculus Early Transcendentals 7th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-early-
transcendentals-7th-edition/

(Original PDF) Calculus Early Transcendentals (3rd

Edition)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-calculus-early-
transcendentals-3rd-edition/
(eBook PDF) University Calculus Early Transcendentals
3rd

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-university-calculus-
early-transcendentals-3rd/

(eBook PDF) Calculus Early Transcendentals 8th Edition

by James Stewart

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-early-
transcendentals-8th-edition-by-james-stewart/

(eBook PDF) Essential Calculus Early Transcendentals

2nd by James Stewart

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-essential-calculus-
early-transcendentals-2nd-by-james-stewart/

University Calculus: Early Transcendentals 4th Edition

(eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/university-calculus-early-
transcendentals-4th-edition-ebook-pdf/

Thomas' Calculus: Early Transcendentals 14th Edition

(eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/thomas-calculus-early-
transcendentals-14th-edition-ebook-pdf/
              

Vice President & Director: Laurie Rosatone

Acquisitions Editor: Shannon Corliss
Sponsoring Editor: Jennifer Brady
Freelance Project Editor: Anne Scanlan-Rohrer
Marketing Manager: John LaVacca III
Senior Product Designer: David Dietz
Product Design Manager: Thomas Kulesa
Market Solutions Assistant: Ryann Dannelly
Production Services: Carol Sawyer/The Perfect Proof
Senior Content Manager: Karoline Luciano/Valerie Zaborski
Senior Production Editor: Laura Abrams
Senior Designer: Maureen Eide
Photo Editor: James Russiello
Cover Photo: Carlos Fernandez/ Getty Images

Sunrise Icon: AlexSava / iStockphoto

This book was set in LATEX by MPS Limited, and printed and bound by Courier Kendallville. The cover was
printed by Courier Kendallville.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more
than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is
built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and
work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social,
economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact,
paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and commu-
nity and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.

The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield
harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the numbers of trees cut each year
does not exceed the amount of new growth.

Copyright 
c 2015 Anton Textbooks, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under
Sections 107 and 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the
Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher
for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street,
Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, E-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books
or for customer service, call 1 (800)-CALL-WILEY (225-5945).

ISBN 978-1-118-88527-7

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
        "       

About HOWARD ANTON Howard Anton obtained his B.A. from Lehigh University, his M.A. from the University of Illinois,
and his Ph.D. from the Polytechnic University of Brooklyn, all in mathematics. In the early 1960s
he worked for Burroughs Corporation and Avco Corporation at Cape Canaveral, Florida, where he
was involved with the manned space program. In 1968 he joined the Mathematics Department at
Drexel University, where he taught full time until 1983. Since that time he has been an Emeritus
Professor at Drexel and has devoted the majority of his time to textbook writing and activities for
mathematical associations. Dr. Anton was president of the EPADEL section of the Mathematical
Association of America (MAA), served on the Board of Governors of that organization, and guided
the creation of the student chapters of the MAA. He has published numerous research papers in
functional analysis, approximation theory, and topology, as well as pedagogical papers. He is best
known for his textbooks in mathematics, which are among the most widely used in the world. There
are currently more than one hundred versions of his books, including translations into Spanish,
Arabic, Portuguese, Italian, Indonesian, French, Japanese, Chinese, Hebrew, and German. His
textbook in linear algebra has won both the Textbook Excellence Award and the McGuffey Award
from the Textbook Author’s Association. For relaxation, Dr. Anton enjoys traveling and
photography.

About IRL BIVENS Irl C. Bivens, a recipient of the George Polya Award and the Merten M. Hasse Prize for Expository
Writing in Mathematics, received his A.B. from Pfeiffer College and his Ph.D. from the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, both in mathematics. Since 1982 he has taught at Davidson
College, where he currently holds the position of professor of mathematics. A typical academic
year sees him teaching courses in calculus, complex analysis, and the history of mathematics. He
has published numerous articles on undergraduate mathematics, as well as research papers in
differential geometry. Past service to the MAA includes membership on the editorial boards of The
College Mathematics Journal, the Problem Book series, Dolciani Mathematical Expositions, along
with service on awards committees for expository writing. For recreation, he enjoys swimming,
juggling, and the exploration of mathematical legerdemain.

About STEPHEN DAVIS Stephen L. Davis received his B.A. from Lindenwood College and his Ph.D. from Rutgers
University in mathematics. Having previously taught at Rutgers University and Ohio State
University, Dr. Davis joined the faculty at Davidson College in 1981, where he is currently a
professor of mathematics. He regularly teaches calculus, linear algebra, abstract algebra, and
computer science. Professor Davis has published numerous articles on calculus reform and testing,
as well as research papers on finite group theory. Professor Davis has held several offices in the
Southeastern section of the MAA, including chair and secretary-treasurer, and has represented the
section on the MAA Board of Governors. He has been involved in the grading of the Advanced
Placement Calculus Exam since 1988 and began a four-year term as Chief Reader in 2015. He is
also webmaster for the North Carolina Association of Advanced Placement Mathematics Teachers
and is actively involved in nurturing mathematically talented high school students through
leadership in the Charlotte Mathematics Club. For relaxation, he plays basketball, travels, and
occasionally juggles. Professor Davis and his wife Elisabeth have three children, Laura, Anne, and
James, all former calculus students.
        #       

To
my wife Pat and my children: Brian, David, and Lauren

In Memory of
my mother Shirley
my father Benjamin
my thesis advisor and inspiration, George Bachman
my benefactor in my time of need, Stephen Girard (1750–1831)
—HA

To
my son Robert
—IB

To
my wife Elisabeth
my children: Laura, Anne, and James
—SD
               

PREFACE
This eleventh edition of Calculus maintains those aspects of previous editions that have led
to the series’ success—we continue to strive for student comprehension without sacrificing
mathematical accuracy, and the exercise sets are carefully constructed to avoid unhappy
surprises that can derail a calculus class.
All of the changes to the eleventh edition were carefully reviewed by outstanding teach-
ers comprised of both users and nonusers of the previous edition. The charge of this com-
mittee was to ensure that all changes did not alter those aspects of the text that attracted
users of the tenth edition and at the same time provide freshness to the new edition that
would attract new users.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

• Most of the pre-calculus material in the 10th edition Chapter 0 has been moved to Ap-
pendices, and the remaining Chapter 0 material is merged into Chapter 1.
• Some prose in other areas of the text has been tightened to enhance clarity and student
understanding.
• New applied exercises have been added to the book and some existing applied exercises
have been updated.

OTHER FEATURES

Flexibility This edition has a built-in flexibility that is designed to serve a broad spec-
trum of calculus philosophies—from traditional to “reform.” Technology can be empha-
sized or not, and the order of many topics can be permuted freely to accommodate each
instructor’s specific needs.

Rigor The challenge of writing a good calculus book is to strike the right balance be-
tween rigor and clarity. Our goal is to present precise mathematics to the fullest extent
possible in an introductory treatment. Where clarity and rigor conflict, we choose clarity;
however, we believe it to be important that the student understand the difference between
a careful proof and an informal argument, so we have informed the reader when the argu-
ments being presented are informal or motivational. Theory involving -δ arguments ap-
pears in separate sections so that they can be covered or not, as preferred by the instructor.

Rule of Four The “rule of four” refers to presenting concepts from the verbal, algebraic,
visual, and numerical points of view. In keeping with current pedagogical philosophy, we
used this approach whenever appropriate.

Visualization This edition makes extensive use of modern computer graphics to clarify
concepts and to develop the student’s ability to visualize mathematical objects, particularly

ix
              

x Preface

those in 3-space. For those students who are working with graphing technology, there are
many exercises that are designed to develop the student’s ability to generate and analyze
mathematical curves and surfaces.

Quick Check Exercises Each exercise set begins with approximately five exercises
(answers included) that are designed to provide students with an immediate assessment
of whether they have mastered key ideas from the section. They require a minimum of
computation and are answered by filling in the blanks.

Focus on Concepts Exercises Each exercise set contains a clearly identified group of
problems that focus on the main ideas of the section.

Technology Exercises Most sections include exercises that are designed to be solved
using either a graphing calculator or a computer algebra system such as Mathematica,
Maple, or the open source program Sage. These exercises are marked with an icon for easy
identification.

Applicability of Calculus One of the primary goals of this text is to link calculus
to the real world and the student’s own experience. This theme is carried through in the
examples and exercises.

Career Preparation This text is written at a mathematical level that will prepare stu-
dents for a wide variety of careers that require a sound mathematics background, including
engineering, the various sciences, and business.

Trigonometry Summary and Review Deficiencies in trigonometry plague many

students, so we have included a substantial trigonometry review in Appendices A and J.

Appendix on Polynomial Equations Because many calculus students are weak in

solving polynomial equations, we have included an appendix (Appendix H) that reviews
the Factor Theorem, the Remainder Theorem, and procedures for finding rational roots.

Principles of Integral Evaluation The traditional Techniques of Integration is enti-

tled “Principles of Integral Evaluation” to reflect its more modern approach to the material.
The chapter emphasizes general methods and the role of technology rather than specific
tricks for evaluating complicated or obscure integrals.

Historical Notes The biographies and historical notes have been a hallmark of this text
from its first edition and have been maintained. All of the biographical materials have
been distilled from standard sources with the goal of capturing and bringing to life for the
student the personalities of history’s greatest mathematicians.

Margin Notes and Warnings These appear in the margins throughout the text to
clarify or expand on the text exposition or to alert the reader to some pitfall.
              

SUPPLEMENTS

The Student Solutions Manual provides detailed solutions to the odd-numbered exercises
in the text. The structure of the step-by-step solutions matches those of the worked exam-
ples in the textbook. The Student Solutions Manual is also provided in digital format to
students in WileyPLUS.
Volume I (Calculus: Early Transcendental) ISBN: 978-1-119-14781-7
Volume II (Calculus: Late Transcendental) ISBN: 978-1-119-19366-1
The Student Study Guide is available for download from the book companion Web site at
www.wiley.com/college/anton or at www.howardanton.com and to users of WileyPLUS.
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual contains detailed solutions to all of the exercises
in the text. The Instructor’s Solutions Manual is also available in PDF format on the
password-protected Instructor Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/anton or at
www.howardanton.com and in WileyPLUS.
ISBN: 978-1-119-14782-4
The Instructor’s Manual suggests time allocations and teaching plans for each section in
the text. Most of the teaching plans contain a bulleted list of key points to emphasize. The
discussion of each section concludes with a sample homework assignment. The Instruc-
tor’s Manual is available in PDF format on the password-protected Instructor Companion
Site at www.wiley.com/college/anton or at www.howardanton.com and in WileyPLUS.
The Web Projects (Expanding the Calculus Horizon) referenced in the text can also be
downloaded from the companion Web sites and from WileyPLUS.
Instructors can also access the following materials from either the book companion site or
WileyPLUS:

• The Printable Test Bank features questions and answers for every section of the text.
• PowerPoint lecture slides cover the major concepts and themes of each section of
the book. Personal-Response System questions (“Clicker Questions”) appear at the
end of each PowerPoint presentation and provide an easy way to gauge classroom
understanding.
• Additional calculus content covers analytic geometry in calculus, mathematical mod-
eling with differential equations and parametric equations, as well as an introduction to
linear algebra.

xi
             

xii Supplements

WileyPLUS
WileyPLUS, Wiley’s digital-learning environment, is loaded with all of the supplements
listed on the previous page, and also features the following:

• Homework management tools, which easily allow you to assign and grade algorithmic
questions, as well as gauge student comprehension.
• Algorithmic questions with randomized numeric values and an answer-entry palette for
symbolic notation are provided online though WileyPLUS. Students can click on “help”
buttons for hints, link to the relevant section of the text, show their work or query their
instructor using a white board, or see a step-by-step solution (depending on instructor-
selecting settings).
• QuickStart predesigned reading and homework assignments. Use them as-is or cus-
tomize them to fit the needs of your classroom.
• The e-book, which is an exact version of the print text but also features hyperlinks to
questions, definitions, and supplements for quicker and easier support.
• Guided Online (GO) Tutorial Exercises that prompt students to build solutions step
by step. Rather than simply grading an exercise answer as wrong, GO tutorial problems
show students precisely where they are making a mistake.
• Are You Ready? quizzes gauge student mastery of chapter concepts and techniques
and provide feedback on areas that require further attention.
• ORION Algebra and Trigonometry Refresher provides students with an opportunity
to brush up on the material necessary to master calculus, as well as to determine areas
that require further review.

WileyPLUS. Learn more at www.wileyplus.com.

            

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It has been our good fortune to have the advice and guidance of many talented people
whose knowledge and skills have enhanced this book in many ways. We wish to thank
John Wiley and Sons, in particular Shannon Corliss and Jennifer Brady for their dedication
in preparing this edition. We would also like to thank Carol Sawyer for her amazing work
on the text layout.

Furthermore for their valuable help we thank the following people.

Reviewers of the Eleventh Edition

Jay Abramson, Arizona State University
Gerardo Aladro, Florida International
University
Theodore M. Alper, Online High School of
Stanford University
Mahboub Baccouch, University of Nebraska
Omaha
Jeffery J. Boats, University of Detroit Mercy
Tom Bella, University of Rhode Island
Michael Boardman, Pacific University
Charles W. Bock, Philadelphia University
Olguta Buse, Indiana University at Purdue
University Indianapolis
Christopher Butler, Case Western Reserve
University
Thomas Cassidy, Bucknell University
Manning G. Collier, University of Mary
Washington
Charles L. Cooper, University of Central
Omaha
John Davis, Baylor University
Madhu Motha, Butler County Community
College
Bharath Narayanan, Pennsylvania State
University
Deborah Doucette, Erie Community College
Judith Downey, University of Nebraska Omaha
Raluca Dumitru, University of North Florida
Mark Dunster, San Diego State University
Catherine Famiglietti, University of
California, Irvine
Jennifer Galovich, St. John’s University
William Girton, Florida Tech
Frank Gonzalez, Saddleback College
William Hamill, University of Tulsa
Rita Hibschweiler, University of New
Hampshire
Derek Hiley, Cuyahoga Community College
Randall Holmes, Boise State University
Dragos Hrimiuc, University of Alberta
Cindy J. Parsons, Pennsylvania State
University
Bin Jiang, Portland State University
Clarence Johnson, Cuyahoga Community
College
Jim E. Jones, Florida Tech
Ron Jorgensen, Milwaukee School of
Engineering
Uwe Kaiser, Boise State University
Kristi Karber, University of Central Omaha
Michael Kouritzin, University of Alberta
M. Paul Latiolais, Portland State University
Douglas Lloyd, Golden West College
Lew Ludwig, Denison University
Paolo Mantero, University of California,
Riverside
William McGovern, University of Washington
Thomas Milligan, University of Central
Oklahoma
Carla Monticelli, Camden County College
Laura Moore-Mueller, Green River
Community College
Jeanette Palmiter, Portland State University
Cynthia Piez, University of Idaho
Emma Previato, Boston University
Ferdinand Rivera, San Jose State University
Joan Rosebush, University of Vermont
Hossein Rostami, Philadelphia University
Nathan Ryan, Bucknell University
Ronda Sander, University of South Carolina
Jonathan Scott, Cleveland State University
Eugene Schlereth, University of Tennessee
Chattanooga
Mark Serebransky, Camden County College
Qin Sheng, Baylor University
Slobodan Simic’, San Jose State University
Satyanand Singh, New York City College of
Technology
Adi Tcaciuc, MacEwan University
Michael Tom, Louisiana State University
Brian VanPelt, Cuyahoga Community College
Stephanie Van Rhein, University of Missouri,
Kansas City
Kathy Vranicar, University of Nebraska
Omaha
Belinda Wang, University of Toronto
Anna Wlodarczyk, Florida International
University
Nataliya Zadorozhna, MacEwan University
Constance Ziemian, Bucknell University
Diane Zych, Erie Community College

xiii
             

xiv Acknowledgments

Reviewers and Contributors of the Tenth Edition

Frederick Adkins, Indiana University of
Pennsylvania
Gerardo Aladro, Florida International
University
Mike Albanese, Central Piedmont Community
College
Faiz Al-Rubaee, University of North Florida
Mahboub Baccouch, University of Nebraska at
Omaha
Jim Brandt, Southern Utah University
Elizabeth Brown, James Madison University
Michael Brown, San Diego Mesa College
Christopher Butler, Case Western Reserve
University
Nick Bykov, San Joaquin Delta College
Jamylle Carter, Diablo Valley College
Hongwei Chen, Christopher Newport
University
David A. Clark, Randolph-Macon College
Dominic P. Clemence, North Carolina
Agricultural and Technical State University
Michael Cohen, Hofstra University
Hugh Cornell, Salt Lake Community College
Kyle Costello, Salt Lake Community College
Walter Czarnec, Framingham State University
Michael Daniel, Drexel University
Judith Downey, University of Nebraska,
Omaha
Artur Elezi, American University
David James Ellingson, Napa Valley College
Elaine B. Fitt, Bucks County Community
College
Greg Gibson, North Carolina Agricultural and
Technical State University
Yvonne A. Greenbaun, Mercer County
Community College
Jerome I. Heaven, Indiana Tech
Derek Hiley, Cuyahoga Community College
John Khoury, Brevard Community College
Kathryn Lesh, Union College
Eric Matsuoka, Leeward Community College
Ted Nirgiotis, Diablo Valley College
Mihaela Poplicher, University of Cincinnati
Adrian R. Ranic, Erie Community
College–North
Thomas C. Redd, North Carolina Agricultural
and Technical State University
R. A. Rock, Daniel Webster College
John Paul Roop, North Carolina Agricultural
and Technical State University
Philippe Rukimbira, Florida International
University
Joseph P. Rusinko, Winthrop University
Susan W. Santolucito, Delgado Community
College, City Park
Dee Dee Shaulis, University of Colorado at
Boulder
Michael D. Shaw, Florida Institute of
Technology
Jennifer Siegel, Broward College–Central
Campus
Thomas W. Simpson, University of South
Carolina Union
Maria Siopsis, Maryville College
Mark A. Smith, Miami University, Ohio
James Sochacki, James Madison University
Kelly Stady, Cuyahoga Community College
Alan Taylor, Union College
Kathy Vranicar, University of Nebraska,
Omaha
Anke Walz, Kutztown University
Zhi-Qiang Wang, Utah State University
Tom Wells, Delta College
Greg Wisloski, Indiana University of
Pennsylvania

We would also like to thank Thomas Polaski and Roger Lipsett for their accuracy check of the eleventh edition. Thanks also to
Tamas Wiandt for revising the solutions manuals and Jennifer Blue for accuracy checking those solutions. We also appreciate
the feedback we received from Mark Dunster, Cecelia Knoll, and Michael Rosenthal on selected WileyPLUS problems.
             

CONTENTS

1 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 1

1.1 Limits (An Intuitive Approach) 1
1.2 Computing Limits 13
1.3 Limits at Infinity; End Behavior of a Function 22
1.4 Limits (Discussed More Rigorously) 31
1.5 Continuity 40
1.6 Continuity of Trigonometric Functions 51
1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 56
1.8 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 63

2 THE DERIVATIVE 79
2.1 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change 79
2.2 The Derivative Function 89
2.3 Introduction to Techniques of Differentiation 100
2.4 The Product and Quotient Rules 108
2.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 113
2.6 The Chain Rule 118

3 TOPICS IN DIFFERENTIATION 129

3.1 Implicit Differentiation 129
3.2 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions 135
3.3 Derivatives of Exponential and Inverse Trigonometric Functions 140
3.4 Related Rates 146
3.5 Local Linear Approximation; Differentials 153
3.6 L’Hôpital’s Rule; Indeterminate Forms 160

4 THE DERIVATIVE IN GRAPHING AND APPLICATIONS 172

4.1 Analysis of Functions I: Increase, Decrease, and Concavity 172
4.2 Analysis of Functions II: Relative Extrema; Graphing Polynomials 183
4.3 Analysis of Functions III: Rational Functions, Cusps, and Vertical
Tangents 192

xv
              

xvi Contents

4.4 Absolute Maxima and Minima 204

4.5 Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems 212
4.6 Rectilinear Motion 225
4.7 Newton’s Method 233
4.8 Rolle’s Theorem; Mean-Value Theorem 239

5 INTEGRATION 253
5.1 An Overview of the Area Problem 253
5.2 The Indefinite Integral 258
5.3 Integration by Substitution 268
5.4 The Definition of Area as a Limit; Sigma Notation 275
5.5 The Definite Integral 285
5.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 294
5.7 Rectilinear Motion Revisited Using Integration 306
5.8 Average Value of a Function and its Applications 314
5.9 Evaluating Definite Integrals by Substitution 319
5.10 Logarithmic and Other Functions Defined by Integrals 325

6 APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL IN GEOMETRY,

SCIENCE, AND ENGINEERING 341
6.1 Area Between Two Curves 341
6.2 Volumes by Slicing; Disks and Washers 349
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells 358
6.4 Length of a Plane Curve 364
6.5 Area of a Surface of Revolution 370
6.6 Work 375
6.7 Moments, Centers of Gravity, and Centroids 383
6.8 Fluid Pressure and Force 392
6.9 Hyperbolic Functions and Hanging Cables 398

7 PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRAL EVALUATION 412

7.1 An Overview of Integration Methods 412
7.2 Integration by Parts 415
7.3 Integrating Trigonometric Functions 423
7.4 Trigonometric Substitutions 431
7.5 Integrating Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 437
7.6 Using Computer Algebra Systems and Tables of Integrals 445
7.7 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule 454
7.8 Improper Integrals 467

8 MATHEMATICAL MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS 481
8.1 Modeling with Differential Equations 481
8.2 Separation of Variables 487
             

Contents xvii

8.3 Slope Fields; Euler’s Method 498

8.4 First-Order Differential Equations and Applications 504

9 INFINITE SERIES 514

9.1 Sequences 514
9.2 Monotone Sequences 524
9.3 Infinite Series 531
9.4 Convergence Tests 539
9.5 The Comparison, Ratio, and Root Tests 547
9.6 Alternating Series; Absolute and Conditional Convergence 553
9.7 Maclaurin and Taylor Polynomials 563
9.8 Maclaurin and Taylor Series; Power Series 573
9.9 Convergence of Taylor Series 582
9.10 Differentiating and Integrating Power Series; Modeling with Taylor
Series 591

10 PARAMETRIC AND POLAR CURVES; CONIC SECTIONS 605

10.1 Parametric Equations; Tangent Lines and Arc Length for Parametric
Curves 605
10.2 Polar Coordinates 617
10.3 Tangent Lines, Arc Length, and Area for Polar Curves 630
10.4 Conic Sections 639
10.5 Rotation of Axes; Second-Degree Equations 656
10.6 Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates 661

A APPENDICES
A TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW (SUMMARY) A1
B FUNCTIONS (SUMMARY) A8
C NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD (SUMMARY) A11
D FAMILIES OF FUNCTIONS (SUMMARY) A16
E INVERSE FUNCTIONS (SUMMARY) A23

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A28

INDEX I-1

WEB APPENDICES (online only)

Available for download at www.wiley.com/college/anton or at
www.howardanton.com and in WileyPLUS.
A TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW
B FUNCTIONS
             

xviii Contents

C NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD

D FAMILIES OF FUNCTIONS
E INVERSE FUNCTIONS
F REAL NUMBERS, INTERVALS, AND INEQUALITIES
G ABSOLUTE VALUE
H COORDINATE PLANES, LINES, AND LINEAR FUNCTIONS
I DISTANCE, CIRCLES, AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
J SOLVING POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
K GRAPHING FUNCTIONS USING CALCULATORS AND
COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS
L SELECTED PROOFS
M EARLY PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS OPTION
N MATHEMATICAL MODELS
O THE DISCRIMINANT
P SECOND-ORDER LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

CHAPTER WEB PROJECTS: Expanding the Calculus Horizon

(online only)
Available for download at www.wiley.com/college/anton or at
www.howardanton.com and in WileyPLUS.
ROBOTICS – CHAPTER 2
RAILROAD DESIGN – CHAPTER 7
ITERATION AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS – CHAPTER 9
COMET COLLISION – CHAPTER 10
BLAMMO THE HUMAN CANNONBALL – CHAPTER 12
HURRICANE MODELING – CHAPTER 15
       
THE ROOTS OF CALCULUS
Today’s exciting applications of calculus have roots that
can be traced to the work of the Greek mathematician
Archimedes, but the actual discovery of the fundamental prin-
ciples of calculus was made independently by Isaac Newton
(English) and Gottfried Leibniz (German) in the late seven-
teenth century. The work of Newton and Leibniz was mo-
tivated by four major classes of scientific and mathematical
problems of the time:
• Find the tangent line to a general curve at a given point.
• Find the area of a general region, the length of a general
curve, and the volume of a general solid.
• Find the maximum or minimum value of a quantity—for
example, the maximum and minimum distances of a planet
from the Sun, or the maximum range attainable for a pro-
jectile by varying its angle of fire.
• Given a formula for the distance traveled by a body in any
specified amount of time, find the velocity and acceleration
of the body at any instant. Conversely, given a formula that
ISAAC NEWTON (1642–1727)
[Image: Public domain image from http://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Hw-newton.jpg. Image provided courtesy of the University
of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.]
planets, and the tides; he formulated basic theories of light, thermodynamics, and hydro-
dynamics; and he devised and constructed the first modern reflecting telescope. Through-
out his life Newton was hesitant to publish his major discoveries, revealing them only to a
   !"! #   #$ %
The Roots of Calculus xix
specifies the acceleration of velocity at any instant, find the
distance traveled by the body in a specified period of time.
Newton and Leibniz found a fundamental relationship be-
tween the problem of finding a tangent line to a curve and
the problem of determining the area of a region. Their real-
ization of this connection is considered to be the “discovery
of calculus.” Though Newton saw how these two problems
are related ten years before Leibniz did, Leibniz published
his work twenty years before Newton. This situation led to
a stormy debate over who was the rightful discoverer of cal-
culus. The debate engulfed Europe for half a century, with the
scientists of the European continent supporting Leibniz and
those from England supporting Newton. The conflict was ex-
tremely unfortunate because Newton’s inferior notation badly
hampered scientific development in England, and the Conti-
nent in turn lost the benefit of Newton’s discoveries in astron-
omy and physics for nearly fifty years. In spite of it all, New-
ton and Leibniz were sincere admirers of each other’s work.
Newton was born in the village of Woolsthorpe, England. His father died be-
fore he was born and his mother raised him on the family farm. As a youth
he showed little evidence of his later brilliance, except for an unusual talent
with mechanical devices—he apparently built a working water clock and a
toy flour mill powered by a mouse. In 1661 he entered Trinity College in
Cambridge with a deficiency in geometry. Fortunately, Newton caught the eye
of Isaac Barrow, a gifted mathematician and teacher. Under Barrow’s guidance
Newton immersed himself in mathematics and science, but he graduated with-
out any special distinction. Because the bubonic plague was spreading rapidly
through London, Newton returned to his home in Woolsthorpe and stayed there
during the years of 1665 and 1666. In those two momentous years the entire
framework of modern science was miraculously created in Newton’s mind. He
discovered calculus, recognized the underlying principles of planetary motion
and gravity, and determined that “white” sunlight was composed of all col-
ors, red to violet. For whatever reasons he kept his discoveries to himself. In
1667 he returned to Cambridge to obtain his Master’s degree and upon gradu-
ation became a teacher at Trinity. Then in 1669 Newton succeeded his teacher,
Isaac Barrow, to the Lucasian chair of mathematics at Trinity, one of the most
honored chairs of mathematics in the world.
Thereafter, brilliant discoveries flowed from Newton steadily. He formu-
lated the law of gravitation and used it to explain the motion of the moon, the
            !! #   #$ %

xx The Roots of Calculus

select circle of friends, perhaps because of a fear of criticism or controversy. In 1687, only
after intense coaxing by the astronomer, Edmond Halley (discoverer of Halley’s comet),
did Newton publish his masterpiece, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). This work is generally considered to be
the most important and influential scientific book ever written. In it Newton explained the
workings of the solar system and formulated the basic laws of motion, which to this day
are fundamental in engineering and physics. However, not even the pleas of his friends
could convince Newton to publish his discovery of calculus. Only after Leibniz published
his results did Newton relent and publish his own work on calculus.
After twenty-five years as a professor, Newton suffered depression and a nervous break-
down. He gave up research in 1695 to accept a position as warden and later master of the
London mint. During the twenty-five years that he worked at the mint, he did virtually no
scientific or mathematical work. He was knighted in 1705 and on his death was buried in
Westminster Abbey with all the honors his country could bestow. It is interesting to note
that Newton was a learned theologian who viewed the primary value of his work to be its
support of the existence of God. Throughout his life he worked passionately to date bib-
lical events by relating them to astronomical phenomena. He was so consumed with this
passion that he spent years searching the Book of Daniel for clues to the end of the world
and the geography of hell.
Newton described his brilliant accomplishments as follows: “I seem to have been only
like a boy playing on the seashore and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother
pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered
before me.”

GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646–1716)

This gifted genius was one of the last people to have mastered most major
fields of knowledge—an impossible accomplishment in our own era of spe-
cialization. He was an expert in law, religion, philosophy, literature, politics,
geology, metaphysics, alchemy, history, and mathematics.
Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany. His father, a professor of moral
philosophy at the University of Leipzig, died when Leibniz was six years old.
The precocious boy then gained access to his father’s library and began reading
voraciously on a wide range of subjects, a habit that he maintained throughout
his life. At age fifteen he entered the University of Leipzig as a law student
and by the age of twenty received a doctorate from the University of Altdorf.
Subsequently, Leibniz followed a career in law and international politics, serv-
ing as counsel to kings and princes. During his numerous foreign missions,
Leibniz came in contact with outstanding mathematicians and scientists who
stimulated his interest in mathematics—most notably, the physicist Christian
Huygens. In mathematics Leibniz was self-taught, learning the subject by
reading papers and journals. As a result of this fragmented mathematical edu-
cation, Leibniz often rediscovered the results of others, and this helped to fuel
[Image: Public domain image from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ the debate over the discovery of calculus.
File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_ Leibniz.jpg] Leibniz never married. He was moderate in his habits, quick-tempered but
easily appeased, and charitable in his judgment of other people’s work.
In spite of his great achievements, Leibniz never received the honors showered on
Newton, and he spent his final years as a lonely embittered man. At his funeral there
was one mourner, his secretary. An eyewitness stated, “He was buried more like a robber
than what he really was—an ornament of his country.”
            

GEOMETRY FORMULAS
A = area, S = lateral surface area, V = volume, h = height, B = area of base, r = radius, l = slant height, C = circumference, s = arc length

ALGEBRA FORMULAS

THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA THE BINOMIAL FORMULA

The solutions of the quadratic n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3

equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are (x + y) n = x n + nx n−1 y + x y + x y + · · · + nxy n−1 + y n
 1·2 1·2·3
−b ± b 2 − 4ac n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3
x= (x − y) n = x n − nx n−1 y + x y − x y + · · · ± nxy n−1 ∓ y n
2a 1·2 1·2·3

TABLE OF INTEGRALS

BASIC FUNCTIONS
 
u n+1 au
1. u n du = +C 10. a u du = +C
n+1 ln a
 
du
2. = ln|u| + C 11. ln u du = u ln u − u + C
u
 
3. e u du = e u + C 12. cot u du = ln|sin u| + C
 
4. sin u du = − cos u + C sec u du = ln|sec u + tan u| + C
13.   
  
= lntan 14 π + 12 u  + C
5. cos u du = sin u + C 
 csc u du = ln|csc u − cot u| + C
6. tan u du = ln|sec u| + C 14.
= ln|tan 12 u| + C
   
7. sin−1 u du = u sin−1 u + 1 − u 2 + C 15. cot−1 u du = u cot−1 u + ln 1 + u2 + C
   
8. cos−1 u du = u cos−1 u − 1 − u 2 + C 16. sec−1 u du = u sec−1 u − ln|u + u 2 − 1| + C
   
9. tan−1 u du = u tan−1 u − ln 1 + u 2 + C 17. csc−1 u du = u csc−1 u + ln|u + u 2 − 1| + C
           

RECIPROCALS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

 
1 1
18. du = tan u ∓ sec u + C 22. du = 12 (u ∓ ln|sin u ± cos u|) + C
 1 ± sin u  1 ± cot u
1 1
19. du = − cot u ± csc u + C 23. du = u + cot u ∓ csc u + C
 1 ± cos u  1 ± sec u
1 1
20. du = 12 (u ± ln|cos u ± sin u|) + C 24. du = u − tan u ± sec u + C
 1 ± tan u  1 ± csc u
1 1
21. du = ln|tan u| + C 25. du = u − ln(1 ± e u ) + C
sin u cos u 1 ± eu

POWERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 
26. sin2 u du = 12 u − 14 sin 2u + C 32. cot2 u du = − cot u − u + C
 
27. cos2 u du = 12 u + 14 sin 2u + C 33. sec2 u du = tan u + C
 
28. tan2 u du = tan u − u + C 34. csc2 u du = − cot u + C
   
1 n−1 1
29. sinn u du = − sinn−1 u cos u + sinn−2 u du 35. cotn u du = − cotn−1 u − cotn−2 u du
 n n   n−1 
1 n−1 1 n−2
30. cosn u du = cosn−1 u sin u + cosn−2 u du 36. sec u du =
n
secn−2 u tan u + secn−2 u du
 n  n  n−1 n−1 
1 1 n−2
31. tann u du = tann−1 u − tann−2 u du 37. cscn u du = − cscn−2 u cot u + cscn−2 u du
n−1 n−1 n−1

PRODUCTS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 
sin(m + n)u sin(m − n)u cos(m + n)u cos(m − n)u
38. sin mu sin nu du = − + +C 40. sin mu cos nu du = − − +C
 2(m + n) 2(m − n) 2(m + n) 2(m − n)
sin(m + n)u sin(m − n)u  
39. cos mu cos nu du = + +C sinm−1 u cosn+1 u m−1
41. sinm u cosn u du = − + sinm−2 u cosn u du
2(m + n) 2(m − n) m+n m+n

sinm+1 u cosn−1 u n−1
= + sinm u cosn−2 u du
m+n m+n

PRODUCTS OF TRIGONOMETRIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

 
e au e au
42. e au sin bu du = 2 (a sin bu − b cos bu) + C 43. e au cos bu du = 2 (a cos bu + b sin bu) + C
a +b 2 a + b2

POWERS OF u MULTIPLYING OR DIVIDING BASIC FUNCTIONS

 
44. u sin u du = sin u − u cos u + C 51. ue u du = e u (u − 1) + C
  
45. u cos u du = cos u + u sin u + C 52. u n e u du = u n e u − n u n−1 e u du
  
u na u n
46. u 2 sin u du = 2u sin u + (2 − u 2 ) cos u + C 53. u n a u du = − u n−1 a u du + C
  ln a ln a  u
u
e du e u 1 e du
47. u 2 cos u du = 2u cos u + (u 2 − 2) sin u + C 54. =− +
   u n (n − 1)u n−1 n − 1  u n−1
a u du au ln a a u du
48. u n sin u du = −u n cos u + n u n−1 cos u du 55. =− +
   u n (n − 1)u n−1 n−1 u n−1
du
49. u n cos u du = u n sin u − n u n−1 sin u du 56. = ln|ln u| + C
 u ln u
u n+1
50. u n ln u du = [(n + 1) ln u − 1] + C
(n + 1)2

POLYNOMIALS MULTIPLYING BASIC FUNCTIONS


1 1 1
57. p(u)e au du =p(u)e au − 2 p  (u)e au + 3 p  (u)e au − · · · [signs alternate: + − + − · · · ]
 a a a
1 1 1
58. p(u) sin au du = − p(u) cos au + 2 p  (u) sin au + 3 p  (u) cos au − · · · [signs alternate in pairs after first term: + + − − + + − − · · · ]
 a a a
1 1 1
59. p(u) cos au du = p(u) sin au + 2 p  (u) cos au − 3 p  (u) sin au − · · · [signs alternate in pairs: + + − − + + − − · · · ]
a a a
               

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Air resistance prevents the velocity of a skydiver from
increasing indefinitely. The velocity approaches a
limit, called the “terminal velocity.”
1
The development of calculus in the seventeenth century by Newton and Leibniz provided
scientists with their first real understanding of what is meant by an “instantaneous rate of
change” such as velocity and acceleration. Once the idea was understood conceptually,
efficient computational methods followed, and science took a quantum leap forward. The
fundamental building block on which rates of change rest is the concept of a “limit,” an idea
that is so important that all other calculus concepts are now based on it.
In this chapter we will develop the concept of a limit in stages, proceeding from an
informal, intuitive notion to a precise mathematical definition. We will also develop
theorems and procedures for calculating limits, and use limits to study “continuous” curves.
We will conclude by studying continuity and other properties of trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions.

1.1 LIMITS (AN INTUITIVE APPROACH)

The concept of a “limit” is the fundamental building block on which all calculus concepts
are based. In this section we will study limits informally, with the goal of developing an
intuitive feel for the basic ideas. In the next three sections we will focus on computational
methods and precise definitions.

Many of the ideas of calculus originated with the following two geometric problems:

THE TANGENT LINE PROBLEM Given a function f and a point P(x0 , y0 ) on its graph,
find an equation of the line that is tangent to the graph at P (Figure 1.1.1).

Figure 1.1.1
THE AREA PROBLEM Given a function f , find the area between the graph of f and
an interval [a, b] on the x-axis (Figure 1.1.2).

Traditionally, that portion of calculus arising from the tangent line problem is called
differential calculus and that arising from the area problem is called integral calculus.
However, we will see later that the tangent line and area problems are so closely related
that the distinction between differential and integral calculus is somewhat artificial.

Figure 1.1.2 TANGENT LINES AND LIMITS

In plane geometry, a line is called tangent to a circle if it meets the circle at precisely one
point (Figure 1.1.3a). Although this definition is adequate for circles, it is not appropriate
for more general curves. For example, in Figure 1.1.3b, the line meets the curve exactly
once but is obviously not what we would regard to be a tangent line; and in Figure 1.1.3c,
the line appears to be tangent to the curve, yet it intersects the curve more than once.
To obtain a definition of a tangent line that applies to curves other than circles, we must
view tangent lines another way. For this purpose, suppose that we are interested in the
tangent line at a point P on a curve in the xy-plane and that Q is any point that lies on

1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 We have a great many names for the same passion—Envy,
Jealousy, Spite, Prejudice, Rivalry; but they are so many synonyms
for the one old heathen demon. When the death-giving shaft of
Apollo sent the plague to some unhappy Achæan, it did not much
matter to the victim whether the god were called Helios or
Smintheus.
No man you ever met in the world seemed more raised above the
malice of Hate than Audley Egerton: even in the hot war of politics
he had scarcely a personal foe; and in private life he kept himself so
aloof and apart from others that he was little known, save by the
benefits the waste of his wealth conferred. That the hate of any one
could reach the austere statesman on his high pinnacle of esteem,—
you would have smiled at the idea! But Hate is now, as it ever has
been, an actual Power amidst “the Varieties of Life;” and, in spite of
bars to the door, and policemen in the street, no one can be said to
sleep in safety while there wakes the eye of a single foe.
 CHAPTER II.
The glory of Bond Street is no more. The title of Bond Street
Lounger has faded from our lips. In vain the crowd of equipages and
the blaze of shops: the renown of Bond Street was in its pavement—
its pedestrians. Art thou old enough, O reader! to remember the
Bond Street Lounger and his incomparable generation? For my part,
I can just recall the decline of the grand era. It was on its wane when,
in the ambition of boyhood, I first began to muse upon high
neckcloths and Wellington boots. But the ancient habitués—the
magni nominis umbræ—contemporaries of Brummell in his zenith—
boon companions of George IV. in his regency—still haunted the
spot. From four to six in the hot month of June, they sauntered
stately to and fro, looking somewhat mournful even then—
foreboding the extinction of their race. The Bond Street Lounger was
rarely seen alone: he was a social animal, and walked arm in arm
with his fellow-man. He did not seem born for the cares of these
ruder times; not made was he for an age in which Finsbury returns
members to Parliament. He loved his small talk; and never since
then has talk been so pleasingly small. Your true Bond Street
Lounger had a very dissipated look. His youth had been spent with
heroes who loved their bottle. He himself had perhaps supped with
Sheridan. He was by nature a spendthrift: you saw it in the roll of his
walk. Men who make money rarely saunter; men who save money
rarely swagger. But saunter and swagger both united to stamp
PRODIGAL on the Bond Street Lounger. And so familiar as he was with
his own set, and so amusingly supercilious with the vulgar residue of
mortals whose faces were strange to Bond Street. But He is gone. The
world, though sadder for his loss, still strives to do its best without
him; and our young men, now-a-days, attend to model cottages, and
incline to Tractarianism—I mean those young men who are quiet and
harmless, as a Bond Street Lounger was of old—redeant Saturnia
regna. Still the place, to an unreflecting eye, has its brilliancy and
bustle. But it is a thoroughfare, not a lounge. And adown the
thoroughfare, somewhat before the hour when the throng is thickest,
passed two gentlemen of an appearance exceedingly out of keeping
with the place. Yet both had the air of men pretending to aristocracy
—an old-world air of respectability and stake in the country, and
Church-and-Stateism. The burlier of the two was even rather a beau
in his way. He had first learned to dress, indeed, when Bond Street
was at its acmé, and Brummell in his pride. He still retained in his
garb the fashion of his youth; only what then had spoken of the town,
now betrayed the life of the country. His neckcloth ample and high,
and of snowy whiteness, set off to comely advantage a face smooth-
shaven, and of clear, florid hues; his coat of royal blue, with buttons
in which you might have seen yourself veluti in speculum, was,
rather jauntily, buttoned across a waist that spoke of lusty middle
age, free from the ambition, the avarice, and the anxieties that fret
Londoners into thread-papers; his smallclothes of greyish drab, loose
at the thigh and tight at the knee, were made by Brummell’s own
breeches-maker, and the gaiters to match (thrust half-way down the
calf) had a manly dandyism that would have done honour to the
beau-ideal of a county member. The profession of this gentleman’s
companion was unmistakable—the shovel-hat, the clerical cut of the
coat, the neckcloth without collar, that seemed made for its accessory
—the band, and something very decorous, yet very mild, in the whole
mien of this personage, all spoke of one who was every inch the
gentleman and the parson.
“No,” said the portlier of these two persons—“no, I can’t say I like
Frank’s looks at all. There’s certainly something on his mind.
However, I suppose it will be all out this evening.”
“He dines with you at your hotel, Squire? Well, you must be kind
to him. We can’t put old heads upon young shoulders.”
“I don’t object to his head being young,” returned the Squire; “but
I wish he had a little of Randal Leslie’s good sense in it. I see how it
will end: I must take him back into the country; and if he wants
occupation, why, he shall keep the hounds, and I’ll put him into
Brooksby farm.”
“As for the hounds,” replied the Parson, “hounds necessitate
horses; and I think more mischief comes to a young man of spirit,
from the stables, than from any other place in the world. They ought
to be exposed from the pulpit, those stables!” added Mr Dale
thoughtfully; “see what they entailed upon Nimrod! But agriculture
is a healthful and noble pursuit, honoured by sacred nations, and
cherished by the greatest men in classical times. For instance, the
Athenians were—”
“Bother the Athenians!” cried the Squire irreverently; “you need
not go so far back for an example. It is enough for a Hazeldean that
his father and his grandfather and his great-grandfather all farmed
before him; and a devilish deal better, I take it, than any of those
musty old Athenians—no offence to them. But I’ll tell you one thing,
Parson—a man, to farm well, and live in the country, should have a
wife; it is half the battle.”
“As to a battle, a man who is married is pretty sure of half, though
not always the better half, of it,” answered the Parson, who seemed
peculiarly facetious that day. “Ah, Squire, I wish I could think Mrs
Hazeldean right in her conjecture!—you would have the prettiest
daughter-in-law in the three kingdoms. And I think, if I could have a
good talk with the young lady apart from her father, we could remove
the only objection I know to the marriage. Those Popish errors—”
“Ah, very true!” cried the Squire; “that Pope sticks hard in my
gizzard. I could excuse her being a foreigner, and not having, I
suppose, a shilling in her pocket—bless her handsome face!—but to
be worshipping images in her room instead of going to the parish
church, that will never do. But you think you could talk her out of the
Pope, and into the family pew?”
“Why, I could have talked her father out of the Pope, only, when he
had not a word to say for himself, he bolted out of the window. Youth
is more ingenuous in confessing its errors.”
“I own,” said the Squire, “that both Harry and I had a favourite
notion of ours, till this Italian girl got into our heads. Do you know
we both took a great fancy to Randal’s little sister—pretty, blushing,
English-faced girl as ever you saw. And it went to Harry’s good heart
to see her so neglected by that silly, fidgetty mother of hers, her hair
hanging about her ears; and I thought it would be a fine way to bring
Randal and Frank more together, and enable me to do something for
Randal himself—a good boy, with Hazeldean blood in his veins. But
Violante is so handsome, that I don’t wonder at the boy’s choice; and
then it is our fault—we let them see so much of each other, as
children. However, I should be very angry if Rickeybockey had been
playing sly, and running away from the Casino in order to give Frank
an opportunity to carry on a clandestine intercourse with his
daughter.”
“I don’t think that would be like Riccabocca; more like him to run
away in order to deprive Frank of the best of all occasions to court
Violante, if he so desired; for where could he see more of her than at
the Casino?”
Squire.—“That’s well put. Considering he was only a foreign
doctor, and, for aught we know, went about in a caravan, he is a
gentlemanlike fellow, that Rickeybockey. I speak of people as I find
them. But what is your notion about Frank? I see you don’t think he
is in love with Violante, after all. Out with it, man; speak plain.”
Parson.—“Since you so urge me, I own I do not think him in love
with her; neither does my Carry, who is uncommonly shrewd in such
matters.”
Squire.—“Your Carry, indeed!—as if she were half as shrewd as my
Harry. Carry—nonsense!”
Parson, (reddening.)—“I don’t want to make invidious remarks;
but, Mr Hazeldean, when you sneer at my Carry, I should not be a
man if I did not say that—”
Squire, (interrupting.)—“She was a good little woman enough; but
to compare her to my Harry!”
Parson.—“I don’t compare her to your Harry; I don’t compare her
to any woman in England, sir. But you are losing your temper, Mr
Hazeldean!”
Squire.—“I!”
Parson.—“And people are staring at you, Mr Hazeldean. For
decency’s sake, compose yourself, and change the subject. We are
just at the Albany. I hope that we shall not find poor Captain
Higginbotham as ill as he represents himself in his letter. Ah! is it
possible? No, it cannot be. Look—look!”
Squire.—“Where—what—where? Don’t pinch so hard. Bless me,
do you see a ghost?”
Parson.—“There—the gentleman in black!”
Squire.—“Gentleman in black! What!—in broad daylight!
Nonsense!”
 Here the Parson made a spring forward, and, catching the arm of
the person in question, who himself had stopped, and was gazing
intently on the pair, exclaimed—
“Sir, pardon me; but is not your name Fairfield? Ah, it is Leonard
—it is—my dear, dear boy! What joy! So altered, so improved, but
still the same honest face. Squire, come here—your old friend,
Leonard Fairfield.”
“And he wanted to persuade me,” said the Squire, shaking Leonard
heartily by the hand, “that you were the gentleman in black; but,
indeed, he has been in strange humours and tantrums all the
morning. Well, Master Lenny; why, you are grown quite a
gentleman! The world thrives with you—eh! I suppose you are head-
gardener to some grandee.”
“Not that, sir,” said Leonard smiling. “But the world has thriven
with me at last, though not without some rough usage at starting. Ah,
Mr Dale, you can little guess how often I have thought of you and
your discourse on Knowledge; and, what is more, how I have lived to
feel the truth of your words, and to bless the lesson.”
Parson, (much touched and flattered.)—“I expected nothing less
of you, Leonard; you were always a lad of great sense, and sound
judgment. So you have thought of my little discourse on Knowledge,
have you?”
Squire.—“Hang knowledge! I have reason to hate the word. It
burned down three ricks of mine; the finest ricks you ever set eyes
on, Mr Fairfield.”
Parson.—“That was not knowledge, Squire; that was ignorance.”
Squire.—“Ignorance! The deuce it was. I’ll just appeal to you, Mr
Fairfield. We have been having sad riots in the shire, and the
ringleader was just such another lad as you were!”
Leonard.—“I am very much obliged to you, Mr Hazeldean. In
what respect?”
Squire.—“Why, he was a village genius, and always reading some
cursed little tract or other; and got mighty discontented with King,
Lords, and Commons, I suppose, and went about talking of the
wrongs of the poor, and the crimes of the rich, till, by Jove, sir, the
whole mob rose one day with pitchforks and sickles, and smash went
Farmer Smart’s thrashing-machines; and on the same night my ricks
were on fire. We caught the rogues, and they were all tried; but the
poor deluded labourers were let off with a short imprisonment. The
village genius, thank heaven, is sent packing to Botany Bay.”
Leonard.—“But, did his books teach him to burn ricks, and smash
machines?”
Parson.—“No; he said quite the contrary, and declared that he had
no hand in those misdoings.”
Squire.—“But he was proved to have excited, with his wild talk,
the boobies who had! ’Gad, sir, there was a hypocritical Quaker once,
who said to his enemy, ‘I can’t shed thy blood, friend, but I will hold
thy head under water till thou art drowned.’ And so there is a set of
demagogical fellows, who keep calling out, ‘Farmer This is an
oppressor, and Squire That is a vampire! But no violence! Don’t
smash their machines, don’t burn their ricks! Moral force, and a
curse on all tyrants!’ Well, and if poor Hodge thinks moral force is all
my eye, and that the recommendation is to be read backwards, in the
devil’s way of reading the Lord’s Prayer, I should like to know which
of the two ought to go to Botany Bay—Hodge who comes out like a
man, if he thinks he is wronged, or ’tother sneaking chap, who makes
use of his knowledge to keep himself out of the scrape?”
Parson.—“It may be very true; but when I saw that poor fellow at
the bar, with his intelligent face, and heard his bold clear defence,
and thought of all his hard straggles for knowledge, and how they
had ended, because he forgot that knowledge is like fire, and must
not be thrown amongst flax—why, I could have given my right hand
to save him. And, oh Squire, do you remember his poor mother’s
shriek of despair when he was sentenced to transportation for life—I
hear it now! And what, Leonard—what do you think had misled him?
At the bottom of all the mischief was a Tinker’s bag. You cannot
forget Sprott?”
Leonard.—“Tinker’s bag!—Sprott!”
Squire.—“That rascal, sir, was the hardest fellow to nab you could
possibly conceive; as full of quips and quirks as an Old Bailey lawyer.
But we managed to bring it home to him. Lord! his bag was choke-
full of tracts against every man who had a good coat on his back; and
as if that was not enough, cheek by jowl with the tracts were lucifers,
contrived on a new principle, for teaching my ricks the theory of
spontaneous combustion. The labourers bought the lucifers—”
Parson.—“And the poor village genius bought the tracts.”
Squire.—“All headed with a motto—‘To teach the working-classes
that knowledge is power.’ So that I was right in saying that
knowledge had burnt my ricks; knowledge inflamed the village
genius, the village genius inflamed fellows more ignorant than
himself, and they inflamed my stackyard. However, lucifers, tracts,
village genius, and Sprott, are all off to Botany Bay; and the shire has
gone on much the better for it. So no more of your knowledge for me,
begging your pardon, Mr Fairfield. Such uncommonly fine ricks as
mine were, too! I declare, Parson, you are looking as if you felt pity
for Sprott; and I saw you, indeed, whispering to him as he was taken
out of court.”
Parson, (looking sheepish.)—“Indeed, Squire, I was only asking
him what had become of his donkey, an unoffending creature.”
Squire.—“Unoffending! Upset me amidst a thistle-bed in my own
village green. I remember it. Well, what did he say had become of the
donkey?”
Parson.—“He said but one word; but that showed all the
vindictiveness of his disposition. He said it with a horrid wink, that
made my blood run cold. ‘What’s become of your poor donkey?’ said
I, and he answered—”
Squire.—“Go on. He answered—”
Parson.—“‘Sausages.’”
Squire.—“Sausages! Like enough; and sold to the poor; and that’s
what the poor will come to if they listen to such revolutionising
villains. Sausages! Donkey sausages!—(spitting)—’Tis as bad as
eating one another; perfect cannibalism.”
Leonard, who had been thrown into grave thought by the history
of Sprott and the village genius, now pressing the Parson’s hand,
asked permission to wait on him before Mr Dale quitted London; and
was about to withdraw, when the Parson, gently detaining him, said
—“No; don’t leave me yet, Leonard—I have so much to ask you, and
to talk about. I shall be at leisure shortly. We are just now going to
call on a relation of the Squire’s, whom you must recollect, I am sure
—Captain Higginbotham—Barnabas Higginbotham. He is very
poorly.”
“And I am sure he would take it kind in you to call too,” said the
Squire with great good-nature.
Leonard.—“Nay, sir, would not that be a great liberty?”
Squire.—“Liberty! To ask a poor sick gentleman how he is?
Nonsense. And I say, sir, perhaps, as no doubt you have been living
in town, and know more of newfangled notions than I do—perhaps
you can tell us whether or not it is all humbug, that new way of
doctoring people?”
“What new way, sir? There are so many.”
“Are there? Folks in London do look uncommonly sickly. But my
poor cousin (he was never a Solomon) has got hold, he says, of a
homey—homely—What’s the word, Parson?”
Parson.—“ Homœopathist.”
Squire.—“That’s it! You see the Captain went to live with one
Sharpe Currie, a relation who had a great deal of money, and very
little liver;—made the one, and left much of the other in Ingee, you
understand. The Captain had expectations of the money. Very
natural, I dare say; but Lord, sir! what do you think has happened?
Sharpe Currie has done him! Would not die, sir; got back his liver,
and the Captain has lost his own. Strangest thing you ever heard.
And then the ungrateful old Nabob has dismissed the Captain,
saying, ‘He can’t bear to have invalids about him;’ and is going to
marry, and I have no doubt will have children by the dozen!”
Parson.—“It was in Germany, at one of the Spas, that Mr Currie
recovered; and as he had the selfish inhumanity to make the Captain
go through a course of waters simultaneously with himself, it has so
chanced that the same waters that cured Mr Currie’s liver have
destroyed Captain Higginbotham’s. An English homœopathic
physician, then staying at the Spa, has attended the Captain hither,
and declares that he will restore him by infinitesimal doses of the
same chemical properties that were found in the waters which
diseased him. Can there be anything in such a theory?”
Leonard.—“I once knew a very able, though eccentric
homœopathist, and I am inclined to believe there may be something
in the system. My friend went to Germany: it may possibly be the
same person who attends the Captain. May I ask his name?”
Squire.—“Cousin Barnabas does not mention it. You may ask it of
himself, for here we are at his chambers. I say, Parson, (whispering
slily,) if a small dose of what hurt the Captain is to cure him, don’t
you think the proper thing would be a—legacy? Ha! ha!”
Parson, (trying not to laugh.)—“Hush, Squire. Poor human
nature! We must be merciful to its infirmities. Come in, Leonard.”
Leonard, interested in his doubt whether he might thus chance
again upon Dr Morgan, obeyed the invitation, and with his two
companions followed the woman—who “did for the Captain and his
rooms”—across the small lobby, into the presence of the sufferer.
 CHAPTER III.
Whatever the disposition towards merriment at his cousin’s
expense entertained by the Squire, it vanished instantly at the sight
of the Captain’s doleful visage and emaciated figure.
“Very good in you to come to town to see me—very good in you,
cousin; and in you too, Mr Dale. How very well you are both looking.
I’m a sad wreck. You might count every bone in my body.”
“Hazeldean air and roast beef will soon set you up, my boy,” said
the Squire kindly. “You were a great goose to leave them, and these
comfortable rooms of yours in the Albany.”
“They are comfortable, though not showy,” said the Captain, with
tears in his eyes. “I had done my best to make them so. New carpets
—this very chair—(morocco!)—that Japan cat (holds toast and
muffins)—just when—just when—(the tears here broke forth, and the
Captain fairly whimpered)—just when that ungrateful bad-hearted
man wrote me word ‘he was—was dying and lone in the world;’ and—
and—to think what I’ve gone through for him!—and to treat me so.
Cousin William, he has grown as hale as yourself, and—and—”
“Cheer up, cheer up!” cried the compassionate Squire. “It is a very
hard case, I allow. But you see, as the old proverb says, ‘’tis ill waiting
for a dead man’s shoes;’ and in future—I don’t mean offence—but I
think if you would calculate less on the livers of your relations, it
would be all the better for your own. Excuse me.”
“Cousin William,” replied the poor Captain, “I am sure I never
calculated; but still, if you had seen that deceitful man’s good-for-
nothing face—as yellow as a guinea—and have gone through all I’ve
gone through, you would have felt cut to the heart as I do. I can’t
bear ingratitude. I never could. But let it pass. Will that gentleman
take a chair?”
Parson.—“Mr Fairfield has kindly called with us, because he
knows something of this system of homœopathy which you have
adopted, and may, perhaps, know the practitioner. What is the name
of your doctor?”
 Captain, (looking at his watch.)—“That reminds me, (swallowing a
globule.) A great relief these little pills—after the physic I’ve taken to
please that malignant man. He always tried his doctor’s stuff upon
me. But there’s another world, and a juster!”
With that pious conclusion, the Captain again began to weep.
“Touched,” muttered the Squire, with his forefinger on his
forehead. “You seem to have a good tidy sort of nurse here, Cousin
Barnabas. I hope she’s pleasant, and lively, and don’t let you take on
so.”
“Hist!—don’t talk of her. All mercenary; every bit of her fawning!
Would you believe it? I give her ten shillings a-week, besides all that
goes down of my pats of butter and rolls, and I overheard the jade
saying to the laundress that ‘I could not last long; and she’d—
EXPECTATIONS!’ Ah, Mr Dale, when one thinks of the sinfulness there
is in this life! But I’ll not think of it. No—I’ll not. Let us change the
subject. You were asking my doctor’s name? It is—”
Here the woman ‘with expectations’ threw open the door, and
suddenly announced—“Dr Morgan.”
 CHAPTER IV.
The Parson started, and so did Leonard.
The Homœopathist did not at first notice either. With an
unobservant bow to the visitors, he went straight to the patient, and
asked, “How go the symptoms?”
Therewith the Captain commenced, in a tone of voice like a
schoolboy reciting the catalogue of the ships in Homer. He had been
evidently conning the symptoms, and learning them by heart. Nor
was there a single nook or corner in his anatomical organisation, so
far as the Captain was acquainted with that structure, but what some
symptom or other was dragged therefrom, and exposed to day. The
Squire listened with horror to the morbific inventory—muttering at
each dread interval, “Bless me! Lord bless me! What, more still!
Death would be a very happy release!” Meanwhile the Doctor
endured the recital with exemplary patience, noting down in the
leaves of his pocket-book what appeared to him the salient points in
this fortress of disease to which he had laid siege, and then, drawing
forth a minute paper, said—
“Capital—nothing can be better. This must be dissolved in eight
table-spoonfuls of water; one spoonful every two hours.”
“Table-spoonful?”
“Table-spoonful.”
“‘Nothing can be better,’ did you say, sir?” repeated the Squire,
who, in his astonishment at that assertion applied to the Captain’s
description of his sufferings, had hitherto hung fire—“‘nothing can be
better?’”
“For the diagnosis, sir!” replied Dr Morgan.
“For the dogs’ noses, very possibly,” quoth the Squire; “but for the
inside of Cousin Higginbotham, I should think nothing could be
worse.”
“You are mistaken, sir,” replied Dr Morgan. “It is not the Captain
who speaks here—it is his liver. Liver, sir, though a noble, is an
imaginative organ, and indulges in the most extraordinary fictions.
Seat of poetry, and love, and jealousy—the liver. Never believe what
it says. You have no idea what a liar it is! But—ahem—ahem. Cott—I
think I’ve seen you before, sir. Surely your name’s Hazeldean?”
“William Hazeldean, at your service, Doctor. But where have you
seen me?”
“On the hustings at Lansmere. You were speaking on behalf of
your distinguished brother, Mr Egerton.”
“Hang it!” cried the Squire: “I think it must have been my liver that
spoke there! for I promised the electors that that half-brother of
mine would stick by the land; and I never told a bigger lie in my life!”
Here the patient, reminded of his other visitors, and afraid he was
going to be bored with the enumeration of the Squire’s wrongs, and
probably the whole history of his duel with Captain Dashmore,
turned, with a languid wave of his hand, and said, “Doctor, another
friend of mine, the Rev. Mr Dale,—and a gentleman who is
acquainted with homœopathy.”
“Dale? What, more old friends!” cried the Doctor, rising; and the
Parson came somewhat reluctantly from the window nook, to which
he had retired. The Parson and the Homœopathist shook hands.
“We have met before on a very mournful occasion,” said the
Doctor, with feeling.
The Parson held his finger to his lips, and glanced towards
Leonard. The Doctor stared at the lad, but he did not recognise in the
person before him the gaunt careworn boy whom he had placed with
Mr Prickett, until Leonard smiled and spoke. And the smile and the
voice sufficed.
“Cott—and it is the poy!” cried Dr Morgan; and he actually caught
hold of Leonard, and gave him an affectionate Welch hug. Indeed,
his agitation at these several surprises became so great that he
stopped short, drew forth a globule—“Aconite—good against nervous
shocks!”—and swallowed it incontinently.
“Gad,” said the Squire, rather astonished, “’tis the first doctor I
ever saw swallow his own medicine! There must be something in it.”
The Captain now, highly disgusted that so much attention was
withdrawn from his own case, asked in a querulous voice, “And as to
diet? What shall I have for dinner?”
 “A friend!” said the Doctor, wiping his eyes.
“Zounds!” cried the Squire, retreating, “do you mean to say, sir,
that the British laws (to be sure, they are very much changed of late)
allow you to diet your patients upon their fellow-men? Why, Parson,
this is worse than the donkey sausages.”
“Sir,” said Dr Morgan, gravely, “I mean to say, that it matters little
what we eat, in comparison with care as to whom we eat with. It is
better to exceed a little with a friend, than to observe the strictest
regimen, and eat alone. Talk and laughter help the digestion, and are
indispensable in affections of the liver. I have no doubt, sir, that it
was my patient’s agreeable society that tended to restore to health
his dyspeptic relative, Mr Sharpe Currie.”
The Captain groaned aloud.
“And, therefore, if one of you gentlemen will stay and dine with Mr
Higginbotham, it will greatly assist the effects of his medicine.”
The Captain turned an imploring eye, first towards his cousin, then
towards the Parson.
“I’m engaged to dine with my son—very sorry,” said the Squire.
“But Dale, here”—
“If he will be so kind,” put in the Captain, “we might cheer the
evening with a game at whist—double dummy.”
Now, poor Mr Dale had set his heart on dining with an old college
friend, and having, no stupid, prosy double dummy, in which one
cannot have the pleasure of scolding one’s partner, but a regular
orthodox rubber, with the pleasing prospect of scolding all the three
other performers. But as his quiet life forbade him to be a hero in
great things, the Parson had made up his mind to be a hero in small
ones. Therefore, though with rather a rueful face, he accepted the
Captain’s invitation, and promised to return at six o’clock to dine.
Meanwhile, he must hurry off to the other end of the town, and
excuse himself from the pre-engagement he had already formed. He
now gave his card, with the address of a quiet family hotel thereon, to
Leonard, and not looking quite so charmed with Dr Morgan as he
was before that unwelcome prescription, he took his leave. The
Squire, too, having to see a new churn, and execute various
commissions for his Harry, went his way, (not, however, till Dr
Morgan had assured him that, in a few weeks, the Captain might
safely remove to Hazeldean;) and Leonard was about to follow, when
Morgan hooked his arm in his old protégé’s, and said, “But I must
have some talk with you; and you have to tell me all about the little
orphan girl.”
Leonard could not resist the pleasure of talking about Helen; and
he got into the carriage, which was waiting at the door for the
homœopathist.
“I am going into the country a few miles to see a patient,” said the
Doctor; “so we shall have time for undisturbed consultation. I have
so often wondered what had become of you. Not hearing from
Prickett, I wrote to him, and received an answer as dry as a bone
from his heir. Poor fellow! I found that he had neglected his globules,
and quitted the globe. Alas, pulvis et umbra sumus! I could learn no
tidings of you. Prickett’s successor declared he knew nothing about
you. I hoped the best; for I always fancied you were one who would
fall on your legs—bilious-nervous temperament; such are the men
who succeed in their undertakings, especially if they take a spoonful
of chamomilla whenever they are over-excited. So now for your
history and the little girl’s—pretty little thing—never saw a more
susceptible constitution, nor one more suited—to pulsatilla.”
Leonard briefly related his own struggles and success, and
informed the good Doctor how they had at last discovered the
nobleman in whom poor Captain Digby had confided, and whose
care of the orphan had justified the confidence.
Dr Morgan opened his eyes at hearing the name of Lord
L’Estrange. “I remember him very well,” said he, “when I practised
murder as an allopathist at Lansmere. But to think that wild boy, so
full of whim, and life, and spirit, should become staid enough for a
guardian to that dear little child, with her timid eyes and pulsatilla
sensibilities. Well, wonders never cease. And he has befriended you
too, you say. Ah, he knew your family.”
“So he says. Do you think, sir, that he ever knew—ever saw—my
mother?”
“Eh! your mother?—Nora?” exclaimed the Doctor quickly; and, as
if struck by some sudden thought, his brows met, and he remained
silent and musing a few moments; then, observing Leonard’s eyes
fixed on him earnestly, he replied to the question:—
 “No doubt he saw her; she was brought up at Lady Lansmere’s. Did
he not tell you so?”
“No.” A vague suspicion here darted through Leonard’s mind, but
as suddenly vanished. His father! Impossible. His father must have
deliberately wronged the dead mother. And was Harley L’Estrange a
man capable of such wrong? And had he been Harley’s son, would
not Harley have guessed it at once, and so guessing, have owned and
claimed him? Besides, Lord L’Estrange looked so young;—old
enough to be Leonard’s father!—he could not entertain the idea. He
roused himself, and said falteringly—
“You told me you did not know by what name I should call my
father.”
“And I told you the truth, to the best of my belief.”
“By your honour, sir?”
“By my honour, I do not know it.”
There was now a long silence. The carriage had long left London,
and was on a high-road somewhat lonelier, and more free from
houses than most of those which form the entrances to the huge city.
Leonard gazed wistfully from the window, and the objects that met
his eyes gradually seemed to appeal to his memory. Yes! it was the
road by which he had first approached the metropolis, hand in hand
with Helen—and hope so busy at his poet’s heart. He sighed deeply.
He thought he would willingly have resigned all he had won—
independence, fame, all—to feel again the clasp of that tender hand—
again to be the sole protector of that gentle life.
The Doctor’s voice broke on his reverie. “I am going to see a very
interesting patient—coats to his stomach quite worn out, sir—man of
great learning, with a very inflamed cerebellum. I can’t do him much
good, and he does me a great deal of harm.”
“How harm?” asked Leonard, with an effort at some rejoinder.
“Hits me on the heart, and makes my eyes water—very pathetic
case—grand creature, who has thrown himself away. Found him
given over by the allopathists, and in a high state of delirium
tremens—restored him for a time—took a great liking to him—could
not help it—swallowed a great many globules to harden myself
against him—would not do—brought him over to England with the
other patients, who all pay me well (except Captain Higginbotham.)
But this poor fellow pays me nothing—costs me a great deal in time
and turnpikes, and board and lodging. Thank Heaven I’m a single
man, and can afford it! My poy, I would let all the other patients go
to the allopathists if I could but save this poor big penniless princely
fellow. But what can one do with a stomach that has not a rag of its
coat left? Stop—(the Doctor pulled the check-string.) This is the stile.
I get out here and go across the fields.”
That stile—those fields—with what distinctness Leonard
remembered them. Ah, where was Helen? Could she ever, ever again
be his child-angel?
“I will go with you, if you permit,” said he to the good Doctor. “And
while you pay your visit, I will saunter by a little brook that I think
must run by your way.”
“The Brent—you know that brook? Ah, you should hear my poor
patient talk of it, and of the hours he has spent angling in it—you
would not know whether to laugh or cry. The first day he was
brought down to the place, he wanted to go out and try once more, he
said, for his old deluding demon—a one-eyed perch.”
“Heavens!” exclaimed Leonard, “are you speaking of John
Burley?”
“To be sure, that is his name—John Burley.”
“Oh, has it come to this? Cure him, save him, if it be in human
power. For the last two years I have sought his trace everywhere, and
in vain, the moment I had money of my own—a home of my own.
Poor, erring, glorious Burley. Take me to him. Did you say there was
no hope?”
“I did not say that,” replied the Doctor. “But art can only assist
nature; and, though nature is ever at work to repair the injuries we
do to her, yet, when the coats of a stomach are all gone, she gets
puzzled, and so do I. You must tell me another time how you came to
know Burley, for here we are at the house, and I see him at the
window looking out for me.”
The Doctor opened the garden gate to the quiet cottage to which
poor Burley had fled from the pure presence of Leonard’s child-
angel. And with heavy step, and heavy heart, Leonard mournfully
followed, to behold the wrecks of him whose wit had glorified orgy,
and “set the table in a roar.”—Alas, poor Yorick!
 CHAPTER V.
Audley Egerton stands on his hearth alone. During the short
interval that has elapsed since we last saw him, events had occurred
memorable in English history, wherewith we have nought to do in a
narrative studiously avoiding all party politics even when treating of
politicians. The new Ministers had stated the general programme of
their policy, and introduced one measure in especial that had lifted
them at once to the dizzy height of popular power. But it became
clear that this measure could not be carried without a fresh appeal to
the people. A dissolution of Parliament, as Audley’s sagacious
experience had foreseen, was inevitable. And Audley Egerton had no
chance of return for his own seat—for the great commercial city
identified with his name. Oh sad, but not rare, instance of the
mutabilities of that same popular favour now enjoyed by his
successors! The great commoner, the weighty speaker, the expert
man of business, the statesman who had seemed a type of the
practical steady sense for which our middle class is renowned—he
who, not three years since, might have had his honoured choice of
the largest popular constituencies in the kingdom—he, Audley
Egerton, knew not one single town (free from the influences of
private property or interest) in which the obscurest candidate, who
bawled out for the new popular measure, would not have beaten him
hollow. Where one popular hustings, on which that grave sonorous
voice that had stilled so often the roar of faction, would not be
drowned amidst the hoots of the scornful mob?
True, what were called the close boroughs still existed—true, many
a chief of his party would have been too proud of the honour of
claiming Audley Egerton for his nominee. But the ex-Minister’s
haughty soul shrunk from this contrast to his past position. And to
fight against the popular measure, as member of one of the seats
most denounced by the people,—he felt it was a post in the grand
army of parties below his dignity to occupy, and foreign to his
peculiar mind, which required the sense of consequence and station.
And if, in a few months, these seats were swept away—were
annihilated from the rolls of Parliament—where was he? Moreover,
Egerton, emancipated from the trammels that had bound his will
while his party was in office, desired, in the turn of events, to be
nominee of no other man—desired to stand at least freely and singly
on the ground of his own services, be guided by his own penetration;
no law for action, but his strong sense and his stout English heart.
Therefore he had declined all offers from those who could still
bestow seats in Parliament. Those he could purchase with hard gold
were yet open to him. And the £5000 he had borrowed from Levy
were yet untouched.
To this lone public man, public life, as we have seen, was the all in
all. But now more than ever it was vital to his very wants. Around
him yawned ruin. He knew that it was in Levy’s power at any
moment to foreclose on his mortgaged lands—to pour in the bonds
and the bills which lay within those rosewood receptacles that lined
the fatal lair of the sleek usurer—to seize on the very house in which
now moved all the pomp of a retinue that vied with the valetaille of
dukes—to advertise for public auction, under execution, “the costly
effects of the Right Hon. Audley Egerton.” But, consummate in his
knowledge of the world, Egerton felt assured that Levy would not
adopt these measures against him while he could still tower in the
van of political war—while he could still see before him the full
chance of restoration to power, perhaps to power still higher than
before—perhaps to power the highest of all beneath the throne. That
Levy, whose hate he divined, though he did not conjecture all its
causes, had hitherto delayed even a visit, even a menace, seemed to
him to show that Levy still thought him one “to be helped,” or, at
least, one too powerful to crush. To secure his position in Parliament
unshackled, unfallen, if but for another year,—new combinations of
party might arise, new reactions take place, in public opinion! And,
with his hand pressed to his heart, the stern firm man muttered,—“If
not, I ask but to die in my harness, and that men may not know that I
am a pauper, until all that I need from my country is a grave.”
Scarce had these words died upon his lips ere two quick knocks in
succession resounded at the street door. In another moment Harley
entered, and, at the same time, the servant in attendance approached
Audley, and announced Baron Levy.
“Beg the Baron to wait, unless he would prefer to name his own
hour to call again,” answered Egerton, with the slightest possible