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Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
Prelims.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 2 03-12-2019 15:07:39
Shashi Bhushan Tiwari
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
Prelims.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
No Part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and
executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7085462 23 22 21 20 19
Printed and bound in India
ISBN (13) : 978-93-5316-390-7

ISBN (10) : 93-5316-390-0
Information contained in this work has been obtained McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither, McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw
Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
should be sought.
Typeset at Srikrishna Graphics, New Delhi 110092 and printed at

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Write to us at: info.india@mheducation.com
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Prelims.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Dedicated to
All those who are behind technological innovations
to fight climate change
Prelims.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 6 03-12-2019 15:07:41
Preface
This book forms a part of the series “Your Personal Coach”. Like other books in this series, this book has been written
on two core principles:
(i) a text book must have continuity and flow in what it discusses.
(ii) nothing contributes more in understanding Physics than a good example.
I have tried to unfold the concepts gradually, one-by-one; illustrating each of them with examples. The main aim is to
make the students learn the basic principles of Physics independently.
In this book we will explore the close linkage between electricity and magnetism which will help us understand the
nature of light (electromagnetic wave). The story that will evolve at the end will truly fascinate you.
I shall be grateful to everyone who would provide feedback or help me with useful suggestions.
S.B. Tiwari
Prelims.indd 7 03-12-2019 15:07:42

Prelims.indd 8 03-12-2019 15:07:43
How to use this Book
To make full use of this book one must go through the topics sequentially while working through the examples and in-
chapter problems given under heading “Your Turn”. By doing this you will have a fair amount of grasp over all the
essentials in a chapter.
Miscellaneous examples given at the end of each chapter have problems which involve multiple concepts or have some
mathematical complexity or are tricky. If you are studying the subject for the first time or are hard pressed for time, you
may skip the section on miscellaneous examples.
Almost every solved example starts with explanation of physical situation and basic principles involved. This feature
comes under heading “Concepts” at the beginning of each example.
I have highlighted the important points of learning under the heading “In short”. Here, I have also taken important
learning points from the examples. While going through the chapter it is essential to go through these points.
Physics cannot be mastered without practice. Keeping this in view I have given three Worksheets (exercises) after every
chapter. Worksheet 1 has multiple choice objective type questions with single correct answer. Worksheet 2 has multiple
choice questions having one or more than one correct answers. Worksheet 3 has subjective problems. A good number of
problems has been given in the Worksheets to give you a good practice on concepts learnt.
After few chapters, at regular intervals, you will find separate assignments on miscellaneous type problems. These are
problems based on latest trend of competitive examinations and contain Match the Column type questions and problems
based on a given paragraph. Attempt these questions only after you gain enough confidence in the related chapters.
I have kept these problems in separate chapters so that you have no bias or hint about the equation/s to use.
In the last chapter, you will find a collection of questions asked in competitive examinations since 2005. This is an
ideal collection of problems for revision.
In the end of the book, solutions to all questions has been given. Solutions are quite descriptive and easy to
understand.
Those who desire to practice at even higher level, I recommend my book – “Problems in Physics for JEE
Advanced”.
I hope you will enjoy this book.
S.B. Tiwari
Prelims.indd 9 03-12-2019 15:07:44

Prelims.indd 10 03-12-2019 15:07:45
Acknowledgements
I thank to all who helped me in preparation of this book. My special thanks to –

• My students, who have taught me a lot.
• The management at McGraw-Hill which has shown a lot of patience.
S.B. Tiwari
Prelims.indd 11 03-12-2019 15:07:46

Prelims.indd 12 03-12-2019 15:07:47
Contents
Preface vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

How to use this Book ix Electric And Magnetic Field 1.15
Acknowledgements xi 5.1 Velocity selector 1.15
5.2 Mass spectrometer 1.15
1. Magnetic Field 1.1–1.48 5.3 Cyclotron 1.16
1. Introduction 1.1 • Your Turn 1.18
2. Bar Magnet 1.1 6. Magnetic Force on a Current
2.1 Direction of magnetic field 1.2 Carrying Wire 1.18
2.2 Strength of magnetic field 1.2 • Your Turn 1.20
2.3 Magnetic field lines due to 7. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole 1.21
a bar magnet 1.2 • Your Turn 1.23
2.4 Magnetic field strength due 8. Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic
to a bar magnet 1.2 Field 1.24
2.5 Torque on a bar magnet in a • Your Turn 1.25
uniform magnetic field 1.4 9. Moving Coil Galvanometer 1.25
2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic • Your Turn 1.26
dipole in a m agnetic field 1.4
 Miscellaneous Examples 1.27
• Your Turn 1.7
 Worksheet 1 1.36
3. Sources of Magnetic Field 1.7
4. Magnetic Force on Moving Charged
Particles 1.7
 Answer Sheet 1.47
• Your Turn 1.8
4.1 Circular motion of a charged 2. Magnetic Effect of Current 2.1–2.41
particle in a magnetic field 1.9
1. Introduction 2.1
• Your Turn 1.12
2. Biot-Savart Law 2.1
4.2 Helical path of a charged particle
in a magnetic field. 1.12 • Your Turn 2.2
• Your Turn 1.15 3. Caculation of Magnetic Field Using
Biot-Savart Law 2.3
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xiv Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
3.1 Field due to a straight current

6. Magnetisation ( I ) 4.5
carrying wire 2.3
7. Magnetising Field Intensity ( H ) 4.5
• Your Turn 2.7
8. Magnetic Susceptibility (Χ) 4.5
3.2 Magnetic field at the centre of a
9. Magnetic Permeability 4.5
current carrying circular arc 2.8
• Your Turn 4.6
• Your Turn 2.10
10. Temperature and Magnetisation 4.6
3.3 Magnetic field on the axis of a
current carrying circular loop 2.11 11. Hysteresis 4.7
• Your Turn 2.12 12. Perfect Diamagnetism 4.8
3.4 Helmholtz coils 2.12 13. Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization 4.9
3.5 Solenoid 2.12 14. Earth’s Magnetism 7.9
• Your Turn 2.14 15. Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field 4.10
4. Ampere’s Circuital Law 2.15 • Your Turn 4.12
5. Applications of Ampere’s Law 2.16 16. Aurora 4.12
5.1 Field due to a long straight
current carrying wire 2.16  Worksheet 1 4.15
5.2 Field inside an ideal solenoid 2.17  Worksheet 2 4.16
5.3 Toroid 2.17  Worksheet 3 4.17
5.4 Field due to a large current sheet 2.18  Answer Sheet 4.18
• Your Turn 2.19
6. Force Between Parallel Currents 2.20 5. Electromagnetic Induction 5.1–5.63
• Your Turn 2.22 1. Introduction 5.1
 Miscellaneous Examples 2.23 2. Magnetic Flux 5.1
 Worksheet 1 2.29 3. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 5.2
 Worksheet 2 2.33 4. Lenz’s Law 5.3
 Worksheet 3 2.36 • Your Turn 5.6
 Answer Sheet 2.40 5. The Source of Induced emf 5.7
5.1 Motional emf 5.7
3. Miscellaneous Problems
• Your Turn 5.12
on Chapters 1 & 2 3.1–3.10
5.2 Induced electric field 5.12
Match the Columns 3.1 • Your Turn 5.14
Passage Based Problems 3.4 6. Eddy Current 5.14
 Answer Sheet 3.10 • Your Turn 5.16
7. Self Induction 5.16
4. Magnetic Properties of Matter
7.1 Self inductance and inductors 5.16
and Earth’s Magnetism 4.1–4.18
• Your Turn 5.17
1. Introduction 4.1 7.2 Inductor in a circuit 5.17
2. Atoms as Small Magnets 4.1 • Your Turn 5.18
3. Paramagnetism 4.2 7.3 Self inductance of an ideal solenoid 5.18
4. Ferromagnetism 4.2 • Your Turn 5.19
5. Diamagnetism 4.3
• Your Turn 4.4
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Contents xv
8. Transient Current in LR Circuit 5.19 7. Series AC Circuits 6.12

8.1 Growth of current 5.19 7.1 RC circuit 6.12
8.2 Decay of current 5.20 7.2 LR circuit 6.13
• Your Turn 5.23 7.3 LCR circuit 6.13
9. Energy Stored in an Inductor 5.23 • Your Turn 6.16
10. Energy Density in Magnetic Field 5.23 8. Power in AC Circuits 6.16
• Your Turn 5.25 9. Choke Coil 6.17
11. Inductors in Series and Parallel 5.25 • Your Turn 6.18
12. LC Oscillations 5.26 10. Resonance on Series LCR Circuit 6.18
• Your Turn 5.29 • Your Turn 6.21
13. Mutual Induction 5.30 11. Parallel Circuit 6.21
13.1 Mutual inductance of a pair of • Your Turn 6.22
coaxial solenoids 5.30 12. Measurement of AC Current and Voltage 6.22
13.2 Mutual inductance of two 13. Transformer 6.22
concentric coplanar loops 5.31
• Your Turn 6.24
• Your Turn 5.32  Miscellaneous Examples 6.25
7. Miscellaneous Problems
6. Alternating-Current Circuits 6.1–6.36 on Chapters 5 and 6 7.1–7.10
1. Introduction 6.1
Match the Columns 7.1
2. Essential Mathematical Concepts
Passage Based Problems 7.4
to Deal With Sinusoidal Quantities 6.1
2.1 Average of a quantity 6.1
2.2 Understanding sinusoidal quantities 6.2 8. Electromagnetic Waves 8.1–8.14
2.3 Addition of sinusoidal quantities
1. Introduction 8.1
having same frequency 6.4
2. Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current 8.1
2.4 Phasors 6.5
3. Maxwell’s Equations 8.2
• Your Turn 6.6
• Your Turn 8.4
3. AC Generator 6.7
4. Source of Electromagnetic Waves 8.4
4. Average of AC Current and Voltage 6.7
5. Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves 8.4
5. RMS Current/Voltage 6.7
• Your Turn 8.7
• Your Turn 6.9
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum 8.7
6. AC Circuit with One Element 6.9
6.1 Only resistor 6.9
6.2 Only capacitor 6.9
6.3 Only inductor 6.10
• Your Turn 6.12
Prelims.indd 15 03-12-2019 15:07:48

xvi Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
9. Previous Years' JEE Questions 9.1–12.18 AC Circuits 9.13

AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 9.13
Magnetic Field 9.1
IIT JEE/JEE Advanced Questions 9.14
Electromagnetic Waves 9.15
JEE Main Questions 9.15
Magnetic Effect of Current 9.4
Magnetic Properties of Matter 9.8
Solutions S.1–S.106
Electromagnetic Induction
9.9
IIT JEE / JEE Advanced Questions 9.10
Prelims.indd 16 03-12-2019 15:07:48

CHAPTER 1
Magnetic Field
‘‘What magnetism is, no one knows. We can only think of it as a peculiar condition created in space by the motion of electricity.’’
–Sydney Evershed (1925)
1. INTRODUCTION pole of the magnet. When the north pole of one magnet is
brought near the north pole of another magnet, they repel.
More than 2000 years ago, certain stones (called lodestones) The same is true for a south pole placed near another south
were found in the coastal district of Magnesia, in ancient pole. However, opposite poles attract one another.
Greece. These stones had the unusual property of attracting Physicists have speculated for a long time about the
iron pieces. The term ‘magnet’ originated from the name existence of discrete magnetic charges (we can call them
‘Magnesia’. Magnets were first crafted into compasses and magnetic monopoles), just like positive and negative electric
used for navigation by the Chinese in the twelfth century. charges. But all our attempts to find tiny particles which
The subjects of electricity and magnetism developed will carry either a single north or a single south pole, has
almost independently till 1820, when a Danish physicist proved to be futile. If we go on cutting a magnet into many
Oersted discovered that an electric current exerts force on a small pieces, each small piece has its own north pole and
magnetic compass. Thereafter, a series of experiments and south pole. Even when one piece is one atom thick, there
discoveries established that electricity and magnetism are very are two poles. This suggests that the atoms, in a magnet,
closely related and it is not wise to study them separately. themselves are magnets.
Ampere proposed that electric currents are the source of Though we have never found an isolated magnetic pole
all magnetic phenomena. In 1867, Maxwell expressed that (i.e., a magnetic charge), we often think of a bar magnet as
both the phenomena—electricity and magnetism—go hand having two magnetic charges separated by a distance. The
in hand and one can produce another. The subject matter is north pole is assumed to carry a positive magnetic charge
now appropriately known as ‘electromagnetism’. (+m) and the south pole is assumed to have a negative
In this book we will explore the close linkage between magnetic charge (–m). The unit of magnetic charge (or, pole
the electricity and magnetism. In this chapter we will study strength) is A–m. The distance between the two poles of a bar
about the magnetic force on a moving charge and a current magnet is 0.84 times the geometrical length of the magnet.
carrying wire. But before we do so, we will introduce A bar magnet is essentially a magnetic dipole.
ourselves to magnetic field produced by a bar magnet.
2. BAR MAGNET
A magnet exerts force on another magnet, even without lg
touching it. We can say that a magnet creates a magnetic l = magnetic length, lg = geometrical length, l = 0.84 lg
field in its surrounding and this field exerts force on other
magnets. The dipole moment of a bar magnet is defined to be a
Simplest form of a magnet is a bar magnet. It has two vector quantity directed from the south pole to the north pole
ends of opposite nature. When it is suspended freely by tying of the magnet. Its magnitude is
a string at its centre, it acts like a compass. One end which M = ml (1)
points northward is called the north pole of the magnet. The where m is pole strength and l is the magnetic length.
other end, which points southward, is known as the south A magnet with large magnetic dipole moment (M) produces
Chapter_01.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:10:53

1.2 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
large field in its surrounding. The dipole moment is measure

of strength of a magnet.
2.1 Direction of magnetic field

The direction of magnetic field at a point is defined as the
direction of magnetic force acting on a magnetic north pole
(positive magnetic charge) placed at that point. A south pole,
kept in a magnetic field, experiences a force opposite to the Iron filings around a bar magnet.
direction of the field.
To represent the variation of a magnetic field in space we
can draw field lines just like the electric field lines. A tangent
to a field line must represent the direction of field at a point
and density of lines is proportional to the strength of the field.
The next figure shows that field lines due to a bar magnet. Note
that the magnetic field lines are always closed loops. Density
of lines is very high inside the magnet.
A north pole experiences force in the direction of field.

A south pole experiences force opposite to the field.
2.2 Strength of magnetic field

We can define the strength of magnetic field at a point as
magnetic force experienced by a unit magnetic charge kept at
that point. If a magnetic pole of strength m experiences a force Field lines due to a bar magnet. All lines are closed loops.
F when kept in a magnetic field, the strength of the field at
the location is 2.4 Magnetic field strength due to a bar magnet
F
B=
m A magnetic charge (m) produces a magnetic field (B) at a
N distance r which is given by a law similar to the Coulomb’s
Unit of magnetic field (B) is , which is commonly law.
A−m µ  m
B =  0  2 (3)
known as tesla (T) or weber/m2 (Wb/m2). Another common  4π  r
unit is gauss.
1T = 104 gauss m0 is a constant known as magnetic permeability of free
space. In SI system its value is
Now, we can say that a magnetic pole of strength m
placed in a magnetic field B experiences a force given by T –m
4p ×10–7
A
F = m B (2)
The field is radially outward if the magnetic charge is
2.3 Magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet positive and is radially inward if it is negative.
Assume a bar magnet placed on a table. If we wish to know Magnetic field obeys principle of superposition.
the direction of field at a point due to this bar magnet, we
need a small magnetic compass. Place the compass at a point Field on the axis of a bar magnet
on the table. The direction in which the north pole of the
compass points is the direction of field at that point. We can The line joining the two poles of a magnet is known as its
keep the compass at various points and know the direction of axis. Consider a bar magnet of magnetic length 2d having
field at each point. Another method is to spread small iron pole strength m. The dipole moment of the magnet is a
filings around the magnet and tap the table so that the iron vector from south pole to its north pole and its magnitude
pieces can overcome friction. An iron piece, when placed is M = m(2d).
near a magnet, develops magnetic poles in it. It becomes a
small magnet. We say that it has been magnetised [we will
learn about the reason in a later chapter]. Every iron piece
becomes a magnetic compass and points in the direction of
the field at that point. We can see the direction of field at
every point.
Chapter_01.indd 2 03-12-2019 15:10:53

Magnetic Field 1.3
P is a point at a distance x from the centre of the magnet, Field at P is vector sum of BN and BS. It is easy to see
on its axis. Distance of P from the positive magnetic charge that components of the two fields along y direction will
(i.e., the north pole) is (x – d) and its distance from the cancel out. Their components in x direction add.
negative charge is (x + d).
Field at P is directed opposite to the dipole moment vector
Field at P due to the north pole is ( M ) of the dipole and its magnitude is
µ m 2µ 0 m
BN = 0 directed towards right. B = BN sin q + BS sin q = sin q
4π ( x – d ) 2 4π r 2
µ 2md
Field at P due to the south pole is = 0
4π r 3
µ m
BS = 0 directed towards left. µ 2md
4π ( x + d ) 2 or, B = 0
4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
The resultant field is

µ0 M
µ0 m  1 1  = (6)
B = BN – BS =  ( x – d )2 – ( x + d )2  4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
4π  
For x >> d,
µ m(4 xd )
\ B= 0 µ M
4π ( x 2 – d 2 ) 2 B 0 3 (7)
4π x
µ0 2 Mx
or, B = [∵ M = m(2d)](4) Again, compare this result with that for an electric dipole.
4π ( x 2 – d 2 ) 2
When x d, the above result can be approximated as Field at a general point
µ 2M Consider a point P at a distance r from the centre (O) of a
B 0 (5)
4π x 3 magnetic dipole (i.e., a bar magnet). The line OP makes an
angle q with the axis of the dipole. Let r >> d, where 2d is
Compare this result with the expression of electric field
distance between the poles.
due to an electric dipole at a point on its axis.
B
Field at broadside – on position Br

A position on the perpendicular bisector of a bar magnet B
is known as broadside–on position. Let P be a point at a
distance x from a magnet on its broadside–on position.
BN
BS Field at P can be worked out by using any of the methods

learnt in the chapter of electrostatics. We are not presenting
the derivation here, just stating the result.
The component of field along OP is given by
µ 0 2 M cos θ
Br = (8)
4π r3
Field at P due to the north pole is
µ m M = m(2d) is the dipole moment of the magnet. The
BN = 0 2 (direction is along NP ) component of field in a direction perpendicular to OP is
4π r
given by
Field at P due to the south pole is µ M sin θ
Bq = 0 (9)
µ m 4π r3
BS = 0 2 (direction is along PS )
4π r Resultant field at P is
B = Br 2 + Bθ 2
Chapter_01.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:10:55

µ0 M B
or, B = 1 + 3cos 2 θ (10)
4π r 3
The angle made by B with the line OP is given by ext
B 1
tan a = θ = tan q
Br 2
1
⇒ a = tan–1  tan θ  (11) U90° = 0
2 
For slowly rotating the dipole text = tB.
2.5 Torque on a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic
field Magnetic torque on it is tB = MB sin q
Consider a bar magnet of magnetic length 2d and pole We wish to rotate the dipole slowly, we must apply an
strength m placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Angle equal torque in opposite direction.
between the direction of the field and the magnetic axis is q. text = tB = MB sin q
Work done by the external agent in rotating the dipole
further by dq is
d Wext = text · dq = MB sin q dq
Total work done by the agent in rotating the dipole from
initial angle q = 90° to final angle q is
sin
θ θ
Wext = ∫
90°
dWext = MB ∫ sin θ d θ
90°
Force acting on the north pole is mB in the direction of or, Wext = – MB (cos q – cos 90º) = – MB cos q
the external field and the force on the south pole is mB in
This work done is change in potential energy of the
a direction opposite to the field. These two forces form a
dipole.
couple and their torque is
Uq – U90º= – MB cos q
t = mBd sin q + mBd sin q
∵ U90º = 0
or, t = 2mdB sin q
or, t = MB sin q
\ Uq = – MB cos q
M = m(2d) = Magnetic dipole moment.
= – M ⋅ B (13)
The torque tries to rotate the dipole so as to align it parallel
to the direction of the field. In vector notation, we can write
Recall that the potential
energy of an electric dipole in
the expression of the torque as
an electric field is – P ⋅ E .
τ = M × B (12)
You must compare this to the expression of torque on an NOTES

electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field ( τ = P × E ) . 1. The above description of a magnet with two opposite magnetic
charges is a useful model in understanding its magnetic
behaviour. In practice, nobody has ever found an isolated
magnetic charge.
A magnetic dipole experiences a torque in an external field

which tries to align M parallel to B .
2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

magnetic field
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole is considered to be zero
when it is held perpendicular to a magnetic field. If we wish
to rotate it to some other angle q, we must do work against
the magnetic torque. Consider the dipole at an angle q to the A horseshoe magnet.
direction of the field.
Chapter_01.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:10:56

Magnetic Field 1.5
2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

been bent into a U shape. The figure shows a rough sketch tan a = =
B1 2
of field lines due to such magnet. All field lines are closed
1
loops. We have not shown the field lines inside the material ⇒ a = tan–1  
of the magnet. 2
Example 2 A bar magnet of length 2d has magnetic

Example 1 Two identical magnetic dipoles (D1 and D2)
dipole moment M. It is placed vertically on a horizontal
are placed at a separation 2x with their axes perpendicular.
table with its south pole on the table. Find the horizontal
The dipole moment of each dipole is M and their lengths component of magnetic field at a point P on the table due to
is short compared to x. Find the strength of magnetic field the magnet. The point P is at a distance 2d from the lower
at a point O that is midway between them. end of the magnet. Assume that the magnetic poles are at
D2 the geometrical ends of the magnet.
D1
Solution Solution
Concepts Concepts
(i) The magnetic field obeys the principle of (i) In practice, the magnetic poles are not exactly at
superposition. the geometric ends of a magnet. But the question
(ii) Field due to the dipole D1 is along x direction at asks us to assume so.
point O. (ii) Field at P due to the south pole is horizontal along
(iii) Field due to the dipole D2 is along y direction PS . Field at P due to the north pole is along NP . We
(antiparallel to the dipole moment vector of D2). will find its horizontal component and then add it
vectorially to the horizontal field produced by the
Field at O due to dipole D1 is south pole.
µ 0 2M (iii) We will assume the pole strength to be m and write
B1 = (along x) m (2d) = M
4π x 3
Field due to the north pole is

1
µ m µ m
1 2 BN = 0 2 = 0
4π r 4π (2 2 d ) 2
2
From geometry, q = 45°
Field at O due to D2 is \ Horizontal component of BN is
µ M BNH = BN cos 45°
B2 = 0 (along y)
4π x 3 µ m
= 0 (→)
Note that O is at a broadsideon position for D2. 4π 8 2 d 2
\ B = B12 + B2 2
µ0 M
= 4 +1
4πx 3
5µ 0 M
=
4πx 3
Direction of B makes an angle a with the x direction, where
Chapter_01.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:10:56

Field at P due to the south pole is

In Short
µ m
BS = 0 (←) (i) A bar magnet has two poles (magnetic charges)—
4π (2d ) 2
north pole (positive magnetic charge) and south pole
\ Resultant horizontal field at P is (negative charge). A magnetic charge is denoted by
BH = BS – BNH (←) ‘m’ and its unit is A–m.
µ0 m  1  (ii) A pole of a magnet can never be separated. However
=
4π 4d
2 1 –  (←) small a magnet is sliced, it always has a north and a
 2 2 south pole.
µ 0 m(2d )  1  (iii) The poles of a magnet are slightly inside the
= 3 1 –  (←)
4π 8d  2 2 geometrical edges. The pole to pole distance, known
as magnetic length, is 0.84 times the geometrical
µ0 M  1 
= 1 –  (←) length of the magnet.
32πd 3  2 2
(iv) Magnetic dipole moment of a magnet is a vector
directed from the south pole to the north pole. Its
Example 3 A bar magnet has a magnetic dipole moment
magnitude is M = ml, where l is the magnetic length.
2.0 A–m2. It is released in a uniform magnetic field B = 25µT
from a position where its dipole moment makes an angle Unit of magnetic dipole moment is A–m2 or J/T.
of 120° with the direction of the field. Find the maximum (v) The magnetic field due to a magnetic pole of strength
kinetic energy of the dipole after its release. Assume no other m at a distance r from it is given by
force apart from the magnetic force. µ m
B= 0 2
4π r
Solution
Concepts Field is radially outward if the source is a north pole.
(i) The bar magnet has a potential energy in a magnetic For a south pole it is directed towards the pole. Unit
field. It loses potential energy to gain Kinetic of B is tesla (T)
Energy. (vi) The magnetic field obeys principle of superposition.
(ii) Kinetic Energy is maximum at position where the (vii) The field at a distance x on the axis of a bar magnet
potential energy is minimum. Potential Energy is
is given by U = MB cos q. It is minimum when µ 2 Mx
q = 0°. B= 0
4π ( x – d 2 ) 2
2
MB The field at a distance x on the perpendicular bisector

Ui = – MB cos 120° =
2 of the dipole is
Uf = – MB cos 0° = – MB µ0 M

B=
\ Loss in potential energy = 3 MB 4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
2
3 (viii) When a bar magnet of dipole moment M is placed
Gain in kinetic energy = MB
2 in a uniform field B, it experiences a torque given

3 by τ – M × B
= × 2 × 25 ×10–6
2 (ix) The potential energy of a dipole placed in a magnetic
field is given by
= 75 µ J
U = –M ⋅B

assuming the potential energy to be zero when M is

perpendicular to B .

Potential
energy is minimum when M is parallel to
B and the potential
energy is maximum when M is
anti parallel to B .
Potintial Energy is minimum in this position.
Chapter_01.indd 6 03-12-2019 15:10:59

Magnetic Field 1.7
YOUR TURN
Q.1 In what way are magnetic poles very different from Q.5 A bar magnet of length 10 cm has a magnetic dipole
electric charges? moment of 1.0 J/T. Find the magnetic field produced by
Q.2 In what way are magnetic field lines different from the magnet at a point on its axis which is at a distance of
electrostatic field lines? 10 cm from its centre.
Q.3 A bar magnet has a geometric length of 10 cm and its Q.6 In the last question, find the field on the perpendicular
pole strength is 12A–m. Find the magnetic dipole moment bisector of the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from its centre.
of the magnet. [Take (1.25)3/2 = 1.4]
Q.4 Which property of a magnet has a unit of J/T? Q.7 In which position the potential energy of a magnetic
dipole is maximum when it is placed in a uniform magnetic
field?
3. SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Proton beam
A magnet is a practical source of magnetic field. However, it S
is not the most fundamental source. Fundamental source of
N
a magnetic field is moving charge (i.e., an electric current).
We will study about the magnetic effect of current in next
chapter. A magnet is able to produce magnetic field due to
Force
moving charges (i.e., current) in its atoms. We will explore
this further in a later chapter. Field
In the chapter of electromagnetic waves, we will learn
that a time changing electric field can also create a magnetic Velocity
field.
A proton beam gets deflected in a magnetic field.
The Earth itself behaves like a magnet. The strength of
magnetic field on the surface of the Earth ranges from 25 The magnetic force experienced by a charged particle is
to 65 µT. In New Delhi the strength of the Earth’s magnetic observed to be greatest when the particle moves perpendicular
field is about 48µT. to the direction of the magnetic field. At other angles, the
In practice, strong magnetic fields can be created by force is smaller and becomes zero when the velocity of the
electromagnets. People have successfully created field of charge is parallel or antiparallel to the field. Also, the force
100T also. is proportional to the speed of the particle and the strength of
In the present chapter we will not worry much about the field. In one aspect this force is very different from other
the source of magnetic field. We will study the effect of a interactions like the gravitational force or the electrostatic
magnetic field on a moving charge and on a current carrying force. The magnetic force on a moving charge is not along
wire. the line joining the charge to the source of the field. The
force acts perpendicularly to both the magnetic field and
velocity of the charge particle.
4. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING In the diagram shown above, if we replace the proton
CHARGED PARTICLES beam with an electron beam the direction of the force on
the beam reverses. This shows that the direction of magnetic
A static charge does not experience any force due to a static
force depends on the sign of the charge.
magnetic field. But a moving charge, in general experiences
a force in a magnetic field. If a proton beam is passed All the experimental observations can be explained if
through a region between the poles of a magnet, it gets we define the magnetic force acting on a moving charge
deflected as shown in the figure below. The magnetic field by the equation

in the region between the poles exerts force on the moving F = q v × B (14)
protons. A similar force on moving charges can be seen

when they pass near a current carrying wire. The magnetic If q is the angle between the vectors v and B , the
field produced by the current is responsible for this force. magnitude of the magnetic force is F = qvB sin q.
Chapter_01.indd 7 03-12-2019 15:11:00


of force must be perpendicular to v as
(ii) The direction
well as B . If you keep your note book horizontal,
the magnetic field is directed perpendicularly into
it. Force vector will be in the horizontal plane
of
your note book so that it is perpendicular to B . The
force vector is also perpendicular to the velocity
vector.
Stretch your right hand palm along the direction of The × in the figure indicates the direction of magnetic

velocity so that the direction of field ( B ) is outward to field vector. This symbol × represents a direction into the
your palm. You must be able to curl your fingers from plane of the figure.

the direction of v to the direction of B . The stretched
thumb gives the direction of the force.
The
direction of force on a positive charge is along
v × B . The diagram given here
will help you recall how

to get the direction of v × B using the right hand rule.
Remember that force on a negative charge will be directed

opposite to the direction of v × B
Because the magnetic force on a moving charge is always
perpendicular to the velocity of the charge, the force can
only deflect the direction of motion of the charge and will
never change its speed. Magnetic force on a moving charge Force ( F ) must be in the plane of the figure so that it
never performs work. is perpendicular to B . The force must also be perpendicular

to v . This means it will be along the line AC. Now, use
Example 4 A positively charged particle is moving
right hand rule. stretch your right hand palm along v so
horizontally in north-east direction with a velocity of that you can curl your fingers downwards, towards B. The
2 × 105 m/s. It enters into a region where exists a uniform, thumb points towards A. Therefore, the force is in north-
vertically downward, magnetic field of strength 0.02T. west direction.
Charge on the particle is q = 3.2×10–19 C. Find the direction
Magnitude of the force is
and magnitude of the magnetic force that acts on the particle.
F = qvB sin90º = 3.2 × 10–19 × 2 × 105 × 0.02
Solution = 1.28 × 10–15 N
Concepts
(i) Velocity of the particle is horizontal and the NOTE
magnetic field is vertically downward. Angle If the particle has a negative charge, it will experience force in
between the two is 90°. Magnitude of the magnetic south-west direction.
force on the particle will be F = qvB sin90º = qvB.
YOUR TURN
Q.8. A particle having charge q is projected towards north Q.10. A charged particle is projected vertically up in
in a region where there is a magnetic field in the south a region where a horizontal magnetic field exists in north
direction. Field strength is B. Find the force on the particle. direction. In which direction will the charge deflect (east or
Q.9. A charged particle having mass M = 1 mg and west) if it is (a) positive, (b) Negative?
charge q = 1µC is projected in a magnetic field B = 1mT. Q.11. A negative charge – q enters a region with velocity
Find the maximum possible acceleration of the charge if its
v vo iˆ + v0 ˆj . A magnetic field B = B0 kˆ exists in the region.
=
speed is 1 ×106 ms–1 Find the magnetic force on the particle.
Q.12. Write the dimensional formula of magnetic field (B).
Chapter_01.indd 8 03-12-2019 15:11:02

Magnetic Field 1.9
4.1
Circular motion of a charged particle in a The time period of revolution can be written as

magnetic field 2π 2πm
T = = (18)
Imagine that there is a uniform magnetic field (B) directed ω qB
into the plane of this page. A charged particle, having mass
The frequency of circular motion is
m and charge q, is projected from point A. The particle is
given a velocity v in the plane of this page (see figure). In 1 qB
f = = (19)
whichever direction you project the particle in the plane of T 2 πm
this page, its velocity will be perpendicular to the direction
Note that the time period (or the frequency) of circular
of the magnetic field.
motion is independent of the speed of the particle. Whatever be
the speed, the particle takes same amount of time to complete
C the circle. Actually, if you double the speed of the particle, the
radius of circular path doubles (See equation 15). This means
B that doubling the speed doubles the circumference. Obviously,
time period will not change.
A charged particle projected perpendicularly 2

1
into a magnetic field.
Immediately after receiving the velocity the particle starts

experiencing a magnetic force. The force is perpendicular to
the velocity in the plane of this figure (i.e., perpendicular Particle projected from A at smaller speed will follow path 1.
to B ). The use of right hand rule tells us that the force Same particle projected with higher speed will follow path 2.
on the particle (when it is at A) is in the direction shown Time period will be same in both the cases.
in the figure. This force does not change the speed but
deflects the particle in the plane of this paper. Let’s say the
Example 5 A proton and a deutron
particle reaches a point B after some time. Magnitude of the
force on the particle has not changed. Its direction will be A proton and a deutron have same kinetic energy. They enter
perpendicular to the velocity at B. This force will further perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field.
deflect the particle and so on. The speed does not change Find the
and the force deflecting the particle also stays constant in (a) ratio of radii of their circular paths, and
magnitude. Obviously the particle will follow a path of (b) ratio of time period of their circular motion.
constant curvature. It must move in a circle.
Magnitude of the magnetic force on the particle is
Solution
Concepts
F = qvB sin90º = qvB
(i) A deutron is basically a deuterium nucleus. It has
This force provides the necessary centripetal force. If the one proton and a neutron. Mass of a deutron will
particle moves in a circle of radius R, we can write be nearly twice that of a proton, charge on both the
mv 2 particles is same.
= qvB
R (ii) Equation 16 and 18 shall be used to get the required
mv ratios.
or, R = (15)
qB
Let mass of the proton be m. Mass of the deutron is 2m.
The above equation can also be written as Charge on both of them is e. Both have same kinetic energy
p 2mK (Say K).
R = = (16) 2mK
qB (a) Radius of the circular path is R =
qB qB
where p = mv = momentum of the particle. K, q and B are same for both the particles.

and K = Kinetic energy of the particle. \ R∝ m
The angular speed of the particle can be written as
Rp m 1
v qB \ = =
w = = (17) Rd 2m 2
R m
Chapter_01.indd 9 03-12-2019 15:11:04

2πm Example 7 One third of a circle in magnetic field

(b) Time period of circular motion is T =
qB In the last question, the particle is made to enter the magnetic
field at an angle of 60º with AB. Everything else is same
\T∝m
as in the last question. Find the time spent by the particle
Tp m 1 in the field region.
\ = =
Td 2m 2
Example 6 Semicircular path in magnetic field

Region to the right of plane AB has a uniform magnetic field
of strength B. There is no field in the region to the left of
AB. A particle having mass m and charge q enters the region
of magnetic field at point P while moving with a velocity v
m
perpendicular to AB. Show the path of the particle and calculate
the distance that it will travel inside the magnetic field.
Solution
Concepts
(i) Circular motion begins as soon as the particle enters
the field region. After leaving the field region the
particle will travel in a straight line.
(ii) Centre of the circle will not lie on line AB. A
radius of the circle can be obtained by drawing a
perpendicular on the direction of the velocity. The
magnetic force is directed towards the centre.
Solution (iii) One easy way to figure out the path is to assume
Concepts that the field exists everywhere (i.e., in the region
Path of the particle inside the field will be circular. Once to the left of AB also). Path will be a complete
the particle crosses AB while moving to the left, it will circle in this case. Now, think which point on this
travel in a straight line in absence of any force. circle could be the point P given in the question.
Draw line AB passing through the point P. Now
As soon as the particle enters you can see the arc of the circle along which the
into the region of magnetic field, it particle must have moved before leaving the field
begins to move in a circular path. region.
Radius of the, circular path is
Radius of the circular path will be
mv
R= mv
qB R=
qB
To fix the location of the centre
Had there been a field
of the circle, you should note that
everywhere, the particle
the velocity at P is along the
would have moved in a circle 120°
tangent to the circle. Radius of the
as shown in the figure. The
circle must be perpendicular to the velocity. Magnetic force
point of projection P is such
on the particle (at P) is upward in the figure. This force is
that velocity at the point
towards the centre of the circle. Therefore, the centre is a
makes an angle of 60º with
point (O) on the line AB such that PO = R.
the line AB.
After completing the semicircle, when the particle reaches
The particle moves along the circular are PTQ in the field
point Q the force on it becomes zero (as there is no field
region and exits at Q. Thereafter it goes straight.
to the left of the point Q). The particle moves in a straight
line after this. The direction of motion of the particle has One can easily show that ∠PCQ = 120º
been changed by 180º. Time needed to complete one third circle is obviously.
πmv
Distance travelled in the field region = pR = T 2πM
qB t = =
3 3qB
Chapter_01.indd 10 03-12-2019 15:11:04

Magnetic Field 1.11
Example 8 Deflection in a narrow field. Solution

Concepts
The region between the parallel
(i) Show the circular path in the xy plane. Remember
planes AB and CD contains a
that the magnetic field is always perpendicular to
uniform magnetic field of strength B
the plane of the circular motion of the particle.
directed into the plane of the figure.
Width of the region is d. A charged (ii) The particle rotates through an angle q = wt in time
particle having mass m and charge q t, where angular speed w is given by equation 17.
enters into the field region moving
perpendicular to AB. Find the angular The symbol indicates a direction out of the plane of the
deviation in the path of the particle figure. Let this be our Z direction. Magnetic field exists in
caused by the magnetic field if this direction.
mv
d< . v0
qB
Solution
Concepts v0
mv
(i) Radius of the circular path is R = . It is given
qB
that d < R. The particle will fail to complete a
semicircular path as in example 6. It will definitely
exit to the right of CD.
(ii) The deviation angle is the angle between the initial
and final velocities of the particles.
B
Particle moves along the arc PQ and exits the field region B is directed out of the plane of the figure.
at Q.
q is the angle between the The charge is projected in y direction and the direction
initial and the final velocities. CP of initial force on it is towards negative x direction. [The

is perpendicular to the velocity at force is directed along – ( v × B ) as the charge is negative]
P and CQ is perpendicular to the Therefore, the centre of the circle is a point C on the
velocity at Q. It is easy to see that negative x axis.
qB
< PCQ = q. Angular speed of the particle is w = .
SQ m
In triangle CSQ : sinq =
CQ In time t the particle rotates through an angle q given by
d d .qB qB
\ sinq = = q = wt = t.
R mv m
 dqB 
q = sin–1   Magnitude of the velocity (i.e., speed) does not change.
 mv 
Hence, velocity at time t can be written as

v = – v0 sinq iˆ + v0 cosq ĵ
NOTE

If angle between two lines is q, then angle between their respective or, v = – v0 sin  qBt  iˆ + v0 cos  qBt  ĵ
perpendiculars is also q.  m   m 
The co-ordinates of the particle are
Example 9 Writing velocity and co-ordinates x = – OM = – (OC – MC)
A particle having mass m and charge –q is projected with  qBt  
= – [R – R cosq] = – R 1 – cos 
a velocity v = v0 ˆj from the origin at t = 0. There exists   m 


a uniform magnetic field B = B0 kˆ in the region. Write the
velocity and co-ordinates of the particle as a function of  qBt 
y = MP = R sinq = R sin  
time(t).  m 
Chapter_01.indd 11 03-12-2019 15:11:05

YOUR TURN
Q.13 Alpha particles are projected with a speed of Q.18 A particle having mass m and charge +q is projected

10 kms–1 in a direction perpendicular to a uniform magnetic with a velocity v = v0 iˆ , from the origin of the co-ordinate

field of magnitude 1.0 T. Find the radius of the circular path system, into a region of uniform magnetic field B = − B0 kˆ .
and frequency of revolution of the particle. Find the time after which its acceleration will be in negative
Q.14 A particle having charge q and mass m is accelerated y direction for the first time.
through a potential difference of V and then made to enter
a uniform magnetic field B. Find the radius of the circular
trajectory of the particle if the particle moves perpendicular
to the field.
Q.15 A proton enters perpendicularly into a uniform
magnetic field with a velocity of 4 ×106 ms–1. The magnetic
field exists in a region that is just less than 10 cm wide in the
direction of initial velocity of the proton. Find the angular
deviation in the path of the proton caused by the field. Take
the charge on the proton to be e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and its Q.19 A beam of charged particles enter perpendicularly
mass to be m = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. Magnitude of the magnetic into a magnetic field. The beam
field is B = 0.4T. contains neutrons, electrons,
Q.16 Redo the question in example 7 considering that the protons and alpha particles. The
charge on the particle is negative. particles follow the tracks A, B,
Q.17 A charged particle, when projected in uniform C and D as shown in figure.
electric field, moves on a curved path. The same particle Which track corresponds to
when projected perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic which particle?
field, again moves in a curved path. What is the nature of
the two paths?
4.2 Helical path of a charged particle in a magnetic Due to the velocity component v⊥ the particle will
field experience a force in the magnetic field and will describe a
circle in yz plane (or a plane parallel to the yz plane). The
Consider a region having a uniform magnetic field of radius of this circle and the time period of circular motion
strength B directed along positive x direction. A particle is given by
having charge q and mass m is projected with a velocity mv⊥ mv sin θ
R = qB = (20)
v making an angle q with the direction of the field. To qB
understand the motion of the particle, let’s divide its velocity 2πm
into two components. T= (21)
qB
The particle has another velocity component v|| which
remains constant. Due to this velocity component the particle
continuously moves in x direction.
By superimposing the motions due to v⊥ and v||, one
can easily see that the particle will describe a helical path.
v|| = component of velocity in the direction of field = The radius of the helix is given by equation 20. The time
vcosq needed for the particle to rotate by 360º in yz plane is the
v⊥ = component of velocity in a direction perpendicular time period of the motion and it is given by equation 21.
to the direction of the field = v sinq Carefully understand the figure on the next page with the
comments written under it.
Chapter_01.indd 12 03-12-2019 15:11:07

Magnetic Field 1.13
The figure below shows the path for one rotation. The
second diagram shows how the path will look like, to an
observer location on the z-axis. The first diagram shows that the
particle rises from O to A along the z direction as it completes
one rotation.
z
y
z
A charge moving in a helical path in a uniform B. The figure

shows three completed rotation of the charge. The particle rotates in

a plane perpendicular to B . The z co-ordinate of the particle is never
positive in this figure. The particle touches the axis at A, B and C only.
The pitch of the helical path is defined as the distance

moved by the particle in the direction of B by the time it
makes one full rotation in plane perpendicular to B . The The particle touches the z-axis at A. OA is the pitch.
pitch is given by
 2πm 
P = v|| · T =   vcosq(22)
 qB  v B is outwards
Example 10 A proton enters into a region having a uniform A

magnetic field B = (0.3T) k̂ . The proton enters the field
region at the origin of the co-ordinate system with a velocity

v = ( 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) ×10 m/s.
4
(a) Find the time after which the proton will touch the
z axis for the first time after entering into the field
region.
(b) At what distance from the origin will the proton
touch the z-axis for the first time?
It is given that charge on a proton is q = This figure shows the path in xy plane as seen by an eye
1.6 × 10–19 C and its mass is m = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. located on the z-axis. The particle is coming out of
the paper as it rotates.
Solution
Concepts (a) Time of motion from O to A = time period of the
(i) Field is in z direction. The velocity component in helical path
z direction is v|| = 2 × 104 m/s. The velocity 2πm 2 × 3.14 × 1.6 × 10 –27
or, T = =
component perpendicular to the field is qB 1.6 × 10 –19 × 0.3
v⊥ = vx 2 + v y 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) × 104 = 2 × 104 m/s. = 2.1 ×10–7 s
(b) Distance OA = Pitch
(ii) The particle will move in a helical path and will
= T · v|| = 2.1 × 10–7 × 2 × 104
touch the z-axis after completing one full rotation
= 4.2 ×10–3 m = 4.2 mm
Chapter_01.indd 13 03-12-2019 15:11:08

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taken their seats in the governing bodies of three nations, Hermila
Galindo in the Congress of Mexico, Mrs. McKinney and Lieutenant
Roberta Catherine McAdams in Canada and Jeanette Rankin in the
United States. A woman, the Countess Sophia Panin, has been a
cabinet minister in Russia. And for the first time since civilisation
began, a woman, Dr. Poliksena Schiskina Yavein, as a member of
the Council of 61 at Petrograd, has assisted in writing a nation’s
constitution.
MME. CHARLES LE VERRIER
One of the feminist leaders in Paris to whose appeal for votes
for women the French government is listening to-day.
On with Democracy! Nations are convinced that those who serve
their country should have a voice in directing its destinies. Land after
land preparing to extend its franchise for soldiers, as England with
her Representation of the People Bill, is reflecting on a real
representation. For every country is finding itself face to face with the
question with which Asquith first startled Britain, “Then what are you
going to do with the women?” Everywhere at the gates of
government are deputations like that in England who are saying,
“We also serve who stand behind the armies. We too want to be
people.”
And some one else wants them to be. From the training camps to
the trenches, the supporting column of the man in khaki stretches.
Every knitted sweater, every package of cigarettes tied with yellow
ribbon has been helping votes for women. And now over there he is
getting anxious about his job or his home or his children. What can
he know at the front about food control or the regulation of school
hours in Paris or London or New York? And when there are
decisions like that to be made, “I’d like to leave it to Her,” the soldier
is beginning to conclude. Why, war-time is the time for women to be
free! The whole world is athrill with the new ideal.
See the lines of women arriving before the government houses.
Theresa Labriola voices the demand of the National Federation in
Italy: “Women,” she says, “form the inner lines of defence for the
nations. We need the ballot to make our lines strong.” Yes, yes,
agrees her country. You shall begin right away with the municipal
franchise. And Premier Boselli and the Italian Parliament are
proceeding to get it ready.
In France, Mme. Dewitt Schlumberger and Mme. Charles
LeVerrier for the Union Française pour le Suffrage des Femmes,
present the “unanswerable case.” The senate on the Seine, looking
out, sees many women wearing long crêpe veils in the delegation
before its doors. “Let us give them,” says a member of the Chamber
of Deputies in a burst of poetic chivalry, “the suffrage de la morte:
every soldier dying on the battle field shall be permitted to designate
the woman relative he wishes to have carry on his citizenship for
him.” Very gently the women of France declined the suffrage of the
dead. Presenting a carefully prepared brief that was the review of
their war work, they said, “We can vote for ourselves, please.” And
who else shall? There are whole communes with most of the men
dead. There are villages with not so much as a man to be made
mayor, and a woman filling the office instead. The French Chamber
of Deputies has before it a bill to confer the municipal franchise on
women. “It is an act of justice,” says ex-Premier Viviani. The Droit du
Peuple declares, “After the war, many homes will be maintained by
women who will perform men’s tasks and fulfil men’s obligations.
They ought to have men’s rights.”
Canada, too, thought to reward her women with a vicarious vote.
The “next of kin” franchise was devised, by which the Government
has conferred on the wife or widow, mother, sisters and daughters of
men in the service the right to vote. But the delegations of women
outside the government house at Ottawa do not go away. They still
wait. “We also serve,” they repeat. And the country, in which no less
than five provinces last year gave to all of their women full
citizenship, has promised now to prepare the full direct federal
franchise.
In Mittel Europa, Rosika Schwimmer is marshalling the feminist
forces. Under her leadership, a great deputation has marched to the
Town Hall in Budapest. The resolution there presented for universal
suffrage was carried by the Burgomaster to the Emperor. In reply, the
Hungarian Feminist Union has received the assurance of the prime
minister that the Government will introduce a measure extending the
franchise to a limited class of women. At Prague, Austria, the Town
Council has appointed a committee to draw up a new local
government franchise which shall include women. The free town of
Hamburg, Germany, preparing to enlarge its franchise in recognition
of the self-sacrifice of soldiers, hears the voice of Helene Lange and
27,000 women. They are reminding the Hamburg Senate that
women, too, who have borne the burdens of war, will wish to devote
themselves to reconstruction and in order to fulfil the duties of
citizens, they claim citizens’ rights. The Prussian Diet has before it
the petition of Frau Minna Cauer and the Frauenstimmrechtsbund
urging that suffrage for women be included in the projected franchise
reform. The Reichstag arranging a Representation of the People Bill
has at last referred the petition of the Reichverbund, the German
National Union for Woman Suffrage, “for consideration” zur
kenntnisnahme, which is the first indication of their change of attitude
before the women’s offensive. The Socialists in the Reichstag are
urging: “Women suffrage is marching triumphantly through other
lands. Can Germany afford to fall behind the other nations, with her
women less fully equipped than the rest for the struggle for
existence?” Meanwhile, Germany, as other countries, is depending
more and more upon her women. Two leading cities, Berlin and
Frankfort-on-Main, both have women appointed to their municipal
committees. Frau Hedwig Heyl, that woman behind the food control
policy for the Empire, who has turned her great chemical factory on
the Salzufer to canning meat for the army, says: “Woman suffrage in
Germany is a fruit not yet ripe for the picking. I water the tree,” she
adds significantly.
Holland has seen in The Hague 4,000 women assembled in the
Binnehof, the public square before the House of Parliament. On their
behalf, Dr. Aletta Jacobs, president of the Vereenigingvoor
Vronwenkeisrecht, presented to Premier Cort Van der Linden a
petition with 164,696 signatures, asking for citizenship for women.
“Society,” Dr. Jacobs told him, “can only gain when the forces and
energy of its women, now concentrated on the struggle for the vote,
can be used along with men’s in finding a solution for the many
social problems for which the insight of both is necessary.” And the
Dutch Parliament, making over its Constitution to enlarge the
franchise for men, decided on the amazing plan about women, “We
will try them first, as members of Parliament. And if we find they can
make the laws, afterward we shall let them vote for law makers.” So
the new Dutch constitution gives to women the “passive” franchise,
which is the right to hold all administrative offices, including
representation in Parliament. There is also removed an old
prohibitory clause, so that the way is now clear for the introduction of
a measure for the “active” franchise for women—if it is found the
dinner doesn’t burn while they are sitting in Parliament.
A South African Party Congress, for the first time it has ever
listened to women, has received a delegation who urge: “Half the
population of the country is composed of women. Can you any
longer afford to do without our point of view in your national
deliberations?” The Grand Council of Switzerland is considering a bill
which is before it, proposing to give women the franchise in
communal affairs. Mexico is struggling toward national freedom with
her women at the side of her men. It was not even considered
necessary to incorporate in the new constitution the woman suffrage
provision suggested by Hermila Galindo at the national convention.
The new Mexican Federal constitution states explicitly that “Voters
are those Mexicans who are 21 if unmarried and over 18 if married
and possessed of an honest means of livelihood.” And under this
constitution, in the March, 1917, elections, Mexican women quietly
voted as a matter of course along with the other citizens.
DR. POLIKSENA SCHISKINA YAVEIN
Who led 45,000 women to the duma in Petrograd to make their
calling to citizenship sure.
In all of Russia’s turbulent revolutionary unrest, none of the divers
parties struggling for supremacy there, denies the claim of half the
race to the freedom which it is hoped ultimately to establish. The
Provisional government’s first announcement was for universal
suffrage. But the Russian women weren’t going to take any chance.
They remembered a French revolution that also proclaimed
“universal” suffrage and has not yet done anything of the kind. The
Russian League for the Defence of Women’s Rights said, “Let’s be
certain about this. We want our calling to citizenship made sure.” So
Dr. Schiskina Yavein, the president of the League, led 45,000
women to the Imperial Duma in Petrograd. As their spokesman she
told the government: “At this time of national crisis we should have
no confusion of terms. Without the participation of women, no
franchise can be universal. We have come for an official declaration
concerning the abolition of all limitations with regard to women. We
demand a clear and definite answer to two questions: Are women to
have votes in Russia? And are women to have a voice in the
Constituent Assembly which only in that case can represent the will
of the people? We are here to remain until we receive the answer.”
Well, the answer came. It was an unconditional affirmative,
received in turn from the men who came out from the government
house to reply to the waiting women: M. V. Rodzianko, president of
the Imperial Duma; N. S. Tchkeidze, president of the Council of
Workingmen’s and Soldiers’ Deputies, and Prince Lvoff, president of
the Council of Ministers. And when the preliminary parliament of the
Russian Republic was opened at Petrograd in October, 1917, the
chair was offered to Madame Breshkovsky, the celebrated “Little
Grandmother” of the Russian Revolutionaries, as the senior member
of the council.
In New York City on election night of November, 1917, the
newsboys shrilled out a new cry, “The wimmin win!” “The wimmin
win!” It was like a victory at Verdun or the Somme. The cables
throbbed with the news that New York State, where the woman
movement for all the world began ninety years before, had made its
over three million women people. It is now only a question of time
when all other American women will be. New York State carries with
it almost as many electoral votes as all of the 17 previous States
combined, which have conferred on women the Presidential
franchise. The strongest fortress of the opposition is fallen. And
President Wilson has already recommended women suffrage to the
rest of the States as a war measure for immediate consideration.
It was from the hand of Susan B. Anthony that the torch of
freedom was received by every leader of the woman movement now
carrying it. On her grave at Rochester, N. Y., we have already laid
the victory wreath. For Democracy, the right of women to have a
voice in the government to whose authority they submit, is about to
be established in the earth!
“One thing that emerges from this war, I feel absolutely
convinced,” (it is Mr. Lloyd George, Premier of England, who is
speaking in a public address), “is the conviction that women must be
admitted to a complete partnership in the government of nations.
And when they are so admitted, I am more firmly rooted than ever in
the confident hope that they will help to insure the peace of nations
and to prevent the repetition of this terrible condition of things which
we are now deploring. If women by their enfranchisement save the
world one war, they will have justified their vote before God and
man.”
There is a story that the anti-suffragists started. But it’s our best
suffrage propaganda now. A farmer’s wife in Maine, who had cooked
the meals and swept the house, and washed the children and sent
them to school, and hoed the garden and fed the chickens, and
worked all the afternoon in the hayfield, and was now on her way to
the barn to finish her day’s work with the milking, was accosted by
an earnest agitator, who asked her if she didn’t want the vote. But
the farmer’s wife shook her head: “No,” she answered, “if there’s any
one little thing the men can be trusted to do alone, for heaven’s
sake, let ’em!”
But is there? From the rose bowered cottage, the cottage red
roofed and the blue trimmed cottage and the ikon blessed cottage,
and the plain little white house somewhere off Main Street, there is a
rising to the question.
Lest we forget, this war was made in the land where woman’s
place was in the kitchen!
And the mere housewifely mind asks, Could confusion be
anywhere worse confounded than in the government houses of the
world to-day?
Hark! You cannot fail to hear it! The cry of the nations is now sharp
and clear. It is the cry of their distress: “Women wanted in the
counsels of state.”
CHAPTER IX
The Rising Value Of a Baby
You unto whom a child is born to-day, unto you is this written. I
bring you glad tidings. Blessed are you among the nations of the
earth. Wise men all over the world are hurrying to bring you gifts.
Only lift your eyes from the baby at your breast and in your mirror I
am sure you shall see the shining aureole about your head. Exalted
are you, O, woman among all people. Know that you have become a
Most Important Person. Governments are getting ready to give your
job a priority it never had before. For you, why you are the maker of
men!
The particular commodity that you furnish has been alarmingly
diminished of late. It is clear what has happened with the present
world shortage of sugar: we pay 11c and 16c a pound where once
we paid four. The world shortage in coal has increased its cost in
certain localities almost to that of a precious metal, so that in Paris
within the year it has sold for $80 a ton. It is just as the political
economists have always told us, that the law of supply and demand
fixes prices. That which becomes scarce is already made dear.
Thus is explained quite simply over the world to-day the rising
value of a baby. Civilisation is running short in the supply of men. We
don’t know exactly how short. There are the Red Cross returns that
say in the first six months alone of the war there were 2,146,000
men killed in battle and 1,150,000 more seriously wounded. Figures,
however, of cold statistics, as always, may be challenged. There is a
living figure that may not be. See the woman in black all over Europe
and to-morrow we shall meet her in Broadway. There are so many of
her in every belligerent land over there that her crêpe veil flutters
across her country’s flag like the smoke that dims the landscape in a
factory town. It is the mourning emblem of her grief unmistakably
symbolising the dark catastrophe of civilisation that has signalled
Parliaments to assemble in important session. Population is being
killed off at such an appalling rate at the front that the means for
replacing it behind the lines must be speeded up without delay. To-
day registrar generals in every land in white-faced panic are
scanning the figures of the birth rates that continue to show steadily
diminishing returns. And in every house of government in the world,
above all the debates on aeroplanes and submarines and shipping
and shells, there is the rising alarm of another demand. Fill the
cradles! In the defence of the state men bear arms. It is women who
must bear the armies.
Whole battalions of babies have been called for. If we in America
have had no requisitions as yet, it is because we have not yet begun
to count our casualty costs. L’Alliance Nationale pour
L’Accroissement de la Population Française is calling on the French
mothers for at least four children apiece during the next decade.
Britain’s Birth Rate Commission wants a million new babies from
Scotland alone. The Gesellschaft fur Bevolkerungs Politik, which is
the society for increase of population organised at a great meeting in
the Prussian Diet House, has entered its order with the German
women for a million more babies annually for the next ten years. And
that is the “birth politics” of men.
Then to the proposals of savants and scientists, sociologists and
statesmen, military men and clergymen and kings, there has been
entered a demurrer. Governments may propose, Increase and
multiply. She-who-shall-dispose overlays their falling birth rate
figures with the rising death rate statistics. And there is tragedy in her
eyes: “What,” she asks, “have you done with my children? The
babies that I have given you, you have wasted them so!”
Is it not true? Even now along with the war’s destruction of life on
the most colossal scale known to history, children throughout the
world are dying at a rate that equals the military losses. In England a
hundred thousand babies under one year of age and a hundred
thousand more that do not succeed in getting born are lost annually.
In America our infant mortality is 300,000 a year. In Germany it is
half a million babies who die annually. The economics of the
situation to a woman is not obscure. Conservation of the children we
already have, is the advice of the real specialist in repopulation. One
other suggestion she contributes. She has made it practically
unanimously in all lands. In the Prussian Diet House it was one
speaking with authority as the mother of eight who interpolated:
“Meine Herren, if you would induce women to bring more children
into the world you must make life easier for mothers.” “Messieurs,
Messieurs,” called the Union Française pour le Suffrage des
Femmes to the Société pour la Vie with its curious proposal of
money grants in reward to fathers of large families, “to get children,
you must cultivate mothers!” “Gentlemen,” declared the Duchess of
Marlborough at a great public meeting on race renewal held in the
Guild Hall, London, “care of the nation’s motherhood is the war
measure that will safeguard the future of the state.”
These amendments in birth politics offered on behalf of the Most
Important Person have been practically adopted the world over.
Chancellors of the Exchequer are everywhere busy writing off
expenditures from the taxes running into millions, in support of
nation-wide campaigns for the conservation of the child. Maternity
from now on in every land takes the status of a protected industry.
Britain is ready to devote two and one-half million dollars a year to
schools for mothers. France has voted a “wards of the nation” bill, to
provide for the care of 700,000 war orphans, at a cost to the state
which it is estimated will mean an outlay of two hundred million
dollars. Public provisions for motherhood and infancy are proceeding
apace with provisions for the armies. If you are going to have a baby
in Nottingham, England, a public health visitor comes round to see
that you are perfectly comfortable and quite all right. And the
municipality that is thus anxiously watching over your welfare
solicitously inquires through a printed blank on which the reply is to
be recorded, “Have you two nightgowns?” In Berlin large signs at the
subway and elevated stations direct you to institutions where rates
are moderate, or even the Kaiser himself will be glad to pay the bill.
Similar facilities are offered by the government of France in the
“Guide des Services Gratuits Protegeant la Maternite,” with which
the walls of Paris are placarded. Even the war baby, whose cry for
attention not all the ecclesiastical councils and the military tribunals
commanding “Hush” has been able to still, at last is too valuable to
be lost. And every Parliament has arranged to extend the nation’s
protection on practically equal terms to all children, not excluding
those we have called “illegitimate,” because somebody before them
has broken a law.
FINANCING MATERNITY
You see, yesterday only a mother counted her jewels. To-day
states count them too. Even Jimmie Smith in, we will say, England,
who before the war might have been regarded as among the least of
these little ones, has become the object of his country’s concern.
Jimmie came screaming into this troublous world in a borough of
London’s East End, where there were already so many people that
you didn’t seem to miss Jimmie’s father and some of the others who
had gone to the war. Jimmie belongs to one of those 300,000
London families who are obliged to live in one and two room
tenements. Five or six, perhaps it was five, little previous brothers
and sisters waited on the stair landing outside the door until the
midwife in attendance ushered them in to welcome the new arrival.
Now Jimmie is the stuff from which soldiers are made, either soldiers
of war or soldiers of industry. And however you look at the future, his
country’s going to need Jimmie. He is entered in the great new
ledger which has been opened by his government. The Notification
of Births Act, completed by Parliament in 1915, definitely put the
British baby on a business basis. Every child must now, within thirty-
six hours of its advent, be listed by the local health authorities.
Jimmie was.
And he was thereby automatically linked up with the great national
child saving campaign. Since then, so much as a fly in his milk is a
matter of solicitude to the borough council. If he sneezes, it’s heard
in Westminster. And it’s at least worried about there. Though all the
King’s councillors and all the King’s men don’t yet quite know what
they’re to do with the many problems of infancy and complications of
pregnancy with which they are confronted, now that these are
matters for state attention.
A first and most natural conclusion that they reached, as equally
has been the case in other lands, was that the illness of babies was
due to the ignorance of mothers. Well, some of it is. And that has
proven a very good place to begin. For every one else, from a
plumber to a professor, there has always been training. Only a
mother was supposed to find out how by herself. Now she no longer
has to. The registration of Jimmie’s birth itself brought the Health
Visitor, detailed from the public health department of the borough, for
her first municipal call on his mother. She found Mrs. Smith up and
trying to make gruel for herself. After serious expostulation, the
maternity patient was induced to return to bed, where she belonged.
Gruel, the white-faced woman who sank back on the pillow insisted,
was easy. Why, probably she should not have minded it at all. Only
that day before yesterday she had gotten up to do a bit of wash and
had fainted at the tub. She hadn’t seemed to be just right since.
Neither had the baby.
The visitor leaned across the bed and removed a “pacifier” from
the baby’s mouth. “But he has to have it,” said the mother, “he cries
so much. All my children had it.” Looking round at them, the visitor
saw that it was true. Each exhibited some form of the facial
malformation that substantiated the statement. And one was deaf
from the adenoid growth. And one was not quite bright. This was, of
course, no time for a medical lecture beyond Mrs. Smith’s
comprehension. But the effort was made to impress her with the
simple statement of fact that a pacifier really was harmful for a child.
There were inquiries about the baby’s feeding. No, of course, it was
not being done scientifically. Well, the mother was told, if he were fed
at regular intervals he would be in better condition not to cry all the
time. And of course she herself must not get tired. It was Mrs.
Smith’s first introduction to the practice of mothercraft as an art. At
the school for mothers recently opened in the next square, where the
Health Visitor had her enrolled within a month, her regular instruction
began.
The schools for mothers are now being established as rapidly as
possible throughout the country. It is not an absolutely new
enterprise. The first one in England, from which all the others are
being copied, had been started in London by an American woman
who had married an Englishman, Mrs. Alys Russell, a graduate of
Bryn Mawr. Women recognised at once the value of the plan. It was
only a question of popularising and paying for it. This the war has
accomplished. Government will now defray 50 per cent. of the cost
of a school under the operation of either voluntary agencies or
borough authorities. Already 800 schools have been opened. Some
of the most successful are at Birmingham, Sheffield and Glasgow,
under municipal direction. Parliament, you see, by financing it has
established the school for mothers as a national institution.
The “infant consultation” is the feature about which its activities
centre. Jimmie was taken regularly for the doctor’s inspection and
advice and there is on file there at the school a comprehensive
record in which is entered every fact of his family history and
environment and his own physical condition, with the phenomena of
its changes from week to week. The weekly weighing indicated very
accurately his progress. And the week that his weary mother’s milk
failed, the scales reported it. The modified milk was carefully
prescribed but the next week’s weighing indicated that Mrs. Smith
wasn’t getting the ingredients together right. The Health Visitor was
assigned to go home with her and show her just how. Like that,
Jimmie was constantly supervised. When the doctor at the
consultation, tapping the little distended abdomen with skilled
fingers, announced, “This baby is troubled with colic,” Mrs. Smith
said he had been having it a good deal lately. Well, a little
questioning corrected the difficulty. The trouble was pickles, and he
never had them after that. Also he never had the summer complaint,
which the former Smith babies always had in September.
You see, there is no proper cupboard at Jimmie’s house. There is
only the recess beside the chimney, and flies come straight from the
manure heap at the back of the house to the milk pitcher on the
shelf. Mrs. Smith didn’t know that flies mattered. She knows now,
and at the school she has learned that you protect the baby from
summer complaint by covering the pitcher with a muslin cloth. She
also has learned how to make the most ingenious cradle that ever
was contrived. It’s constructed from a banana box, but it perfectly
well serves the purpose for which it was designed. That Jimmie
should sleep alone, is one of the primary directions at the school. Of
course, it is clear that this is hygienically advisable, and there is
another reason: these crowded London areas are so crowded that
even the one bed the family usually possesses is also overcrowded.
With some five other children occupying it with their mother, there
was danger that Jimmie would some night be smothered.
“Overlaying,” as it is called, is the reason assigned in the death
certificate for the loss of a good many London babies.
BETTER BABIES ARE PRODUCED

Jimmie in his banana cradle slept better than any of the other
babies had. He had a little more air. Also he was cleaner than the
others, because his mother had learned that dirt and disease germs
are dangerous. But it is not easy, you should know, to keep children
clean where every pint of water you wash them in must be carried up
stairs from the tap on the first floor and down stairs again to the
drain. A frequent bath all around in the one stewpan that perforce
must serve for the purpose is out of the question. But there was a
real wash basin now among the new household furnishings that Mrs.
Smith was gradually acquiring. There are so many things that one
goes without when one’s husband is an ordinary labourer at the limit
line of 18s. a week. But when he becomes a soldier and you get your
regular separation allowance from the government, you begin to rise
in the social scale. Mrs. Smith, like so many others of the English
working class women, now during the war was “getting on her feet.”
And some of the improvement in family life was certainly registering
in that chart card at the school consultation that recorded Jimmie’s
progress.
When his father, home from Flanders on furlough, held him on his
knee, it was a better baby than he had ever held there before. For
one thing it was a heavier baby: children in this district used to
average thirteen pounds at one year of age. And now those whose
attendance at the consultations is regular average sixteen and
seventy-five hundredths pounds. Also Jimmie was a healthier baby.
He hadn’t rickets, like the first baby, who had suffered from
malnutrition. What could you do when there was a pint of milk a day
for the family and the baby had “what was left”? He hadn’t
tuberculous joints, like the second baby. He hadn’t died of summer
complaint, like the third and the fifth babies. And he hadn’t had
convulsions, like the seventh baby, who had been born blind and
who fortunately had died too. Yes, when one counts them up, there
have been a good many, and if some hadn’t died, where would Mrs.
Smith have put them all? The six that there are, seem quite to fill two
rooms and the one bed.
Still in the course of time there was going to be another baby.
Governments crying, “Fill the cradles,” seem not to see those that
are already spilling over. But the development of birth politics has at
last arrived at an important epoch—important to all the women in the
world—in the recognition of the economic valuation of maternity. It
has dashed acquiescent compliance in a world old point of view
most tersely expressed in that religious dictum of Luther: “If a woman
die from bearing, let her. She is only here to do it.” Mrs. Smith will not
die from bearing to-day if her government can help it—nor any other
mother in any other land. Instead, all science and sociology are
summoned to see her through. The rising value of a baby
demonstrates clearly that you cannot afford to lose a maker of men.
The British Government and the German Government and the
French Government, speeding up population, are now taking every
precaution for the protection of maternity. The mortality record for
women dying in child birth in England has been about 6,000 a year.
In Germany it has been 10,000. There was also in addition to this
death rate a damage rate. The national health insurance plan
inaugurated by several countries before the war was beginning to
reveal it: the claims for pregnancy disabilities, the actuaries reported,
were threatening to swamp the insurance societies. New significance
was added to these phenomena when there began to be the real war
necessity for conserving population.
The Registrar General, laying the case before Parliament in
England, found it suddenly strengthened by a book presented by the
Women’s Co-operative Guild. The volume constitutes one of the
most amazing documents that ever found a place in any state
archives. It is entitled “Maternity,” and is a symposium constituting
the cry of woman in travail. A compilation of 160 letters written by
members of this working women’s organisation recounting the
personal experiences of each in childbirth, it reflects conditions
under which motherhood is accomplished among the 32,000
members of the Guild. “Maternity,” with its simple, direct annals of
agony is a classic in literature, a human document recommended for
all nations to study. The gentlemen in the House of Commons, who
had turned its tragic pages, looked into each other’s faces with a
new understanding: there was more than maternal ignorance the
matter with infant mortality! And a new population measure was
determined on.
“These letters” impressively announced the Right Honourable
Herbert Samuel, “give an intimate picture of the difficulties, the
miseries, the agonies that afflict many millions of our people as a
consequence of normal functions of their lives. An unwise reticence
has hitherto prevented the public mind from realising that maternity
presents a whole series of urgent social problems. It is necessary to
take action to solve the problems here revealed. The conclusion is
clear that it is the duty of the community so far as it can to relieve
motherhood of its burdens.” So you will now find the maternity centre
being erected next door to the school for mothers. The Government
in 1916, announcing that it would assume also 50 per cent. of this
expense, sent a circular letter to all local authorities throughout the
kingdom, urgently recommending the new institution “in spite of the
war need for economy at the present time in all other directions.”

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Physics for JEE Main and Advanced

Magnetism and EMI 1st Edition Shashi

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Prelims.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Shashi Bhushan Tiwari

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Prelims.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

Printed and bound in India

ISBN (13) : 978-93-5316-390-7

Typeset at Srikrishna Graphics, New Delhi 110092 and printed at

Prelims.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:07:39

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Prelims.indd 9 03-12-2019 15:07:44

I thank to all who helped me in preparation of this book. My special thanks to –

Prelims.indd 11 03-12-2019 15:07:46

Preface vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

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3.1 Field due to a straight current 

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8. Transient Current in LR Circuit 5.19 7. Series AC Circuits 6.12

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9. Previous Years' JEE Questions 9.1–12.18 AC Circuits 9.13

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Chapter_01.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:10:53

large field in its surrounding. The dipole moment is measure

2.1 Direction of magnetic field

A north pole experiences force in the direction of field.

2.2 Strength of magnetic field

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The resultant field is

Field at broadside – on position Br

BS Field at P can be worked out by using any of the methods

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A magnetic dipole experiences a torque in an external field

2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

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2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

Example 2 A bar magnet of length 2d has magnetic

Field due to the north pole is

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Field at P due to the south pole is

MB The field at a distance x on the perpendicular bisector

Potintial Energy is minimum in this position.

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3. SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

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A charged particle projected perpendicularly 2

Immediately after receiving the velocity the particle starts

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2πm Example 7 One third of a circle in magnetic field

Example 6 Semicircular path in magnetic field

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Preface vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

3.1 Field due to a straight current

2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

The pitch of the helical path is defined as the distance

Example 10 A proton enters into a region having a uniform A