INTRODUCTION TO

DIGITAL AND DATA

COMMUNICATIONS
ENGR. EMMERSON A. CANUEL, MSME
DATA COMMUNICATION
Data Communication
–refers to the sharing or transfer of collection of facts, figures,
etc. between devices capable of such exchanges using some of
the other communication mediums. Whenever we communicate
we share facts, ideas, etc. in mutually agreed-upon language
and speed with the maximum accuracy possible. The same is
the case in data communication, here the effectiveness of Data
Communication is determined by correctness in delivery, the
accuracy of transfer, timeliness, and lesser variation in packet
arrival times.
COMPONENTS OF A DATA COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium
5. Protocol
COMPONENTS OF A DATA COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
 Message: It is the data or the information that is to be exchanged between
two points. Often in the real world, we share messages in the form of texts,
numbers, pictures, audio, and videos.
 Sender: It is the node (device) that is intended to send the information being
transferred or communicated. It has mechanisms of its own that make
information encoded in a format that is feasible and secure to transfer on
the transmission medium accurately and timely.
 Receiver: The device that holds the responsibility of receiving the encoded
information and decoding it into a certain format accurately and sending the
feedback is the receiver.
 Transmission Medium: It is a path such as a cable that serves as traveling
media on which the message is transferred from the sender to the receiver
end.
 Protocol: The protocol is the rules that are agreed upon between sender and
receiver which govern the entire exchange process. These protocols make
communication possible between two devices without them may be
connected but won’t be communicating.
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Digital Communication
-involves the physical transfer of data and information
through a suitable communication channel. This exchange
of information in the form of discrete messages can take
place Point to Point or Point to Multipoint. Conventionally
analog signals have been used to establish a connection
and start communication over large distances but this
made the signals suffer many losses such as distortion,
interference, and even security breaches. These problems
were overcome by the usage of digital signals over analog
ones. Analog signals are digitized using different
techniques. Communication using these digital signals
makes it more accurate and less vulnerable to losses or
breaches.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
BASIC COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
 Source: Any point of data origin that can offer a piece of information that may be analog or digital can
consider a source.
 Input Transducer: The transducer at the input end performs the task of converting a physical input from
point of source into an electrical signal. It is also equipped with an analog to a digital converter where
the analog signal needs to be digitized for further transfer or exchange. This digital signal is nothing but
a sequence of binary numbers, i.e. 0s and 1s.
 Source Encoder: At the source encoder, the compression of the digitized signal data is done to minimize
the number of bits while maintaining the correctness of the data. For the compression removal of
redundancy is an important step. In this way, the effective utilization of the bandwidth is ensured.
 Channel Encoder: The compressed data from the source code is encoded for error correction using a
channel encoder. To prevent the alteration of the data signal during transmission because of noise in
the channel, the channel encoder adds a few redundant bits to the data being transmitted called the
error-correcting bits.
 Digital Modulator: The transmitting channel modulates the signal to be transmitted and also the signal
can be converted from digital format to analog hence making it ready to travel along with the medium.
 Channel: Channel is a transmission medium through which the signal transmission takes place.
 Digital Demodulator: On the receiver side, the received signal is demodulated and also conversion from
analog to digital takes place using a digital demodulator. Signal reconstruction takes place here.
 Channel Decoder: Error corrections are done using redundancy bits after sequence detection by the
channel decoder.
 Source Decoder: By using sampling and quantization the final signal is again converted into digital
format.
 Output Transducer: Here the output signal is converted from the electrical form to the physical form.
 Output Signal: Signal that is produced after the complete process as the output is the output signal.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA COMMUNICATION
AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Data Communication Digital Communication
The exchange of information between a sender and receiver is termed Data Digital Communication deals with the physical transfer of information over a
Communication. It is mainly concerned with governing rules and the transfer of medium and the various conversions and other processes involved such as
data through a suitable medium. encoding, decoding, compression, and error correction of signals.

The transmission mode is digital or analog. The transmission mode is digital.

Data communication can occur over a variety of transmission media, including Digital communication is typically associated with wired channels such as
wired and wireless channels. fiber optic cables and Ethernet.

It has several components serving different functions such as Analog to

It has five basic components namely message, sender, receiver, transmission
Digital Conversion and vice-versa, removing redundancy bits, adding error-
medium, agreed-upon, and protocols.
correcting bits, modulation, and demodulation.

Data communication may or may not include such mechanisms depending on Digital communication typically includes error correction mechanisms, such
the transmission medium and encoding techniques used. as error detection and correction codes.

Signal type or information format is not a major concern here. The exchange is Signal type is an important factor in each step of the entire process of digital
done on a common agreed-upon speed and type. communication.

It uses networking protocols. No networking protocols are involved.

Rules are not the deciding authority for the transference of information.
The transfer takes place according to a governing set of rules. Successful and accurate exchange with high efficiency is an essential part of
the process.

Applications:
Applications:
•Digital watches
•Wireless networks: Sending or receiving data wirelessly from remote servers
•Image processing,
using a computer connected to Internet through a WiFi.
•Speech Processing
•LAN (Local Area Network)
•Channel coding
•Modem, and more.
•Data Compression, and more.
DATA FLOW
Information
–is defined as knowledge or intelligence. Information that
has been process, organized and stored is called data

Network
–is a set of devices ( sometimes called nodes or stations)
interconnected by media links

Data Communications Network

–are systems of interrelated computers and computer
equipments
HISTORY OF DIGITAL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

1753 – earliest means of electrically coded information

occured, “running a communication line comprised of 26
parallel wires , to represent the letter of the
alphabet”(impractical)
1832- Samuel F.B. Morse developed the very first practical
data communications code called the Morse code. He also
invented the first successful data communication system
called telegraph
1833- Carl Friedrich Gauss developed an unusual system
based on five by five matrix representing 25 letters.
1840- patent for the telegraph
1844- the first telegraph established between Baltimore
and Washington DC
MORSE CODE
1849- slow-speed telegraph printer
1860- high-speed(15-bps) printers were made
1850- Western Union Telegraph Company was
formed for carrying coded message
1874- Emile Baudot invented telegraph multiplexer
that allow signal from six different telegraph
machines to be transmitted simultaneously over a
single wire.
1875- Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone
1899- Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in sending
radio(wireless) telegraph messages
1920- the very first commercial radio stations were
installed
1930- Konrad Zuis demonstrated a computing machine
1940- Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the first
special purpose computer using electromechanical relays
for performing logical operations
1946- J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchley developed
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC)
1950- punch cards were used in inputting informations,
printers for outputting and magnetic tape reels for
permanently storing information called Batch processing
1951- Universal Automatic Computer(UNIVAC), built by
Remington Rand Corporation the first mass-produced
electronic computer.
1970- microprocessor-controlled microcomputers were
introduced
1980- personal computer became an essential item in
home and workplace.
 ARPANET- by Advance Research Projects
Agency (ARPA)
 NSFNET- by National Science Foundation (NSF)

 Internet

 World Wide Web (www)

 Intranet
DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE, PROTOCOLS, AND STANDARDS
Network Architecture – is a set of equipment, transmission media
and procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of events
occurs in a network in the proper order to produce the intended result.

Network Protocols / Data Communications Protocols– are

sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data within the
network or a portion of the network.

Connection-oriented Protocols
-are designed to provide a high degree of reliability for data moving
through the network.

Connectionless Protocols
-are protocols where data are exchanged in an unplanned fashion
without prior coordination between endpoints.
CONNECTION-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS
• Characterized by a handshake
• Acknowledgement
• Error Control

CONNECTIONLESS PROTOCOLS
• No handshake
• Acknowledgement and Error Control
is not necessary
• More efficient (no extra overhead
needed)
CATEGORIES OF TOPOLOGY
A FULLY CONNECTED MESH TOPOLOGY
(FIVE DEVICES)
A STAR TOPOLOGY CONNECTING FOUR
STATIONS
A BUS TOPOLOGY CONNECTING THREE
STATIONS
A RING TOPOLOGY CONNECTING SIX
STATIONS
A HYBRID TOPOLOGY: A STAR BACKBONE
WITH THREE BUS NETWORKS
SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS

SYNTAX
-refers to the structure or format of the data
within the message, which includes the sequence
in which the data is sent

SEMANTICS
-refers to the meaning of each section of data.
DATA COMMUNICATION STANDARDS

STANDARD-is an object or procedure considered by an

authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison

Data Communication Standards

-are guidelines that have been generally accepted by the data
communications industry
-ensures an orderly transfer of information between two or more
data communication equipment or data communication network
-standard includes: proprietary(closed) system and open system
PROPRIETARY STANDARDS
-are generally manufactured and controlled by one
company.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Lack of choice for
 tighter control
the customers
 easier  Higher financial
consensus investments
 monopoly  Overpricing
 Customer protection
to manufacturer out
of business
OPEN SYSTEM STANDARDS
-can be manufactured by one or more company
however a royalty must be paid to the original
company

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 customer choice  Less product control
 compatibility  Increased difficulty
between venders for acquiring
 competition by changes or updates
small companies
STANDARDS ORGANIZATION FOR DATA
COMMUNICATIONS

 International Standards Organization(ISO)

-is the international organizations for standardization and are
responsible to create set of rules and standards for graphics and
document exchange and provides models for equipment and
system compatibility, quality enhancement, improved productivity
and reduced cost.
 International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunications sector (ITU-T)
-the standards organization that develops the recommended sets
of rules and standards for telephone and data communications.

• Network and service operation • Television and sound transmission

• Tariff and accounting principles
• Telecommunications management
network and network maintenance
• Protection against electromagnetic
environment effects
• Outside plant
• Data networks and open system
communications
• Characteristics of telematics
systems
• Language and general software
aspects for telecommunications
system
• Signaling requirements and
protocols
• End-to-end transmission
performance of networks and
terminals
• General networks, systems and
equipments
• Multimedia services and systems
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers(IEEE)
- is an international professional organization comprised of
electronics, computer and communications engineers to develop
communications and information processing standards with the
underlying goal of advancing theory, creativity, and product quality
in any field associated with electrical engineering.
 American National Standards Institute
- is the official standards agency for the United States, a private
non-profit organization comprised of equipment manufacturers
and users of data processing equipment and services
 Electronics Industry Association
- Is a nonprofit U.S trade association that establishes and
recommends industrial standards, they are responsible for
developing the RS(recommended standards) series for data and
telecommunication
ERROR CORRECTION

• LOST MESSAGE- is the one that never arrives at

the destination or one that arrives but is
damaged to the extent that it is unrecognizable.

• DAMAGED MESSAGE- is one that is recognized

at the destination but contains one or more
transmission errors.
ERROR-CORRECTING CODES

 RETRANSMISSION- it is when a receive station

request the transmit station to resend a
message(or a portion of a message) when the
message is receive in error.
 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION-is the only
error-correction scheme that actually detects
and corrects transmission errors when they are
received without requiring a retransmission.
RETRANSMISSION
 ARQ(automatic repeat request or automatic
retransmission request)
-DISCRETE ARQ
*positive
*negative
*retransmission after time-out

-CONTINUOUS ARQ
*selective repeat
FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION
 redundant bits are added to the message
before transmission
 When an error bit is detected, the redundant bit
is used to determine which bit is in error
 Ideally suited for data communication system
when acknowledgement is impossible or
impractical such as simplex transmission
 Also used in communicating to far away places
such as deep-space vehicles.
DATA REPRESENTATION
 A group of bits are used to
 represent a character/number/
 special symbol/Control Characters
 • 5-bit code can represent 32
 symbols (25=32)
 • 7-bit code can represent 128
 symbols (27=128) &
 • 8-bit code can represent 256
 symbols (28=256)
CODE SET
 A code set is the set of codes representing the symbols
Very common code sets are :
– ASCII : this is ANSI’s 7-bit American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
• ASCII code(7-bit) is often used with an 8th bit known as
parity bit used for detecting errors during Data
Transmission
• Parity bit is added to the Most Significant bit (MSB)
– EBCDIC : this is IBM’s 8-bit Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code
ASCII CODE
EBCDIC
HAMMING CODE

 Richard W. Hamming – early pioneer in the

development of error-detection and correction
procedures
 An error-correcting code used for correcting
transmission errors in synchronous data
streams.
 It’s the combination of hamming bits(error bit)
and the data bits.
HAMMING BITS

2𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 1
Where:
n= number of hamming bits
m= number of bits in each data character
STEPS IN SOLVING THE HAMMING CODE

 Determine the number of hamming bits

 Arbitrarily place the hamming bits into the data
bits
 Determine the logic condition of the hamming
bits by getting the logic 1 in the data bits and
XOR them together.
 Replace all hamming bits placed in the data
bits with its corresponding logic.
EXAMPLE

1. For a 12 bit data string of 101100010010,

determine the number of Hamming bits
required, and the Hamming code.
EXAMPLE

Determine the error in the transmission of data

11000100110100010
Given that hamming bit= 10110 in the bit
position 4,8,9,13, 17
CHARACTER SYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONIZE –means to harmonize, coincide or
agree in time.
CHARACTER SYNCHRONIZATION
–involves identifying the beginning and end of a
character within message.
-it identify which bit belongs to which characters and
which bits are the MSBs and LSBs of the character
-formats commonly used to achieve character
synchronization: asynchronous and synchronous.
ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL DATA

-asynchronous literally means “without

synchronism” in data communications
terminology means “ without specific time
reference”
-start-stop transmission Time
1 or 2
1 1 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 0
MSB LSB

Data bits
Stop Parity Start
bits bits bits
ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL DATA

 Character- by character basis

 logic 0 indicates the start bit and it indicate
that data bits is to be transmitted immediately
 Logic 1 or the idle bits it indicates that no data
is transmitted
 Dead time

 Clock slippage
EXAMPLE

For the following sequence of bits, using the

ASCII characters, identify the start and stop bits,
parity bits and the character.
1111110100000
1011110001000
SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL DATA
 block-by-block
 Characterize by a synchronizing character (SYN)
 (SYN) character identifies the start of the
transmission of data.
 End of the message character varies on what
protocol is used
Time
1 or 2
1 1 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 SYN
MSB LSB

Data bits
Stop Parity SYN
bits bits bits
EXAMPLE

For the following string of ASCII-encoded

characters, identify each character.
0100111101010
1000001011011