Hayvancilik Teknolojileri Giincel / Actual Stockbreeding technologies / see Roportaj/ Interview ere me Ik ilag gekeri Ekiz Tavukculuk’un Konya $ekerden yeni yatirimt zaman kazanin ‘New invest from Save time with EGETAR Fkiz Tavukculuk The first pharmaceutical sugar from Konya Seker USLARARAS BSE OTN VE HAYYANCUX DERG ERATOR CP ROICTON AN AL EDS Co @ “ween "tonnes ue tanm zaman f i Seker pancanri ve sekerin tarihcesi * Sugar bet and history offsugarNBINANISE. x15 Sebze uretiminde gdrillen Onemli Zararlilar ve mucadel The important pests seen on vegeta production and their controlling Hazirlayan: Dr. M. Nevzat ALAN Editor Dr. M. Nevzat ALAN FITAR FIDE Isletme Mactrt FATTAR FIDE Operating Manager ebze iiretiminde verim ve kaliteyi Bnemlidlgiide etki ne of the factors which affects the the leyen faktérlerden biri de zararhlardir. Zaralilarla mii in vegetable production is the pests cadele etmede uyulmasi gereken konular arasinda practices that should be in controle: kiiltirel ve agronomik énlemlerin yan sira dogru za- [pests include cultural and agronomic ‘manda, dogru etkili maddelerle, dogru dozlarda uygu- res as well as appyling proper subst lamalar da bulunmaktadi. proper time with proper doses. Onemli bazi Zararilar ve bunlara kars! miicadele yéntemleri_ ‘Some important pests and controlling methods sbyle dzetlenebilir, them can bu summarised as below. Beyazsinek (Bemisia tabaci) Whitelfy (Bemisia tabaci) Bu zararlim erginler cift kanatl: ve 1 mm. kadar boyundadir. Adolescents of these pests are dipterous and 1 mam kanatlaninin Uzeri beyaz renkte mum tabakast ile kaplt oldu They seem white as their wings are covered with Sunda beyaz gortindimdedir. Vicutlan ise soluk sari renktedir. wax layer. Their body is straw yellow. Their antennae Antenleri beyazdir. Beyazsinekler cok énemli bir virds tasiy- white. Whiteflies are an important virus carrier. They csidirla. ig aylarin larva, pupa ve yumurta déneminde cev- their winter in larva and pupa, and in spawning redeki yabanc otlar izerinde gecirtler. Agikalanlardaki Gre- they accomodate in the weeds around. In the opeam timlerde haziran sonunda basta domates olmak tizere sebze- productions, they pass into vegatables especially im lere gecerler. Erginlr ciftlestikten sonra yumurtalanin yaprak- in the end of June. Adolescents lay their eggs unter the lan alt yiizeyine birakr. Yumurtadan gikan larvalar yaprakta- ves after mating. Larvas which come out of eg tame ki dzsu ile beslenmeye baslarlar, 3 larva déinemi gectikten ding with juice in leaf. Having three larva period, they sonra pupa donemine gecerler. Bu pupalardan da erginler @- into pupa period. And this results with adolescent kar. Yilda 8-10 dl verebilirler. Sera can reproduce 8-10 tim Beyaz SineQi (Trialeuvodes vapora~ year. Greenhouse wi riorumy'nin.Erginleri 1.2-1.5 mm, (Trialeuvodes. vapora uuzunlukta, kanatl ve beyaz renkli- adolescents are 1.2-15 dir. Larvalan yasst ve tiylidir in size, has wings and ‘J coloured. its larvas are Miicadele and pileous. Kapaltalanlar olabildigince til &r- Sera Beyaz Sine / Greenhouse Whit Fy tilerle korunmal ve sineklerinige- Controlling riye girmeleri Snlenmelidie. Ayrica Closed areas should be {rtd ainda sinek cezbeden ve tu- tected with net covers anal tan levha ve sertler de ok yarar es should be prevented & saglamaktadir. Hem ergin hem de going inside. Also, larvalan yapraklanin alt yizeyinde which attracts and keeps bulundugundan, ilacl miicadele flies in greenhouse cam yapilirken dikkaili olunmali ve yap- : very beneficial. raklanm alt yizeylerinin de ilaclan- Bepad Suggs Yamal ve Since both adolescents mast saglanmalidi. Deltamethrin, "gs of White Fly and nymphs larvas live beneath the 54. woyesatan 2018 Mayne 218ethein, Cypermethrin ve Pirimphos-methyl, iceri vygulanmalidi zi Griimcekler (Akarlar) lichus urticae & Aculops lycopersici) Gretiminde etkili zararlilardan biri olan Akarlar; ge- felarak, trlere ve alciklan besin maddelerine gre de- ek Gzere kirli sar, pembe, turuncu ve kirmizi renkte- e Counlukla yapraklann alt yiizeylerinde Grdikleri ‘finda bitki dzsuyu emerek beslenirler. Seescze: yuvarlaga yakin, yesilimsi san renkte, 0.3 - 0.5 szunlugundadir. Yumurtalan; kiresel bicimde, yar Sm ve 0.1 mm. capindadir. A. lycopersici ise 20.15 mm. uzunlukta ve saman sansi renkte olup cok ve gzle goriilmeyen akarlardi. serticae: sonucunda yapraklarda baslangicta sant renkli le lar ve bu lekeler giderek koyu bir renk alr. Kir- Gramceklerin etkisinin belirtsi, yaprakciklartizerinde sen noktaciklar biciminde gorilir. Ayrica yaprak sede cok sayida ipeksi alar olugur Gzerinde parlak bélgelerin olusmasina neden ola- | Daha ileri dénemde ise yaprak ve yaprakciklarda lar ve dokilmeler gorillr, Maxadele Beeepropylate, Dicofol, Abamectin, Bromophos ve Bi- ete icerikli AKARISIT ‘lerden biri kullanilmali ve ilacin peeeckdarin alt yizeylerini kaplamasi saglanmalidr Kriz Orlimcegin Yumura, Nim ve Erginler gg, Nymph and Adolescents ofthe Red Spider Keemen Crancein Ning ve Egini/ Nymph and Adolesces ofthe Rd Sper SCIENTI APPROACH BiLiMSe AS controlling with pesticide should be performed carefully and it is neccesary to disinfect the underside of the leaf. Pesticides which contain Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Cypermethrin and Pirimphos-metyhly should be applied. Red spiders (ACARI) (Tetranichus urticae & Aculops lycopersici) Acari which is one of the effective pests in vegatable production can be dark yellow, pink, orange and red ac- Cording to their species and nutrition substances they ta- ke. They mostly feed by sucking the juices under the webs they spin underside of the leat. T. urticae; nearly round, greenish yellow, 0.3-0.5 mm lenght. Their egg are globotd, translucent and 0.1 mm in diameter. A. Iycopersici is small acaris which is 0.12- 0.15 mm in lenght and straw yellow that can't be obser- ved with naked eye. Indications T. urticae: : AS a result of absorption yellow spots can be obserbed and these spots get darker gradually. Effect of red spiders emerge as yellow spots in the leaflets. Also, many silky webs emerge on leat. A. Iycopersici: They can cause to bright areas in the stem. Drying and S sheddings are observed in the late periods Controlling One of the ACARICIDES which contains Bromopropyla- te, Dicolof, Abamectin, Bromophos and Bitenthrin sho- tld be used and it should be ensured that pesticide co- vers the undersides of the leaf Serpentine leaf Miner (Gerpentine Leaf Miner Insects) (Liriomyza bryoniae) (L. trigata) (L.trfoll) (L.sativae) Liriomyen sativae ergint Lidomyza sative adolescents Yaprak GalertSineginn beliier ) Inkcaions of Serpentine Leaf Miner Yaprak GalertSineinin erin ve lavalann yapaktaki taba, Adolescent of Serpentine Leaf Miner and the damages of leas on leat Mayedaion 208 / Meysune 2013.55,SCIENTIFIC APPROACH EL BAKIS Yaprak galeri ‘Yaprak galeri bécekleri) (Liriomyza bryoniae}(L.strigatay(trifoli(L sativae) Yaprak Galeri sineginin ergini 2 mm. kadar uzunlukta, sar ve siyah renklidir. Cok hareketli olan bu zararlinin larvala- 11 sari renkli ve 1 mm. uzunlukta olup yapragin dokulan iginde hareket ederek buradan beslenirler. Belirtiler Lanalarin beslenmeleri sonucunda yaprak iizerinde olusan, galeriler daha sonra kururlar. Ergin disiler yumurtalanint yaprak dokusu icine birakirlar. Yumurtadan ikan larvalar yapragin mezofil dokusunu yiyerek galerilerin agilmasina neden olurlar. Pupa dénemleri kosullarinda 15 - 20 ginde bir dl verebilirler. Miicadele Thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate, Cyromazine, Flufenoxruron ve Spinosad iceriki insektistler uygulanmalidir. Yaprak bitleri (Afitler) (Aphis. gosypii)(Macrosiphum euphorbiae)(Aulacorthum solani)(Myzus persicae) 1.5 ~ 2.5 mm. Boyunda, az hareketli ve tirlerine gore ye- sil, sant yesil, pembe, siyah gibi farklirenklerde olabilen baiceklerdir. Antenleri uzun ve iplik bicimindedir. Genel olarak yapraklann alt yiiztinde gruplar halinde bitki Gzsu- yunu emerek beslenirier. Yaz boyunca, dllenmeden yavru ogurarak cofalabilirler. Sonbaharda ara konukcularina 6¢ ederler ve ciftlestikten sonra yumurta birakirlar. Kis yu ‘mutta halinde gecirirler. ilkbaharda agilan yumurtalardan sikan ilk déller, déllemesiz olarak yavru dogururlar ve bu ckilde 2-3 dl verirler. Sonra kanatl bireyler haline geldik- lerinde domates ve diger sebzeleriizerine gg ederler. Do- mates tizerinde, sonbahara kadar 7- 8 dil verebilirler. Belirtiler Emgiden dolayt yaprak ve yaprakciklarda ice dogru kivnl- Ws Yaprak Biinin engin ve nites Adolescent and nymph of Plant Louse Macrosiphum euphorbiae Myzus persicae 56 woven 18 / Maye 2013 ‘Adolescent of serpentine leaf miner is 2 mm lenghe, and black coloured. Larva of these very active pests yellow and I.mm lenght and feed in the tissue of leat Indications Serpentines which emerge on leaf as a result of larva"! ding dry later. Adolescent females lay their egg into sue. Larvas coming out of eggs cause serpentines Se ‘opened by eating mesophile tissue of leaf. They can duce in every 15-20 days in the pupa conditions. Controlling Insecticide which containg hydrogen oxalate, Cy Flufenoxruron and Spinosad sould be applied. Plant louses (APHIDIDAE) (Aphis gosypiil/Macrosiphum euphorbiaeAula: solanil(Myzus persicae) Insects which are 1.5-2.5 mm size, languid and green. lowish green, pink and black according to the Their antennas are long and fibrous. They generally absorbing the plant juicy in groups. They can reproduce by giving birth without insemm through summer. They migrate to inter hosts and lay. after mating. They spend the winter as egg. Progenies ‘ming from the eggs in spring give birth without in (on and reproduce 2-3 times in this way. They migrate ‘mato and other vegatables after being wingy. They cam roduce 7-8 times in tomato until autumn. Indications Inward sinuous tortuosity and deformities emerge. leaves and fruits are covered with fumagaine, as and stick substance that they secrete from their body 4gets black in time. Plant louses are also the vector of Viruses. Controlling Controlling with pesticide should be applied especially early period and pesticide should be applied to ut of leaves. Pesticides which contain Primicarb, Dichl Bromophos, Malathion, Thiamethoxam, Pymetrozine: Diazinon can be used against plant louses. Thrips (Thrips spp. & Franklin spp.) Adolescents spend the winter in soil or plant res ‘Adolescents and nymphs fees with plant juice. Thrips ci (Leaf Thrip) damages the underside of leaf, and Fr nella occidentalist (Flower Thrip) damages by feeding in flowers. The harmful species in tomato is, rally Frankliniealla occidentalis. Adolescent females their 25-75 eggs which are small and bean-alike to leaf! sue. Larvas feed in colonies from the tissue among veins 10-14 days. After that, they pass into pupa period will take 4-5 days. Total life cycle is 20-25 days. They[Rar ve sekil bozukluklant olusur. Aynica yapraklar ve [Sepclerin Uzeri; vicutlarindan salgiladiklan tatlimst ve in bir madde olan ve zamanla siyah renk alan fu- kaplanir. Yaprak bitleri virislerin de tastytcist- le micadele ézellikle erken dénemde yapiimali ve arin alt yizeylerinin de ilaglanmasina dzen gOs- idir. Yaprak bitlerine karst Primicarb, Dichlortos, 15, Malathion, Thiamethoxam, Pymetrozine ve igeriktlaglar kullanilabils, R (Thrips spp. & Frankliniella spp.) 131 toprakta veya bitki artiklarinda gecirir. Er- Be rire bid Gcsuyu lle beslenic Thrips tabaci Tripsi) genellikle yapraklarin alt yuzeyinde, finiella occidentalis ise (Cicek Tripsi) genellikle ¢i- beslenerek zarar yaparlar. Domateste zararlt ‘ar genellikle Frankliniella occidentalistr. Ergin di- adet arasinda defigen ve cok kiigik, fasulye indeki yumurtalarini yaprak dokusuna burakirlar. farvalar 10-14 gin sie ile koloniler halinde dzel- damarlar arasindaki dokudan beslenirler. Bundan ‘Se 4-5 glin stirecek olan pupa dénemine gecerler. yasam cemberi 20-25 gin sirer. Ozellikle sera inda yilda 12 d6l verebilirler Bu nedenle gene! Tripslerle miicadele oldukca zordur ‘Macadele tripsleri ie ilagh micadele oldukga zordur. Beta Geet, Primicarb, Pymetrozine, Endosulfan, Metethion ve Diazinon gibi uygun icerikli insekdisitlerle Beciomalar yapilmalidir. Degisik etkili, madde iceren Beciann doniistimlé olarak kullaniimasinda yarar vardit. Beprak pireleri (Empoasca spp.) Semmes: yesil veya kahverenginde, 3-4 mm. uzunlugun- | olvp, kanatlan viicutlarindan daha uzundur. Erginle- [© cekirge gibi sicrar ve ucarlar. Yan yan hareket ederler. Bee bck’ artiklan arasinda, ergin veya nimf déneminde “eoirer. Erginler acik tarla kogullarinda basta domates “Siesk Lzere sebzelerce mayis ve haziran aylarinda go- Slee baslar. Disiler yumurtalarim, yaprak veya yap- {2k sepinin dokusu icine birakirlar. 6-10 gin sonra yu- SGeradan cikan nimfler dzsu ile beslenmeye baslarlar. ‘Gee! olarak yilda 1 dol verieler. Cicek sap kisminda ‘Bestendikleri icin cigek dékiilmesine neden olurlar. Ayn ‘Semanda viris tastyicisidirlar. ‘Macadele ‘Heck micadelenin, olabildigince erken zamanda yapi- ‘2s: daha iyi sonug vermektedir. Malathion, Diazinon, Fenwrathion, Beta Cyfluthrin, Pirimicarb, Pymetrozine = Bromophos igerikltilaglar kullanilabili reproduce 12 times especially in greenhouse conditions. Controlling Thrips is dificult beacuse of this. Controlling : Controlling with pesticide against flower thrips is quite difficult. Proper insecticides which contain Beta Cyflut- hin, Primicarb, Pymetrozine, Endosulfan, Malathion and Diazinon should be used. It is beneficial to use pes- ticides which contain different substances alternately. Leaf Bugs (Empoasca spp.) Yellowish green or brown, 3.4 mm in length and wings longer than their bodies. Their adolescents jums and tly like-a locust. They move sideward. They spend the win- ter in plant residuals, in adolescent and nymph period. Adolescents can be observed on vegatables especially in tomato under the open field conditions in may and june. Females lay their eggs into leaf or leaf leafstalk. Nymphs coming out of eggs after 6-10 days start feedins with jui- ce. They generally reproduce once a year. They lead to flower shedding as they feed in pedicel. They are also vi- rus carrier. Controlling Performing controlling with pesticide as early as possib- le gives the best results. Pesticides which contain Malat- hhion, Diazinon, Fenitrathion, Beta Cytluthrin, Pirimi- carb, Pymetrozine ve Bromophos can be used. Wireworms (Agriotes spp.) ‘Adolescents are usually dark brown, greyish black or black, 8.10 mm lenght and rough bodied. Larvas are shiny tle coloured and 1.4 mm length. They spend the winter as larva or adolescent in soil and get closer to so- il curface in spring. They feed with the roots of plant or germinating seeds. Adolescents lay the eggs into 10-15 ‘cm depth of soil one by one or in 30-40 groups. Larvas coming out of egg immediately starts feeding. Mature Jarvas become pupa by going the 30-40 cm depth of Monetiasian 2018 / Mayne 2013.57APPROACH L BAKIS Yaprak Piresi Ergin’ eat Bug Adolescent Yaprak Presi Nitti leaf Bug Nymph Tel kurtlari (Agriotes spp.) Exginler genellikle koyu kahverengi, grimsi siyah veya siyah renkte ve 8-10 mm. kadar boyunda olup sert vacutludurlar. Larvalar parlak kiremit renginde ve 1-4 mm. boyundadir Kis larva veya ergin halinde toprakia gecirip ilkbaharda toprak yiizeyine yaklagilar. Burada bitkilerin kokler ile ve ya cimlenmekte olan tohumlarla beslenirler. Erginler yu- ‘murtalarin tek tek veya 30-40 adetlik gruplar halinde top- ran 10-15 cm. derinligine birakr. Yumuurtadan ¢ikan lar- valar hemen beslenmeye baslar. Olgunlasan larvalar topra- Zin 30-40 cm. derinligine inerek pupa olurlar. Bu pupalar- dan ilkbaharda ve yaz aylarinda erginler meydana gelir. Miicadele llacli miicadelede hedef larvalar olmalidir. Tohum ilagla- ‘mast, toprak ilaclamast ve fidelikilaclamast gibi 3 yéntem- le ilaclama mimkiindir. Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Endosiilfan igerikl ilaglar kullarulmalcir. Domates giivesi, tuta absoluta Exginleri 5-7 mm uzunlugunda olup kanat agikligi 8-10 mm'dir. On kanatlari dar, gtimiisimsi gri-kahverengindedir Kanatlarimda pullar ve tizerinde karakteristik siyahimsi nok- talar bulunur. Iplik geklinde olan antenler, teshiste Gnemli bir 6zelliktr. Domates giivesi, agikta tarlada oldugu gibi kapal alanlar- da, sera ve rtd alti domates yetistriciliginde de zarar po- tansiyeli cok yiksek olan énemli bir zararlidit. Asil zarara yol acan Tutanin larvalani. Larvalar, domates bitkisinin toprak dstinde kalan tim kisimlarinda beslenebilmekte ve her geligme déneminde zarar verebilmektedir. Larvalar yapraklarda epidermis tabakalan arasinda besle~ rnerek galeriler olusturur. Yapraktaki bu galeriler, nce genis seffaf bosluklar geklinde gorilir, daha sonra kahverengine dniigerek kurur. Yapraklarin yant sira meyvelerde de zarar- lanmalara yol agar. Tuta zarani, domatesin biiyiime agamasinda, pazara sevk 5B. Moyetasan 2013 Mayne 218 soil. These pupas become adolescent in spring or sus ‘months. Controlling Target in the controlling with pesticide should be larva Itis possible to apply pesitice with three methods ; seed ‘Tel Kurd nun ergin ve lavast / Adolescent and larva of sinfection, soil disinfection and nursery disinfection cides which contain Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Diazinon and dosulfan should be used. Tomato moth, Tuta absoluta Adolescents are 5-7 mm in length and have the wi of 870 mm, Front wings are narrow and silver brown. There are scales in wings and characteristic kish spots on it. Their fibrous antennas are a significant feature in diagnosis. Te ‘moth has high damage potential in open field as well closed and greenhouse tomato cultivation. Larvas are ‘main pests. Larvas can feed in all the aboveground sects of tomato and cause to damage in every growing pr Larvas create serpentines by feeding among epider yers in leaf. These serpentines in leat is seen as wide pparent gaps at first, then dries by turning to brown. cause to damages in fruits, too. its damage can be observed in the growing, marketing processing period of tomato. It can reproduce 10-12 & a year. Adolescents are active in nights and spends the time hiding among leaves. t can spend the winter 3& pupa or adolescent. Controlling Insecticides which contain Chlorantraniliprole (CTPR), taflumizone, Spinosad and Indoxacarb should be alternately. Due to resistance against chemicals which are used against tomato moth, success in the trolling of this pest is rare. Root-Knot Mematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) The two active species of nematodes are M. javanica ‘M.incognita. They can stay in soil more than two yearsSailrken ve isleme streci tamamunda goriilebilir Wilda 10-12 dol verebilir. Erginler gece aktiftrler ve giin- SGazleri genelde yapraklar arasinda saklanarak geciriler. Rese yumurta, pupa veya ergin olarak gecirebilmektedir Macadele Fee miicadelesinde Chlorantraniliprole(CTPR), Metaflu- Seizone, Spinosad ve Indoxacarb icerikli insektisitler dé- SSsimid olarak kullarilmalidr. [Bomates giivesine karst kullanilan kimyasal ilaglara kar- © olusan direncten dtird, bu zararlinin miicadelesinde Basen oldukca git Beem / Adolescent Tuamun yapraktaki Damages of ‘mosh in leat ur nematodlari (Meloidogyne spp.) emwtodiann genellikle etkili olan iki tir; M. javanica SEM. incognita’dir, Tepe2kta 2 yildan daha uzun siire barinabilitler. Disileri ‘Semat veya torba biciminde, erkekler ise iplik bigimin- SS. Bulag bitkilere, sulama sulan ile ve arag-gerec- eee tasinirar, Hafif ve kumlu olan ve daha kolay isinan Sepreklarda daha fazla rastlanir. 18-27 °C gibi yuksek Seek sicakligindan hoslanvlar. Selirtiler Miles izerinde kiicik ve yuvarlak urlar ve cok sayida Sebenkliklar olusur. Bu kabanikliklar ve urlar bazen islak ‘= mantarimst goriiniimde olabilmektedirler. Kokler tize- Sece cok sayida kiigik, beyaz yurneu taslaklani gor Beilerde gelismenin yavaslamasina ve durmasina ne- => olurlar. Ayrica bitkilesrde cilizlagma, geligmenin ya- Sesiamasi ve durgunluk gérilir. Yapraklar kigilir, ve- Sede diigme ve kalitede bozulma olur. Macadele Rematodlar genel olarak 40 - 50 °C’nin izerindeki si- ‘e2kiikiarda kisa sire iginde éldiklerinden dolayt, SCIENTIFIC APPROACH BILIMSE Nematodun bitkilerdeki belle / Indication of Nematod in Plan males are pear shaped, males are fibrous. They are carries through infected plants, iigating wa- ters or tools. They are common in light, sandy and easy- heating soils. They like, high soil temperature like 18-27 °C, Indications Small and round knots and numerous protuberances emerge in roots. These protuberances and knots can be seen as wet suberous shapes. Numerous small, white knot tasks are seen in roots. They cause plant growing to slow down and stop. Also, losing strenght and slow growing are seen. Leaves get smaller, decrease in efficiency and quality emerges. Controlling ‘As nematodes dies shortly in the high temperatures abo- ve 40 - 50 °C, solarization method which can be appli- ced in greenhouse in summer months is very effective and durable. The most effective method is using species Which are resistant to nematod. Besides, using grafted seedlings on resistant rootstocks completely removes it. Resistance to Nematod in tomato species is die out in soil temperatures above 28 °C. Ifthe species are not re- sistant to Nematod, then controlling the disease by using proper nema-tocides is possible. The best controlling way isto irritage water before planting, irrigating it aga- in after nema-tocide application and planting one month after the application. As nematods could live 80- 100 em above the soil, this feature should be considered during soil tillage and soil disinfection Agrotis (Agrotis spp.) Butterfly, adolescent agrotis, has the wingspan of 35-40 ‘mm, mature larvas are in 45-50 mm lenght and blackish grey coloured, Larvas which rest during daytime stay in the 5-6 cm above of the soil by curling as C. They feed by cutting seedlings at nights. They spend the winter Moreton 2013 / Mayne 2018 $9D APPROACH IN’ EBILINSED. nvKis seralarda yaz aylarinda uygulanacak olan SOLARIZASYON yéntemi cok etkili ve kalicidir En etkili Gnlem Nematoda dayaniklt cesitler kullanmakti ‘Ayrica dayaniklt anaclar dizerine agil fideler kullanmak ta kesin sonuc vermektedir. Domates cesitlerindeki Nemato- da dayaniklilk, genel olarak 28 °C’nin tzerindeki toprak st- cakliklarinda kirihr. Eger cesitler Nematoda dayanikh degil- se uygun nema-tositlerin kullanilmasi ve baylece hastalig kontrol altina almak miimkiindiir. En uygun miicadele yon- temi; dikim dncesinde toprajin bol su ile sulanmast, nema- tositin uygulanmasindan sonra tekrar sulamanin yapilmast ve bu uygulamadan 1 ay sonra dikim yaprlmasidir. Nema- todlar toprak derinliginin 80 - 100 cm.ik kisimlarinda da yasayabildikleri icin toprak isleme ve toprak ilaclamast ya- pilirken bu dzellik gz Gniine alinmalichr. Bozkurt (Agrotisler) (Agrotis spp.) Bozkurtlanin ergini olan kele- beklerinin kanat acikligi 35-40 mm. kadar olup olgun larvala- 1145-50 mm. boyunda ve siya- humst gri renktedir. Giindiizle- ri dinlenme durumunda olan larvalar kk bogazinin hemen yakininda ve topragin 5-6 cm. derinliginde C harfiseklinde kivnik olarak bulunurlar. Gece- leri toprak yizeyine cikarak fi deleri kesmek suretiyle besle- nirler. Kist olgun larva olarak toprakta gecirirler.iIkbaharda pupa olurlar ve May's bagin- dan itibaren bu pupalardan kelebekler«kmaya baslar. Digi kelebeklerciftlestikten sonra yumurtalarini bitki Gizeri- ne veya topraga birakirlar. En fazla 15 gin sonra yumurta- dan ¢ikan larvalar geceleri toprak yiiziine cikarak fideleri kesmek suretiyle beslenmeye baslarlar. Olgunlagan larvalar toprak icinde hazirladiklan odaciklar i¢inde pupa olurlar. 10-15 gun sliren pupaliktan sonra erginler cikar. Boylece yilda 2-4 d6l verebilirler. Bozkurt Engini ve Larvas Miicadele Kimyasal miicadelede hedef larvalar olmalt ve zehirli yem- ler _kullaniimalidir. Endosulfan, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl veya Trichlorion igerikitilaclan kepege karistirarak zehirli yer- ler hazirlanip kullanilmalidie Yesil kurt (Heliothis armigera) Bu zararlinin ergini olan kelebeklerin kanat acikhji 35-50 mm. kadar olup disileri turuncu esmer ve erkekleri grirenk- lidir. Domates basta olmak iizere sebze tirlerinin yaprakla~ 11 ve meyvesi ile beslenen larvalan ise farkltrenklere sahip olup 35-45 mm. boyuna kadar uzayabilir. Yaprak ve yap~ rakciklar tizerinde delinmelere yol acar. Meyvelerin yiize- yinde de delikler olusturur. Bu deliklerin iginde titlin pis- 60) Woyetation 2018 Mayne 2018 in soil as mature larva. They become pupa in springs these pupas turn into butterflies from the beginning of Female buterlies lay their eggs into plant or soil ting. Larvas coming out of egg after 15 days later at starts feeding by cutting seedlings at night. Mature become pupe in the chamber they prepared in som lescents emerge after 10-15 days pupa period. So reproduce 2-4 times a year. Controlling In chemical controlling, target should be larvas and nous feeds should not be used. Pesticides which Endosulfan, Chlorpyrifos-ethly or Trichlorfon used by mixing with bran. cotton boltworm (Heliothis armigera) Wingspan of butterflies are the adolescent of thi is 35-50 mm and their ‘orange and black and males are grey colored. to being first, their larvas feed with the leaves and of vegatables species andi can lenghten to 35-45 They cause to punctures af and leaflet. It is see the excrement of Yes! Kuen Kelebegi ve yumuras)/ Butefly and egg of Conca al Yegil Kurtun lars Lares of Cotton Bollworm Yes Kurtun Donates yap Damages of ton Bolivr ov TeSB ile dolu galerileri gormek mimkiindar. Kis! toprakta pu- 2 dineminde gecirip mayis ay: baslarindan iibaren goril- eye baslar. Ciitlesen disiler yumurtalarint yaprak, meyve eye siirgiinler dzerine birakir. Bir hafta sonra acilan yu- ertalardan cikan larvalar meyvenin igine girerek beslen: eye baslar. Larvalar bir meyveden digerine gecerek bes- Seomelerini sirdirir. Olgunlasan larva yeniden topraga gi- fe ve 5-6 cm. derinlikte hazirladigi odacik iginde pupa ‘elur Yilda 3-5 dal vere Micadele Melathion, Endosiilfan, Deltamethrin ve Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Gabaryl, Cypermethrin, Methomyl, icerikliilaclar uygu- femal x Kartal Belediyesi artal Belediyesi, cevre konusunda saiikli bir ortam Kcesumat ‘amaciyla, tarimsal kirlligi ortadan kal- dirmak icin, kimyasal gibbre yerine, solucan gibresi Gretiminini baslatt. Semt pazarlarindaki, sebze atiklarin! toplayarak California tipi solucanlarin Giretiminde kullan- ‘maya baslayan Kartal Belediyesi, dzel olarak yetistrilen solucanlarin, yedikleri kadar gibre tiretmesine bag ola rak, giderek kirlenen cevreye, ikincil bir céziim sunuyor. Anavatani Avusturya olan California tipi 1 solucan, 1 gram atik yiyerek, 1 gram gibre Uretiyor. nden cevreye katki Contribution to environment from Kartal Municipality SCIENTIFIC APPROACH BiLIMSE winter in pupa period and started to be seen in the begin- rning of may. Mating females lay their eggs over leaf, fruit or offshots. Larvas coming out of eggs one week later starts feeding by going into uit. Larvas continue their feeding by passing from one fruit to another. Mature larva goes back to soil and becomes pupa in the chamber it prepared. It reproduces 3-5 times a year. Controlling Pesticides which contain Malathion, Endosilfan, Delta- methrin ve Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Carbaryl, Cypermethrin, ‘Methomyl should be applied. tal Municipality, started worm manure pro- Ke tion rather then chemical manure with the intent of creating a healthy environment and removing agricultural pollution. Kartal Municipality which gathers vegetable wastes in bazaars for the production of California type worms, presents a se- condary solution with specially gorwn worms de- pending on they product manure as much as they teat. A california type worm whose mainland is Aus- tria, by eating 1 gram waste, produces } gr manure. Moret 2013 / Mayne 2013.67