Internal Security and International Relations (English) __ PDF Only

UP-PSC WALLAH
INTERNAL SECURITY
AND
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
COMPREHENSIVE LEARNING SERIES FOR

PRELIMS AND MAINS
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CONTENTS
Section-A: International Relations��1 4.8 BIMSTEC...................................................................... 66

4.9 BRICS............................................................................. 68
1. Understanding India’s Foreign Policy�� 3
4.10 ASEAN........................................................................... 70
1.1 Historical Context�� 3
4.11 AUKUS........................................................................... 71
1.2 Non Alignment Movement......................................3
4.12 THMCN......................................................................... 72
1.3 Understanding Neighborhood ..............................5
4.13 I2U2............................................................................... 73
1.4 Neighborhood First Policy.....................................9
4.14 IMF................................................................................. 74
1.5 Soft Power................................................................... 10
4.15 World Bank................................................................. 76
1.6 Culture as a Tool of Soft Power.......................... 11
4.16 WTO............................................................................... 77
1.7 Soft Power vs Hard Power.................................... 11
4.17 NATO.............................................................................. 79
2. India and Neighborhood��13 4.18 Global South Association...................................... 80
2.1 India - Pakistan......................................................... 13 5. Nuclear Power��82
2.2 India - Afghanistan��17 5.1 India's Nuclear Doctrine....................................... 82
2.3 India - China��19 5.2 Nuclear Security in India...................................... 83
2.4 India - Nepal��22 5.3 Nuclear Disarmament: Striving
2.5 India - Bhutan............................................................ 25 for a Safer World....................................................... 86
2.6 India - Myanmar....................................................... 27
Section-B: Internal Security�� 89
2.7 India - Bangladesh................................................... 29
2.8 India - Sri Lanka........................................................ 32 1. Basics of Internal Security��91
1.1 Border Security......................................................... 94
3. India and International��36 1.2 Maritime Security.................................................... 96
3.1 India - USA................................................................... 36 1.3 Aerial Security........................................................... 98
3.2 India - Canada............................................................ 38
2. Linkage between the Development
3.3 India - Japan............................................................... 39
and Spread of Extremism�� 101
3.4 India - Russia.............................................................. 40
2.1 Left Wing Extremism (LWE)............................ 101
3.5 India - EU..................................................................... 42
2.2 Naxalism in Uttar Pradesh: An Overview..... 103
3.6 India - UK..................................................................... 44
3. Regionalism�� 105
3.7 India - France............................................................. 45
3.8 India - Africa............................................................... 48 4. Communalism�� 107
3.9 India - Israel............................................................... 49 5. Insurgency in North East�� 108
4. Multilateral Forums and Agencies��54 5.1 The Bodoland in Assam...................................... 109

5.2 Ethnic Identity in Manipur................................ 111
4.1 United Nations (UN)��54
4.2 G7��56 6. Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir �� 111
4.3 G20................................................................................. 58 7. Organised Crime�� 115
4.4 Raisina Dialogue 2023........................................... 60 7.1 Types of Organized Crime................................. 115
4.5 SCO................................................................................. 62 7.2 Relationship between Organised
4.6 QUAD............................................................................. 64 Crime and Terrorism........................................... 115
4.7 SAARC............................................................................ 64 7.3 Organised Crime in Uttar Pradesh................. 116
8. Terrorism�� 118 10. Weaponization of Space�� 138
8.1 The Growing Threat of Lone-Wolf
11. Technology in Law Enforcement�� 140
Terrorism��120
11.1 Facial Recognition Technology in India....... 141
8.2 Black Money............................................................ 122
8.3 Money Laundering............................................... 124 12. Security Forces and Agencies in India�� 143
8.4 Counterfeiting......................................................... 127 12.1 Integrated Battle Groups (IBG)....................... 144
8.5 Drug Trafficking..................................................... 129
12.2 Self-Reliance in Defence Manufacturing..... 144
9. Internal Security in Digital Arena�� 131
12.3 Police Forces in India........................................... 145
9.1 Hybrid Warfare...................................................... 131
12.4 Agnipath Scheme................................................... 148
9.2 Media and Social Media...................................... 133
9.3 Cybersecurity.......................................................... 134 13. Civil Defence�� 151
vi UPPSC
WALLAH
Section A
International Relations
Understanding India’s
1 Foreign Policy
INTRODUCTION interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

India also has a strong commitment to multilateralism
“This is a time for us to engage America, manage China, and is a member of many international organizations,
cultivate Europe, reassure Russia, bring Japan into play, including the United Nations, the World Trade
draw neighbours in, extend the Neighborhood and expand Organization, and the G20.
traditional constituencies of support.” ― S. Jaishankar
In a world interconnected by globalization, International
Relations serve as the guiding framework for Article 51 of the Indian Constitution deals with
understanding the dynamics and complexities that India's foreign policy. It mentions international
relations and the promotion of international
shape our global society.
peace and security.
Being the most populous country of the world, India's
foreign policy holds greater significance. It is based on
the principles of non-alignment, sovereignty, and non-
1.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

z India's foreign policy is constantly evolving and it is likely that it will continue to do so in the future. Here is a quick
summary of the evolution of India's foreign policy:
of this movement are located in Central Jakarta,

1.2 NON ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT Indonesia. Notable figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru
z The Non-Aligned Movement, established in 1961 of India, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel
in Belgrade, Serbia, serves as a platform for 120 Nasser of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and
countries that deliberately refrain from aligning Sukarno of Indonesia played a key role in its founding.
themselves with any major power bloc. z Originating from discussions held at the Asia-Africa
z It stands as the second-largest global alliance of Bandung Conference in Indonesia in 1955, the NAM
states after the United Nations. The headquarters emerged during the Cold War era, providing a space for
nations to assert their independence and neutrality.
5. Peaceful Coexistence: The final principle
The inaugural NAM Summit Conference took place in
emphasizes the commitment to peaceful
September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
coexistence and the peaceful resolution of disputes.
z As J.L Nehru was a founding member, the principles of
It calls for dialogue, negotiation, and diplomacy
NAM were largely guided by Panchsheel principles.
to settle disagreements rather than resorting to
Panchsheel armed conflict.”
Panchsheel, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-
existence, were first formally enunciated in the
Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the
Tibet region of China (Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai)
and India (Prime Minister Nehru) signed on April
29, 1954, which stated, in its preamble, that the two
Governments “have resolved to enter into the present
Agreement based on the following principles:
The Panchsheel Agreement was initially intended

to govern Sino-Indian relations, but it later gained
broader significance in the context of international
1. Mutual Respect for Territorial Integrity and relations and was adopted by other countries as
Sovereignty: This principle emphasizes that
well. However, the Sino-Indian relationship faced
nations should respect each other's territorial
significant challenges, including a border disputes
boundaries and sovereignty. It prohibits the use of
force to acquire territory or interfere in the internal that led to a three military conflicts, and which
affairs of other nations. strained the Panchsheel principles. The Panchsheel
2. Mutual Non-Aggression: Nations should commit agreement enumerates best the principles of peaceful
to not use force or aggression against each other. co-existence with neighbors. It is an important
This principle underscores the importance of component of India’s foreign policy.
peaceful coexistence and the rejection of military
aggression as a means to resolve disputes.
3. Non-Interference in Each Other's Internal
Present Day Importance of NAM to India
Affairs: This principle prohibits one nation from 1. South-South Global Corporation: India is widely
meddling in the internal affairs of the other. It perceived as a leader of the developing world. Thus,
upholds the idea that each country has the right
India’s engagement with NAM will further help in the
to determine its own political, economic, and social
systems without external interference. rise of India’s image as the voice of the developing
4. Equality and Mutual Benefit: This principle world or global south. So, in times of increasing world
stresses the importance of equality in international turmoil and instability, NAM can provide a stage for
relations. It calls for mutual cooperation and the emancipation of developing third world countries.
promotion of common interests, ensuring that
agreements and interactions are beneficial to all 2. Strengthening of Multipolar World Order: This
parties involved. aspect being concurrent with India’s foreign policy,
can be further complemented with the role of NAM.
4 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

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3. Strengthen India’s candidature in UNSC: NAM’s 2. Bridge the Gap: Combine the wisdom of non-
total strength comprises 120 developing countries alignment with the practicality of multi-alignment and
and most of them are members of the UN General maintain coherence in foreign policy objectives.
Assembly which can act as a strong support for India’s
3. Strengthen South-South Cooperation: Foster
candidature as permanent member of UNSC.
collaboration to address shared challenges and
Relevance of NAM in Present day World promote shared interests, focusing on economic,
1. Balancing US-China Cold War: NAM aids India in social, and cultural cooperation.
preventing global polarization.
4. Address Global Issues: Mobilize international
2. Strengthening Multipolar World: NAM helps India
to become a major pole in a multipolar order. support and take collective action on critical global
3. Countering China's Neo-colonialism: NAM supports issues like terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate
India against China's Belt and Road initiative. change, and inequalities.
4. Global South Cooperation: NAM enhances India's 5. Enhance Relevance and Influence: Embrace
role as a leader of the developing world. innovative diplomacy, leverage digital technologies,
5. UNSC Candidature Support: NAM's backing boosts and engage diverse stakeholders to increase NAM's
India's bid for a permanent seat in the UN Security influence in shaping global agendas.
Council.
By adapting and embracing multi-alignment while
6. Combating Global Issues: NAM mobilizes
maintaining the spirit of non-alignment, NAM can
international action on terrorism, WMDs (Weapons
of Mass Destruction), and ecological concerns. strengthen cooperation, address global challenges, and
increase its relevance in the 21st century.
Challenges in front of NAM
1. Resurfacing Bi-polarity: Due to weakening NAM, Conclusion
developing and underdeveloped countries have The NAM is still a significant and potent entity that
startedlooking towards big countries such as the USA,
works to promote world peace, disarmament, and
Russia and China for assistance.
economic growth. Non-Alignment has endured the test
2. Indo-Pacific tensions & China's aggression:
of time rather than losing its importance. But numerous
Dominance of China in Indo Pacific region and border
conflict with neighboring countries are creating local, regional, and territorial concerns between NAM’s
threat to some members of NAM countries. member nations have not been resolved. It grew into a
3. Migration due to instability and ethnic conflicts: big lobbying organization with grand, idealistic speeches
Some members of NAM countries are experiencing that had no effect. Therefore, this movement should
migration problems due to internal and ethnic
focus more on addressing technology advancements,
conflicts.
trade, economic cooperation, and climate change.
Example: Internal conflict in Chad and Congo.
4. Climate change: NAM countries are facing impacts
1.3 UNDERSTANDING NEIGHBORHOOD
from climate change such as flood, drought and
extreme weather conditions. The concept of the neighborhood holds immense
5. Terrorism: Grip of terrorism is hampering interests importance in international relations, as it refers to the
and peace of countries.
geographical proximity and shared interests of countries.
Way Forward For India, its neighborhood consists of countries and
1. Embrace Multi-alignment: Adapt to changing regions that directly border its territory (Pakistan,
geopolitical realities by skillfully maneuvering Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Afghanistan)
between different groupings while upholding the and some immediate neighbors like Sri Lanka, Maldives
principles of non-alignment.
and other Indian Ocean countries.
UPPSC Understanding India’s Foreign Policy 5

WALLAH
why experts say the nation’s destiny is linked to its
neighborhood. This highlights the need of a peaceful
and integrated neighborhood. That’s why India’s
foreign policy always actively focuses on improving
ties with India's immediate neighbors which is termed
as Neighborhood First Policy.
Key Principles of India's Neighborhood Policy

1. Non-Reciprocity
2. Consultative Approach
3. Cooperation and Collaboration
4. Respect for Sovereignty and Independence
5. Mutual Benefit, Shared Prosperity and Peaceful
coexistence.
Bilateral Relations with Neighbouring

Countries:
z India-Pakistan: India's relationship with Pakistan
Historical Context is complex and marked by historical conflicts,
including territorial disputes and security challenges
Though India has had greater cultural, economic,
such as PoK illegal occupation, Sir Creek dispute,
and social connections with these countries for ages.
Siachen Glacier, Saltoro Ridge, etc. It is a consistent
Nevertheless, the historical interactions in terms of
colonial legacies have left a significant imprint on the supplier of terrorism to India. [Pulwama Attack:
relationships as it is today. 2019, Pathankot Attack: 2016, Uri Attack: 2016,
Gurdaspur Attack: 2015, Mumbai Attacks: 2008,
Importance of Neighborhood etc.] That’s why India revoked MFN (Most Favoured
z Former PM A.B. Vajpayee once famously said ‘You Nation) status and avoided direct talk with sponsors
can change your friends but not neighbors’. That’s of terrorism.
z India-Bangladesh: India and Bangladesh have a are enjoying a strong relation like 6 Border Haats (4
strong relation as India helped in the freedom of in Meghalaya and 2 in Tripura), signing the Kushiyara
Bangladesh. Bangladesh is India's 6th largest trading Pact, Transit and trade through inland waterways,
partner in 2022 (largest in the subcontinent). They Agartala-Akhaura Rail-Link, the India-Bangladesh

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Friendship Pipeline Project, etc. However, there are z India-Afghanistan: India and Afghanistan have a
few major issues between them too, like Teesta strong relationship based on historical and cultural
River Water Dispute, Illegal Migration, Drug linkages. India’s pledged assistance to Afghanistan
Smuggling & Trafficking, Terrorism (JAB- Jamaat-ul- stands at a little under US $2 billion, making it the
Mujahidin Bangladesh), Growing Chinese Influence in fifth largest bilateral donor in Afghanistan.
Bangladesh, etc.
z India-Maldives: India and Maldives share a friendly
z India-Nepal: India is Nepal's largest trading partner. and cooperative relationship, with collaboration in
it acts as a buffer state between India and China. areas such as countering the threat of transnational
India and Nepal have border disputes over Kalapani
crime, terrorism and drug trafficking, Greater Male
- Limpiyadhura.
connectivity project, Addu reclamation and shore
z India-China: India and China share a complex
protection project, etc. India is Maldives 2nd largest
relationship characterized by both cooperation
trading partner – rising up from its 4th position in
and competition. India-China has the world's two
2018.
largest populations and are important players in the
global economy. However, there are some points of z India-Sri Lanka: India and Sri Lanka share deep
differences too such as Aksai Chin (a part of Kashmir), historical and cultural ties, with India being a major
China considers the McMahon Line illegal, Doklam economic partner and investor in Sri Lanka. However,
issue, Galwan Issue, Pangong Tso Issue, etc. challenges exist in their relationship, such as issues
z India-Bhutan: India is Bhutan's largest trading related to the killing of Indian fishermen by the Sri
partner, accounting for about 80% of Bhutan's total Lankan Navy and the influence of China in Sri Lanka,
external trade. In 2022, India's exports to Bhutan were the implementation of the 13th Amendment of the Sri
valued at US$1.02 billion. Lankan Constitution remains a point of contention.
z India-Myanmar: India's trade with Myanmar has In lieu of the recent crisis India sent written financing
been substantial, with bilateral trade accounting for assurances to the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
over 2 billion USD in the fiscal year 2016-2017. In becoming the first bilateral creditor of the island
2022, India's exports to Myanmar were valued at nation to officially support its crucial debt restructure
US$765.16 million. programme.
Sub-Regional and Regional Cooperation

z India actively participates in sub-regional initiatives such as BBIN and regional organizations like SAARC and
ASEAN. These platforms promote cooperation, connectivity, and development in the Neighborhood. We will study
about them in coming chapters.

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Major Challenges Associated with Neighborhood
z Border disputes: India faces disputes with Pakistan (Kashmir), China (Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin), Sri
Lanka (Katchatheevu island), and Nepal (Kalapani Area).
z River disputes: India faces complex nature of Example: Illegal migration from Bangladesh to Tripura
transboundary water disputes like, Indus River and Assam state of India.
Dispute with Pakistan, Brahmaputra River Dispute z Human and Drug Trafficking: Lack of infrastructure
with China and Bangladesh, Teesta River Dispute across the border and presence of active smuggling
gangs gives rise to human and drug trafficking.
and Ganga Water Sharing Dispute with Bangladesh,
Example: Human and Drug trafficking across
Mahakali River Dispute with Nepal.
Myanmar, Bangladesh and India border.
z Infiltration: Due to the presence of porous borders, z China Influence: Increasing influence of China across
illegal migrants and radicalized elements enter the Pakistan, Tibet and Nepal region is creating a security
country and cause problems. threat for India.

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As the Neighborhood evolves, emerging trends and 6. Military and Defence Cooperation: Strengthening
dynamics pose both opportunities and challenges Regional security, Capacity Building and Training.
for India. Resolving unresolved disputes, enhancing Example: Joint exercises with Nepal and Bangladesh,
regional cooperation, managing competing interests, and support to Afghan National Army.
addressing security concerns will be crucial in shaping 7. Disaster Management and Humanitarian Aid:
the future of India's Neighborhood policy. Providing assistance. Example: Aid to Nepal after the
In conclusion, understanding India's Neighborhood is 2016 earthquake, support to Afghanistan.
essential for comprehending its foreign policy objectives.
The geographical proximity, historical connections, and Positive Aspects of the Policy:
shared interests among neighbouring countries form 1. Changing the "Big Brother" Image: Non-reciprocal,
the foundation for India's engagement. By focusing on consultative, and cooperative development assistance
cooperation, connectivity, and mutual understanding, to nearby countries.
India aims to build stronger relationships and promote 2. Promoting Sub-regional Cooperation: The BIMSTEC
peace, stability, and prosperity in the region. initiatives, etc. actively encourage collaboration among
neighboring countries.
1.4 NEIGHBORHOOD FIRST POLICY
3. Emergency Response: Indian Tsunami Early Warning
z The "Neighborhood First" policy seeks to promote System, SAARC assistance fund and operations provide
stability and prosperity in the region through mutually support during emergencies.
beneficial and people-oriented regional frameworks. 4. Enhancing Connectivity: Through mega
It places priority on engaging with neighbouring Infrastructure Projects like Chabahar Project, India–
countries through a consultative approach that Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMT Highway),
emphasizes non-reciprocal and outcome-oriented and Kaladan project improve connectivity.
interactions.
5. Maritime Security: PM Modi's vision of SAGAR and
4 Pillars of Neighborhood First Policy assumption of India's role of Net Security Provider in
the Indian Ocean region.
1. Diplomatic and political priority to neighborhood.
6. Developmental Assistance: Community and Quick
2. Active support for the development of these countries.
Impact Projects such as developing Salma dam and
3. Greater connectivity and integration in the region.
parliament in Kabul, various developmental aid to
4. Promote India-led regionalism where neighbors are Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, etc.
comfortable.
7. Providing assistance during the pandemic:
Determinants of Neighborhood First Establishment of the SAARC COVID-19 Emergency
Fund and operations for providing medical assistance
Policy and vaccine sharing further highlighting regional
1. Strategic Location Advantage: Leveraging central solidarity.
position and India's influence in the region of South-
East Asia and Indian Ocean Region. Challenges:
2. Balancing Policy Approach: Based on balancing and 1. Increasing Chinese Influence: The Belt and Road
domestic factors, unlike the priority of Pakistan’s good Initiative (BRI) poses a direct challenge as its debt
relationships with superpowers. trap nature raises concerns, and the China Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC: a part of BRI) specifically
3. Regional Diplomacy and Discourse: Connectivity threatens India's sovereignty by passing through the
and Cooperation with nearby countries. Example: Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) region.
BBIN energy development grouping. 2. Border and River Water Disputes: Conflicts over
4. Bilateral Issue Resolution: Emphasis on mutual borders and river water, such as the India-Nepal
agreements like India-Bangladesh Land Boundary border conflict in the Kalapani-Lipulekh area and
Agreement (LBA). recent standoffs with China in Doklam and Galwan
Valley, resulted in a trust deficit and strained bilateral
5. Technological Collaboration: Prioritizing regional ties. Indus Water dispute also exists between Pakistan
technology-sharing. Example: Construction of and India. Sharing the waters of the Teesta river is
specialized SAARC satellite for telemedicine and the most contentious issue between two friendly
e-learning. neighbors, India and Bangladesh.China’s dam-building

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and water division plans along the Brahmaputra is a 2. Economic Cooperation and Development: Promote
source of tension between the two neighbors. trade and investment initiatives, focusing on mutually
3. Domestic Politics: Issues like the Tamil problem beneficial projects with neighboring countries.
in Sri Lanka, the Teesta water-sharing dispute with 3. People-to-People Exchange and Cultural Ties:
Bangladesh, the Rohingya crisis, internal coups in
Encourage cultural exchanges and tourism to foster
Myanmar, and the situation in Taliban-led Afghanistan
better understanding and strengthen social bonds.
impact India's relations with these countries and
hinder seamless implementation of the Neighborhood 4.
Addressing Security Concerns: Strengthen
First policy. intelligence-sharing mechanisms and coordinated
4. SAARC's Failure: Strained relations between India actions to combat terrorism and cross-border crimes.
and Pakistan have led to the postponement and 5. Sub-regional and Regional Cooperation: Deepen
rescheduling of SAARC meetings, hampering regional sub-regional initiatives like BBIN and BIMSTEC to
cooperation initiatives and impeding collective enhance integration and cooperation for collective
development.
development.
5. Trust Deficit and Rise of Territorial Nationalism:
Recent border conflicts between India and Nepal,
1.5 SOFT POWER
as well as India and China in Galwan and Doklam,
contribute to a trust deficit and the rise of territorial "Soft power" refers to a nation's capacity to shape the
nationalism. beliefs, behaviors, and preferences of other actors in the
international arena through attraction and persuasion,
Way Forward rather than through force or coercion.
1. Enhanced Diplomacy and Engagement: Increase The term was coined by Joseph Nye, an American
high-level visits and regular dialogue to address key scholar, in his book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature
issues and concerns, fostering trust and cooperation. of American Power, in 1990.

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1.6 CULTURE AS A TOOL OF SOFT POWER
z Cultural Diplomacy: India showcases the concept of z Media and Communication: Efforts to expand the
"unity in diversity" to captivate global audience. influence of Doordarshan (DD) India internationally.
Cultural Heritage Preservation: Emphasizing Indian movies are also popular.
art, classical music and dance, �oga, Ayurveda, z Science Diplomacy: India's regional diplomacy
nonviolence, and spirituality.
extends into space with the South Asia Satellite.
Cultural Exchange Programs: Indian Council for
Cultural Relations (ICCR) promotes cross-cultural z Healthcare Diplomacy: India's low-cost and effective
understanding. healthcare services garner global recognition.
z Language and Education Initiatives: Programs like z Diaspora Influence: Indian diaspora contributes
"Destination India" and "Know India" promote to the spread of cultural values, such as Yoga and
cultural exchange and knowledge sharing. Ayurveda, abroad.
1.7 SOFT POWER VS HARD POWER

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Hard Power Soft Power Hard Power Soft Power
z Hard Power is a z Soft Power is a z Countries using hard z Countries with the
coercive approach persuasive approach to power may influence use of soft power
to international international political smaller countries may convince
political relations, relations, involving through the use others through their
one that involves the the use of a nation’s of threats such as cultural, spiritual and
use of military and cultural, historical and imposing economic diplomatic values.
economic power to diplomatic influence. sanctions, trade
influence or control restrictions, military
the behavior or intervention and use
interests of other of force.
states or political
groups. Conclusion
z States with a z It is a form of power Soft Power plays an important role in aspects of Foreign
strong military and that has the ability Policies of the countries. There is no country in the
economic capacity to attract and co-opt world today, which does not attach importance to this
will generally wield rather than coerce, factor. India is in a good position in this respect due to
their influence on use force, or provide
its enormous resources that come in handy in increasing
states that are not payment as a means of
so powerful in such persuasion. the country’s attractiveness to others. Academics and
capacities. intellectuals can play a critical role in this endeavor.
v v v

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2 India and Neighborhood
2.1 INDIA - PAKISTAN Current Situation in Pakistan

z Political Turmoil: Pakistan is experiencing a political
Background crisis since the ousting of former Prime Minister
z Despite sharing linguistic, cultural, geographical, Imran Khan, leading to protests, legal charges, and
and economic connections, their relationship is accusations of destabilization.
complicated due to political and historical factors. z Taliban Resurgence: With the US withdrawal from
z India aims for peaceful, friendly, and cooperative Afghanistan, the Pakistani Army is facing challenges
relations with Pakistan, contingent upon the absence from the expanding influence of the Tehrik-e-Taliban
of violence and terrorism.
Pakistan (TTP) and increased attacks.
z Economic Challenges: Pakistan is grappling with
high inflation, devaluation of the rupee, public debt,
and shortage of foreign exchange reserves, impacting
the economy and people's livelihoods.
z Army's Diminished Stature: Street mobilizations
have weakened the army's political position and
raised concerns about its ability to handle security
threats, including non-state actors like TTP.
z Resentment Against Chinese Investments: Public
resentment towards Chinese investments particularly
in CPEC-related provinces and concerns have grown
over a perceived "debt trap" which creates a threat
to national sovereignty.
Issues Between India - Pakistan

z Kashmir Dispute: Pakistan illegally occupied a
significant portion of Kashmir known as PoK.
Wars: India and Pakistan have engaged in three
wars over the Kashmir issue.
Internationalization of the issue: Pakistan seeks
international attention for the Kashmir issue,
while India views it as a bilateral matter under
the Shimla Agreement of 1971.
Separatist Movements in Kashmir: Supported
and fuelled by Pakistan. Pakistan resorted to
the tactics of low intensity war and started the
separatist and militant insurgency in Kashmir in
the late 1980s.
Gilgit Baltistan Issue: Pakistan recently granted
"provincial status" to Gilgit Baltistan, making it
the fifth province of Pakistan. It was previously
part of the erstwhile J&K state.
Revocation of Article 370: Pakistan strongly opposed this step.
z Siachen Issue: Adverse weather hindered the LoC demarcation beyond NJ9842 in 1972, resulting in Operation
Meghdoot in 1984. Despite close calls in 1989, 1992, and 2006, an agreement on Siachen Glacier remains unachieved.
z Sir Creek: It is a 96 kilometer marshy land separating Gujarat from Sindh. The issue revolves around the
interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh.
z Role of Non-state actors: India accuses Pakistan z Diplomatic Challenges: Visa restrictions, consular
of using non-state actors to carry out attacks, access, and limited diplomatic dialogues impact the
exacerbating mistrust through provocative statements overall bilateral relationship.
against India. z Trade and Economic Barriers: Limited trade and
z Cross-Border Terrorism: Pakistan supporting and economic relations due to political tensions and
harboring terrorist groups that target India and barriers hinder potential growth. After the Pulwama
creates a proxy war like situation. [Pulwama Attack: attack, India withdrew MFN status.
2019, Pathankot Attack: 2016, Uri Attack: 2016, z Limited Cultural Exchanges: Limited people-to-
Gurdaspur Attack: 2015, Mumbai Attacks: 2008, people interactions hinder better understanding and
Parliament Attack: 2001, etc.] improved relations.
z Balochistan Issue: Pakistan accuses India of z Refugee Crisis: Pakistan's economic crisis may trigger
interference in the Balochistan region, creating tension a large-scale refugee influx, straining India's resources
between the two countries. and potentially causing social unrest and increased
z Political Rhetoric: Provocative political statements crime.
and rhetoric further strain relations.
z Water Sharing: Disputes over sharing water resources Fading Economic Bonds
from the Indus River system lead to disagreements z Status of India-Pakistan Economic Ties are going
and potential conflicts. through a worse phase where we are experiencing
z Nuclear Proliferation: Concerns regarding nuclear Limited trade, intensified trade barriers (revoking
weapons and their proliferation in the region add of MFN status after Pulwama) and Missed potential
complexity to the relationship. opportunities.
z Pakistan primarily exports tropical fruits ($1.24M), perfume plants ($146k), and scrap aluminum ($112k) to India.

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China-Pakistan Friendship: Implications for potential conflicts on both the north-western and
north-eastern borders.
India
z Strategic Encirclement: China's utilization of
z Two-front Conflict Possibility: The India-China
Pakistan, particularly through projects like CPEC (as
border standoff in Ladakh raises concerns about
it passes through PoK region) and Gwadar port, poses
a strategic encirclement challenge for India.
z Trade and Defense Ties: China's export of defense z Diplomatic Leverage: India can diplomatically isolate
and nuclear equipment, including ships, submarines, Pakistan and expose its alleged support for terrorism
and nuclear-capable howitzers, aimed at India, and human rights violations.
impacts trade and security relationships between the
countries. z Pressuring for Change: India can use Pakistan's
z Emerging China-Pakistan-Iran-Russia Axis: The governance challenges to press for behavioral changes
growing alignment between China, Pakistan, Iran, on terrorism and nuclear proliferation.
and Russia poses security threats to India's northern z Border Security and Military Readiness: India
frontiers and the Indian Ocean. prioritizes border security and military preparedness
to tackle insurgencies and cross-border aggression.
India's Expected Future Outlook
z Strengthening Regional Alliances: India aims to
z Conditional Talks for Peace: India may consider
formal talks with Pakistan if the later halts terrorism strengthen economic and strategic ties with Iran and
and resolves the Kashmir issue. Central Asian countries to counter Pakistan's influence.
z Desire for Normal Neighbourly Relations: India
seeks normal neighborly relations with Pakistan, free
from terrorism, hostility, and violence.
India-China-Pakistan: Impacting Regional

Dynamics
z US-India Nuclear Deal: The US-India nuclear deal
in 2005-06, strengthening ties between the two
countries, raised concerns for China and Pakistan.
z China's Belt and Road Initiative: China's Belt
and Road Initiative resulted in the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC), passing through disputed
territory claimed by India.
UPPSC India and Neighborhood 15

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z Gwadar Port and String of Pearls: Gwadar port
in Balochistan, a part of China's strategy, provides
China with access to the western Indian Ocean.
However, India perceives it as a component of China's
encirclement strategy, known as the String of Pearls.
z Abrogation of Article 370: India's move to abrogate
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution and revoke the
special status of Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019
brought China and Pakistan even closer.
z Enhanced Defence Cooperation: China and Pakistan
signed a defence pact in 2020, further strengthening
cooperation between their respective armies.
z China-Pakistan Alignment: Pakistan aligns with
China on key issues, including the South China Sea,
Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Tibet.
2.1.1 Indus Water Treaty
Way Forward
Background
z Talks under UFA Agreement: Bilateral talks between
z In the 1950s, India and Pakistan faced a water-
India and Pakistan based on the UFA agreement will
sharing dispute as both countries relied on the Indus
enhance diplomatic contacts, addressing terrorism,
fishermen's release, military interactions, and river basin for irrigation. Equitable distribution and
religious tourism. infrastructure were crucial.
z Soft and Hard Power Mix: A combination of soft z World Bank Mediation: In 1951, the World
and hard power diplomacy, alongside international Bank offered to mediate the dispute and facilitate
pressure, is necessary to enhance bilateral interactions negotiations between India and Pakistan.
between India and Pakistan. z Agreement Reached: Finally, in September 1960,
z International Pressure and Financial Action Task an agreement was reached between the two countries,
Force (FATF): International organizations can exert leading to the signing of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT).
pressure on Pakistan, including placing it on the FATF z Rights and Obligations: The IWT defines the rights
Grey list, limiting its access to international markets and obligations of India and Pakistan for the use of
amid its struggling economy, and encouraging anti- waters from the Indus Rivers.
terrorism efforts.
z Signatories: India, Pakistan, and the World Bank are
z Tackling Terrorism: Designating Masood Azhar as a the signatories of the treaty. Notably, China, the origin
global terrorist by the United Nations will increase of the Indus River, is not part of the treaty.
pressure on Pakistan to freeze its assets and weaken
the presence of Jaish-e-Mohammed, responsible for Key Provisions of the Treaty
multiple attacks on Indian army bases. z UN Water Convention: Ratifying the Water Convention
can promote sustainable use and cooperation on
Conclusion transboundary water resources globally.
India addresses Pakistan under first neighborhood
z Open data policy: Enabling free access to data for
policy. Despite several mutual agreements and dialogue
international bodies and stakeholders can enhance
exchange there is a discontent between the two
transparency and facilitate scientific research,
nations regarding border security and demarcation.
Regardless of having the potential for rapid economic reducing tension among riparian states.
growth and development, South Asia has been unable z Optimizing treaty implementation: India should
to make headway. This is due primarily to disputes and maximize utilization of accessible river water by
tensions between India and Pakistan. Improved India- improving canal systems and expediting new projects.
Pakistan ties can ensure that any potential threat to the z Renegotiating the treaty: Joint research on rivers
subcontinent is addressed. Collaboration and cooperation
and studying the impact of climate change can pave
based on trust can enable the building of a successful and
the way for future cooperation, aligning with Article
peaceful South Asia.
VII of the IWT.

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Recent Developments z Mediation: The World Bank and other entities offer
z India issued a notice to Pakistan in January 2023, mediation services if negotiations between the parties
conveying its intent to amend the Indus treaty within fail.
90 days. z Legal Recourse: An arbitration panel is available as
z Pakistan responded in April 2023, stating that it was a final resort for dispute resolution under the treaty.
ready to listen to India's concerns at the level of the z Long-term Solutions: Addressing underlying
Permanent Commission of Indus Waters (PCIW). political differences through sustained dialogue and
cooperation can offer a lasting resolution to IWT-
Issues with Treaty related disputes.
z Unfair Water Allocation: India perceives the treaty
Conclusion
as unjust due to the allocation of 80% of water to
Using water as a weapon is never a good idea. It would
Pakistan.
be so much better for both countries to treat the IWT
z Potential for Conflict: The technical nature of the as an instrument for collaboration on climate action in
treaty and the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir the fragile Himalayan region. Fair and just sharing of
create room for conflict. river water is required for mutual benefit and peaceful
z Lack of Trust: Limited interactions between relation among the two countries.
riparian states hinder trust - building with results in
maintaining high troop levels along canals in the east. 2.2 INDIA - AFGHANISTAN
z Data Sharing Challenges: Diplomatic tensions often
hinder timely and reliable sharing of flow data, with
Background
limited access for the research community.
z Guarantor's Role Limitations: The World Bank's
concurrent appointments in disputes, raise practical
and legal concerns without the power to determine
precedence.
z Insufficient Environmental Safeguards: The treaty
lacks guidelines for addressing climate change impacts
and groundwater management in the Indus Basin.
Way Forward
z Negotiation and Dialogue: Parties engage in dialogue
through the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) to
resolve disputes related to the treaty.
z Technical Solutions: Experts provide technical z Afghanistan's geostrategic significance, as the historic
resolutions for implementation issues in water center of power struggles and the "Graveyard of
infrastructure projects. Empires," holds political importance.

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z India's diplomatic ties with Afghanistan, known as Advocated for Afghanistan's inclusion in SAARC
the Gandhar-Bharat Sambandha, focus on economic (2005).
cooperation rather than military involvement. India Signed a Strategic Partnership Agreement with
and Afghanistan share a 106 km land boundary in Afghanistan (2011).
Ladakh. z Economic:
z Additionally, Afghanistan holds a near monopoly Implemented Preferential Trade Agreement,
on the global supply of heroin and morphine. granting duty cuts on Afghan dry fruits.
Afghanistan holds the first position contributing to
z Developmental Aid:
its economic influence.
Constructed Zaranj-Delaram Highway for better
Significance of India Afghan Relation trade access.
z Location: Afghanistan's strategic location serves as Built transmission lines and infra projects, including
a crossroads between East, West, Central, and the Salma Dam and Afghan Parliament.
Northeast Asia, with proximity to Iran, India, China, z Humanitarian Assistance:
and Russia. Provided school feeding programs and free
z Neighborhood First Policy: India prioritizes regional healthcare services.
security and prosperity, emphasizing the interests of Offering military aid and medical support.
neighboring countries.
Sent wheat and vaccines to combat COVID-19 and
z Regional Power Balance: India sees peace and improve ties.
stability in Afghanistan as integral to its vision of
z Cultural:
being a regional leader and global power.
Our PM received the highest civilian award from
z Countering Chinese Influence: India aims to counter
Afghanistan in 2016 (Amir Amanullah Khan
China's growing influence in the region, particularly
Award).
OBOR.
India extended ICCR fellowship and sports,
z Internal Security: Afghanistan's stability is crucial
particularly cricket, fostered intercultural relations.
for regional security, as it deals with radical ideology,
drug trafficking, and smuggling. US exit and Taliban 2.0
z Connectivity: Afghanistan's strategic location makes z American Troop Withdrawal: Taliban took over
it a significant trade and transit route, including the Afghanistan in August 2021 after the withdrawal of
India-Afghanistan Air Freight Corridor. American troops.
z Natural Resources: Afghanistan possesses vast z Current Situation under Taliban: The Taliban faces
mineral resources, estimated to be worth $1 trillion, challenges in governance, finances, and international
including copper, iron, and other metals. recognition. Security concerns persist, particularly
z Energy Security: Afghanistan has substantial with the presence of Islamic State Khorasan Province
untapped hydrocarbon reserves, including gas and (ISKP). Some restrictions on civil society have been
oil, and is part of the TAPI pipeline project. imposed.
z Trade: India and Afghanistan have a Preferential z India's Approach: India aims to restore people-
Trade Agreement benefiting Afghan dry fruits with to-people links, provide humanitarian assistance,
substantial tariff concessions.
counterterrorism cooperation, and engage in talks
z Strengthening UNSC Claim: India provides with the Taliban to preserve the gains made through
humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, demonstrating
developmental aid.
support for its stability and development.
z Reason behind Changing India’s Approach: It
Tracking Bilateral Relation is a paradigm shift where India is trying to fill the
z Political: void created by the USA. Apart from investment and
India supported Allied soldiers in Operation connectivity factors, limiting Pakistan and China’s
Enduring Freedom (2001). influence is also a key aspect.

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Challenges for India power to determine the future of Afghanistan on its
z Terrorism: Risks of transnational terrorism, own. But via proactive diplomacy and focused action on
radicalization & organized crime is very high. the ground, India needs to gain some sway and shape
outcomes in Afghanistan.
z Drug Trafficking: It is a part of the golden crescent
which gives it leverage in transportation and
2.3 INDIA - CHINA
distribution of drugs across the Asia continent and
further through ports to other nations.
Background
z Lack of direct connectivity: Afghanistan provides
z The 2020 clash between Indian and Chinese troops
connectivity to India with other West Asian
at Galwan, as well as the 2022 altercation between
countries but yet India shares only 106 Km border
them at Yangtse in Arunachal Pradesh, underscore the
with Afghanistan in the Ladakh region which has
ongoing boundary dispute and the intricate nature of
unconducive terrain.
the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between the two
z Pakistan’s interest: Pakistan's strategic security
countries.
objectives in Afghanistan almost certainly continue
to be countering Indian influence and mitigating. Tracking Bilateral Relation
z China's increasing influence: China has a keen z Historical Cycles: Over the past 75 years, India-China
interest in Afghanistan's economic potential. Chinese relations have experienced cycles of conflict and
companies have shown a strong interest in the mining cooperation.
industry in Afghanistan and have been eager to secure z Recent Episodes of Conflict: The Galwan Valley
access to these resources. clash in Ladakh in 2020 and the Tawang incident in
z New Great Game: where Pakistan, China, Russia and Arunachal Pradesh in 2022 were significant recent
Iran are aligning and looking to advance their own points of conflict.
interests in the new geopolitical order. z Increased Military Confrontations: Since 2013,
z Human Rights Violation: Corporal punishments and there has been a noticeable rise in serious military
public executions have resumed after surging back of confrontations along the Line of Actual Control (LAC),
Taliban. There are reports of extrajudicial killings, acknowledged by both sides.
torture and ill-treatment as well as arbitrary arrests z Unclear Border Demarcation: Certain stretches of
and detentions. the India-China border lack a mutually agreed Line
of Actual Control (LAC) due to unclear demarcation.
Way Forward
z Three Border Sectors: The India-China border is
z Engage with Taliban: Seek security guarantees in
divided into three sectors: Western (Ladakh), Middle
exchange for development aid.
(Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), and Eastern
z Regional collaboration: Cooperate with China, Iran,
(Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim).
and other nations for regional peace.
z Historical Alliances: Partnerships with other major
z Collaborate with US networks: Participate in Afghan
nations, such as the Soviet Union/Russia and the
peace negotiations and play a larger role.
United States, have hindered India and China from
z Support Kabul process: Maintain focus on becoming strategic partners and cooperating on
counterterrorism, women's rights, and democratic strategic matters.
principles.
z Power Gap: China's significantly larger GDP (five
z Mediation role: Act as a mediator for countries times that of India) has created challenges for India
interested in Afghanistan. to find a balance between being accommodating and
avoiding perceptions of surrender.
Conclusion
z Infrastructure Build-up: The military infrastructure
In terms of strategy, there are, in C. Rajamohan's opinion,
development in Tibet has contributed to a security
just as many disadvantages as benefits in Afghanistan.
dilemma, leading to potential escalation and the
India is realistic enough to recognise that it lacks the
temptation for either side to resort to war.

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Perspectives on the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
z India considers the LAC to stretch 3,488 km, while China's view is that it is approximately 2,000 km long.
z In the Eastern Sector, the LAC follows the McMahon Line, established during the 1914 Shimla Convention involving
Great Britain, China, and Tibet.
z Tawang, which was part of the British Empire's territory, is disputed by China.
z In 1993, both countries signed the Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the LAC.
z However, the agreement's wording was ambiguous, leaving it unclear whether it referred to the LAC of 1959 or
1962, or the LAC at the time of signing.

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z Current Situation
In Ladakh's western sector, the differences have expanded beyond Trig Heights in DBO and Demchok.
China now asserts expedient claims in areas like Depsang Bulge, Galwan, Pangong Lake, and Hot Springs.
After the 2020 Galwan incident, disengagement occurred at several friction points, while talks continue for
resolving the impasse at Depsang and Demchok.
In the central sector, the long-disputed Barahoti pasture in Uttarakhand remains a focal point.
In the eastern sector, China seeks to increase its presence in Tawang, Upper Subansiri, and near the Myanmar
trijunction.
Economic Perspectives of India China z Challenges in Boycotting China:

Relation 1. Reducing trade deficit may undermine efficiency.
2. Could hurt price-sensitive Indian consumers.
z From 2015 to 2022, India-China bilateral trade grew
3. Over 50% of imports from China are capital/
by 90.14%, an average yearly growth of 12.87%. In
intermediate goods.
2022, the overall trade with China increased by 8.47%
4. Minimal impact on China's overall exports.
year on year to reach USD 136.26 billion, crossing the
5. Potential loss of policy credibility with other
USD 100 billion mark for a second time in a row.
foreign investors.
z Reasons for India's Dependency on China:
1. Low manufacturing share in GDP, liberalized trade
& FDI.
2. Highly competitive Chinese goods (price, utility,
design).
3. Ineffectiveness of trade remedial measures.
Cultural Relations
z Steps to Restrict Chinese Imports in India: z As a mark of the historical civilizational contact
between India and China, India constructed a Buddhist
1. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for temple in Luoyang, Henan Province, inside the White
domestic manufacturing. Horse Temple complex which was said to have been
2. Use of free trade agreements with other partners. built in honor of the Indian monk Kashyapa Matanga
3. Changed FDI Policy to control Chinese investments. and Dharmaratna.
4. Implement anti-dumping duties. z Yoga is becoming increasingly popular in China. China
was one of the co-sponsors to the UN resolution
5. Restrict Chinese firms from public procurement.
designating June 21 as the International Day of Yoga.

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Educational Relationship Conclusion
z India and China signed the Education Exchange It is important that both India and China resolve their
Programme (EEP) which is an umbrella agreement differences and cooperate to usher in the Asian century
for educational cooperation between the two countries. as agreed in the Wuhan Consensus. As India and China
Under this agreement, government scholarships are both have world’s largest two populated countries, it
awarded to the students, by both sides, in recognized will be proved beneficial for both to cooperate with
institutions of higher learning in each other’s country. each other in trade and commerce, and with other
z Chinese students are also annually awarded domains. The border disputes that exist between two
scholarships to study Hindi at the Kendriya Hindi countries can be resolved through mutual cooperation
Sansthan(KHS), Agra.
and dialogue rather than military conflicts.
Indian Diaspora
z The Indian community in China is growing. Present 2.4 INDIA - NEPAL
estimates put the community strength to around
112,100. A major part of this comprises students, who Background
are pursuing courses in various universities in China.
z A number of Indians and PIOs are also working as
professionals with various multinational and Indian
companies.
Way Forward
z Enhanced Diplomacy: Strengthen dialogue and
communication channels to address concerns and
build trust.
z Confidence-Building Measures: Implement and
expand existing agreements to prevent misunder-
standings and reduce tensions.
z Economic Engagement: Promote trade and
investment ties for mutual benefit and economic z India and Nepal share a distinctive friendship and
cooperation. cooperation marked by open borders and strong
z Border Dispute Resolution: Continue negotiations people-to-people connections based on kinship and
and peaceful dialogues to find a mutually acceptable culture.
solution. z The foundation of this special relationship lies in the
z People-to-People Exchanges: Foster cultural, India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed
educational, and tourism exchanges to promote in 1950.
mutual understanding.
z Regional Cooperation: Collaborate in regional
forums to address common challenges and promote
stability.
z Environment and Climate: Work together on
environmental issues and climate change mitigation
efforts.
z Counterterrorism Cooperation: Strengthen joint
efforts to combat terrorism and extremist threats.
z Confidence-Building Military Measures: Implement
measures to avoid military confrontations along the
border.
z Crisis Management Mechanisms: Establish effective
mechanisms to manage and deescalate potential
crises.

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Significance India and Nepal share a rich Hindu and Buddhist
heritage, and both countries have signed sister-
city agreements to promote cultural exchange.
India is funding heritage projects in Patan
Durbar, including the Pashupatinath Riverfront
Development and the Bhandarkhal Garden
Restoration.
z Defence Cooperation:
Annual joint military exercise 'Surya Kiran' is
conducted by the Indian and Nepalese military.
The Gorkhas, a significant portion of the Indian
Army, have a historic connection with Nepal's
Bilateral Ties army.
z Economic: India provides equipment and training to the
India is Nepal's largest trade partner, representing Nepalese army to aid in modernization.
over two-thirds of merchandise trade, significant z Disaster Management:
investments, and petroleum supplies. Both nations participate in BIMSTEC for collective
India has maintained a trade surplus with Nepal disaster response.
since 2002-2003, with the trade balance ratio In the wake of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, GoI
growing from 40% to 80% in 2018-2019. was the first responder and carried out its largest
India remains Nepal's largest trade partner, with disaster relief operation abroad (Operation Maitri).
bilateral trade crossing US$ 7 billion in FY 2019- z Connectivity:
20. Nepal relies on India for access to the sea due to
During the last Indian financial year that ended being a landlocked country.
in March 2022, bilateral trade between India and Both countries are working on rail connectivity
Nepal saw a 41% increase over the previous and developing inland waterways to connect
financial year. Nepal with the Indian Ocean.
z Investment: Indian firms dominate foreign direct Integrated Check Posts along the borders, like
investment in Nepal, accounting for 40% of total Birgunj and Biratnagar, have eased trade and
approved investments, with approximately 150 transit.
operating Indian ventures.
An MoU was signed between India and Nepal on 1
z COVID assistance: As part of our Covid-19 assistance, February 2022 for the construction of a motorable
India had supplied more than 23 tonnes of medicines bridge across the Mahakali River connecting
and medical equipment to Nepal on Grant basis during Dharchula(India) with Darchula (Nepal), under
the first wave of COVID-19. Till date, more than 9.5 Indian grant assistance.
million doses of these vaccines have been sent to
z Indian Diaspora:
Nepal, both on grant and commercial basis.
Around 6,00,000 Indians are living/domiciled in
z Political:
Nepal. These include businessmen and traders
India and Nepal share strong bilateral ties rooted
who have been living in Nepal for a long time,
in history, culture, and religion, despite facing professionals (doctors, engineers, IT personnel)
persistent border disputes. and laborers (including seasonal/migratory in the
Both countries have an open border enabling construction sector).
free movement and are members of SAARC and z Digital Payment: Nepal, India sign pact for cross-
BIMSTEC. border digital payment which will help thousands
z Social: India and Nepal share close bonds through of tourists, students, pilgrims and people leaving for
marriages and familial ties, known as Roti-Beti ka medical treatment.
Rishta.
z Water Resources: Nepal's rivers are crucial to the Challenges
Ganges river basin, and a bilateral mechanism z Border Disputes: Occasional border disputes between
established in 2008 addresses water resources and India and Nepal, like the Kalapani-Limpiadora-
hydropower cooperation between India and Nepal. Lipulekh issue, have strained bilateral relations.
z Cultural Ties: z Political Instability: Nepal's frequent changes in
We have ‘Roti Beti ka rishta’.
government and political instability can impact the
consistency of bilateral engagements.

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z Geopolitical Competition: China's increasing
presence and influence in Nepal can sometimes create Nepal in Context of Uttar Pradesh
geopolitical challenges for India. z Uttar Pradesh has one international boundary
z Water Resource Management: Disagreements that is with Nepal and the total border length
over shared rivers and water resources have been a of the UP-Nepal border is 579 km. A total of
longstanding challenge between the two countries. seven districts of Uttar Pradesh touches the
z Transit and Trade Issues: Occasional disruptions in Nepal border. They are Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri,
cross-border transit and trade can affect economic Bahraich, Shravasti, Balrampur, Siddharthanagar,
cooperation between India and Nepal. Maharajganj.
z Migration and Security Concerns: Issues related z Rivers: Rivers originating in Nepal feed the
to cross-border migration and security challenges perennial river systems of India in terms of ecology
require close cooperation and coordination. and hydropower potential. West Rapti, also known
as the Kuwano, is a river which drains Rapti Zone
z Cultural Sensitivities: Addressing cultural in Mid-Western Region, Nepal, then Awadh and
sensitivities (as we have ‘Roti Beti ka rishta’) and Purvanchal regions of Uttar Pradesh state, and
respecting Nepal's sovereignty (allegation of finally India before joining the Ghaghara. It is a
supporting Madhesi Movement) is essential to major left bank tributary of the Ganges, and is also
maintain a harmonious relationship. known as the Karnali inside Nepal.
z Connectivity Delays: Delays or disagreements Connectivity Between Nepal and Uttar Pradesh:
in implementing connectivity projects can hinder z 22 remote villages along the India-Nepal border in
regional integration and economic cooperation. UP's Pilibhit district will benefit from a permanent
z Cross-Border Criminal Activities: Joint efforts are bridge to be built over the Sharda river.
necessary to combat cross-border criminal activities z There is also a railway connectivity between Nepal
and ensure security in the border region. and Uttar Pradesh in which Indian Railways will
Way Forward run its Bharat Gaurav Deluxe AC Tourist Train.
z Integrated Check Post: Setting up Integrated
z Timely Project Delivery: India needs to enhance its
Check Posts (ICPs) at Sunauli and Rupaidiha in
project delivery to meet the challenges effectively.
Uttar Pradesh (Nepal Border) has been approved
z Transit Agreement and Connectivity: Agreements in 2019 with immigration and customs facilities.
for Nepal's trade via India's inland waterways and
z Cultural Ties Between Nepal and Uttar Pradesh:
other connectivity initiatives were signed during the
Uttar Pradesh and Nepal not only share an open
visit.
border of over 579 kilometers but have an age-old
z Addressing Perceived Micro-Management: Nepal 'Roti-Beti' (Bread & Daughter) relationship, which
views India's perceived "micro-management" binds the people culturally and socially.
unfavorably, requiring attention to maintain positive
z Hinduism and Buddhism both have deep roots
relations. in Uttar Pradesh as well as in Nepal. Lumbini
z Friendship Treaty Revision: Kathmandu seeks being the birthplace of Gautama Budhha holds
to revise the 1950 India-Nepal Friendship Treaty, significance for people of India whereas Ayodhya
including border traffic regulation. hold significance for people of both the countries.
z Mindful of "Big Brother" Image: India must be Uttar Pradesh and Nepal governments have signed
mindful of its "big brother" image and restrain from Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to declare
navigating Nepal's domestic political issues. Ayodhya and Janakpur as twin cities.
z Immediate Action Needed: Given the importance z Economic activities: People from Uttar Pradesh
of ties, India should promptly address issues with and Nepal both work for their livelihood and carry
Nepal, especially amid tensions with China in Ladakh different activities like businessmen and traders,
and Sikkim. professionals doctors, engineers, IT personnel and
laborers.
z Strategic Significance: Nepal's unrestricted border
movement holds strategic significance for India's z Trade and commerce: U.P.'s proximity to Nepal
national security. is a key driver in the state's export. In 2019, for
the first time, exports to Nepal touched ₹ 7032.53
z Stability in Relations: Maintaining stable and good crores.
relations with Nepal is crucial for India's interests.
Challenges Between Uttar Pradesh and Nepal
z Explaining Benefits to Nepal: India should z Human Trafficking: Due to open border and easy
communicate the benefits enjoyed by millions of terrain, human trafficking and smuggling persist
Nepali citizens in India, preserving the centuries-old along the border.
bond between the nations.

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z Illegal migration: Due to illegal migration problems Conclusion
such as unemployment, criminal activities are The present bilateral treaties between India and Nepal
increasing. do not account for the movement of the Himalayan
z Unfair elections: Anti social elements hampered rivers. One major cause for this is a lack of a strategy
the local body polls in Uttar Pradesh. in which ecological considerations and river demands
z Conflict along borders: Presence of radical are frequently considered. As a result, India and Nepal
elements are creating conflicts which consequently should endeavor to resolve their boundary issue by
spread to other sides of the border. considering all shared environmental qualities.
2.5 INDIA - BHUTAN

z India and Bhutan share a distinct relationship rooted in their cultural, economic, and political history.
z Despite Bhutan's small size, it holds strategic

importance in South Asia and has been a crucial
partner for India in regional cooperation.
z Recent attention has focused on Bhutan's border
disputes with China and its relationship with India,
sparking concerns about potential distancing from
India.
z While Bhutan engages in negotiations with China
over territorial issues, the continuity of Bhutan-India
relations remains prominent.
Significance of Bhutan for India

z Strategic Significance: Bhutan's strategic location as
a buffer state between India and China is vital for
India's security interests.
z Defense and Infrastructure Support: India's z Border Infrastructure Development: India's support
assistance in defense, infrastructure, and in building and maintaining border infrastructure
communication has maintained Bhutan's sovereignty strengthens Bhutan's defense capabilities.
and territorial integrity.

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z Crucial Role during Doklam Standoff: Bhutan z Cultural Bonds: Strong cultural ties between Bhutan
played a crucial role during the 2017 Doklam standoff, and India, with support in preserving cultural heritage
and educational opportunities.
allowing Indian troops to resist Chinese incursions on
z Environmental Collaboration: India aids Bhutan
its territory. in achieving its carbon-neutral pledge, supporting
z Economic Partnership: India is Bhutan's largest renewable energy, forest conservation, and sustainable
trading partner and a major destination for its exports. tourism initiatives.
in 2021-22, accounting for about 80% of Bhutan's z Indian Diaspora: About 50,000 Indians are presently
overall trade, with the balance of trade in India's favor. working in Bhutan in the sectors of Infrastructure
Development, Education, Trade and Commerce, Arts,
z Energy Partnership: India's assistance in developing
Health and Information Technology, signifying close
hydropower projects helps Bhutan generate significant
people to people ties between India and Bhutan.
revenue.
Challenges in India-Bhutan Relations z Influence in the Region: China's increasing economic

z China's Growing Influence: Concerns arise due and diplomatic ties with Bhutan might weaken India's
to China's increasing presence in Bhutan, posing influence in the region, despite being one of India's
challenges to India's strategic interests. closest allies.
z Border Disputes: Incidents of border incursions by z China's Assertiveness: China's assertive foreign
Chinese forces and the Doklam standoff strain India- policy in the Asia-Pacific region may lead to tensions
Bhutan relations. with India and pose challenges to regional security
z Hydropower Projects: Concerns in Bhutan over the if it uses its influence in Bhutan to further fulfill its
terms of some hydropower projects, leading to public strategic goals.
opposition to Indian involvement in the sector.
In April 2023, Bhutan’s King visited India to
z Trade Imbalance: Bhutan seeks greater access to the
discuss the entire gamut of ties, including China-
Indian market to reduce the trade deficit and address
concerns over the trade imbalance. Bhutan boundary talks, with a focus on development
cooperation.
China-Bhutan Relations Concerning for Key Highlights of Visit:
India z Support to Bhutan’s Developmental Plans: India
has agreed to support Bhutan’s next development
z Border Disputes: Long-standing border disputes plans- “Transformation Initiatives and Reforms
between Bhutan and China, particularly in the western
Process”, including the 13th Five Year Plan.
region, could threaten India's security, as it is close to
the Siliguri Corridor connecting mainland India to its z Hydropower Cooperation:
northeastern states. India agreed to:
z Territory Claims: China disputes territories like consider Bhutanese requests for expediting
Doklam, Pasamlung, Jakarlung, Dramana, and others, long-delayed projects (Sankosh and
with strategic implications for India near the Siliguri Punatsangchhu).
Corridor.

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and expedited internet gateway will enhance trade
an upward revision of the tariff of the
between both countries.
Chhukha hydro-electric project and buying
power from the Basochhu power project. z Cultural Exchange: Promote cultural programs
for better understanding and appreciation of each
discuss buying power from the Basochhu
other's culture, and consider visa-free movement to
hydel project that was built with Austrian
strengthen sub-regional cooperation.
support in 2008.
z Strategic Cooperation: Strengthen strategic
z Infrastructure Projects:
collaboration to address shared security concerns,
India is also examining the possibility of setting
combat terrorism, drug trafficking, and transnational
up the first Integrated Check Post along the crimes.
India-Bhutan border at Jaigaon and expediting
z Renewable Energy: India can assist Bhutan in
the proposed Kokrajhar-Gelephu rail link
harnessing its hydropower potential by investing in
project.
renewable energy projects.
z Credit Facility: India has agreed to extend Bhutan
z Education and Skill Development: Provide
a third additional standby credit facility.
scholarships and training programs to support
z Financial Support: India discussed financial Bhutanese students' education and enhance
support for reforms and institutional capacity professional skills.
building, infrastructure and connectivity projects,
z Collaboration and cooperation: It's essential for
including the recent launch of the India-Bhutan
India and Bhutan to work collaboratively on these
satellite.
areas to strengthen their bilateral ties and achieve
mutual development goals.
Way Forward
Conclusion
z Enhanced Cooperation: India can invest in
The relationship between India and Bhutan has remained
infrastructure and tourism to boost Bhutan's economy,
solid and cordial, and it is marked by a high level of trust
fostering self-reliance and employment opportunities.
and understanding. Both nations must improve their
z Enhanced Trade: The first Integrated Check Post connection, which is a key component of India's "Act
(along the border near Jaigaon and Phuentsholing) East" and "Neighborhood First" initiatives.
2.6 INDIA - MYANMAR
Background

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z India and Myanmar share a strong bond rooted in Geo-Economic Aspects
common historical, ethnic, cultural, and religious links. z Energy Resources: Myanmar possesses substantial
z With over 1600 kilometers of land separating them oil and natural gas reserves in Rohingya-inhabited
and a marine border in the Bay of Bengal, Myanmar areas, offering energy security prospects.
serves as a gateway to South East Asia and is the
only ASEAN nation bordering India. z Indo-Pacific Engagement: As an essential partner
in India's Indo-Pacific Strategy, Myanmar strengthens
z As part of India's "Act East" and "Neighborhood First"
geopolitical links between India and Southeast Asia.
Policies, there is a desire to enhance collaboration
with Myanmar. z Synergy of Policies: Myanmar facilitates regional
cooperation by bridging India's "Neighborhood
z The relationship is characterized by the five Bs—
First" and "Act East" policies.
Buddhism, Business, Bollywood, Bharatnatyam,
and Burma teak—which influence perceptions of z Strategic Port Development: India's SAGAR Vision
India-Myanmar ties. includes the development of Sittwe Port, countering
China's Kyaukpyu port influence.
Recent Turmoil z Indo-Pacific Positioning: Myanmar plays a pivotal
z Two years have passed since the Military Coup on role in India's strategic positioning within the Indo-
February 1, 2021, when Myanmar Army (Tatmadaw) Pacific region.
seized power, the day new Members of Parliament
were to swear.
Bilateral Ties
z The coup was justified by the military alleging rigging Development Cooperation
by Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy z Mainly Grant-based Fund: Over $1.75 billion in
(NLD), which had won a significant victory in 2020 development aid provided to Myanmar through grants.
elections.
z Notable Initiatives: Rakhine State Development
z The coup seems to be motivated by the generals' Programme, India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral
fear that Suu Kyi, supported by democratic parties Highway Project, Kaladan Multimodal Transit
in Parliament, would amend the 2008 Constitution to Transport Project, and restoration of Bagan's Ananda
remove military influence. Temple.
z India’s Stand: India appears to be attempting to
Commercial Cooperation
maintain a neutral stance in Myanmar's current
political context. However, the opposition government, z Bilateral Trade: The two countries maintain
the National Unity Government (NUG), believes it is consistent trade volumes, reaching around $2 billion.
not the right approach. India is Myanmar's fourth-largest (Fifth largest in
2021-22) trading partner.
Myanmar's Significance for India z Energy: Myanmar has potential as an energy partner,
joint working group on cooperation in oil, gas, and
Geo-Strategic Significance
power sectors.
z Border Proximity: Myanmar shares a 1643 km long
z Investment: 13 Indian public sector enterprises in
land border with India's north-eastern states.
various industries have presence in Myanmar.
z Stability Concerns: The Rohingya migration crisis
and the military coup create regional instability. Enhancing Connectivity
z Strategic Location: Situated at the intersection of z International Entry/Exit Points: Tamu-Moreh
China, India, ASEAN, and the Bay of Bengal, Myanmar and Rih-Zowkhawthar land border posts officially
holds geostrategic importance. opened, steps taken for full functionality.
z Internal Security: India's northeast region relies on z Other Connectivity Projects: Kaladan Multimodal
Myanmar to contain insurgency, making it crucial for Transit Transport Project, Trilateral Highway Project
India's security. and Asian Highway Network (under UNESCAP) etc.
z Active Participation: Both nations are members of z The Myanmar/Malaysia India Singapore Transit
international organizations like BIMSTEC, ASEAN (MIST) cable system connects Singapore, Malaysia,
Regional Forum, Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, UN, and Myanmar, Thailand, India (Mumbai and Chennai) for
WTO. boosting telecom connectivity.

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Disaster Relief z The border's inhospitable terrain provides cover for
z India provides quick and successful aid in the wake of Indian Insurgent Groups (IIGs).
natural disasters in Myanmar. z Security issues cause delays in infrastructure projects
z India launched ‘Operation Karuna’ to assist Myanmar including the Trilateral Highway, Kaladan Multi-
which has been devastated by Cyclone Mocha in May modal Transport, and Transit Project.
2023.
Way Forward
Culture z Active engagement with Myanmar's military due to its
z Buddhist Heritage: Strong cultural linkages and deep key role in any democratic transition.
affinity between India and Myanmar. z Balancing restoration of democratic process and
z Notable Initiatives: Repair, preservation, and addressing Indian concerns with the army.
restoration of damaged pagodas in Bagan's Ananda z Leveraging cultural diplomacy through Buddhism to
Temple. strengthen ties with Myanmar.
z Utilizing India's "Buddhist Circuit" initiative to build
Cooperation
goodwill and trust with Buddhist-majority countries.
z Defence Cooperation Agreement: Signed in July
z Resolving the Rohingya issue to improve bilateral
2019 to increase military engagement. and subregional economic cooperation.
z Exercises: India-Myanmar Bilateral Army Exercise
(IMBAX), Indian Navy-Myanmar Navy Bilateral Conclusion
Exercise (IN-MN BILAT), Joint Naval Exercise India- India once again faces a dilemma on the approach it
Myanmar Coordinated Patrol (IMCOR). should take towards Myanmar. A cautious approach
z Operation Sunrise: The strategy is aimed at hitting while engaging other stakeholders at the second track
militant groups that are impacting both India and level could possibly guide us to the light at the end of the
Myanmar. tunnel. The bottom line is—a hard calculated realistic
approach weighing the evolving ground situation alone
Maritime Cooperation will deliver the objectives of our foreign policy.
z Blue Economy: Important pillar of BIMSTEC, both
countries working together for the sustainable use 2.7 INDIA - BANGLADESH
of ocean resources for growth, job creation, and
environmental sustainability. Background
z Sittwe Port: Built under India's SAGAR program for
maritime cooperation and growth.
Indian Diaspora
z A large number of the Indian community live in Bago
(Zeyawaddy & Kyautaga) and Tanintharyi Regions and
Mon State and are primarily engaged in farming. The
NRI families in Myanmar mainly live in Yangon and are
engaged in export import business or are employees
of MNCs based in India, Singapore and Thailand.
Challenges for India

z China's economic grip and projects in Myanmar,
influencing the Northeast insurgency.
z China intends to establish a Special Economic Zone.
As part of its ambitious Belt and Road Initiative, it
is now asking for an ownership stake in a naturally
occurring deep sea harbor in Kyaukpyu.
z Aung San Suu Kyi's silence on the Rohingya crisis
affecting India's national security in the northeast.
z Porous Indo-Myanmar border facilitating cross-
border movement of militants, arms, and drugs.

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z India shares deep civilizational, cultural, social,
and economic ties with Bangladesh. India played
a significant role in the birth of an independent
Bangladesh and was the foremost nation to
acknowledge its status as a separate state in 1971.
z The relationship between India and Bangladesh is
built on the values of sovereignty, equality, trust,
understanding, and a mutually beneficial partnership.
z In recent years, the relationship has been further
strengthened, including cooperation in advanced high
tech sectors.
z Both countries are active members of SAARC, BIMSTEC,
BBIN, IORA and Commonwealth etc.
Significance of relations today

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Depth of Bilateral Relations z Water Sharing: India and Bangladesh have 54 shared
z Economic Ties: Trade and commerce have flourished, rivers. The Ganga Waters Treaty of 1996 ensures
fostering prosperity for both populations. Bangladesh, water sharing during the lean season (January 1 to
which exported goods valued at a mere US$ 498.42 May 31) for the river Ganga. The recent Kushiyara
million in 2011–12, has now increased its exports to Pact, a memorandum of understanding on sharing of
US$ 1990 million in 2021–22. Similarly, Indian exports waters of Kushiyara river will benefit communities in
to Bangladesh have also increased from US$ 4743.30 Southern Assam and the Sylhet region of Bangladesh.
million in 2011–12 to US$ 13690.00 million in 2021–
22. Both governments have approved 6 Border Haats, z Power and Energy Sector Cooperation: The India-
with 4 in Meghalaya and 2 in Tripura. Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline Project was signed
Bangladesh is India's biggest trade partner in
in 2018. Additionally, India and Bangladesh have
South Asia and India is the second biggest trade signed the Framework of Understanding (FOU) for
partner of Bangladesh in Asia. Despite Covid-19 cooperation in the Hydrocarbon Sector.
related disruptions, bilateral trade grew at an z Water: With 54 transboundary rivers shared between
unprecedented rate of almost 44% from USD 10.78 the two countries, effective water management is key
bn in FY 2020-21 to US$ 18.14 bn in FY 2021-22.
to ensuring prosperity.
Concerns and Challenges z Teesta River Water Dispute: From India, the Teesta
River flows through Bangladesh before entering the
z Illegal Migrants: The NRC (National Register of
Bay of Bengal. This river provides water for almost
Citizens) has resulted in the exclusion of 1.9 million six districts in West Bengal. It is a significant source
individuals in Assam, who are being labeled as illegal of irrigation for Bangladesh's larger Rangpur region,
immigrants from Bangladesh. However, Bangladesh which is known for its paddy fields.
refused to agree on that. The lack of agreement between the national
government and the state government of Bengal is
z China’s Influence: Bangladesh heavily relies on
the barrier because water is a state matter in India.
China for military equipment, and China's economic In the meantime, the two countries' disagreement
influence in the country is expanding. Bangladesh is over Teesta water sharing has not yet been settled
a part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). by treaty.

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Way Forward
z Bangladesh's remarkable economic growth makes it a has become key. The enormous challenges they face also
crucial partner in the region. require close cooperation. Bangladesh remains India’s
z There is ample opportunity for India and Bangladesh key partner in the region, and is crucial both for stability
to elevate their relationship to the next level, based on in the north-eastern region and as a bridge to South-
cooperation, coordination, and consolidation. East Asia.
z It is crucial to address specific issues such as the
Teesta river dispute and respond to Dhaka's plea for 2.8 INDIA - SRI LANKA
assistance regarding the Rohingya crisis.
Historical Ties
Conclusion
z Over 2500-year Relationship: India and Sri
Given India-Bangladesh geographical proximity as
Lanka have a long-standing relationship marked by
neighbours, the two countries are bound by a common extensive intellectual, cultural, religious, and linguistic
destiny. In a globally connected world, interdependency exchanges.

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Bilateral Bond z "India First" Policy: Sri Lanka emphasizes its "India
first" strategy, while maintaining friendly relations
India as a Relative with China.
z According to Mahinda Rajpaksha, a former prime
minister of Sri Lanka, India is considered a relative, Geopolitical Significance of Sri Lanka
setting it apart from other countries that are merely z Trade Hub: Sri Lanka's strategic location on key water
seen as friends. routes connecting the Indian Ocean is significant for
India.
Economic Cooperation z Indo-Pacific Strategy: India and Sri Lanka work
z Largest trading partner: India-Sri Lanka bilateral together to ensure free and open access to navigation
merchandise trade in 2021 reached US$5.45 billion, in the Indo-Pacific region, responding to Chinese
marking a 48% increase from 2020. aggression in the South China Sea.
z Currency swap: India's Reserve Bank granted Sri z Indian Ocean's Great Game: The Indian Ocean is
Lanka a $400 million currency exchange facility to becoming a focal point for strategic interests, making
enhance foreign reserves amid COVID-19. Sri Lanka's location crucial.
z Investment: India's FDI investments in Sri Lanka
exceeded US$2.2 billion, with India attracting the Defence and Security Cooperation
highest FDI of $142 million in 2021. z Military Exercises: India and Sri Lanka conduct joint
military and naval exercises to strengthen defense
Political Relations cooperation.
z High-level exchanges: Frequent high-level visits have z Trilateral Maritime Security Agreement: India,
been a defining feature of the political relationship Sri Lanka, and the Maldives have signed a trilateral
between the two nations. maritime security cooperation agreement for
z Neighborhood First Policy: India's commitment to enhanced surveillance, anti-piracy operations, and
regional development and cooperation aligns with its reduced maritime pollution in the Indian Ocean
"Neighborhood First" policy. region.

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Developmental Assistance z Denied citizenship to many Tamils, leading to poverty
z Community Development: Bilateral agreements aim among those living in tea estates. Civil war and human
to increase High Impact Community Development rights abuses resulted in civilian deaths.
Projects (HICDP).
China Factor
z Rehabilitation and Relief: India provides housing
z Concerns over China's 99-year lease of Hambantota
and medical infrastructure for internally displaced
Port and the presence of Chinese submarines, raising
Tamils.
security questions.
z Financial Support: India extends Lines of Credit
z Challenges in the joint venture between India and Sri
(LoC) and emergency financial assistance during Sri
Lanka to manage Mattala Rajapaksa International
Lanka's financial crisis.
Airport due to its proximity to the China-operated
Cultural and Educational Cooperation Hambantota port.
Cultural Cooperation Agreement: India and Sri
z
Fisherman Issue (Katchatheevu Island)
Lanka have had a cultural cooperation agreement
z Conflict over Katchatheevu island's ownership and
since 1977.
Indian fishermen's rights to traditional fishing.
z Scholarships and Training: India offers scholarships
z Escalated arrests and attacks on Indian fishermen,
for Sri Lankan students and provides training
leading to the establishment of a Joint Working Group
opportunities for representatives from Sri Lankan
framework for finding a long-term solution.
government ministries.
z People-to-People Ties: Cultural connections, India’s Financing Assurance
including Buddhism and Tamil heritage, strengthen z India supports Sri Lanka's debt restructuring program
bonds between India and Sri Lanka. The Swami with financial assurances to the IMF.
Vivekananda Cultural Centre, Colombo fosters cultural z IMF approved the Extended Fund Facility (EFF)
ties. for supporting revival of Sri Lanka’s economy after
receiving financial assurances from India.
Issues and Challenges
Trade Balance in Favour of India
Tamil Issue
z India's higher exports ($4.16 billion) to Sri Lanka
z Discrimination against religious and linguistic compared to Sri Lanka's exports ($767 million) to
minorities, lack of official status for Tamil, and India in 2018.
prioritization of Buddhism in employment and
z Sri Lanka seeking improved market access in India
education. and reducing trade disparity.
Recent Economic Crisis

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Impact Private Investment
z High inflation: Inflation has risen to record levels, z Deepen India's private investment in Sri Lanka's
making it difficult for people to afford basic necessities. infrastructure, energy, and connectivity sectors.
z Shortages of essential goods: There is shortage of z Timely implementation of investment projects is
essential goods such as fuel, food, and medicine. crucial.
z Power cuts: There are frequent power cuts, which
have disrupted businesses and made it difficult for Leveraging Blue Economy
people to go about their daily lives. z Collaborate with countries like Japan and Australia
z Protests: There have been widespread protests to bolster Sri Lanka's infrastructure and connectivity.
against the government, calling for its resignation. z Utilize Blue Economy resources for sustainable
Way Forward growth.
Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA)
z Sign CEPA to strengthen economic cooperation
between India and Sri Lanka.
z Foster trade and investment opportunities.
Aiding Fishermen
z Provide assistance from the department of ocean
development and agriculture ministry to support
fishermen in Palk Bay.
z Help fishermen explore alternative income sources.
Moragoda said that Sri Lanka and Uttar Pradesh

have always had cordial relations since the Ramayana
z Reducing the budget deficit: The government needs period and that the dialogue will prove to be very
to reduce the budget deficit by increasing taxes and important in the direction of greater cooperation
cutting spending. in the field of culture and tourism between the two
z Reducing foreign debt: The government needs to countries. Moragoda is the high commissioner of Sri
restructure its foreign debt in order to make it more Lanka to India from 2020.
manageable.
z Diversifying the economy: The government needs to
diversify the economy in order to reduce its reliance Conclusion
on tourism. India considers the Island nation as a “Priority One”
India Sri Lanka Road Ahead partner in the defence sphere. India is committed to
enhance its friendship and cooperation with Sri Lanka in
Connectivity all spheres of bilateral relations. Due to the geographic
z Develop Palk strait bridge for economic integration proximity and people-to-people connect, Sri Lanka’s
between India and Sri Lanka.
political and security stability is in India’s interests.
z Implement Economic Integration Roadmap (EIRM)
to connect 5 southern Indian states with Sri Lanka However, India must ensure that its vital interests are
(Population of 300 million people and a combined not compromised while trying to help Sri Lanka tide
GDP of over $500 billion) over its internal and external challenges.
v v v

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3 India and International
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

3.1 INDIA - USA safeguards. Further, India and the USA have extended
their Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation
Background on the Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership
z India-US relations evolved from 'estranged (GCNEP) which supports international cooperation in
democracies' to 'Natural Allies', forming a nuclear energy applications.
"comprehensive global strategic partnership" based z India-US 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue: Led by Foreign
on democratic values and shared interests. and Defense Ministries of both countries as a
z In recent times, there has been a notable shift in Indian reflection of the shared commitment to provide a
foreign policy, as the reflexive anti-Americanism that positive, forward-looking vision for the India-U.S.
once characterized, it is no longer evident. strategic partnership and to promote synergy in their
diplomatic and security efforts.
Bilateral Ties
Trade: PM Visit in June 2023
z India enjoys a trade surplus with the US, with exports News
exceeding imports. The US is India's top trading z India and the United States have agreed to
partner in 2022-23.
start negotiations for a 'Security of Supply'
The bilateral trade between India and the U.S. has
(SoS) arrangement and a 'Reciprocal Defence
increased by 7.65% to USD 128.55 billion in 2022- Procurement' (RDP) agreement, aiming to
23 as against USD 119.5 billion in 2021-22. strengthen supply chain stability and defense
Exports to the U.S. rose by 2.81% to USD 78.31 cooperation between the two nations.
billion in 2022-23 as against USD 76.18 billion in
2021-22, while imports grew by about 16% to USD Key Highlights
50.24 billion. z Assembling Electric Jets in India: Discussions
z Trade Policy Forum: Established in 2005 as the ongoing for assembling General Electric GE F-414
primary mechanism for forging robust bilateral trade jets in India.
ties and enhancing the bilateral economic relationship z Drone Deal: Under the proposed $3.5 billion deal,
to benefit working people in both countries. India will acquire 31 MQ9B high altitude, long
endurance drones — 15 Sea Guardians for Navy
Defence
and eight Sky Guardians each for Army and IAF —
z The Indo-US defense trade is flourishing, reaching from the US.
$119.42 billion, and it is now regarded as the
"Brightest Spot" in their bilateral ties. z Defence Industrial Cooperation: Roadmap
concluded for policy direction, promoting
z Defence Agreements: Basic Exchange and
co-development and co-production of defense
Cooperation Agreement (BECA), which, along with
equipment.
the two agreements signed earlier — the Logistics
Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) z Capacity Building and Infrastructure
and the Communications Compatibility and Security Development: Focus on Market Development
Agreement (COMCASA)—completes a troika of Assistance (MDA), strategic infrastructure to
“foundational pacts” for deep military cooperation promote development.
between the two countries. z US-India Defence Acceleration Ecosystem
(INDUS-X): To strengthen ties between defense
Bilateral Dialogue industrial ecosystems to make them more
z Civil Nuclear Cooperation (2008): It enabled innovative, accessible, and resilient.
India to place its civilian nuclear facilities under
Miscellaneous z US-Pakistan Relationship: US concerns over
z Security: Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism human rights in Kashmir may favor Pakistan's
for India-US commitment and partnership in internationalization efforts.
combating the menace of terrorism. z WTO and Trade: Disagreements on Doha Development
z S&T and Space Cooperation: Indo-US Science and Agenda and tariff regimes.
Technology Forum (IUSSTF) and NASA-ISRO joint z Services and Agriculture: Obstacles in services
project for a synthetic aperture radar (NISAR). industries and agricultural exports.
z Diaspora/People-to-People Ties: Over 4.2 million z Intellectual Property: India on the Priority Watch
Indian origin people in the US, with Indian students List in the US "Special 301" report.
favoring the US for higher education.
z Defense Trade: India seeks more technology-sharing,
International Cooperation while the US wants reforms in India's defense policy.
z QUAD: Known as the 'Quadrilateral Security z Regional Integration: Absence from major regional
Dialogue', the QUAD is an informal strategic forum trade agreements may limit cooperation.
comprising four nations, namely --USA, India, Australia z Geostrategic Differences: Differences in focus on
and Japan to work for a free, open, prosperous and Afghanistan, Indo-Pacific, Middle East, Russia-Ukraine,
inclusive Indo-Pacific region. and China.
z I2U2: I2U2 stands for India, Israel, the UAE, and the z Climate Change: Disagreements over financial
US, and is also referred to as the 'West Asian Quad' commitments and Net Zero emission targets.
aims to cooperate on "joint investments and new z Data Sovereignty: Differences on free flow of data
initiatives in water, energy, transportation, space, and data localization.
health, and food security."
z Collaboration at UN, WTO, World Bank, IMF, Way Forward
G-20, Quad, IORA, ASEAN and other multilateral z Connectivity: Joint investment in India and Asia-
organizations. Africa growth corridor proposal can counter Chinese
z Blue Dot Network: Part of US Indo-Pacific strategy projects in the Indian Ocean region.
to counter China's BRI, through building and financing
z Maritime Cooperation: Collaboration in blue
quality infrastructure projects.
economy and maritime domain awareness.
z US Support for UNSC Membership: Backing India's
z Trade: Finalizing the Bilateral Investment Treaty to
permanent membership in reformed UNSC and early
achieve the $500 billion trade target by 2025.
NSG inclusion.
z Global Development Partnership: Extended for five z Supply Chain De-risking: Working with India,
years, a global development partnership agreement Australia, and Japan to create a virtuous cycle of
that provides for jointly offering assistance to their enhancing supply chain resilience with a view to
partner countries in areas of connectivity, trade and eventually attaining strong, sustainable, balanced and
investments, healthcare and agriculture. inclusive growth in the region.
z Triangular Cooperation: Both Countries are working z Space Governance: Focus on space governance due
together to promote global progress and achieve to shared concerns about China's space capabilities.
shared development goals around the world. z Indo-Pacific Cooperation: Ensuring a free, open, and
FTF ITT: The FTF-ITT (Feed the Future-India rule-based Indo-Pacific region.
Triangular Training) envisages partnership z Technology Transfer: Utilizing India's Demographic
between the US and India to work with partner Dividend for technology transfer, manufacturing,
countries in Asia and Africa to increase agricultural trade, and investment.
productivity and improve food security.
According to information received from the media on
Issues in Indo-US Relationship July 19, 2023, the production of pistols, revolvers
z India-Russia Friendship: Russian arms supply and cartridges will start this year with the technology
hinders interoperability with US military equipment. of American company Smith & Wesson in the Uttar
z CAATSA Threat: US threatens sanctions on India Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor Aligarh Node.
for S-400 missile defense deal with Russia under For this, India's Veriwin Defense Company has signed
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions an agreement with American arms manufacturer
Act (CAATSA). Smith & Wesson.
UPPSC India and International 37

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Conclusion Issues
Indo-US relations have undergone unprecedented z Khalistan Movement: Presence of Khalistani
transformation in recent times. It is the high time to separatists in Canada challenge India's sovereignty.
sustain the high-level of engagement between our z Trade and Investment Barriers: Pending agreements
governments, industries, and academic institutions and hinder deeper commercial ties.
realize the ambitious vision for an enduring India-U.S. z Immigration and Asylum: Sikh youth seeking asylum
partnership that advances the aspirations of our people impact relations.
for a bright and prosperous future, serves the global z Handling Sikh Diaspora: Canadian politicians'
good, and contributes to a free, open, inclusive, and approach to gain support raises concerns.
resilient Indo-Pacific. z Security Cooperation: Stronger collaboration to
counter terrorism is expected.
3.2 INDIA - CANADA z External Interference: Concerns over external forces
supporting separatist activities.
Background
z India and Canada share long standing bilateral Way Forward
relations. z Continue to prioritize and strengthen bilateral ties.
z Strong ties are based on shared values of democracy z Explore economic opportunities through agreements
and pluralism. like the Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement.
z Canada has a significant Indian diaspora, with about
1.4 million people of Indian origin, about 3.7% of the z Engage in constructive dialogue and cooperation.
country's total population. z Remain vigilant about potential security concerns
related to the Khalistan movement.
Bilateral Ties
Killing of Nijjar
Economic
Recently, Canadian Prime Minister Justin
z India was Canada's 9th largest trading partner in Trudeau's alleged regarding the Indian government's
2022. involvement in the fatal shooting of Khalistan terrorist
z Both countries aim to deepen commercial relations Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a designated terrorist in India.
through a Comprehensive Economic Partnership In its response, the Indian government outrightly
Agreement (CEPA) and a Foreign Investment denied the allegation and accused Canada of
Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA). sheltering “Khalistani terrorists and extremists”, and
said that the “inaction of the Canadian government on
Strategic and International Collaboration this matter has been a long-standing and continuing
concern”.
z Counter-Terrorism: India and Canada cooperate
on counter-terrorism efforts to address security
challenges. 3.2.1 Khalistan Issue
z Multilateral Engagements: Both countries work
together in multilateral fora such as the United Background
Nations, UNESCO, and the World Trade Organization z Sikh separatists in Canada pose an organized challenge
to address global issues and promote common values. to India's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
z Large Sikh diaspora residing in Canada, Australia, and
Cultural the UK, with Canada being in the spotlight recently.
z Sikh Diaspora: Canada has a significant Sikh z The Khalistan movement seeks to create an
community, contributing to over 2% of the total independent state for Sikhs within India.
population. Sikhs in Canada play an important role in
various aspects of Canadian life and politics, fostering Bilateral Ties and Issue
cultural ties between the two nations. z Canadian politicians appease Khalistan separatists for
z Educational and People-to-People Ties: India and electoral support from Sikh constituencies.
Canada prioritize collaboration in education and skills z Offensive tableau depicting the assassination of late
training, encouraging greater cooperation between PM Indira Gandhi during a parade in Brampton,
educational and technical institutions. Canada.

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z Roots of Khalistan movement traced back to the 1985 Bilateral trade stands at $11.87 billion for
Air India Flight 182 bombing. FY 2019-20, with Japan being the 5th largest
z Despite condemnations, Canadian politicians have not investor in India's economy and India as the 18th
effectively countered Khalistan elements. largest trading partner for Japan.
Defense Cooperation:
Way Forward z
Joint defense exercises, Acquisition and Cross-

z India urges Canada to take stronger actions against
Khalistan separatist activities. Servicing Agreement (ACSA) signed for supply and
services exchange, enhancing military cooperation.
z Strengthen bilateral ties and prioritize national
interests over appeasement policies. India and Japan signed a joint declaration in
z Canadian leaders should not compromise their 2008 to enhance security cooperation through
relations with India for electoral gains. meetings between defense ministers and military
talks.
z Canada's support to separatists may lead to naming
and shaming on international forums. Japan aims to assist India in modernizing its armed
z Address the influence of Sikh diaspora and ensure forces by offering military-technical cooperation
they are not misled by extremist elements. and providing US-2 amphibian aircraft and Soryu
submarines.
z Collaborate to counter terrorism and extremist
ideologies, promoting peaceful dialogue instead. z Strategic Cooperation:
Initiatives like the Indo-Pacific Ocean's Initiative
On 2 May 2023, under the direction of Saumya and Supply Chain Resilience Initiative strengthen
Mishra from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, for the strategic ties.
first time 'Millet Fair' and 'Swaraj - The Saga of 2+2 Dialogue enhances communication between
Independence' were organized in Toronto, Canada. defense and foreign affairs officials.
Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) promotes
Conclusion cooperation in developmental projects.
Relations between the two nations have reached
their lowest point in years following Canadian Prime
Minister Justin Trudeau's statement regarding "credible
allegations" of Indian involvement in the assassination.
There is a need to engage in constructive dialogue and
cooperation to boost the economic, strategic and cultural
ties.
3.3 INDIA - JAPAN
Background
z India and Japan established diplomatic ties in 1952
with the signing of the Peace Treaty after World
War II, laying the foundation for a long-standing
relationship between the two nations. z Cultural Affiliation:
z 70th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations: 2022 Partner City Affiliation Agreement between
marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of Varanasi and Kyoto in 2014 fosters cultural ties.
India-Japan diplomatic relations. Historical links through Buddhism influence
z National Mourning for Shinzo Abe: India observed Japanese culture.
a one-day national mourning to pay respect to z Science & Technology Collaboration:
former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe after his India-Japan Emerging Technology and Innovation
assassination.
Fund launched in 2019 for joint research.
Significance of India-Japan and Bilateral Collaboration between ISRO and JAXA on the
Ties LUPEX mission showcases scientific partnership.

z Economic Cooperation: z Multilateral Cooperation:
CEPA signed in 2011, promoting trade and Active engagement in global platforms like QUAD
investment. Currency Swap Agreement renewed, G20, G4, etc., fostering collaboration on global
strengthening financial ties. issues.

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Issues in Bilateral Relations z Knowledge Exchange for Disaster Risk Reduction:
z Strategic Autonomy: India's foreign policy strategy, India can learn from Japan's expertise in disaster
driven by the priorities of security, economic management to develop effective policies and
development, and status, creates restraints on further measures for disaster risk reduction in vulnerable
improvement in relations with Japan as India seeks to areas.
maintain strategic autonomy. z Toward a Multipolar Asia: By reshaping their Asian
z Economic Disputes: strategic landscape, India and Japan can emerge as
world powers, fostering an open and secure Indo-
Military Technology: Japan's offer to assist India
Pacific region.
in modernizing its military capabilities through
the sale of US-2 amphibious planes and Soryu Conclusion
submarines faces pricing disagreements.
India and Japan are great democracies and aim at
Trade Dispute: India's imposition of safeguard
the ideals of a value-based order. The need to form
charges on iron and steel imports from Japan the rules-based order was needed to tackle Chinese
resulted in a recent World Trade Organization
assertiveness and expansionism in the Indo-Pacific
decision against India.
region. Further, India and Japan aim to form a new
z RCEP Withdrawal: India's decision to pull out of security architecture which mainly covers maritime
the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic security and cooperation.
Partnership (RCEP) trade deal impacts Japan's wish
for India to join and counter China through the 3.4 INDIA - RUSSIA
agreement.
Osaka Declaration: India's refusal to sign the "Osaka
z
Background
Track" framework at the G20 conference due to
concerns over terrorism not being given sufficient z Amidst the backdrop of the US-China confrontation in
priority. the Indo-Pacific and other geopolitical factors, India's
z Indo-Pacific Strategy: India's primary focus on relationship with Russia has seen transformation and
the Indian Ocean region and Japan's focus on the increased relevance in the ever-changing world.
Pacific Ocean region pose challenges in formulating z Elevating their ties to a 'Special and Privileged
a coherent Indo-Pacific strategy. Partnership' during the Sochi Summit in 2018,
z Different Views on Third Parties: related to China, India and Russia share deep mutual trust, aligning on
Russia, etc. common foreign policy goals for a multipolar world
order.
Way Forward
z Curbing Indo-Pacific Hegemony: India and Japan Bilateral Ties
should collaborate to counter the rise of any securing
hegemony in the Indo-Pacific region, focusing on Trade
preventing dominance by major powers like the US z Bilateral trade stands at $8.1 billion in FY 2020-21,
and China. with strategic economic dialogues focusing on key
z Digital Empowerment Cooperation: Both countries cooperation areas.
can join forces to enhance digital infrastructure by
z India's participation in the Eastern Economic Forum
promoting joint projects in areas such as 5G, Open
and the proposal of a maritime route from Chennai to
RAN, Telecom Network Security, submarine cable
Vladivostok enhance economic engagement.
systems, and Quantum Communications.
z Strengthening India's Act East Policy: India's Act East Energy
Policy, which prioritizes engagement with Southeast z India's ONGC Videsh, the overseas arm of state-
and East Asian nations, should be further reinforced owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) holds
to address contemporary challenges effectively.
20% stakes in Sakhalin oil and gas plant, emphasizing
z Supporting Strategic Connectivity: Japan can energy collaboration.
cooperate with India in supporting strategic
z Joint exploration of hydrocarbons in the Arctic region
connectivity between South Asia and Southeast Asia,
aligning the "Act East" policy with the "Partnership and cooperation in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power
for Quality Infrastructure." Plant underscore energy partnerships.

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z Nuclear Energy: Russia is a significant partner Russia's foreign policy. As a result, Russia has aligned
in India's peaceful use of nuclear energy, with itself more closely with China.
collaborations in nuclear power projects in both India z Economic ties: India and Russia have strong economic
and Bangladesh. ties, but these ties have been declining in recent years.
Geopolitical Convergence This is due to a number of factors, including the global
economic slowdown and the rise of China as a trading
z Shared goal of a Multipolar World Order, cooperation
partner for India.
through BIMSTEC and SCO to realize this objective.
z Differing views on global issues: India and Russia
z Both countries view China as a strategic adversary,
have different views on a number of global issues,
deepening cooperation to counter Chinese influence.
such as the Middle East, climate change, and nuclear
Defence non-proliferation. These differences can sometimes
z Russia is India's biggest arms supplier, showing make it difficult for the two countries to cooperate
significant reliance on Russian military equipment. on these issues.
z The S-400 deal demonstrates India's interest in z Multilateral Collaboration: Both countries
strategic autonomy and technology sharing with collaborate in multilateral forums such as BRICS, SCO,
Russia. and RIC, advocating for a multipolar world order and
z Collaboration in Brahmos missile development, addressing global challenges collectively.
military exercises, and defence cooperation
agreements further strengthen ties.
Way Forward
z Acknowledging Mutual Importance: Russia remains
Cultural Relations a key defense partner for India, while maintaining a
z Russian students learning Hindi and cultural exchange quasi-alliance with China. Russia seeks India to act as
programs foster strong cultural ties. a balancer in their relationship.
z "Festival of India in Russia" and exhibitions z Joint Military Production: India and Russia explore
commemorating Mahatma Gandhi showcase the cooperation in using India as a production base for
cultural richness of both nations. exporting Russian-origin equipment and services to
Space Technology: third countries.
z Collaboration in space exploration, satellite launches, z Timely Maintenance Support: To address India's
and the Gaganyan mission highlight the mutual concern about timely supply of spares for Russian
cooperation in the field of space technology. military hardware, Russia has allowed joint ventures
in India following a 2019 Inter-Governmental
Challenges in India - Russia Relation Agreement, which must be implemented promptly.
z The Ukraine crisis: India has been trying to maintain z Regional Connectivity: Proposals like the maritime
a neutral stance on the Ukraine crisis, which has route from Chennai to Vladivostok aim to enhance
strained relations with Russia. Russia has been critical regional connectivity and promote economic
of India's stance, and there have been concerns that engagement between the two countries.
Russia could retaliate against India by reducing arms z People-to-People Contacts: Cultural exchanges,
sales or other forms of cooperation. language education, and interest in Indian arts,
z The rise of China: China is a major challenge for both dance, music, Yoga, and Ayurveda contribute to strong
India and Russia. China is a rising power in Asia, and people-to-people ties between India and Russia.
it has been expanding its influence in the region. This
Conclusion
has led to concerns in both India and Russia that China
The India-Russia partnership is longstanding and time-
could pose a threat to their security.
tested, one of steadiest of the major relationships in the
z Proximity to the US: India's burgeoning ties with
world. Although the relations between the two countries
the United States, including a growing defense
have remained exceptionally warm and cordial, their full
relationship and its participation in the QUAD group
potential has not been realised.
led by the US, have prompted a strategic shift in

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3.4.1 Russia Ukraine War
Background
z On February 24, 2022, Russia began its invasion of Ukraine, marking one year of conflict.
History of Conflict India's Position

z The conflict escalated with Russia's annexation of z India abstained from most UN resolutions on the
Crimea in 2014.
Russia-Ukraine war.
z Naval skirmishes over the Sea of Azov followed, with
Russia gaining control over the Kerch strait. z India emphasized diplomacy, dialogue, and
z Russian-backed rebels engaged in fighting in eastern adherence to international law and the UN charter.
Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk regions. z India expressed concern about Indian nationals and
z Belarus, a Russian ally, was involved in the migration advocated for the cessation of violence and respect
crisis at the EU's Polish border. for territorial integrity.
Consequences of the War Way Forward
z The conflict caused the second-largest
z Through multilateral forums, support and
displacement crisis globally.
cooperation, rules based international order can be
z Ukraine's population faced poverty, with 40%
dependent on humanitarian aid. achieved.
z The country's GDP shrank by 35% in 2022. z Focus may be on addressing the adverse impact of
z Ukraine received significant military, humanitarian, the war on energy and food security and emphasizing
and financial aid from various countries and humanitarian concerns.
organizations.
3.5 INDIA - EU
About EU

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Background Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism
z India and the European Union have had diplomatic Health and climate cooperation
relations since the early 1960s. z Geostrategic Alignment:

z Shared characteristics: Pluralistic society, market Both view China's rise as a challenge
economy, and political democracy. Aim to counter China's influence
z S. Jaishankar suggests building a more 'compact' z Economic Cooperation:
relationship in a rebalancing, multipolar world. EU is India's second-largest trading partner after
z The complementariness shared by India and the EU the US
includes a pluralistic society, a market economy, and EU is the second-largest destination for Indian
political democracy. exports
Bilateral trade exceeded $116 billion in 2021-22
Bilateral Ties
Impressive annual growth of more than 43% in
z EU-India Economic Partnership:
2021-22.
Enhanced Trade Partnership
Trade (EU is India's second largest trading
Free Trade Agreement negotiations
partner and India is the EU's 10th largest trading
India-UK Global Innovation Partnership partner); FDI (The EU is one of the largest foreign
z Defence and Security Cooperation: investor in India); India and EU launch joint trade
Open general export license and technology council.
Challenges z Differences on Citizenship Amendship Act (CAA)

and Article 370: The European Parliament criticized
z Trade: India's share in EU total trade is sub optimum India's decisions on these issues.
due to- z Green Pass: EU excluded Indian Covishield from its
EU keen on Most Favored Nation (MFN) provision approval list despite WHO's approval.
in investment treaties, but India opposes it. z Protectionism and Termination of Bilateral
Investment Treaties: EU has concerns about India's
EU includes Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET)
protectionist measures and termination of BITs.
provision, missing in India's investment treaties.
Non-Tariff Barriers: EU imposes stringent Way Forward
sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures on z Geo-Economic Cooperation: India can engage EU
Indian agricultural products, hindering market countries in the Indo-Pacific narrative, leveraging
economic resources, political influence, and soft
access. Similar barriers in pharmaceuticals. power for sustainable development.

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z Indo-EU BTIA Treaty: Urgently finalize the long- z Climate and Environment: The two nations actively
pending Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement engage in addressing climate and environmental
(BTIA) for closer convergence between India and concerns through various mechanisms like the
the EU. Ministerial Energy Dialogue. Additionally, they
z Collaborating with Key Players: Strengthen established the India-UK Green Growth Equity Fund
partnerships with France and the UK, anchoring them to attract institutional investments for renewable
in the Indo-Pacific context. energy and waste management projects in India.
z EU - Connectivity Program: The EU unveiled the z Cultural Linkages: Indian culture finds vibrant
€300 billion Golden Gateway Program to counter expression in the UK through institutions like the
the Chinese Belt Road Initiative. Nehru Centre, actively promoting Indian cultural
heritage. In 2017, the India-UK Year of Culture
Conclusion
further strengthened these cultural ties.
India and the EU are the largest democratic spaces in z Indian Diaspora: The Indian community in the UK
the world and natural allies, who adhere to and promote constitutes one of the largest ethnic minority groups,
rule of law, within their own territories and in the significantly contributing 6% to the country's GDP.
world. India and the EU stand on the threshold of an
opportunity to ramp up their engagement to promote Recent developments
peace, security and prosperity domestically, regionally z In 2021, the two countries signed a Comprehensive
and globally.
Strategic Partnership Agreement, which is expected
to boost trade and investment between the two
3.6 INDIA - UK countries.
z In 2022, the two countries held a joint military
Background exercise, which was the first such exercise between
z Colonial history: India and the UK have a long and the two countries in over a decade.
complex relationship, dating back to the British Raj in
z In 2023, the two countries announced that they would
the 18th century.
be working together on a new project to develop a
z Shared interests: The two countries have a shared low-carbon hydrogen economy.
interest in promoting peace and stability in the Indo-
Pacific region, and they are also working together Challenges
to address global challenges such as climate change
z Colonial Legacy: Lingering anti-colonial resentment
and terrorism.
towards Britain.
z Significant Partner: India and the UK are both
z British Intervention in India's Politics: Concerns
important players on the global stage. India is the
world's second-most populous country, and the UK is over sheltering financial offenders, involvement in
a major developed economy. the Kashmir issue, and farmers' agitation.
z Business Environment in India: Complicated laws on
Bilateral Ties tax, imports, and FDI hindering business operations.
z Trade: Bilateral trade between India and UK increases z UK's Immigration Policies: Restrictions on the
to $20.36 billion, with India enjoying a trade surplus. movement of people.
India holds the position of the second-largest investor z Closeness to Pakistan and China: UK's advocacy for
in the UK, while the UK ranks as the sixth-largest Pakistan and alignment with China in post-Brexit
investor in India. The UK serves as the primary market economic policies.
in Europe for Indian IT services.
z Diego Garcia Issue: Dispute over sovereignty
z Defence: The collaboration between India and the between Mauritius and the UK, with India supporting
UK extends to Defence and International Security Mauritius based on its opposition to colonialism.
Partnership (DISP), exemplified by joint exercises
like Konkan Shakti involving all three branches of Impact of Brexit Deal on India
the military. z Service Sector Advantage: India stands to benefit
z Education, Research, and Innovation: Both in sectors like IT, R&D, architecture, and financial
countries foster strong ties in the field of education services, gaining access to both the UK and EU markets.
and research through initiatives such as the UK-India z Separate Trade Deals: Brexit provided India with the
Education and Research Initiative and the UK Research opportunity to negotiate individual trade deals with
and Innovation (UKRI) programs. both the EU and the UK.

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z Operational Challenges: Exporters may face z Technology Cooperation: Foster deeper collaboration
difficulties in meeting different standards and in emerging areas like sustainable finance, green
registrations for both markets. initiatives, and cyber security.
z Restrictions on Professionals: Indian companies
headquartered in the UK or EU may encounter Conclusion
limitations on the movement of professionals. Enhanced India-UK bilateral cooperation can not only
reap mutual benefits but also be a global force for
3.6.1 Alleged UK’s Recent Financial Crisis good to revive lives and livelihoods, promote peace and
prosperity around the world and protect and preserve
Background
the planet for future generations.
z As per an article in The Wall Street Journal titled
"Britain's Financial Disaster is a Warning to the
World." There is potential for a financial crisis in
3.7 INDIA - FRANCE
the UK.
Background
Reason z The India-France strategic partnership, celebrating
z Politics: The UK is currently facing a period of its 25th year, was a top priority during the Prime
political uncertainty, with the government facing Minister's recent visit to France.
calls to resign. This uncertainty could lead to a loss z The visit resulted in various agreements and defense
of confidence in the UK economy, which could make deals, including the launch of an "Indo-Pacific
it more difficult for businesses to borrow money Roadmap" and a "Horizon 2047" agenda, highlighting
and could lead to a slowdown in economic growth. the countries' closer cooperation in multiple areas.
z Inflation: Inflation is currently at a 40-year high
in the UK. This is putting a strain on household Bilateral Ties
finances and could lead to a slowdown in economic z Historical Relations: Tracing back thousands of
activity. years with cultural and trade exchanges.
z Higher interest rates: The Bank of England has z Strategic Dialogue: Engaging in a strategic dialogue,
raised interest rates several times in an attempt to showing understanding of India's security concerns.
combat inflation. This could lead to a slowdown
z Defence Cooperation: France is the second-largest
in economic growth as businesses and consumers
defence supplier to India. There is industrial
become more cautious about spending.
cooperation and joint exercises.
Other Side of Coin z Economic Cooperation: Collaboration in
z There are arguments that the toxic mix of politics, manufacturing, infrastructure, and technology, with
inflation, and higher interest rates could lead to a bilateral trade reached a new peak at $13.4 billion
financial crisis in the UK. This could have a negative in 2022-23.
impact on the UK economy and could also send a z Civil Nuclear Cooperation: Civil nuclear pact,
shock wave through global markets. collaboration in building nuclear power reactors and
z However, It is important to note that the article is research.
just one opinion, and there is no guarantee that a z Cooperation at International Forum: Alignment on
financial crisis will occur in the UK.
global issues, support for India's UNSC and NSG bids,
joint initiatives.
Road Ahead z Maritime Cooperation: Ensuring a free, open, and
z Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms: Focus inclusive Indo-Pacific region, trilateral initiatives for
on enhancing connections in education, capacity maritime domain awareness.
building, and employment opportunities. z Space Cooperation: Collaboration in space research,
z Global Cooperation: Enhance collaboration in satellite technology, and exploration, including a
international forums such as the UN, G-20, WTO, WHO, planned Joint Mars Mission.
and IMF. z Education and Cultural Exchanges: Promoting
z Migration and Mobility Partnership: Implement mutual recognition of academic degrees and facilitating
comprehensive agreements on migration, social cultural exchanges.
security, and mutual legal assistance. z Environmental Cooperation: Indo-French initiatives
z India-UK FTA: Continue negotiations to establish a on environmental issues, green hydrogen, blue
Free Trade Agreement. economy, and research.

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z Similar Stand on NATO+: Both India and France z Enhancing cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region,
disapprove of the NATO-plus partnership plans, especially in the context of the stability of the Indian
emphasizing their independent foreign policies. Ocean.
Issues and Challenges z Exploring potential areas of collaboration, including
z Limited progress on Free Trade Agreement (FTA) weapon production, connectivity, climate change,
and India-EU BTIA (Bilateral Trade and Investment cyber-security, and science and technology.
Agreement) affecting trade potential.
z Potential differences in defence and security Conclusion
cooperation due to differing priorities and approaches.
The India-France relationship is built on trust and
z Concerns over India's protection of intellectual
property rights impacting French businesses. reliability, fuelled by strategic autonomy and mutual
z Balancing China's influence in the Indian Ocean amidst respect. It has witnessed the profound deepening of the
geopolitical complexities. three prongs of space, nuclear, and defence cooperation.
z Geopolitical considerations and autonomy in foreign It is simultaneously evolving into newer domains,
policies. particularly a convergence on emerging economies and
z Addressing environmental and climate change triangular cooperation in Africa and the Indo-Pacific.
challenges through cooperation.
z Ensuring sustained growth and diversification of 3.7.1 France Riots
economic ties.
Why in the News
Way Forward z France has been rocked by riots recently, following
z Leveraging similar ambitions to empower each other the shooting of a teenager by police. The unrest has
by maintaining strategic autonomy and supporting spread to cities across the country and has led to
each other in shaping the international order. widespread damage and looting.
Timeline of the Riot
Reasons: As per the government

z The shooting of a teenager by police: Many people believe that the government did not do enough to investigate
the shooting or to hold the police officers involved accountable.
z Video game effect: "It sometimes feels like some of them are experiencing, on the streets, the video games that
have intoxicated them," Macron said in a press conference on July 1.

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z The spread of misinformation: Some people have French economy and believe the government doesn't
spread false rumors about the shooting of Nahel care about their issues.
Merzouk. z The lack of opportunities & feeling excluded
Reasons: The other side of the coin from society: In French suburbs, people seek equal
z Racial profiling and police brutality: History of opportunities for jobs, education, and healthcare as
racial profiling & police brutality has created distrust city center residents.
between public & govt. 20 incidents in 2022-23, with
victims mainly of African & Arab origin. Lessons for France
z The rise of far-right politics: Accusations of weak z French far-right leaders are blaming immigrants,
stance against far-right politics, evident in funding particularly Muslims, as the cause of the ongoing
support for accused police officers. violence and for the wider problems faced by the
z The lack of transparency and accountability: white French population.
Perceived lack of government responsiveness and z Even Though traces of riot / civil unrest can be seen
accountability to citizens' concerns. in the 13th century (University of Paris strike of 1229)
z Economic inequality: Protesters from poor, even then in recent history this is not the first riot in
marginalized communities feel left behind by the France.
z Marx's statement "History repeats itself, first as

tragedy, second as farce" holds immense relevance in Year Place Reason Deaths
this context. That’s why it is high time for France to 1984 Delhi Assassination 3,000+
address centurion critical issues like Social Inclusion, of Indira
Inequality reduction, Social Policing, and Instituting Gandhi
Para Military as we have in India, etc.
1989 Bhagalpur Bomb attack 1000+
Lessons for India on a religious
place
India is well known for its previous infamous riots
despite its diversity. Below a list of major Indian riots 2002 Gujarat Godhra train 1,000+
has been given. fire
So it’s high time that in this era where Far-right 2020 Delhi Citizenship 50+
ideology is gaining traction, and misinformation is Amendment
being tough to handle, we should inculcate values Act
such as empathy, sympathy, tolerance, brotherhood,
So it’s high time that in this era where Far-right
peace, love, equality, etc. in our youth. And at the
ideology is gaining traction, and misinformation is
same time make progress towards: being tough to handle, we should inculcate values
Year Place Reason Deaths such as empathy, sympathy, tolerance, brotherhood,
1946 Calcutta Partition of 10,000+ peace, love, equality, etc. in our youth. And at the
India (Direct same time make progress towards:
Action Day) z Address inequality and discrimination: Riots in
poorer suburbs, home to minority communities,
1947 North India Partition of 1 million+
emphasize the need for addressing social disparities.
India
z Hold police accountable: Police shooting sparked
1969 Gujarat Religious 1,000+ riots, but broader distrust and anger must be
procession addressed.

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z Engage in dialogue: Governments should listen 3.8 INDIA - AFRICA
to protesters' concerns and engage in meaningful
communication.
Background
z Promote social cohesion: Indian government can
z The India-Africa alliance is interwoven with historical
foster unity through education, cultural programs,
bonds, united aspirations, and a shared vision for a
and community initiatives.
prosperous and inclusive future.
z Act quickly: Quick response to signs of unrest is
z Their dynamic engagement spans trade, investment,
crucial to prevent situations from escalating.
capacity-building, healthcare, education, and cultural
exchanges, weaving a fabric of mutual growth and
Effect on the Europe in general and France in development.
Particular
z Revisiting Secularism: The French secular concept
Bilateral Ties
works as a model concept for the west and it separates z Trade Tapestry: India's trade with Africa in 2021-22
religion from government which promotes the was US$ 89.5 billion, a vibrant thread in their economic
‘Concept of One Size Fit for All.’ relations. India and the Southern African Development
Community (SADC) share a close relationship, with a
z Immigration Issue: Immigration is a hot topic
trade tapestry worth $30.8 billion USD, and India's
throughout Europe. The French government is
investment in the SADC adding up to US$ 69.9 billion.
planning to make immigration policy stringent by
introducing a new bill, which has been postponed for z Economic Cooperation: India-Africa economic
engagement by exploring trade, mutual Foreign Direct
a while. At present it seems inadequate and unable to
Investments (FDIs), Lines of Credit (LOCs) provided
accommodate the diversities of France.
under the Indian Development and Economic
z Social Integration: Apart from immigration issues, Assistance Scheme (IDEAS) and others.
better integration of migrants in society has become
z Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation
a new challenge. After such incidents, reducing social
(ITEC):
distrust is a tough task for both the government and
Skillful Knitting: The Indian Technical and
the public.
Economic Cooperation (ITEC) project skillfully
Effect on the India knits Africa's capabilities.
z Expanding Positive Secularism: Indian secularism Intricate Weave: Since its establishment in
is unique with religion-to-religion and religion-to- 1964, ITEC has intricately woven India-Africa
government dialogue, challenging unfair European collaboration.
supremacy. e-ITEC Innovation: The e-ITEC pilot program,
z Controlling Extreme Ideology: Rise of extreme introduced in 2019, brought innovative threads of
ideologies impacts society; Indian public's diverse learning, gaining prominence during the pandemic.
reactions to French riots indicate the need for Diverse Patterns: ITEC's diverse courses,
remedial measures. such as big data analytics, urban infrastructure
z Understanding Implications of Uniform Civil Code management, WTO-related issues, and solar
technology, form an eclectic tapestry of knowledge.
(UCC): Enacting UCC requires careful debate and
awareness, avoiding a one-size-fits-all approach. z Defence Cooperation: The second India–Africa
Defence Dialogue at DefExpo 2022 at Gandhinagar,
z Immigration: Learning from the event, India needs
Gujarat has opened multiple pathways for defence
conscious and logical approaches to address illegal
cooperation between India and Africa.
immigration.
z Growth and Connectivity: The Asia Africa Growth
Way Forward Corridor (AAGC) is one of the initiatives launched by
z These are just a few possible solutions related to riots. India in recent years, to enhance cooperation with
The specific approach that is taken will depend on the African countries in partnership with Japan. The
specific circumstances of each riot. main objective of the corridor is to enhance growth
and connectivity between Asia and Africa.
z However, by addressing the root causes of riots,
strengthening the rule of law, promoting dialogue z Cooperation in Countering Terrorism: Having
grappled with terrorism in a democratic set-up, India
and understanding, building social cohesion, and
is also in a position to share its experience of making
responding quickly and effectively to riots, we can
law enforcement systems respect the fundamental
help to prevent them from happening and to build a
rights of human beings.
more peaceful and inclusive society.

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Why is Africa Important
3.9 INDIA - ISRAEL
z Demographic Weave: Africa's large working-age
population and growing middle class create a colorful
Background
canvas for value-added trade and investment.
z India's de-hyphenation policy (actively delinking
z Investment Threads: India's foreign direct investment
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from its relations
(FDI) weaves opportunities in agribusiness, apparel,
with the two parties in West Asia) has strengthened
pharmaceuticals, and automotive components. bilateral ties with Israel, celebrating 30 years of full
z Health & Education Patterns: The fabric includes diplomatic relations in 2022.
medical tourism, with an increasing number of z India recognized Israel in 1950 and allowed an
African tourists seeking treatment in India, and a Israeli consulate to operate in Mumbai, but it did not
vibrant pattern of more than 25,000 African students establish full diplomatic relations until 1992 due
studying in Indian universities. to its backing of anti-colonial movements and close
z Resource Richness: Africa's abundant mines, ties to Arab nations.
minerals, diamonds, gold, and forestry products add
richness to the global fabric. Bilateral Ties
Issues and Challenges Trade & Investment

z India is Israel's second-largest trading partner in Asia
z Geographical Distance: Logistical challenges in and the seventh-largest globally.
connectivity and exchanges.
z Trade between India and Israel surged from USD 5
z Competing Priorities: Balancing multiple billion to around USD 7.5 billion until January 2023.
partnerships and engagements.
z Though trade in diamonds constitutes close to 50%
z Infrastructure Deficits: Addressing transportation, of bilateral trade, trade has diversified into several
power, and digital connectivity gaps. sectors such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, IT and
z Security Concerns: Addressing terrorism, piracy, and telecom, and homeland security in recent years.
conflicts. z Israeli enterprises have made investments in India in
z Cultural Diversity: Navigating and engaging diverse energy, renewable energy, communications, real estate,
languages and cultures. and water technology sectors. They also prioritize
z China’s footprint in Africa: China is currently Africa’s establishing R&D facilities and manufacturing units.
largest trading partner, with the two way trade valued Cultural and Education
at $254 billion in 2021. Africa is also an important z India is known in Israel as an ancient nation with
part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). strong cultural traditions, making it an attractive
tourist destination for young Israelis.
Way Forward
z A cultural agreement was signed in 2020 to promote
z Building Capacity: Addressing human resources and greater people-to-people exchanges, further
institutional challenges. strengthening strategic bilateral relations.
z Market Access: Tackling trade barriers for expanded
cooperation. Security Relations
z Reducing Development Imbalance: Focusing on z India and Israel have a Joint Working Group on
Counter-Terrorism.
poverty alleviation and socio-economic development.
z In February 2014, India and Israel signed three
Conclusion significant agreements on Mutual Legal Assistance in
Criminal Matters, Cooperation in Homeland Security,
India’s political and economic engagement with African and Protection of Classified Material.
countries has increased in recent years. It is guided
by the principles of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One
Defence Cooperation
World, One Family) and South–South cooperation. z India is the largest buyer of Israeli weaponry, with
annual shipments making up approximately 40% of
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has often reiterated
its total imports.
that Africa is a “high priority in India’s foreign and
z Indian armed forces have incorporated various
economic policy”. India’s relationship with African
Israeli weapons systems, including Barak anti-missile
countries is not new and can be traced back to ancient
defence systems, Spyder quick-reaction anti-aircraft
times. India’s engagement with Africa is unique, as it is missile systems, Phalcon AWACS, Heron, Searcher-II,
inclusive and is guided by African priorities. and Harop drones.

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z The two countries have elevated their ties to a India's Position on Palestine
strategic partnership, including cooperation with the
z India has supported Palestine throughout the Cold
USA through agreements like BECA (Basic Exchange
War, taking a moral and legal position against the
and Cooperation Agreement).
Israeli occupation in line with international laws
z The ambit of India-Israel defence cooperation has
and norms.
widened to include other domains like space, counter-
z While maintaining diplomatic relations with both
terrorism, and cyber security. The government has
increased the limit for FDI in defence through the Israel and Palestine, India advocates for a two-state
automatic route from 49% to 74%. solution to resolve the century-old crisis and opposes
unilateral changes to the existing status quo.
Agriculture
z A three-year work program agreement was Way Forward
signed in May 2021 for collaboration in agricultural z Strengthening cooperation in various areas, utilizing
development. India's soft power, and maintaining a balanced policy
z Israeli technology and expertise have assisted India in in the changing geopolitics of West Asia.
areas such as horticulture mechanization, protected z Military exercises should be incorporated into defence
cultivation, orchard and canopy management, micro- cooperation since Israel has a growing interest in the
irrigation, and post-harvest management. Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
z Israeli businesses and specialists are contributing to z An Asian alliance comprising India, Israel, South
the advancement of the dairy industry in India by Korea, Japan and Australia could work together to
maximizing milk yield. deal with issues including missile defence and piracy.
Science & Technology and Innovations z A Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement that
z Cooperation in science and technology is overseen by includes trade in services would give a boost to the
the Joint Committee on S&T, established under the economic relationship. In the water sector, India can
S&T Cooperation Agreement signed in 1993. capitalise on Israeli tech to develop a centralised
z An MoU for establishing the India-Israel Industrial platform for water solutions catering to different
R&D and Innovation Fund (I4F) was signed in 2017. regions. In the cybersecurity domain, the focus can
z A five-year $50 million academic research agreement shift to deepening A2A collaboration through joint
was signed for promoting collaborative research doctoral fellowships, while encouraging the private
across various disciplines. sector to play a more active role in the partnership.
New QUAD A second Indo-Israel trauma course is being organized

z India, Israel, the UAE, and the U.S. (I2U2) have at BHU Trauma Center from 24 to 26 February.
decided to launch a Quadrilateral Economic Forum to
enhance cooperation and partnerships between these Conclusion
states on the back of the Abraham Accords. This
new body will facilitate more coordination between India-Israel relations have traversed in the past three
the nations interested in maintaining Middle Eastern decades, encompassing areas of defence and security and
stability, given factors like the Abraham Accord, high-technology cooperation. New vistas of engagement
addressing Turkey's regional dominance, and the are being pursued by both countries, bilaterally as well
USA's shift to East Asia. as with other countries. An India-Israel enhanced
strategic partnership is a win-win proposition, bilaterally
Issues and across regions.
z Changing Geopolitics: China-Iran-Russia vs. Saudi-
Israel-USA axis. 3.9.1 Israel-Hamas Conflict: Impact on
z China Factor: Israel's trade and defence cooperation Global Economy and India’s Stance
with China. The Israeli Prime Minister declared a ‘state of war’ after
z Israel-Palestine Conflict: Impact on Arab-Israeli Hamas militants infiltrated Israeli territory, wreaking
relations and regional stability. havoc.

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Timeline of the Events
About the Recent Israel-Hamas Conflict Hamas is tactically supported by Iran which funds it
z Attackers: The gunmen of the militant group Hamas and provides weapons and training to its members to
have attacked Israeli troops and taken many civilians carry out attacks.
hostage. This has caused a state of emergency in the
country. What is the Gaza Strip?
z Reasons: Hamas has referred to the attack as a
response to military raids of Israel in the West Bank Location: It is a Palestinian enclave on the coast of the
and violence at al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Mediterranean Sea. It shares a border with Israel and
z Casualties: More than 5,000 rockets were launched Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. The Gaza Strip along with the
from the Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip. People on both
sides of the border have suffered casualties due to the West Bank makes up the State of Palestine. Both these
conflict. territories are separated by Israel.
z Operation Iron Swords: Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
have launched Operation ‘Iron Swords’ in retaliation Administration: Since winning a majority in 2006, the
for an unprecedented and “surprise” attack by Hamas. Gaza Strip has been ruled by Hamas, which is considered
Who is Hamas? a politico-military organisation. Israel has control of
air space over Gaza and its shoreline. It has imposed
Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist militant group that
rules the Gaza Strip. It has been designated as a terrorist restrictions on the movement of goods into the Gaza
group by Israel, and the Western world. Strip. Egypt also controls the border it shares with Gaza.

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What is the West Bank? z Regional Instability: The conflict could soon escalate
into a state of war with global players such as Russia,
Location: It is a land-locked territory, which shares its the US and Iran drawn into it, either willingly or
borders with Israel and Jordan. The Dead Sea forms a
unwillingly.
part of its border.
z Global Economy: The global economy, which is
Administration: A part of Jerusalem city comes under already in a state of recession due to the Ukraine
the West Bank. The area is ruled by Fatah, which was conflict, will further deteriorate as a result of these
known formerly as the Palestinian National Liberation events.
Movement. z Global Bipolarity: The world is increasingly moving
towards bipolarity, with the two poles being the
Background: The Israel-Palestinian Issue Western world and the Russia-China axis. The conflict
z The conflict is one of the world’s oldest military and could push many countries to choose a side.
political conflicts. Despite many attempts to resolve z Israel-Arab World Relations: Israel’s relations
the issue, there has been no major breakthrough. The with the Arab world, which was moving towards
issue started prior to the First World War when there normalisation, could witness a reversal as an effect
was a demand for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. of these events.
The issue kept on simmering due to waves of Jewish z Delay in Two-State Solution: The two-state solution,
migration into the Palestinian territory. which has been pending for many years, will be further
z The Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British delayed. The ultimate sufferers will be Palestinian
government gave support to the demand for a Jewish civilians.
homeland in British-controlled Palestine. The United z Nuclear Conflict: Iran and Israel, armed with nuclear
Nations General Assembly in 1947 recommended the weapons, could start a nuclear war. This could affect
the whole of humanity. Iran’s role in the whole event
adoption of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab
is visible in the form of tactical support to Hamas.
state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem.
z Air Traffic: Global air traffic over the area would be
z There was a state of conflict between Arab groups affected due to the volatile situation in the region.
and Jewish groups. As the conflict continued, Jewish
z Challenges in Achieving Peace: Both Israel and
forces captured more territories. A Jewish state was Palestine consider Jerusalem as their capital. It is a
established in 1948. This was opposed by the Arab bone of contention due to its religious importance for
League, which decided to intervene. both Jews and Muslims. The Palestinian territories are
z This triggered the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Following host to proxy groups representing regional players.
a ceasefire agreement, it managed to hold onto its They are not in favour of an amicable solution. Till
mandated territory while Jordan occupied the West recent times, Arab countries have been demanding
Bank and Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip. After the Six- a reversal of Israeli occupation of Palestine for long-
day War of 1967, It managed to capture the West lasting peace. This acted as a barrier to a permanent
Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. solution. Right-wing politics in Israel and Palestine do
not favour compromise. This prevents a negotiation.
Current status: Following the Oslo Accords of 1993,
Impact on India
Israel allowed the setting up of Palestinian authority in
z Indian Exports: Indian exporters will have to bear
the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In 2006, Hamas gained
additional insurance costs due to the conflict. This
control over the Gaza Strip following the Battle of Gaza could harm the competitiveness of Indian goods.
(2007). Currently, Hamas rules the Gaza Strip while the India’s current trade is about $10.7 billion, which
West Bank is controlled by Fatah. Both factions have could be seriously impacted.
different equations with Israel. z Diplomatic Stance: India, which is in favour of a
Impact of the Conflict on the World two-state solution, may need to alter its diplomatic
position due to the changing dynamics of the war. The
z Global Shipping: There could be a rise in global
nature of the attack on civilians has already forced
shipping charges due to an increase in insurance India to condemn it.
premiums as a result of instability in West Asia.
z Indian Citizens and Diaspora: Indian citizens
z Oil Prices: The conflict could also trigger a global oil stranded in Israel would need to be evacuated as soon
crisis as the middle-east supply chain will be affected as possible to prevent loss of lives. The lives of the
due to instability. This could escalate the cost of crude Indian diaspora living in these countries could also
oil. be affected.

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z Defence Imports: Israel is one of India’s largest favour of a peaceful solution, which respects the rights
sources of defence equipment. The conflict could of all the parties.
delay India’s own defence consignments, which is a z Final outcome: In continuation of its policy, India is
serious concern in light of the Chinese build-up along likely to call for a peaceful end to the conflict. It will
the Himalayan border. Currently, the defence trade is push for talks between the two warring parties.
worth over ₹74,000 crore.
z Ties with Middle-east: India’s relations with the A Potential Solution to the Conflict
Middle-Eastern countries are at an all-time high. z One-state solution: This plan aims to form a state
The conflict could hamper India’s planned projects, between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean. A
including the India-Middle East-Europe mega single state will be formed by including Israel, the
economic corridor. West Bank and Gaza Strip.
z Shipping Routes: A state of conflict in the region z Two-state solution: Two countries will be created in
could affect shipping along the Suez Canal. This will the form of Israel and Palestine. It will host a Jewish
affect India’s trade with Europe. population while Palestine will be for Arab Muslims.
z India’s Potential Stand on the Issue: The Indian z Implementation of Oslo Accords (1993): Oslo
Prime Minister has condemned the attack on Israeli Accord is an ongoing American-mediated effort to
territories by Hamas. He has expressed solidarity with broker a peace treaty between Israel and Palestine.
the citizens. The event has been dubbed as a ‘terrorist
attack’ due to the use of civilians as a target.
Conclusion
z India’s position: India, itself being a victim of The ongoing conflict has escalated geopolitical tensions.
terrorism, has a compulsion to denounce any Achieving a peaceful resolution of the issue requires
such incidents across the world. In the absence of collective efforts from the international community.
denouncement, it will send the wrong message to The current reluctance of the Israeli government and
the rest of the world when it comes to its stand on other stakeholders exacerbates the problem. A balanced
terrorism. approach is crucial, not only for fostering favorable
z Long-term position: However, when it comes to the relations with Arab countries but also for maintaining a
larger Israel-Palestine issue, India has always been in constructive engagement with it.
v v v

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Multilateral Forums and
4 Agencies
4.1 UNITED NATIONS (UN) Needed Reforms in UNSC

z Outmoded Institution: With no permanent
z The United Nations is an international organization representation from Africa, Latin America, and the
founded in 1945. Currently made up of 193 Member Caribbean, it no longer reflects the current world
States, the UN and its work are guided by the purposes order.
and principles contained in its founding Charter. z Lack of Recognition: Countries like India, Japan, and
z The main bodies of the United Nations are the Germany, making significant contributions to the UN,
General Assembly, the Security Council, the are not adequately acknowledged.
Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship z Transparency and Accountability: There is a need
Council, the International Court of Justice, and the to make the UNSC more transparent and accountable
UN Secretariat. All were established under the UN by ensuring that it consults more widely with other
Charter when the Organization was founded in 1945. UN organs and civil society groups before making
decisions.
4.1.1 UNSC Reform z Veto Power: Frequent divisions within the UNSC P-5
About lead to key decisions being blocked through the use
of veto power.
z The United Nations Security Council, established in
1945 as one of the UN's principal organs, is primarily z Ineffectiveness: The council's inefficacy discourages
multilateralism.
responsible for maintaining international peace and
security. India’s Contribution
z Recently, it adopted Resolution 2593 to prevent z Chaired Taliban and Libya sanctions committees and
Afghanistan under Taliban rule from becoming a panel on Counter-Terrorism.
breeding ground for terror. z Actively participated in UN initiatives like SDGs,
UNFCCC.
z Formulated Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR).
z First country to raise apartheid issue at the UN.
z Largest UN Peacekeeping troops provider, deployed
first all-women contingent.
z Instrumental in establishing G77, UNICEF, UNEP,
UNCTAD, etc.
z Drafted Comprehensive Convention on International
Significance of UNSC Terrorism (CCIT) in 1996.
z Extensive Powers: The wide-ranging authority of the z India's Contributions as Non-Permanent Member:
UNSC, such as the imposition of sanctions, encroaches Voiced the global south's concerns.
on state sovereignty. Introduced contemporary themes like maritime
z Global Peace and Security: UNSC’s primary security, technology, and UN peacekeeping.
responsibility is maintenance of international peace Strengthened India's bid for a permanent seat.
and security. Worked towards an international rule-based order.
India’s Challenges z In the Post Cold War era the UN shifted and expanded
z Disagreement on terrorism definition: The its field operations from “traditional” missions
CCIT (Comprehensive Convention on International involving generally observational tasks performed
Terrorism) faces deadlock due to conflicting views by military personnel to complex “multidimensional”
among nations. enterprises.
z At present time, a little more than 110,000 military,
z China’s Influence: China's assertiveness and support
police and civilian staff currently serve in 14
for Pakistan on the global stage.
peacekeeping missions, representing a decrease in
z Pandemic Effect: Post-COVID global order with both personnel and peacekeeping missions, as a
economic recession and narrow nationalism result of peaceful transitions and the rebuilding of
hampering global cooperation. functioning states.
z Global geopolitics: The Russia-Ukraine War and About UN Peacekeeping Mission
strained relations between superpowers. z Established in 1948 to promote peace and security
z Limited Resources: Limited amounts of resources globally.
are present for multilateral diplomacy, including staff, z UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult
finances, and institutional infrastructure. path from conflict to peace. It has unique strengths,
z Non-Compliance: Opposition from regional rivals to including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability
the G4's (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan) bid for to deploy troops and police from around the world,
integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to
permanent UNSC membership.
address a range of mandates set by the UN Security
Way Ahead Council and General Assembly.
z Correct power imbalances among P5 (China, France, z Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes
Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants
and the world urgently. in implementing the peace agreements they may
z Reform the Security Council through expanded have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms,
permanent and non-permanent seats for better including separating former combatants, confidence-
building measures, power-sharing arrangements,
handling of global challenges to peace and security.
electoral assistance, strengthening the rule of law, and
z India, as a non-permanent member, can draft a
economic and social development.
comprehensive resolution for UNSC reform.
z Collaborate with like minded countries, such as the Challenges
G4, to gather support. z Organizational challenges: Non-inclusive decision-
z Seek sufficient backing to propose the resolution to making, financing issues, limited UN secretariat power.
the entire UNGA with a realistic chance of winning z Operational challenges: Waning international support,
the vote. rise of regional organizations, safety issues for
peacekeepers.
4.1.2 UN Peacekeeping Mission z Rapid Change in Armed Conflicts: Host to the
Background unregulated spread of a new generation of weapons.
z UN Peacekeeping was born at a time when Cold War z Peacekeepers have Become Targets: Peacekeepers
often go where no one else is prepared to go, and they
rivalries frequently paralyzed the Security Council.
put their lives at risk every day but not a single month
z Peacekeeping was primarily limited to maintaining
passes without an attack on peacekeepers.
ceasefires and stabilizing situations on the ground,
z Mandates Have Grown Broad and Complex:
providing crucial support for political efforts to
Peacekeeping missions have been given staggering
resolve conflict by peaceful means. tasks and wide-ranging responsibility. At the same
z In 1988, UN peacekeepers were awarded the Nobel time, regional partnerships, though critical, are often
Peace Prize. At that time, the Nobel Committee cited unable to deliver the necessary political impact.
that the Peacekeeping Forces through their efforts z Increasing Political Issues: several missions are
have made important contributions towards the deployed in the face of weak political agreement,
realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the diminished consent and stalled peace processes with
United Nations. vague exit strategies.
UPPSC Multilateral Forums and Agencies 55

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Reforms Proposed by India Conclusion
z Troop-contributing countries' role in decision-making. UN Peacekeepers have long been the best chance
z Clear, realistic mandates with adequate resources. for peace for some of the world’s most vulnerable
people. Their service and sacrifice – frequently under
z Prudent deployment and mission assessment.
harsh and dangerous conditions– has made the Blue
z Supporting regional organizations and exit strategies. Helmet a symbol of hope to millions of people. Today's
z Cooperation with host states and focus on civilian multidimensional peacekeeping operations are called
upon not only to maintain peace and security but also to
protection. facilitate the political processes, protect civilians, disarm
z Use of technology for improved security. combatants, support elections, protect and promote
human rights and restore the rule of law. Women
India's Contributions to UN Peacekeeping peacekeepers also today play an increasingly prominent
z Participated in 49 out of 71 UN missions since 1948. role and are crucial for improving the performance of
our missions.
z Currently, the fifth-largest troop contributor with
5,323 personnel in 8 active missions. 4.2 G7
z Launched a 'Group of Friends' to promote
accountability for crimes against peacekeepers. About
z India deploys women-only peacekeepers to the UN z Informal bloc of industrialized democracies - Canada,
Mission in Abyei, celebrating 75th anniversary of UN France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom,
Peacekeeping. and the United States.
z Established in 1975 to tackle economic challenges,
Women in Indian Peacekeeping expanded agenda to address global issues.
z Women peacekeepers served in Congo, Liberia, South z The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian financial
Sudan, Haiti. crisis as a forum for Finance Ministers and Central
z India deployed the first all-women contingent in 2007. Bank Governors to discuss global economic and
financial issues.
z Indian cop Shakti Devi deployed in the UN Assistance z The G20 was upgraded to the level of Heads of State/
Mission in Afghanistan was awarded the International Government in the wake of the global economic and
Female Police Peacekeeper Award in 2014 for her financial crisis of 2007. In 2009, was designated
efforts in helping victims of sexual and gender-based the “premier forum for international economic
violence. cooperation”.
History and Membership z Russia was a member of the G-7 from 1997 to 2014,
thus changing the name to the G-8, but was expelled
z Originated from a 1975 meeting of finance ministers when it forcibly annexed Crimea.
from five countries.
Summit Participation
z Expanded to G6, then G7 with Canada, and later G8 z Held annually, hosted on rotation basis, and sets
with Russia (1997). agenda.

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z Special invitees like China, India, Mexico, and Brazil India and G7
participate. z India is a regular guest country at G7 summits
z Leaders from international organizations also attend since 2019, playing a crucial role as a link between
the G7 Summit. industrialized nations and the developing world.
Its participation showcases India as a responsible
Role of G7 z
democratic great power and contributes to Global
z Provides global leadership and catalyzes action on South countries.
issues adopted by broader global and regional forums. z India's growing influence, defense expenditure, and
z Unites advanced economies to address global trends, GDP make it a potential formal member of G7.
cross cutting issues, and emergent crises. z Hesitations exist due to concerns about potential
z Strengthens international economic and security Chinese provocation and historical mistrust of
policies, promotes discussions on climate change and Western countries.
gender equality, and supports disarmament programs.
z Works to tackle pandemics and Wars. India’s Participation in the G7 Summit
z Example: COVID 19 and Russia- Ukraine War. z India looks like a permanent member of G7 as a guest
country. India has been invited to the G7 summits
Significance of G7 regularly since 2019.
z Economic Significance z India is a link between the industrialized countries
and the developing world and India is a responsible
G7 members are the major IMF advanced
democratic great power.
economies and account for over half of global net
wealth, 30 to 43 percent of global gross domestic z India’s participation in the G7 will contribute to Global
product, and 10 percent of the world's population South countries.
z Increasing acceptance and recognition of India's role
z Political Significance
in finding solutions to solve global challenges gives
Its theme was Global Action to Build Back Better. India insights into the thinking of major countries on
Political heavy weights are capable of shaping the current issues of international concern.
response of Multilateral challenges. In 1999, it
created the Financial Stability Forum in order to G-7 and FATF
manage the international monetary system. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was
z Developmental Significance established in 1989 by the G7 to combat money
laundering and later included terrorism financing.
G7 provides funds for infrastructure and health
Originated from G-7's concern over financial threats.
solution development.In October 2020, G7 finance
FATF aims to continue to lead decisive, coordinated and
ministers backed an extension of a G20 bilateral
effective global action to counter the threats of the abuse
debt relief initiative for the world's poorest
of the financial system by criminals and terrorists, and
countries.
strengthens its capacity to respond to these threats that
G-7's Power Shift all countries face.
z 2008 Financial Crisis: G-8's oversight during the Difference Between G-7 and G-20
2008 financial crisis led to its decline.
z Representation: The G7 is a group of seven of the
z More Influence of G20: G-20 became more influential world’s most advanced economies, while the G20
and inclusive, signaling a new world order. is made up of 19 of the largest economies in the
z Lower number of members: Critics note G-7's world, plus the European Union.
limited follow-through and exclusion of emerging z Objectives: The G7 is primarily concerned with
powers. issues related to global economic growth and
z Non Binding Decision: G7 has no permanent stability, while the G20 has a broader mandate to
secretariat to look after the decisions taken at the address issues related to trade, development, and
meetings; additionally its decisions are also not political stability.
binding on the members. z Influence: The G7 has traditionally been seen as
z Lacks in addressing Environmental Impacts: G7 the more influential group, as it includes some of
the world’s largest and most advanced economies.
countries are the most developed countries in the
Whereas, the G20 has become increasingly
world and these are also responsible for climate
influential in recent years, as emerging economies
change and global warming. But these countries such as China and India have grown in economic
failed to deliver their commitments under the Kyoto and political importance.
Protocol.

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z Participation in Trade: The G7 represents sustainable development, health, agriculture, energy,
environment, climate change, and anti-corruption
countries with a combined GDP of around $40
measures.
trillion, while the G20 represents countries with a
combined GDP of around $85 trillion. Working Mechanism
z The G20 Presidency guides the agenda for one year
Conclusion and hosts the annual Summit. This Presidency is
supported by the Troika, consisting of the previous,
India must use G7 and similar multilateral bodies, current, and incoming Presidencies.
including World Trade Organisation (WTO), Organisation z In India's Presidency in 2023, the Troika is Indonesia,
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), India, and Brazil respectively.
and G20 to maximize its national interests. Although z Engagement Groups serve as platforms that bring
at the same time, it has increasingly become difficult together various stakeholders from G20 countries,
to arrive at a consensus in these multilateral forums. including civil societies, parliamentarians, think
Hence, there is a need to engage countries bilaterally tanks, women's groups, youth representatives, labor
and in smaller groups as well. This effort may only bear organizations, businesses, and researchers.
fruit if accompanied with necessary domestic reforms.
z The G20 operates with two parallel tracks: the Finance
Track and the Sherpa Track.
4.3 G20
About
z The G20 (Group of Twenty), is a coalition of twenty
major economies that convene to engage in discussions
and coordinate international economic policies.
z Its main objectives include facilitating policy
coordination among member nations, promoting
financial regulations, and establishing a new
international financial framework.
z The G20 is a critical forum for international cooperation
and decision-making, with the goal of addressing
complex global issues and promoting stability and
prosperity worldwide.
Achievements of the G20
z The G20 is known for its summit meetings, which z Pioneering Global Economic Growth: The G20 has
bring together heads of state and government, finance played a crucial role in charting the course for future
ministers, central bank governors, and other high- global economic growth.
level officials. z Tackling Global Crises: The G20 has addressed
various global crises, including the 2008 financial
Evolution crisis, the Iranian nuclear program, the COVID-19
z Initially established in 1999 after the Asian financial pandemic, and climate change.
crisis as a forum for Finance Ministers and Central
z Tax Reforms for Developing Countries: The Rome
Bank Governors to address global economic and
financial matters, the G20 gained prominence during summit resulted in a significant agreement on tax
the global economic and financial crisis of 2007. reforms, establishing a 15 percent minimum tax
and redistributing tax revenue from multinational
z In 2009, it was elevated to the level of Heads of
corporations to benefit low-income developing
State/Government, officially becoming recognized
nations.
as the foremost forum for international economic
z Fostering Bilateral Relations: Informal meetings on
cooperation.
the summit's sidelines have led to notable international
Mandate agreements, such as the US-China trade truce in 2018.
z The G20 plays a vital role in shaping and enhancing z Human Resource Development and Employment:
global architecture and governance concerning major The G20 has committed to reducing the gender gap
international economic issues. in workforce participation by 25% and improving
z Over time, the G20 has expanded its agenda to opportunities for young people in the labor market
encompass a wide range of topics, including trade, by 15% by 2025.

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Challenges faced by the G20 z Addresses global health challenges by sharing digital
health achievements like CoWIN (COVID Vaccine
z Limited Binding Power: The G20 lacks legal binding
Intelligence Network) and NDHM (National Digital
authority, which can hinder the enforceability of its
Health Mission), enabling other nations to enhance
decisions.
their healthcare systems.
z Transparency and Accountability Concerns: The
z Supports developing countries and vulnerable states
absence of a formal charter may pose challenges in
by advocating for their specific needs and concerns
ensuring transparency and accountability within the
on the global stage.
organization.
z Fosters India-EU cooperation on key priorities, such
z Criticisms of Protectionism: Some policy
as reformed multilateralism and climate action,
recommendations made by the G20 have been
showcasing successful North-South collaboration.
unpopular, particularly among liberal groups, due to
concerns about protectionist measures. z Holds economic importance for BIMSTEC countries,
like Bangladesh and Myanmar, through strengthened
z Ineffectiveness in Addressing Global Issues: The
trade ties and regional partnerships, as seen in India's
G20 has faced criticism for perceived inefficiency in Act East policy.
combating climate change, addressing social inequality,
and responding to threats to global democracy. G20 Summit 2023 in New Delhi
z Exclusivity of Membership: Critics have raised z Hosted by India on September 9th and 10th, 2023.
concerns about the disproportionate representation z Theme: "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (The world is
of African countries within the G20. one family) or “One Earth One Family One Future”-
z Faltering Multilateral Commitments: Some is drawn from the ancient Sanskrit text of the Maha
multilateral commitments related to aid and trade Upanishad.
have faced difficulties and setbacks.
Major Outcomes
G20 Priorities Under India’s Presidency 1. Admission of the African Union (AU) to the G20:
z Green Development: Development of Renewable z AU becomes a permanent member.
energy extraction infrastructure should be given z Increases representation of developing countries.
priority for fulfilling the energy needs.
z Empowers the Global South within the G20.
z Climate Finance & LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment):
2. Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA):
Transformative change should be encouraged for
z Aims to promote biofuels adoption.
sustainable development.
z Technology advancement should be promoted for
z Inclusive & Resilient Growth: Every nation's opinion generation and utilization of biofuels.
and suggestion should be taken under consideration
z Supports energy transition and economic growth.
for stability and prosperity.
z Potential for significant biofuels growth by 2050.
z Technological Transformation: Advancement in
technology and tech led growth should be encouraged 3. India – Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor
for effective and fast development. (IMEC):
z MoU signed between India, the US, Saudi Arabia, the
z Multilateral Institutions: Reforms should be made
EU, and others.
for effective cooperation so that each and every
nation's problems should be addressed. z Part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure
Investment (PGII).
z Women-led Development: Empowering women for
z Aims to create transport corridors connecting India,
growth and making them equal participants in the
the Middle East, and Europe.
journey of development.
z Seen as an alternative to China's Belt and Road
Significance of India's G20 Presidency Initiative (BRI).
z Critical timing amid global recovery and the Russia- 4. G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion:
Ukraine war. z India's Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) was praised.
z Represents Global South with Indonesia and Brazil. z Rapid financial inclusion progress achieved.
z Positioned as a global peacemaker, facilitating z Success of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna (PMJDY)
and G2P payments highlighted.
dialogues between conflicting nations.
z UPI's dominance in digital payments.
z Demonstrates disaster management expertise through
the Sendai framework, aiding other G20 countries in z DPI's impact on private sector efficiency and lower
compliance costs.
handling natural calamities.

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5. Tripling Global Renewable Energy Capacity by Way Ahead for G20
2030:
z Ensure continuity in addressing critical issues across
z Commitment to reduce carbon emissions.
presidencies.
z Aligns with efforts to limit global warming to 1.5
z Foster a unifying vision to bring together all countries,
degrees Celsius.
including emerging markets.
z Acknowledges the need for trillions in financial
z Strengthen collaboration with the UN to promote
resources for climate action.
sustainable development.
6. Commitment to Global Food Security and Nutrition:
z Prioritize investments in infrastructure and food
z Recognizes the importance of addressing rising
security.
commodity prices.
z Play a crucial role in building resilient global supply
z Aims to eliminate hunger and malnutrition.
chains post-COVID.
z Emphasizes the impact of the war in Ukraine on food
z Establish a code of conduct to guide G20 members in
and energy security.
their actions and interactions.
7. Small Arms and Terrorist Safe Havens:
Strong condemnation of terrorism in all forms.
z
G20 Meetings in UP
z Support for the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
z Uttar Pradesh hosted eleven G20 meetings in
efforts.
various places across the state between February
z Focus on asset recovery networks. 13 and 15.
8. Healthcare Resilience and Research: z According to the authority, Varanasi will host six,
z Emphasis on building resilient healthcare systems. Agra three, Lucknow one, and Greater Noida one.
z Strengthening the global health architecture. z In the run-up to the G20 Summit, India hosted
z Prioritizing primary healthcare, health workforce, and more than 200 meetings at various levels under
essential services. its chairmanship.
z Focus on research, including COVID.
9. Finance Track Agreements: Conclusion
z Coordinated policy and regulatory framework for
cryptocurrencies. It is an opportunity for India to establish a new world
z Acknowledgment of India's digital public order, with the mission and vision of world harmony
infrastructure. through global justice and social welfare. The G20
z Monitoring of risks associated with crypto-assets. plays an important role in structuring world peace and
10. India-US Collaboration: stability which can be possible by mutual cooperation
z Strengthening technology partnerships.
z Focus on semiconductor supply chains and telecom
4.4 RAISINA DIALOGUE 2023
infrastructure.
z Deepening the India-US Major Defence Partnership. About
z Agreement for GE Aerospace’s F-414 jet engine z The Raisina Dialogue is India's foremost foreign
manufacturing in India. policy conference dedicated to addressing the global
community's most challenging geopolitics and
11. India-Mercosur Preferential Trade Agreement
geoeconomics issues.
(PTA):
z India and Brazil's commitment to expanding the PTA. z Inspired by the Shangri La Dialogue (Singapore) and
the Munich Security Conference (Germany), which
z PTA aimed at eliminating customs duties on select
has been held annually since 1963.
goods.
z Its inaugural session was held in 2016. The eighth
12. Climate Financing Commitment:
edition of the Raisina Dialogue was held in New Delhi
z Call for a substantial increase in climate financing. in 2023.
z Trillions of dollars needed for clean energy technologies z Co-hosted by India's Ministry of External Affairs
and emissions reduction. (MEA) and the Observer Research Foundation (ORF).
13. India's Cultural Showcase: Showcase of India's z The name "Raisina Dialogue" is derived from Raisina
cultural heritage. Hills, a significant area in Delhi where India's seat
14. Transition of G20 Presidency: Handover of G20 of power, including Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Prime
presidency to Brazil's President Luiz Inacio Lula da Minister's Office (PMO), and other crucial government
Silva on December 1, 2023. offices are located.

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Raisina Dialogue 2023 The ways to navigate the digital sphere to
z The theme of the 2023 Edition is "Provocation, minimize digital harms and catalyze benefits
Uncertainty, Turbulence: Lighthouse in the will be the focus here.
Tempest?” (iv) Pernicious Passports: Climate, Commons,
z Over the course of three days, more than 250 decision Citizens
makers and thought leaders of the World would In its current form, globalization has done
engage each other across 100 conversations of various irreversible damage to the global commons.
formats The impact of the climate crisis is pervasive,
z Five thematic pillars of Raisina Dialogue 2023 are: creating a vicious circle of poverty, exploitation,
(i) Neo Insurgence: Geographies, Domains, Ambitions and inequality.
Today’s geopolitical reality is the resurrection Questions like, how do we ensure resources
of old rivalries with a new cast of actors. are not concentrated in a few countries to the
Contemporary empire-building is being detriment of the many? Can the world invest
fuelled by worsening uncertainty across global in the adaptation and resilience of fragile
economic and political domains. ecosystems and small states? Do we need a new
Populism is being weaponized and new spheres approach that allows for an equitable spread of
of influence are being carved out by the risks across borders? Will be addressed here.
aggressively ambitious. (v) Grey Rhinos: Democracies, Dependencies and
This pillar focuses on how trans-border strife Debt Traps.
and political upheavals be dealt with as a global A challenge to democratic institutions has
community.
emerged from fake dependence and disputes.
(ii) Amoral Mosaic: Contest, Cooperate or Cancel
Traditional disputes over land, water, and energy
Limited-purpose partnerships and coalitions
have crossed the digital divide. Information has
of convenience define alliance building today.
been weaponized by both state and non-state
Inter- and intra- regional groupings like the G20,
entities.
SCO, Quad, I2U2, and AIIB, IPEF are replacing
post-Cold War institutions. Debt traps have been created by vanity mandates
and white elephant projects, endangering local
The underperformance of UN-backed
institutions like WTO, World Bank, and IMF is communities as well as national politics.
being questioned by the global communities Burning concepts of ‘good democracy’ and ‘bad
amid numerous crises. democracy’, ethics of liberal democracy, etc will
The possibility of regional platforms being more be debated upon here.
tactical as alternative governance architecture
to manage the 21st century is the focal point Significance of Raisina Dialogue
here. z Leading global conference since 2016, addressing key
(iii) Chaotic Codes: Sovereignty, Security, Society geopolitical developments and strategic issues.
Technology has assumed a transnational z Aligned with vital global concerns, fostering future-
character, disregarding national boundaries oriented thinking and policy rectifications.
and private property, without the care and z Reinforces the rules-based international order by
responsibility that governments and nations accommodating diverse voices and building consensus.
must have in their administration.
z Puts India on the world map as a global think tank and
Technology believes that its shareholders are key player in shaping multilateral institutions.
the only people it must answer to while using
its scary power. Drawing inspiration from the 2023 G20 Agenda, under
In contrast to its early promise of democratizing India’s presidency, the 2023 edition of the conference
public discourse, new media is quickly becoming is concerned with “debating the need for reforms in
an unseen filter driven by ideology while old multilateralism to encourage lifestyle changes to mitigate
media rapidly decays. the climate crisis.

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Observer Research Foundation (ORF) 4.5 SCO
z ORF was established in 1990 as a neutral firm to
critically assess the issues the nation was confronting About
and assist in formulating cogent policy solutions z Established in 2001, this organization functions as
while India transitioned to a new engagement with a permanent intergovernmental entity, driven by
the international economic system. political, economic, and military goals.
z From primarily looking inward and engaging with z Its principal mission involves nurturing mutual trust
domestic reforms, to gradually forging global and promoting cooperation among its member states
partnerships, ORF today plays a seminal role in to ensure regional peace, security, and stability.
building political and policy consensus that enables
z Additionally, a crucial aim is to create a democratic,
India to interact with the world.
fair, and rational international political and economic
z As India begins to play a larger role in the 21st framework.
century, ORF continues to push normative
boundaries, bring new ideas into the policy
discourse, and provide a platform for a new
generation of thinkers.
z It is supported in its mission by leading intellectuals,
academicians, policymakers, business leaders,
institutions and civil society actors.

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Significance of SCO For India these dynamics poses challenges for India's interests
in the SCO.
The SCO as a Platform for India: z India-Pakistan Rivalry: The increasing proximity
z The SCO provides India with a potential platform to between Russia, Pakistan, and China creates hurdles
advance its Connect Central Asia policy. for India's strategic interests within the SCO.
z It offers an opportunity for India to formulate a z Terrorism Challenge: The SCO's counterterrorism
suitable Eurasian strategy. measures against threats from the Pak region lack
visibility and robustness, posing a security challenge
Counterterrorism Efforts:
for India and other member states.
z The SCO's defense-centric structures have played a
z Lack of Unified Approach on the Taliban: The SCO
crucial role in curbing regional terrorism.
member states lack a coherent and unified approach to
z The activities of RATS (Regional Anti-Terrorist address the evolving situation concerning the Taliban,
Structure) have been instrumental in countering leading to uncertainty and challenges in managing the
terrorist threats. implications of Afghanistan's developments.
Support for Afghanistan:
z SCO member states express their backing for
Conflicts Among Member Countries of SCO
Afghanistan's independence as a sovereign state. India-China Border Issues
z They advocate for Afghanistan to be free from z Despite multiple rounds of talks, tensions between
terrorism, war, and drugs, which is beneficial for India and China persist, with no significant
India's regional stability. breakthroughs.
Political Ties: India-Pakistan Terrorism Dispute

z India leverages the annual SCO summit to renew and z State-sponsored terrorism remains a significant
strengthen bilateral ties with other regional countries. source of tension between India and Pakistan.
z Frequent ceasefire violations along the India-Pakistan
z The platform facilitates dialogue and cooperation on
border add to the concerns.
political matters between member states.
Economic Cooperation: Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan Border Issues
z Central Asian countries possess abundant and z Escalating conflicts between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan,
valuable resources, including iron-ore, coal, oil, gas, witnessed in September and November 2022, raise
and uranium. regional instability concerns.
z Frequent meetings among leaders and the India- z The situation has the potential to negatively impact
the stability of Central Asia and neighboring regions.
Central Asia Business Council under the SCO promote
economic cooperation and trade opportunities. Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflicts
Energy Cooperation: z The border area between Taliban-led Afghanistan and
z The SCO plays a crucial role in facilitating India's Pakistan faces ongoing instability and conflicts.
access to significant Eurasian energy resources.
India's Way Ahead in the SCO
z It supports energy projects such as the TAPI
z Upholding Strategic Autonomy: India must assert
( Tu rk m e n i s t a n -A fgh a n i s t a n - Pa k i s t a n - I n d i a )
independence and resist undue influence from other
pipeline, providing momentum for regional energy
SCO members.
collaboration.
z Energizing Connectivity Projects: India should
Challenges for India in the SCO utilize opportunities from the Chabahar port and
Ashgabat agreement to strengthen its presence and
z China's Dominance: India is the sole SCO member
promote better connectivity in Central Asia.
that hasn't endorsed the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI), supported by all other members. This puts z Enhancing Relations with Neighbors: By fostering
India in a challenging position for connectivity and better ties with China and Pakistan, India can facilitate
infrastructure projects in the region. economic cooperation, trade, energy partnerships,
z Evolving Geopolitical Reality: The changing Eurasian and improved regional connectivity.
geopolitical landscape brings shifting great power z Constructive Role in Central Asia: India's potential
rivalries, complex geostrategic and geo-economic contributions to de-radicalization efforts among
cooperation and competition, and Central Asian Central Asian youths and leveraging its soft power
states' desire for strategic maneuverability. Navigating can foster stronger collaborations.

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z Promoting People-to-People Connectivity: Humanitarian Assistance
Encouraging increased interactions between Indian Disaster Relief
citizens and other SCO members will facilitate mutual Anti-Piracy Operations
understanding and cultural exchanges.
Infrastructure Assistance
Conclusion Connectivity Initiatives
India should use SCO for building convergences with Promoting Security and Growth in The Region
China and Russia as well as minimize the intensity of
China-Pakistan alignment which undercuts India’s direct Issues Related to Quad
access to Eurasia. SCO can help to tackle the Indian z Undefined Vision: The Quad lacks a clearly defined
border issue with China and Pakistan. strategic mission, limiting its potential for deeper
cooperation.
4.6 QUAD z Maritime Dominated: The focus on the Indo-Pacific
raises questions about the Quad's scope, excluding
About land-based cooperation in other regions.
z The Quad comprises India, Australia, the US, and z India's Aversion of Alliance System: India's
Japan, four democratic nations united by their support reluctance to engage in a treaty alliance system
for unhindered maritime trade and security in the has hindered the Quad's progress towards stronger
Indo-Pacific region. engagement.
z Its main aim is to ensure a "free, open, and z Regional Sensitivities: Some countries view the
prosperous" Indo-Pacific region. Quad as an attempt to contain China, which could
lead to tensions and concerns among regional powers,
z Originally proposed by Japanese Prime Minister affecting cooperation and trust-building efforts.
Shinzo Abe in 2007, the Quad was officially formed
in 2017 after Australia rejoined the grouping. Way Forward
z Clarify Indo-Pacific Vision: Quad nations should
articulate a comprehensive vision for the Indo-Pacific,
advancing economic and security interests collectively.
z Expanding Partnerships: India should advocate for
inviting countries like Indonesia and Singapore to join
the Quad in the future.
z Develop a Comprehensive Vision: India should
create a holistic strategy to address current and
future maritime challenges, strengthen military and
non-military tools, and engage with strategic partners.
The 2023 Quad Summit was held recently on the
sidelines of the G7 Summit in Hiroshima. India will host Conclusion
the next Quad summit in 2024.
The Quad has established itself as one of the foremost
Opportunities for India Under Quad minilaterals in the Indo-Pacific, dealing with a range
of regional challenges. Considering the importance of
z Countering China: By cooperating with Quad each of Quad’s members and the current geopolitical
countries, India can potentially disrupt Chinese trade situation in the world, the Quad is the need of the hour
through the vital Indian oceanic routes, acting as a for the Indo-Pacific.
check against any Chinese aggression on borders.
z Emergence in Health Sector: The Quad is committed 4.7 SAARC
to maintaining its global leadership in responding to
the COVID-19 pandemic and bolstering global health
security which can be seen as opportunity for India.
About
z SAARC, the South Asian Association for Regional
z Space: Quad countries are strengthening cooperation
Cooperation, is a regional intergovernmental
and pooling collective expertise to exchange satellite
organization and geopolitical union in South Asia.
data, enable capacity-building, and consult on norms
and guidelines. z It was established in December 1985 in Dhaka,
with its headquarters in Kathmandu, Nepal.
z Emerging as a Net Security Provider: India,
positioned at the center of the Indo-Pacific geopolitical z The members of SAARC include Afghanistan,
landscape, can play a crucial role in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

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Objective z South Asian Identity: Fostering a sense of shared
z Cultural and Social Ties: Foster stronger cultural heritage, culture, and political systems.
and social bonds among member states to promote z South Asian University: Creating leaders with a
regional peace. common vision for success in the region.
z Trade Promotion: Enhance economic situations by z SAARC Development Fund: Supporting welfare
promoting trade among SAARC members. improvements in South Asia through various projects
and programs.
z Social and Economic Development: Accelerate
the pace of social and economic development in the z SAARC Arbitration Council: Providing a legal
region, lifting it from poverty to prosperity. framework for fair dispute resolution in industrial,
commercial, trade, and other matters.
z Peace and Stability: Work towards the common
goals of peace, progress, and stability in the region. Drawback
Significance z Indo-Pak Relations: Tensions and violence between
z Regional Integration: SAARC offers a balanced India and Pakistan have damaged SAARC's prospects.
approach between globalization and hyper- z Infrequent Meetings: Due to India-Pakistan tensions,
nationalism, fostering regional cooperation. SAARC meetings have not been held regularly,
z Socio-Economic Development: SAARC promotes hindering progress.
trade and development, uplifting living standards and z Trust Deficit Disorder: Trust deficit among members
alleviating poverty. limits cooperation prospects.
z Engaging with Regional Countries: SAARC aids z Unresolved Issues: Ongoing border and maritime
in containing China's OBOR project by fostering
disputes hinder regional cooperation.
economic and developmental cooperation.
z India's Apprehension: Smaller neighbors may exploit
z Linking South Asia with Southeast Asia: SAARC
can be a game-changer in linking both regions the organization for undue concessions, leading to
economically and politically. India's concerns.
z Showcasing India's Soft Power: SAARC serves as a z Limitations in SAFTA: South Asia remains the least
platform for cultural, religious, and spiritual exchanges integrated region globally, with trade among members
and developmental assistance. at less than 5% of their total trade.
z Advancing India's Global Ambitions: Active z Bilateral Issues: Various bilateral concerns between
involvement in regional security through SAARC helps member countries hinder collective cooperation.
India in its pursuit of global leadership.
Way Forward
Achievements z Reviving SAARC to Address China: India should
z SAPTA and SAFTA: Boosting regional trade among strengthen SAARC to address strategic concerns
member countries. related to China.

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z Promoting People-to-People Contact: Utilize social
media and citizen engagement to enhance regional South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
integration. z The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) is the free
z Focus on Economic Integration: Emphasize regional trade arrangement of the South Asian Association
economic integration for progress. for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The agreement
came into force in 2006, succeeding the 1993
z Prioritize SAARC over BIMSTEC: Invest greater
SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement. SAFTA
resources and attention in SAARC, as it represents all
signatory countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
South Asian nations more appropriately.
Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
z Facilitate Ease of Doing Business: Use technology to Lanka.
promote trade, connectivity, and reduce transaction
z The Contracting States hereby establish the South
costs within the region.
Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to promote and
enhance mutual trade and economic cooperation
SAARC Preferential Trading among the Contracting States, through exchanging
Arrangement (SAPTA) concessions in accordance with this Agreement.
The Agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading Objectives
Arrangement (SAPTA) which envisages the creation
The Objectives of this Agreement are to promote and
of a Preferential Trading Area among the member
enhance mutual trade and economic cooperation
states of the SAARC, was signed in Dhaka in April
among Contracting States by, inter-alia:
1993. The idea of liberalizing trade among SAARC
z Eliminating barriers to trade in, and facilitating
countries was first mooted by Sri Lanka at the sixth the cross-border movement of goods between the
Summit of the South Asian Association for Regional territories of the Contracting States.
Cooperation (SAARC) held in Colombo in December
z Promoting conditions of fair competition in the
1991. It was agreed that SAPTA is a stepping stone to
free trade area, and ensuring equitable benefits
higher levels of trade liberalization and economic co-
to all Contracting States, taking into account
operation among the SAARC member countries.
their respective levels and pattern of economic
Objective development.
z The objective of the SAPTA is to promote and z Creating an effective mechanism for the
sustain mutual trade and the economic cooperation implementation and application of this Agreement,
among the member states through exchange of for its joint administration and for the resolution
trade concessions. SAPTA therefore is the first of disputes.
step towards higher levels of trade and economic z Establishing a framework for further regional
co-operation in the region. cooperation to expand and enhance the mutual
benefits of this Agreement.
The basic principles
z Overall reciprocity and mutuality of advantages.
Conclusion
z Step by step negotiations and periodic reviews so
as to improve and extend the preferential trade India needs to view South Asia as a unit to revive SAARC
arrangement, in stages. and boost its global ambitions. The role of SAARC includes
z Inclusion of all products, manufactures and the promotion of the welfare of the people who live in
the region of South Asia. This organization plays an
commodities in their raw semi- processes and
important role in having opportunities related to social,
processed forms. economic, cultural, technical growth and also improving
z Special and favorable treatment to Least Developed the quality of life. Further it promotes to maintain
Contacting States. healthy relationships with its member countries and
z Four rounds of negotiations were held under requires more efforts for better performance.
SAPTA. SAPTA was envisaged primarily as the
first step towards the transition to a South Asian 4.8 BIMSTEC
Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently
towards a Customs Union. Accordingly SAPTA was About
superseded with the implementation of SAFTA. z In 2022, BIMSTEC celebrated its 25th anniversary.
Product coverage was limited under SAPTA and Established by the Bangkok Declaration in 1997,
usage of tariff preferences under the SAPTA has the group's objective is to rejuvenate connectivity and
been gradually decreasing. common interests among the Bay of Bengal region's
member countries.

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z BIMSTEC comprises five South Asian nations (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka) and two ASEAN
countries (Myanmar and Thailand).
z Pakistan is not a BIMSTEC member. [BIMSTEC = SAARC - Pakistan]
z BIMSTEC upholds principles like sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in
internal affairs, peaceful coexistence, and mutual benefit.
Importance of BIMSTEC for India z BIMSTEC provides India with improved market access
z Strategically significant for India's broader Indo- to neighboring countries. It opens up markets for
Pacific and Indian Ocean community aspirations. Indian products and services and facilitates trade
z Economically vital for connecting with Southeast Asian agreements and economic cooperation.
markets, promoting growth in eastern coastal states,
Northeastern region, and overall Indian economy. Major Connectivity Initiatives in the Region
z Serves as a platform for fulfilling India's foreign policy z Kaladan Multimodal project aims to connect
priorities of 'Neighborhood First' and 'Act East.' Kolkata to Sittwe port in Myanmar, further extending
z Offers opportunities to strengthen India's Blue to Mizoram by river and road.
Economy and Maritime Security through regional z IMT Trilateral Highway linking India and Thailand
cooperation. through Myanmar.
z Helps counter Chinese influence arising from the z Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Vehicles Agreement (MVA) facilitates free flow of
z BIMSTEC fosters cultural and people-to-people goods and people among the member countries.
ties among member countries. Cultural exchange and
cooperation in education and tourism contribute to Challenges with BIMSTEC
stronger relations between India and other BIMSTEC z Untapped potential due to lack of close internal
nations. economic integration among member countries.
z BIMSTEC promotes regional security and z Limited political will reflected in the infrequency of
counterterrorism cooperation, which is vital for summit level talks.
India's national security interests. Collaboration on
z Stalled progress in Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
security matters helps address cross-border threats
negotiations since 2004.
and challenges.
z Energy security is a crucial aspect of India's z Issues with physical infrastructure, including poor
engagement with BIMSTEC. Cooperation on energy road and rail connectivity, last-mile links, and customs
resources, including hydroelectric power from Bhutan procedures.
and natural gas from Myanmar, contributes to India's z Weak institutional framework, such as an inadequate
energy security. secretariat and budget.

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z Since its establishment in 1997, BIMSTEC has made
4. Core Objectives
limited progress in comparison to other regional
z SAARC is often influenced by regional politics and
organizations like ASEAN. The organization has
been criticized for its slow decision-making and political challenges.
implementation of projects. z BIMSTEC’s core objective is the improvement of
economic cooperation among member countries.
Way Forward 5. Power Balance
z Strengthen political engagement by implementing z SAARC experiences an asymmetric power balance
regular biennial summits. among member states.
z Prioritize concluding the Free Trade Agreement
z BIMSTEC achieves a better balance of power with
(FTA).
the presence of Thailand and India on the bloc.
z Expand membership to include countries like
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. 6. Intra-Regional Trade
z Intra-regional trade within SAARC countries
z Focus on sustained physical connectivity and high-
quality infrastructure development. accounts for only 5 percent.
z Emphasize multilateralism, fostering tourism z Intra-regional trade within BIMSTEC has increased
diplomacy, academic and student-exchange programs, to around 6 percent in a decade.
and cross-border public health initiatives.
How BIMSTEC is Different from SAARC Conclusion

1. Scope and Region: India's active engagement with BIMSTEC can foster trade
z SAARC is a regional organization focused on South
and investment, enhance connectivity, promote cultural
Asia only.
exchanges, and address common security challenges. By
z BIMSTEC is an interregional organization
connecting South Asia and Southeast Asia. strengthening its ties with BIMSTEC member countries,
2. Establishment Period India can play a crucial role in shaping the organization's
z SAARC was established in 1985 during the Cold agenda, contributing to regional stability, and fostering
War era.
sustainable development in the Bay of Bengal region.
z BIMSTEC was formed in 1997 in the post-Cold War
period.
4.9 BRICS
3. Member Relations
z SAARC member countries often suffer from mistrust
and suspicion. About
z BIMSTEC members maintain reasonably friendly z Initiated in 2001 as BRIC, an acronym coined by
relations. Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill representing
Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
z The grouping was formalized during the first meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers’ in 2006.
z South Africa later joined in 2010, leading to the expansion of the group and the revised acronym BRICS.
z The primary objective is to foster global peace, security, development, and cooperation.

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BRICS Initiatives
New Development Bank z Inclusive Financial Architecture: BRICS shapes an

z At the Sixth BRICS Summit held in 2014 in Fortaleza, inclusive financial structure for emerging economies.
Brazil, the New Development Bank (NDB) was founded z Reduced Import Dependency: BRICS trade reduces
in Shanghai, China. The NDB has already greenlit 70 India's reliance on traditional partners.
infrastructure and sustainable development projects, z Sustainable Development Goals: BRICS initiatives
solidifying its role as a significant funding source for aid SDG goals, tackling hunger and poverty.
critical initiatives.
z Balancing Partnerships: BRICS highlights India's
Contingent Reserve Arrangement strategic autonomy and multi-aligned foreign policy.
z In the same year, the BRICS governments signed the
Contingent Reserve Arrangement, a treaty aimed at Achievements of BRICS
providing mutual support and bolstering financial z New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent
stability during times of short-term balance of Reserve Arrangements (CRA): BRICS established
payments pressures. the NDB to fund infrastructure and sustainable
BRICS Payment System development projects, and the CRA as a mutual
support mechanism during financial crises.
z Recognizing the need for financial autonomy and
flexibility, BRICS countries are diligently working on z IMF Reforms: BRICS influence resulted in incremental
an alternative payment system to SWIFT. changes within the IMF, including doubling the quota
z The urgency for this system has been heightened by for member nations.
Russia's exclusion from SWIFT after the events in z Joint Response to COVID-19: The BRICS Science,
Ukraine. Technology, and Innovation (STI) Framework
Programme facilitated a united response.
Customs Agreements
z To enhance trade efficiency and coordination, BRICS z Medical Cooperation: The Ufa Declaration adopted
nations have entered into customs agreements, at the 7th summit in 2015 emphasized medical
streamlining trade transport and fostering smoother cooperation among BRICS nations.
cross-border transactions.
Expansion of BRICS
Remote Sensing Satellite z The 15th BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
z In a remarkable space collaboration, a Remote Sensing South Africa) Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
satellite constellation has been successfully launched, on August 22–24 in 2023, culminated with the
involving contributions from India, China, Russia, and
group’s member count having increased from
a joint effort between Brazil and China.
five to eleven. The six new members include four
Significance of BRICS for India nations from the Gulf and West Asia—Egypt, Iran,
z Global Voice: BRICS unites developing nations to Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
address terrorism and safeguard rights in international Ethiopia and Argentina, from Africa and South
forums. America respectively, were also admitted.
z Diplomatic Engagement: BRICS facilitates dialogue z Benefits of Expansion: Expanding its footprint to the
during standoffs with China, managing rivalry. Middle East, increased global influence, recognition,
z Transcontinental Presence: BRICS extends India's and infrastructure benefits through additional
cooperation through Brazil and South Africa. membership.
z Demand for Reforms: BRICS amplifies India's call for z Challenges of Expansion: Diverse development
institutional changes in global organizations. levels, lack of consensus, and geopolitical concerns.

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z Way forward for expansion: Prioritize socio economic z Advocate for comprehensive institutional reforms, not
convergence, selective expansion, and building trust limited to selective changes in the UNSC.
through institution building and knowledge sharing. z Prioritize counterterrorism in the BRICS agenda, with
a result-oriented action plan.
India's Contributions to BRICS
z Increase investment in the New Development Bank
z BRICS Vaccine R&D Centre: India holds a significant
(NDB) to enhance its impact.
position in the vaccine manufacturing and R&D sector
z Strengthen multilateral efforts by fostering deeper
and contributes to the same.
connections with the Global South.
z New Development Bank Proposal: For providing
z Explore the possibility of trade in a BRICS currency
financial assistance to member countries New
to enhance relevance and engagement with BRICS for
Development Bank initiative has been taken by the
India.
member countries.
z Urbanization Forum: To address challenges caused Conclusion
by rapid urbanization, Urbanization Forum is created.
z Institutionalizing BRICS Academic Forum: practice BRICS ties can give India market access, investment,
of holding regular BRICS Academic Forums to foster and diplomatic clout. India should participate in
intellectual exchange. BRICS initiatives, collaborate on infrastructure, and
contribute to sustainable growth. BRICS can provide
Other Important Initiatives new opportunities for India in different sectors.
z Online education, virtual university, BRICS language
schools, Young BRICS Forum, and disaster management 4.10 ASEAN
efforts demonstrate the diverse scope of BRICS
cooperation. About
z The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Challenges was founded on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok with
z Dominance of China within the group is creating the signing of the Declaration by Indonesia, Malaysia,
problems for other member countries. Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Brunei
z Diversities among members necessitate seeking Darussalam joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, Vietnam
common interests. on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July
z Disparities due to different political systems 1997, Cambodia on 30 April 1999. ASEAN currently
(democratic and authoritarian). has 10 Member States.
z ASEAN's objectives are to accelerate economic
Way Forward growth, promote regional peace and stability, and
z Embrace a bottom-up approach, promoting private foster cooperation with international and regional
sector involvement and citizen engagement. organizations.

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Fundamental Principles Way Forward
z Key principles include mutual respect for z Address External Influence: ASEAN should carefully
independence, sovereignty, equality, and territorial manage the influence of major powers like China, the
integrity. United States, and Japan to preserve its decision-
z Emphasis on sovereignty and non-interference in making independence and unified regional stance.
internal affairs. z Improve Infrastructure and Connectivity: Prioritize
z Settlement of differences through peaceful means and enhancing regional connectivity and addressing
effective cooperation among member states. infrastructure gaps to boost economic integration and
facilitate seamless movement of goods, services, and
Significance of ASEAN people within the ASEAN region.
z Economic Opportunities: With a GDP of over $3 z Reduce Socioeconomic Disparities: Focus on
trillion, ASEAN offers significant trade and investment effectively addressing socioeconomic disparities
prospects for India, benefiting from the ASEAN-India and ensuring equitable distribution of benefits from
Free Trade Area (AIFTA). regional integration to promote inclusive growth and
z Strategic Significance: ASEAN plays a crucial role in development within ASEAN.
the Indo-Pacific region, serving as a bridge between
major powers, contributing to regional stability. Conclusion
z Connectivity and Infrastructure Development: Addressing these issues and challenges requires
ASEAN's focus on connectivity aligns with India's continued efforts from ASEAN member states to enhance
vision, fostering integration through projects like the institutional effectiveness, prompt dialogue, build
India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and trust, and strengthen regional cooperation. By working
Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project. together, ASEAN can overcome these challenges and
z Cultural Exchanges and Soft Power: Strengthening achieve its goals of regional integration, peace, stability,
cultural ties and promoting tourism enhance mutual and shared prosperity.
understanding and build stronger bonds.
z Regional Cooperation and Multilateralism: ASEAN
4.11 AUKUS
upholds regional cooperation and multilateral
principles, allowing India to actively participate in About
ASEAN-led initiatives like the East Asia Summit (EAS) z AUKUS is a 2021 trilateral
and ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). security partnership
z Act East Policy: ASEAN is a central pillar of India's in the Indo-Pacific,
Act East Policy, facilitating deeper engagement in comprising Australia,
Southeast Asia, leveraging historical ties, economic the UK, and the US.
integration, and strategic influence. z Notably, it involves
sharing US nuclear
Issues and Challenges
submarine technology
z Territorial Disputes: ASEAN faces territorial with Australia.
disputes, particularly in the South China Sea, which
z The grouping is oriented towards countering China's
can create internal tensions and hinder a unified
assertive actions in the South China Sea.
response.
z It introduces new meetings and engagements
z Institutional Capacity: ASEAN's decision-making
between the three countries and fosters cooperation
processes are criticized for being slow and lacking
in emerging technologies like applied AI, quantum
enforceability due to the consensus-based approach,
technologies, and undersea capabilities.
affecting timely action on sensitive issues.
z Socio-economic Disparities: Significant economic Concerns Related to AUKUS
development variations and income disparities among z Regional Security: AUKUS is seen as a potential threat
member states pose challenges in achieving inclusive to regional stability by China, as it involves sharing
growth and development. sensitive defense technologies and intelligence,
z Logistic Challenges: Poor infrastructure, limited impacting the strategic balance in the region.
connectivity, complex tax structures, and bureaucratic
z Diplomatic Implications: Traditional US allies like
costs hamper collaboration and investment between
India, Japan, and South Korea fear being sidelined
India and ASEAN countries.

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and losing influence in the region due to the AUKUS Conclusion
partnership.
In tandem with the US and the UK, Australia is all set to
z Impact on Non-Proliferation: The transfer of nuclear-
play a more robust role in ensuring peace and stability
powered submarine technology to Australia raises in the Indo-Pacific region. Meanwhile, India can look
concerns about its effect on global non-proliferation forward to other countries as a possibly bigger ally.
efforts, potentially setting a dangerous precedent. Then India will also have a better chance in ensuring
z Economic Consequences: Countries like India with security in the Indo-Pacific and performing better in
significant defense industries worry about increased other domains.
competition and potential impacts on their ability to
sell defense equipment to Australia.
4.12 THMCN
Strategic Consequences for India Background

z Strengthening ties with Australia: India can enhance
Science and Tech cooperation with Australia, boosting
technological capabilities and regional security.
z Developing Unique Arrangements: India has an
opportunity to build its own strategic partnerships
with the US and its allies, involving military cooperation
and intelligence sharing.
z Assess Geostrategic Implications: India will need
to carefully assess the geostrategic implications of
AUKUS and its impact on regional power dynamics.
The partnership may prompt India to reevaluate its
strategic calculus in the Indo-Pacific.
z Defence Trade and Technology: The partnership
may have economic implications, particularly in
terms of defense trade and technology cooperation.
India will need to consider these factors as it seeks z China and Nepal agree on building the Trans-
to enhance its indigenous defense manufacturing Himalayan Multi-Dimensional Connectivity
Network (THMCN) as part of China's BRI.
capabilities.
About
Safeguarding India's Interests
z THMCN is an economic corridor between Nepal and
z Collaborate with AUKUS countries while protecting China proposed in 2019.
national security interests, focusing on areas like z Aims to enhance connectivity in ports, roads, railways,
maritime security and cybersecurity. aviation, and communications.
z Maintain balance with other partners like Russia, z Seeks to integrate China with South Asia, develop
France, and Japan, avoiding a zero-sum approach. Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), and bolster border
z Strengthen the Quad to counterbalance AUKUS and controls.
promote a rules-based regional order.
Concerns for India
z Consider the interests of smaller countries in the
z Himalayan Quad: China is forming a Himalayan Quad
region, promoting cooperation and inclusivity in
with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal.
regional security initiatives.
z Impact on Nepal-India Relations: China's
infrastructure diplomacy offers growth and alternative
The Five Eyes alliance: It is a successful intelligence-
trade routes for Nepal, reducing reliance on India.
sharing arrangement among five English-speaking
democracies: the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and New z Challenging India's role in South Asia: China
presents an alternative to South Asian nations.
Zealand. It was established during the Cold War to
share sensitive information about adversaries across z Security concerns: THMCN infrastructure passes
various fronts. near Lumbini, close to the Indian border which can
create problems related to border security.

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z Environmental Impacts: Projects may exacerbate
landslides, floods, and illegal trade in endangered 4.13 I2U2
species.
I2U2 Initiative
China’s Himalayan outreach
z Comprehensive security agreements with
Infrastructure-oriented aid and Focus on trade, public-
private partnerships.
z Example: China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
z China's investment in the Wakhan Corridor Fiber
Optic Survey Project to connect Afghanistan and
China.
India's strategy in Himalayan Region

z Formulating regional connectivity plans since 2013.
z Example: Himalayan Rail Express connecting Leh and
Hawai (Arunachal Pradesh).
z The Himalayan ecosystem is fragile and diverse for
sustaining that ecosystem National Mission for
Sustaining The Himalayan Ecosystem has been
initiated. z I2U2, originally formed in October 2021 after the
z Advanced technology is being used and developed for Abraham Accords between Israel and the UAE, is a
securing Himalayan region border from infiltrants. new grouping of India, Israel, USA, and UAE.
z It is also known as the "West Asian Quad." This
Limitations for India initiative signifies geopolitical changes in the region
z Limited developments due to unsettled boundary and aims to revitalize alliances and partnerships
issues with Pakistan and Nepal. worldwide.
z Slow implementation and delays due to lack of
strategic vision. Significance
z Tough Himalayan terrain on the Indian side z Security Cooperation: The initiative promotes
compared to Tibet. security cooperation among the four nations, fostering
z Frequent conflicts on the border aggravates the a framework for joint efforts.
tension between the countries. z Technological Hubs: Each country is a technological
hub, presenting opportunities for collaboration in areas
Way ahead for India like biotechnology and other advanced technologies.
z Strengthen relations with Nepal through new z Food Security: I2U2 provides a platform to address
economic and developmental initiatives. food security concerns in the region.
z Address environmental concerns by forming a "Third
z Multifaceted Collaboration: The countries can
Pole Council" in the Himalayan region.
collaborate on various levels, including technology,
z Improve connectivity in border regions to facilitate trade, climate, healthcare, and security.
movement of goods and troops.
Significance for India
Conclusion
z Leveraging Abraham Accords: India can deepen its
The corridor consists of several transportation
engagement with Israel while maintaining ties with
infrastructure projects. Despite the prodigious
the UAE and other Arab states through the Abraham
opportunity for poverty alleviation in remote highlands
Accords.
in along with the ability to radically transform the
political and economical position of Nepal there are z Access to Markets: India's massive consumer market
some inner political challenges that are essential to be and high-tech production capabilities can benefit from
addressed for swift progress of country and it became the alliance.
essential for India to give more attention towards z Building Alliances: The initiative helps India to build
border security and infrastructure so that any future political and social alliances, furthering its influence
conflicts should be avoided. in the region.

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Challenges z Multilateral Engagement: To address global issues
z Geopolitical Sensitivities: Balancing relationships and advocate for a rules-based international order.
with multiple countries.
Conclusion
z Reluctance of Some Countries: Some nations
hesitant to establish bilateral relations with Israel due I2U2 group’s joint space venture aligns with their
to the Israel-Palestine conflict. broader economic collaboration efforts and supports
z Internal Issues in Arab Nations: Shia-Sunni conflict environmental solutions. It also serves strategic
affecting regional dynamics. purposes, such as countering Chinese influence,
z Potential Division of Powers: Conflicts leading to despite potential challenges in security interests and
divisions and formation of sects. institutional coordination. This initiative showcases
z Chinese Presence: Expanding Chinese influence in the dynamic intersection of economic and geopolitical
West Asia, requiring counteractions from India and interests among India, Israel, the UAE, and the United
the US. States.
Way Forward 4.14 IMF

z Strengthening Ties: Focus on enhancing diplomatic,
economic, and security cooperation between India, About
Israel, USA, and the UAE to foster regional stability.
z The IMF was established in 1944 after the Bretton
z Technology Collaboration: Explore opportunities
Woods agreement.
for joint research and development in emerging
technologies to harness the collective expertise of the z Aims to promote international trade, reduce global
four nations. poverty, and ensure financial stability and economic
z Regional Security: Collaborate on counterterrorism growth.
efforts and maritime security to address common z Strives for sustainable growth and prosperity for its
security challenges in the region. 190 member countries.
Functions of IMF z Also has bilateral borrowing agreements with member

z Facilitates international monetary cooperation. countries and institutions.
z Promotes exchange rate stability and related
arrangements.
India and IMF
z Helps establish a multilateral system of payments z In the early 1990s, India faced a severe balance of
and eliminate foreign exchange restrictions. payments deficit.
z Provides financial resources to member countries to z The IMF provided aid to help India overcome the
address Balance of Payment issues. crisis.
Funding of IMF z India secured an emergency loan from the IMF by

pledging gold reserves as collateral.
z Mainly funded through member quotas based on their
relative position in the world economy. z IMF's support was conditioned on India implementing
z Second line of defense is multilateral borrowings, structural reforms, including currency devaluation
such as New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB). and deficit reduction.

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IMF Quota & India z Delayed Reforms: Proposed IMF reforms faced a
z Quota Subscription: Countries pay a set amount significant delay
(quota subscription) upon joining the IMF based on
their wealth and economic performance. Way Forward
z Quota Measurement: Quotas are expressed in z Quota Reforms: Implement QFRG's suggestions,
"Special Drawing Rights" (SDRs), the IMF's unit of removing the biased "openness" measure from quota
account. calculation to support developing nations.
z Quota Divide: Developing nations have less than half z Quota Redistribution: Increase China and BRICS
of the overall IMF quotas and seek a greater share due
nations' quotas to match the US, while reducing EU
to growing populations and economic needs.
nations' and UK's share.
z India's Interest: India pushes for IMF quota reforms
to empower developing nations and currently holds z Fund Size Increase: Raise total quotas by at least
the 13th largest quota. 50% to accommodate new quota and voting share
distribution.
Recent Developments
z Comprehensive 2010 Reform: Fully execute the
z India assures IMF's help for Sri Lanka's economic
2010 reform, amending Articles of Agreement and
revival amid challenges like blackouts, shortages, and
inflation. establishing an all-elected Executive Board for better
z IMF praises India's digital transformation as a model representation.
for other nations, highlighting the "building block z Governance Reforms: Continue improving
approach" and focus on innovation. governance through the 15th General Quota Review
z India seeks coordinated global regulation for to enhance decision-making and representation.
cryptocurrencies, supported by the US Treasury z Restructure Article 4: Modernize Article 4 to use
Secretary, while RBI aims for a complete ban and
technology and public data for bilateral discussions,
is preparing a technical paper with the Financial
Stability Board. preventing negative impacts on fundraising for lower-
income nations like India.
IMF Drawbacks z Diverse Management: End the informal practice of
z Voting Disparity: IMF quota leads to unequal voting having Americans lead the World Bank and Europeans
rights and borrowing permissions, favoring developed head the IMF, promoting diversity and inclusivity.
nations over developing ones.
z Invasive Loan Conditions: IMF loans impose intrusive Conclusion
terms, eroding the sovereignty of recipient countries.
The IMF has played a crucial role in developing the
z Abrupt Policy Enforcement: Developing nations
world by providing financial assistance to countries
struggle with sudden policy imposition without
considering their unique situations. who are in need. Its reforms further bring effectiveness
and efficiency in combating the problems of the modern
z Developed Countries' Dominance: Critical reforms
require approval from a small group of nations, world. Role of the IMF is needed in changing the world
hindering progress without developed countries' so that more countries can work for the emancipation of
consent. their countries and holistic development can take place.

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4.15 WORLD BANK
About
z The World Bank Group is a global partnership comprising five institutions (IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID) dedicated
to achieving sustainable solutions that alleviate poverty and foster shared prosperity in developing countries.
z Mission: To reduce poverty, promote sustainable development, and enhance prosperity.
z With 189 member countries, it has provided loans and grants totaling USD 46 billion to date.
Structure
z IBRD: Provides debt financing to middle-income and z During the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Bank,
low-income but credit-worthy countries. India is a along with the Indian government and other partners,
member. mobilized to provide support in health, social, and
z IDA: Provides interest-free loans and grants to the economic sectors.
poorest countries. India is a member. z The World Bank approved $2.75 billion in emergency
z IFC: Focuses on the private sector for global lending to aid India's fight against COVID-19.
development. India is a member.
z MIGA: Promotes foreign direct investment into
Recent Developments
developing countries. India is a member. z Education: Support for quality education and skill
z ICSID: Provides facilities for conciliation and development.
arbitration of investment disputes. India is not a z Social Sector: $1.15 billion for COVID-19 relief, direct
member. beneficiary transfers, and women's education.
Main Functions of the World Bank z Health: Proposed $1 billion for health infrastructure,
combating HIV, and improving tuberculosis treatment.
z Financing Countries: Provides low-interest loans,
zero-interest credits, and grants to support economic z Nutrition: Support for around 60 million pregnant
development in member nations. and lactating women.
z Sharing of Information: Offers policy advice, z Energy: Assistance in setting up solar power projects
research, analysis, and technical assistance to public and a 1500 MW power project.
and private entities. z Rural Water Supply and Sanitation: Over $2.8
z Role in Sustainable Development: Aligns with the billion in financing provided.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and aims to z Logistics Performance Index: India ranks 38th
end poverty and promote shared prosperity.
among 139 countries.
World Bank and India z WB Report on Indian Cities, 2022: Urban
z India was a founding member of the World Bank, development challenges and recommendations.
actively participating in its establishment. z $750 Million Agreement in 2020: Emergency
z The World Bank has played a crucial role in India's response program for MSMEs to overcome COVID-19
development and growth. uncertainties and ensure credit flow.

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Challenges z 164 members: Run by consensus, any member can
z Under Representation: Poorer countries lack veto.
sufficient representation in decision-making. z Bretton Woods Conference 1944: Laid foundation
z Compromising Sovereignty: Loans come with for post-WWII financial system.
conditions that may undermine the borrower's z The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
sovereignty. led to the establishment of the WTO in 1995.
z Inability to Implement Measures: WBG has not z Reasons for Replacement: GATT lacked protection
effectively implemented recommended improvements. for services and intellectual property rights.
Unsustainable Growth Model: Focus on growth-
z
based projects without considering potential negative
Principles of WTO
impacts. z Non-Discrimination: All nations should be treated
z Large Projects and Climate Concerns: Emphasis on equally. No one country can grant any other member
large projects may not align with climate goals and country any special favor. For example, if one country
can lead to human costs. lowers the tariff to one country then it has to be
lowered to all other member countries.
Way Forward z Rational Treatment: Same treatment to all products,
z Involve Independent Bodies: Use regional-level either local or foreigners. Fair and equal treatment is
bodies to address issues that require flexibility and given to local as well as the products imported from
adaptation. other countries.
z Utilize Better-Suited Bodies: Allow other z Reciprocity: Lowering of import duties and other
organizations to handle initiatives that align with trade barriers in return for similar concessions from
their expertise. another country.
z Support Delivery Agents: Provide assistance to z Predictability through Binding and Enforceable
delivery agents in fragile situations to adapt effectively. Commitments: To make the business environment
z Local Solutions for Local Problems: Incorporate stable and predictable.
local communities' experiences and traditional z Transparency: The WTO members need to publish
knowledge in solving regional issues. their trade regulations and to notify changes in trade
policies to the WTO.
A memorandum of understanding (MoU) has been z Encouraging Development and Economic Reforms:
signed between the National Skill Development All efforts are made by the WTO system to contribute
Corporation (NSDC) and DP World of UAE so as to to development.
develop a Skill India International Centre at Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh. Functions
The UP government and the World Bank signed an z Trade Negotiations: Framework for agreements and
MoU in October 2019 for the Uttar Pradesh Core Road dispute resolution, e.g. agriculture, TRIPS.
Network Development Project. This project is still z Implementation and Monitoring: Ensures
underway and is expected to be completed in 2024. commitments' practice and assesses impacts.
The World Bank is also providing support to the z Smoothing Trade Flow: Creates legal framework for
UP government for a number of other projects, smooth exchange of goods and services.
including:
z Dispute Settlement: WTO also works to remove the
z The Uttar Pradesh Sustainable Water Management
disputes. e.g. India's MSP.
Project.
z Cooperation: Collaborates with the IMF, World Bank,
z The Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism Development
sharing access to databases.
Project.
z Building Trade Capacity: Supports developing
z The Uttar Pradesh Health Systems Strengthening
countries in free and fair trade.
Project.
z Economic Assistance: Grants concessions to ease
trade with developing nations.
4.16 WTO
Governance
About z Ministerial Conference: Top decision-making, meets
every 2 years.
z Evolution: WTO weaved from GATT, not a UN agency,
but ties with the UN. z General Council: Highest level decision making meets
are held regularly in Geneva.

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z Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB): Undertakes z Export Subsidies: All those subsidies that make the
trade policy reviews and considers DG's reports. export of agricultural products cheaper are called
z Dispute Settlement Body (DSU): Deals with disputes export subsidies. These are basically presumed to
between members. have trade-distorting effects. This agreement prohibits
the use of export subsidies by the member states for
WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
agriculture products.
z Through AoA, WTO aims at reforming trade in
agriculture with a fair and market-driven system. Most Favoured Nation
z The Agreement allows governments to support their Most Favoured Nation is a treatment accorded to a
rural economies, but only allows those policies that trade partner to ensure non-discriminatory trade
cause less trade “distortions”. between two countries vis-a-vis other trade partners.
This agreement has fixed commitments from all member The importance of MFN is shown in the fact that it is
states on the following agricultural supply chain system:- the first clause in the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT). Under WTO rules, a member country
z Improving Market Access: This can be done by
cannot discriminate between its trade partners. If a
removing various trade barriers by the member states.
special status is granted to a trade partner, it must be
By fixing the tariffs and progressively promoting free extended to all members of the WTO.
trade among member states which will ultimately lead
to an increase in market access.
z Domestic Subsidies: It basically motivates for the Achievements
reduction in domestic subsidies that distorts free z Codification of Global Trade: Framed binding rules
trade and fair prices. This is based on the premise for trade in goods and services.
that not all subsidies distort trade to the same extent. z Enhanced Trade: Halved average tariffs since 1995,
Under this agreement, Subsidies can be categorized quadrupled dollar value of world trade.
into the following three boxes: z Poverty Reduction: Fastest reduction in history,
extreme poverty less than 10%.
Green Box All those subsidies that do not
distort trade or cause minimal z Global Value Chains: Boosted trade and disaggregated
distortion, come under the green manufacturing across regions.
box. E.g. All government services
such as research, disease control,
WTO and India
and infrastructure and food z Peace Clause: India exceeded rice subsidy, invoked
security. Also, all those subsidies clause for food security.
are given to the farmers that z WTO Panel Ruling: India challenged import duties
directly do not affect international on ICT products.
trade and also come under the z WTO Ministerial Conference, 2022: A partial waiver
green box. of patent protection under WTO law to increase
Amber Box All kinds of domestic subsidies vaccine equity.
or support that can distort z Limits on Fishing Subsidies: Agreement to curb
production and trade (with some harmful fishing subsidies
exceptions) fall into the Amber
Box. The measures to support Issues
prices come under this box. z China's Mercantilism: Challenges global trading
The exception is the provision
system with state-owned enterprises.
that accepts subsidies upto 5%
of agricultural production for z US-China Trade War: Distorts trade structure and
developed countries, 10% for impacts dependent countries.
developing countries. z Institutional Issues: Appellate Body suspended since
Blue Box All those Amber Box subsidies 2019 due to US blocking appointments.
which tend to limit the production z Lack of Clarity: The status of counties as
comes under Blue Box. This can underdeveloped and developing countries are not
be increased without limit as certain.
long as subsidies are linked to z Rising E-commerce: WTO lagging in addressing
production-limiting programs. digital trade.

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z Deadlocks: Frequent impasses in negotiations and z Foster consultation and cooperation on defense and
inconclusive discussion consequently results in security-related issues.
deadlock. z Prevent conflicts through long term trust building
z Regional Trade Agreements: Violate non- measures.
discrimination principle regarding the trade.
Military Objectives
z Erosion of Preferences: Concessions lose meaning z Prioritize peaceful resolution of disputes.
with tariff rate cuts.
z Employ military power for crisis-management
Way Forward operations, if necessary.
z Protect Local Markets: Provisions for developing z Invoke Article 5 for collective defense when a member
countries to build confidence in WTO. faces an armed attack.
Modernize for Digital Trade: Develop new rules for
z
e-commerce and solve the problems regarding it.
Functioning
z Tackle Climate Change: Align trade and commerce in Integrated Military Command
such a way that environmental sustainability should z NATO has an integrated military command structure.
be maintained.
z Forces and assets, however, remain primarily under
z Build Trust: Engage all countries and thwart unfair
national control until member countries agree to
trade practices.
undertake NATO-related tasks.
z Liberal Market Order: A reaffirmed commitment
to the rules-based liberal market order with a Decision-Making
development dimension must be the foundational
z All 31 allies have an equal participation in decision-
starting point.
making.
Conclusion z Unanimous and consensual agreement is required for
The WTO has achieved much over its first 20 years, any decisions.
perhaps even more than some of its defenders recognize. z Members must respect democratic values, individual
Global trade barriers are historically low, international liberty, and the rule of law.
trade rules are respected, participation in an open,
increasingly integrated and rules-based world trading Advantages of NATO Membership for a
system has become nearly universal. More members Nation
are making use of the dispute settlement system and
z Enhanced Security: NATO membership affords
with each new case a more relevant body of WTO trade
access to a collective defense mechanism, acting as a
law develops. The fact that members are increasingly
deterrent against potential threats and safeguarding
committed to expanding cooperation, respecting rules
and resolving disputes through the WTO even during member countries from acts of aggression.
periods of economic crises and uncertainty is the z Augmented Military Capacities: Membership offers
strongest testament to the system's success. access to advanced military technologies, training
programs, and collaborative exercises with other NATO
4.17 NATO nations, elevating a country’s military capabilities and
preparedness.
About z Political Influence: Being a NATO member amplifies
z The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a nation’s international influence, granting it a more
a military alliance established by the North Atlantic influential voice on the global stage and an increased
Treaty in 1949. role in shaping worldwide security and defense affairs.
z It aims to provide collective security against potential
threats, particularly from the Soviet Union during the Limitations
post-World War II era. z Internal Coups and Civil War: NATO's protection
z NATO's membership has grown to include 31 does not extend to members' civil wars or internal
countries, comprising both original signatories and coups.
new additions. z Based on the political will of members: NATO's
effectiveness depends on the political will of member
Objectives
states to take action when necessary. Differences
Political Objectives in threat perceptions and interests can affect the
z Promote democratic values within the nations. alliance's ability to respond effectively.

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z Conventional Warfare: NATO's traditional focus on z Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI):
state-based threats and conventional warfare may Partnership forum offering cooperation
not be well-suited to addressing emerging security opportunities to non-NATO countries in the
challenges, such as cyber threats, terrorism, and broader Middle East region.
hybrid warfare. Includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United
z Diversity: Member states have diverse national Arab Emirates.
interests and priorities, and these differences can lead
to tensions and disagreements within the alliance.
Conclusion
NATO remains a vital collective defense alliance,
Funding committed to promoting democratic values, preventing
z NATO is funded by its member countries. conflicts, and providing security to its member countries.
Through its alliances, NATO extends its influence beyond
z The United States contributes approximately three- its member nations to enhance regional stability and
fourths of NATO's budget. cooperation.
Alliances of NATO
4.18 GLOBAL SOUTH ASSOCIATION
z Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC):
Multilateral forum for dialogue and consultation

About Global North and Global South
among Allies and partner countries.
z The terms "Global North" and "Global South" are
Facilitates cooperation under the Partnership for used to categorize countries based on their economic
Peace (PfP) program. development, indicators of education, healthcare, and
z Mediterranean Dialogue: other socio-economic factors.
Partnership forum to promote security and z The Global North includes countries like the US,
Canada, Europe, Russia, Australia, and New Zealand,
stability in NATO's Mediterranean and North
while the Global South encompasses countries in Asia,
African neighborhood. Africa, and South America.
Involves non-NATO countries like Algeria, Egypt, z This classification highlights similarities among
Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. countries within each group.
Earlier Classification Systems dividing countries into core, peripheral, and semi-
z First, Second, and Third World Countries: During peripheral zones based on their production capacities
the Cold War, countries were categorized into First, and technologies.
Second, and Third World based on their alliances with z Eastern and Western Countries: Western countries
the US, the USSR, or non-alignment, respectively. were associated with higher economic development
z World Systems Approach: This perspective and prosperity, while Eastern countries were
emphasizes interconnectedness in world politics, considered in transition.

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Emergence of Global North and South z Inadequate Access to Resources: Major gaps in
z Non-Feasibility of Earlier Classification: After the access to resources have historically favored advanced
Cold War, the First World/Third World classification economies.
became impractical due to the disintegration of the z Impact of COVID-19: The pandemic has exacerbated
USSR and shifting alliances. existing divides, with social and macroeconomic
z Commonalities in Global South Countries: Many implications affecting the Global South
Global South countries share a history of colonization disproportionately.
and are under-represented in international forums,
contributing to slower growth in this region. India as the Voice of Global South
Initiatives for South-South Cooperation z Engaging with Regional Politics: India must actively
engage with the complex regional politics within the
Global Initiatives developing world.
z BRICS Forum: Comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China,
z Recognizing Diversity: Acknowledging the diverse
and South Africa, promoting cooperation among major
emerging economies. needs and capabilities of countries within the Global
z IBSA Forum: Involving India, Brazil, and South Africa South, India should tailor policies accordingly.
to enhance ties and cooperation. z Bridging the Gap: India aims to be a bridge between
the Global North and South, pursuing practical
Indian Initiatives
outcomes and avoiding ideological battles.
z Proposal on TRIPS Waiver: India and South Africa
proposed a temporary global easing of intellectual z Inclusive Growth: India can promote policies and
property rights on COVID-19 vaccines and treatments. initiatives that foster inclusive growth like supporting
z Vaccine Maitri Campaign: India's initiative to equitable trade practices, promoting social welfare
provide vaccines to neighboring countries under the programs, and addressing income inequality.
'Neighborhood First' Policy.
Conclusion
Roadblocks to Global South Development Voice of Global South Summit has been India's
z Issue of Green Energy Fund: Global North countries endeavor to provide a common platform to deliberate
neglect funding green energy, affecting the least
on the concerns, interests and priorities that affect the
emitters, i.e., lesser developed countries.
developing countries and also to exchange ideas and
z Impact of Russia-Ukraine War: The war affects the
solutions, and most importantly, to unite in voice and
least developed countries, impacting food, energy, and
purpose in addressing the concerns and priorities. India
finance concerns.
will work to ensure that the valuable inputs generated
z China's Interference: China's Belt and Road Initiative
raises questions about its impact on the Global South's from partner countries in the Voice of Global South
development. Summit deliberations receive due cognizance globally.
z US Hegemony: The US continues to dominate India's presidency of the G20 provides India a special
international affairs, despite the world being and strong opportunity to channelize these inputs into
considered multipolar. the deliberation.
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5 Nuclear Power
z Nuclear power is a form of electricity generation that

relies on the controlled nuclear fission of radioactive fuel. These materials undergo fission reactions in the
materials, typically uranium or plutonium. It has been reactor core.
used for decades as a source of clean, reliable, and z The use of enriched uranium and plutonium in nuclear
efficient energy. Nuclear power plants use a process reactors raises concerns about nuclear proliferation,
called nuclear fission, in which the nucleus of an atom as these materials can potentially be diverted for the
is split into two smaller nuclei, releasing a tremendous
production of nuclear weapons. Nuclear power plants
amount of energy in the form of heat. This process is
sustained in a controlled manner in nuclear reactors. pose safety and environmental risks, as accidents,
The most commonly used fuel in nuclear reactors such as the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima
is enriched uranium, specifically Uranium-235 Daiichi nuclear disaster, have shown. Stringent safety
(U-235). Plutonium-239 (Pu-239) is also used as measures are essential to prevent such incidents.
z Nuclear Deterrence of CBW: India reserves the

5.1 INDIA'S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE option to use nuclear weapons in response to chemical
or biological warfare.
Overview z Massive Retaliation: Any nuclear attack on India will
z No First Use (NFU): India pledges to use nuclear result in a devastating response causing unacceptable
weapons only in response to a nuclear attack on its and irreparable damage.
territory or forces. z Command Control: The Nuclear Command Authority,
consisting of political and executive councils, governs
z Credible Minimum Deterrence: India maintains
India's nuclear deterrent. The Political Council is
the minimum necessary nuclear capabilities to deter chaired by the Prime Minister. It is the sole body which
potential adversaries. can authorize the use of nuclear weapons.
z No Use of Nuclear Power against Non-nuclear z Chinese Expansionism: Critics argue that NFU does
States: India commits not to use nuclear weapons not deter China and fails to prevent Chinese support
against non-nuclear states. for Pakistan's nuclear program.
z Multilateral Disarmament: India supports global
non-discriminatory disarmament efforts. 5.2 NUCLEAR SECURITY IN INDIA
z Non-proliferation: India maintains strict control over
z Nuclear security in India encompasses a
the export of nuclear and missile-related materials. comprehensive set of measures and protocols
to safeguard its nuclear materials, facilities, and
No First Use Policy (NFU) technology from unauthorized access, theft, sabotage,
z India's NFU policy garners attention in relation to and acts of terrorism. India has a significant nuclear
concerns about nuclear blackmail from Pakistan and program that includes both civilian and military
Chinese aggression. aspects, and ensuring the security of its nuclear assets
z According to NFU India will only use nuclear weapons is a top priority.
if it is first attacked with nuclear weapons. z India has established a robust regulatory framework
z India's nuclear program was initiated in the late 1940s for nuclear security. The Atomic Energy Regulatory
under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha. Board (AERB) is the primary regulatory authority
responsible for overseeing nuclear safety and
Advantages security measures.
z Strict adherence to the doctrine can strengthen India’s z Nuclear power in India delivers a total capacity of
efforts to gain membership in the Nuclear Supplier 6.7GW, contributing to just under 2% of the country’s
electricity supply. India’s nuclear plants are controlled
Group (NSG) and United Nations Security Council
by Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), a
(UNSC).
state-owned corporation which was founded in 1987.
z War Initiation Blame Avoidance: NFU places the India boasts a fleet of seven nuclear power plants,
onus of escalating a conflict on adversaries, allowing profiled here in order of size from largest production
India to defend itself without initiating war. capacity to smallest.
z Prevents False Alarm Escalation: NFU prevents 1. No First Use Doctrine:
nuclear retaliation due to false alarms or z India's nuclear doctrine centers on a "No First Use"
misunderstanding, ensuring a more measured policy, pledging not to use nuclear weapons unless
response in crises. faced with a nuclear attack.
z Enhances International Image: Complying with NFU z This policy aims to promote stability and prevent a
and voluntary non-proliferation efforts boost India's nuclear arms race in South Asia.
credibility on the global stage. 2. Command and Control:
z Responsible Nuclear Power: NFU reinforces India's z India has established a Nuclear Command Authority
image as a responsible nuclear power, exemplified by responsible for overseeing the management and
its membership in international agreements. deployment of its nuclear arsenal.
z This centralized control ensures political leadership
Disadvantages has the authority over nuclear weapons use.
z Ambiguity Removal: Maintaining ambiguity can 3. Minimum Credible Deterrence:
prevent conflict, while adopting NFU may undermine z India's nuclear strategy revolves around maintaining
this preventive effect. a credible minimum deterrence posture.
z Continued Aggression: India's counterforce strategy z It focuses on possessing a sufficient but limited
nuclear arsenal to deter potential adversaries.
may change due to persistent aggression from Pakistan.
4. Non-Proliferation Commitment:
z Survivability after First Attack: Despite second-
z India adheres to non-proliferation efforts and exercises
strike capability, nuclear war is devastating.
strict control over the export of nuclear weapons and
z Pakistan's First Use Policy: India's NFU policy missile-related materials.
allows Pakistan to take the initiative and limits India's 5. Global Initiatives:
military options. z India supports multilateral disarmament and non-
z Inefficiency of Deterrence: NFU may fail to create discriminatory initiatives which aim at eliminating
deterrence against conventional military attacks. nuclear weapons worldwide.
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3. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
Narora Nuclear Power Plant
z The IAEA plays a crucial role in monitoring and
z Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) is a nuclear
verifying compliance with nuclear safeguards and
power plant located in Narora, Dibai Tehsil,
non-proliferation agreements.
Bulandshahar District in Uttar Pradesh, India.
4. Global Threat Reduction:
z The Narora Nuclear Reactor has two PHWR which
offer a total capacity of 440MW. Unit 1 was installed z Efforts are ongoing to secure and reduce stockpiles
in January 1991, and unit 2 following in July 1992. of nuclear materials worldwide to minimize the risk
z Each reactor runs on the concept of pressurized of proliferation.
heavy-water reactor (PHWR) capable of producing 5. Preventing Nuclear Terrorism:
220 MW of electricit. z Nations collaborate to prevent nuclear terrorism by
z Narora is considered one for the safest nuclear enhancing security measures around nuclear facilities
plants in the country and won a Golden Peacock and materials.
award for environment management in the year 6. Diplomatic Initiatives:
2000.
z Diplomacy and negotiations are key in addressing
z The reactors were not originally under IAEA
regional and global nuclear security challenges, such
safeguards. but subsequent to the signing of the
as the Iran Nuclear Deal.
1-2-3 agreement, they have been placed under
IAEA monitoring with effect from 2014. 7. Technology and Research:
z The cooling resources are water from the Ganga z Advances in technology and research contribute to
river and Narora Barrage. improving the safety and security of nuclear arsenals
globally.
8. Public Awareness:
Nuclear Security Worldwide z Public awareness campaigns emphasize the
1. Arms Control Treaties: importance of nuclear security and the potential
z Various international agreements, such as the Treaty consequences of nuclear terrorism or accidents.
on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT),
aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and Conclusion
promote disarmament. Overall, nuclear security is a complex global challenge
2. Nuclear Security Summits: that requires the cooperation of nations, adherence to
z Global summits on nuclear security have been held international agreements, and continuous efforts to
to enhance the protection of nuclear materials and reduce the risks associated with nuclear weapons and
facilities from theft or terrorism. materials.
Key International Agreements and Initiatives on Nuclear Security

1. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) 1968:
z The NPT is the cornerstone of the nuclear non-proliferation regime, with 191 States Parties.
z It prohibits the spread of nuclear weapons to non nuclear weapon states and mandates nuclear weapon states
to reduce their arsenals.
2. NPT Safeguards Agreements:
z Integral to the NPT, these agreements establish the framework for the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) to verify that non nuclear weapon States Parties are not developing nuclear weapons.
3. Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM):
z This international treaty, which came in 1987, sets standards for the physical protection of nuclear material.

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4. Joint Protocol relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention:
z An agreement between States Parties to the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and the
Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in Nuclear Energy.
z The Joint Protocol is designed to establish treaty relations between the Contracting Parties to the Vienna
Convention and the Contracting Parties to the Paris Convention, and to eliminate conflicts that may arise from
the simultaneous application of both Conventions to the same nuclear incident.
5. Convention on Nuclear Safety:
z It aims to commit Contracting Parties operating land-based civil nuclear power plants to maintain a high level of
safety by establishing fundamental safety principles to which States would subscribe.
6. Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage:
z This treaty, in force since 2015, establishes a supplementary compensation fund for nuclear damage.
7. Nuclear Security Summit:
z A series of high-level international meetings held since 2010 to promote nuclear security.
z These summits have led to significant commitments, including the Global Nuclear Security Framework.
8. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
z Established in 1957, the IAEA is an international organization promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy and
preventing military applications.
z It has 178 Member States and plays a crucial role in nuclear security and safeguards.
9. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
z The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) prohibits “any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear
explosion” anywhere in the world. The treaty was opened for signature in September 1996, and has been signed
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production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or
5.3 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT: STRIVING other explosive devices.
FOR A SAFER WORLD z Opposes the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons (TPNW) and other related treaties.
Overview
z Nuclear disarmament involves reducing and
Challenges in Achieving Nuclear
eliminating nuclear weapons while preventing non- Disarmament
nuclear countries from developing them. 1. Lack of Consensus among Nuclear Weapon States
z Currently, nine countries possess nuclear weapons, (NWSs): Differing views among different countries
with a global stockpile of nearly 12,512 weapons, hinders progress.
down from 60,000 during the Cold War. 2. Military Spending Imbalance: Some countries
allocate substantial budgets to nuclear arsenals.
Rationale for Complete Disarmament 3. Unsettled International Security Environment:
1. Social Impact: Prolonged exposure to radiation leads This may prompt states to pursue nuclear proliferation.
to high infant mortality rates and cancer.
4. NPT's Limitations: Unable to address non-state
2. Economic Cost: Enormous budgetary expenditure actors' acquisition of nuclear weapons.
on nuclear weapons and infrastructure can create
economic distress. 5. Verification Challenges: The International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) faces funding issues which
3. Nuclear Terrorism: Different terrorist organizations hinders the verification process.
found it simple to attack through nuclear weapons
which can create a world wide deterrence. Factors Increasing the Risk of Nuclear
4. Environmental Impact: Nuclear activities contribute Weapons Use
to global warming, ocean acidification, and food
insecurity. 1. Technological Modernization: Advancements in
nuclear weapons and digital technology.
India's Position on Global Nuclear 2. Space Warfare: Increasing competition among
Disarmament countries in the nuclear and space race are creating
z India is committed to a nuclear weapons free the concept of parking nuclear weapons in space.
world through verifiable and non-discriminatory 3. Conflicts Between Nuclear Armed States and
disarmament. Allies: Heightens the potential for aggression.
z Supports negotiations for a Comprehensive Nuclear 4. Emerging Arms Races: Contribute to strategic
Weapons Convention. instability, especially in South Asia.
z In 1988, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi proposed an 5. Regional Conflicts: Ongoing regional conflicts and
Action Plan for a Nuclear Weapons Free and Nonviolent territorial disputes, particularly in areas where
World Order to attain the goal of nuclear disarmament multiple nuclear-armed states have interests, can
in a time bound, universal, non discriminatory, phased create flashpoints for potential nuclear confrontation.
and verifiable manner.
z Backs a universal Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Global Initiatives for Nuclear Disarmament
(FMCT). The Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT) is z USA-Russia: New START (Strategic Arms Reduction
a proposed international treaty to prohibit the further Treaty) for nuclear disarmament.

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z Conference on Disarmament (CD): A sole negotiating z Strengthening verification systems.
body for multilateral nuclear disarmament. z Ensuring the peaceful use of nuclear technology while
z Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear minimizing associated risks.
Weapons (NPT): Aims to limit the spread of nuclear
weapons. Conclusion
z Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests (TBT): Aims to
z Nuclear weapons are often presented as promoting
eliminate nuclear weapons testing.
security, particularly during times of international
z Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapon
instability. But weapons that risk catastrophic and
(TPNW): Prohibits the development, testing,
production, acquisition, possession, or stockpiling of irreversible humanitarian consequences cannot
nuclear weapons. seriously be viewed as protecting civilians or
z Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT): Prohibits the humanity as a whole. The UN and the nuclear age
production of Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) and were born almost simultaneously. The horror of the
Plutonium. Second World War, culminating in the nuclear blasts
z International Day for Total Elimination of Nuclear at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, brought home the need to
Weapons. address the nuclear issue. By its first resolution, the
z Multilateral Export Control Regime (MECR): General Assembly established the UN Atomic Energy
Prevents the proliferation of weapons of mass Commission to deal with the problems raised by the
destruction. discovery of atomic energy. India is unequivocal in
its commitment to universal, non-discriminatory
Way Forward
and verifiable nuclear disarmament. Fully cognizant
z A stable international environment built on mutual
that disarmament can be achieved through a steady,
trust.
gradual and effective process which leads towards
z Adherence to existing arms control treaties.
peace and stability across the world.
APPENDIXES
IR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQ)

11. Discuss the role of Chinese factor behind strained relations between India and Nepal. (2021)
12. Evaluate the reasons of India's 'Soft Power' diplomacy in Afghanistan. (2021)
13. Abraham Accords are a new beginning in the politics of West Asia. Explain. (2021)
14. Comment on India-America "2+2 ministerial dialogue". (2020)
15. Despite a cordial Mamallpuram Summit between Prime Minister Modi and the Chinese President, the dispute
on line of actual control has deepened after a gap of several years. What do you think, are the reasons behind it?
(2020)
16. What do you know about 'Quadrilateral Security Dialogue' (QUAD)? Whether Malabar Military exercise would be
successful in containment of growing influence of China in world politics? (2020)
17. Describe in detail the issues of nuclear proliferation and existing control mechanism. (2020)
18. At present in emerging security challenges, how nuclear weapons can be advantageous in India's security
management? Explain it. (2020)
19. What are the main irritants in Indo-Nepal bilateral relations? (2019)
20. Is India a powerful claimant of permanent membership in the Security Council? Give a reasoned answer. (2019)
21. What are the causes behind recent USA and Iran tensions? How this tension will affect the national interest of
India? How should India respond to this situation? Discuss. (2019)
22. "With unbridled escalation in the international terrorism activities during the past two decades a grave threat
looms large before world peace. Every nation has to join hand in the global fight unto the last against it." Explain
this statement. (2019)
23. "Nuclear deterrance is the only effective alternative to counter the deadly genocidal nuclear weapons." Analytically
explain this statement. (2019)
24. Why is India opposed to mediation on Kashmir? (2018)
25. How will the withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Afghanistan affect India? Comment. (2018)
26. Discuss the nature of India-China relations in the light of OBOR. (2018)

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UPPSC EXPECTED MAINS QUESTIONS
1.
The policy of NAM was enunciated by Pandit Nehru and it has become a cornerstone of the Foreign Policy of
independent India. What are the principles underlying the concept of Non- Alignment? Has this Policy been
fruitful? Give reasons for your views.
2.
Comment on the utility and effectiveness of soft power for furthering national interest. Can soft power replace
hard power in international politics?
3.
India relations with its neighbors remain in a worrying state despite the Neighborhood First Policy. Do you
agree with this statement? Critically review the recent steps taken by India to strengthen relations with its
neighbors.
4.
River water disputes are emerging as a major source of irritation between India and its neighbors. Identify
sources of conflicts and suggest remedial measures.
5.
Discuss the role of Chinese factors causing discontent in relations between India and Nepal? Also explain
challenges faced by Uttar Pradesh from Nepal.
6.
Comment the main theme of the G20 Summit held in 2023 in India. Also describe the different decisions taken
in the Summit.
7.
Discuss India’s current stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict, and how has it evolved over time?
8.
What is the importance of BIMSTEC for India? Will BIMSTEC be an alternative to SAARC?
9.
Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in West Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role
of Indian Diaspora in West Asian and discuss the challenges faced by them.
10. What are the salient features of the political and economic relationship between India and South Africa?
11. How does India benefit from good neighborly relations with Bangladesh. Also discuss some major irritants to
Indo- Bangladesh relations.
12. The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region.
Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in
the present scenario.
13. Give a brief description of NATO and write its significance and limitations in present day context.
14. India can play a pivotal role in advancing the interests of the global south and become an axle of south-south
cooperation”. In light of the statement, show how India can portray itself as the leader of the global south.
15. Describe the rationality of Nuclear disarmament and Indians stand on this matter. Also put the light on the
challenges in nuclear disarmament.
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Section B
Internal Security
1 Basics of Internal Security
INTRODUCTION z In the contemporary world, the nature and quantity
z The idea of internal security may appear to be a of security threats facing a nation, both internally
contemporary concept; however, contrary to common
and externally, have become increasingly complex.
belief, it has a history as old as the concept of nation-
states. It has become imperative for a country to uphold its
z The earliest work on statecraft, exemplified by
Kautilya's Arthashastra, included references to the sovereignty in the realm of international politics while
management of a state's security, encompassing both also safeguarding the free will of its citizens.
internal and external threats.
External Security: Protecting a country from external
threats like terrorism and warfare.
Internal Security:
z Actions to safeguard a nation's unity, integrity, and
sovereignty within its borders.
Relationship Between Internal and External Security

z Challenge: Difficulty in distinguishing between interconnected internal and external security risks.
z Objective: Defending territorial integrity and ensuring peace, rule of law, and order.
z Distinction: External security focuses on foreign aggression, while internal security has a separate mandate.
z Responsibilities:
External Security: Handled by the armed forces.
Internal Security: Managed by the police, with possible support from Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF).
z Significance: Contributes to enhanced socioeconomic factors, promoting stability and security.
Health Security: Diseases like Tuberculosis,
External Security Internal Security
Malaria, and HIV are seen as threats due to their
Threats Threats
impact on human lives.
Originates from foreign Originates within the z Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh identified
soil country's territory terrorism, weapons proliferation, low-intensity
Typically involves Involves internal conflicts, and sea-lane security as national security
aggression by foreign disturbances and law challenges. These threats are interconnected; for
nations and order issues instance, terrorism is linked to arms proliferation, and
sea-lane security is tied to energy security.
Primarily impacts the Mainly affects the
z Ensuring law and order and safeguarding boundaries
country's sovereignty government's credibility
are fundamental government duties, crucial for
Has a significant impact Directly affects the economic progress.
on international relations relationship between z The government prioritizes internal security, a
citizens and the sentiment echoed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
government in 2016, urging enhanced intelligence sharing to
Mainly addressed by Primarily handled by the counter these challenges effectively.
the Armed forces and Ministry of Home Affairs Constituents of Internal Security
diplomats and State Police
z Law and Order: Ensuring law and order is the
Comes under the ambit of Comes under the government's foremost responsibility to uphold the
Ministry of Defence purview of Ministry of rule of law and protect law-abiding citizens.
Home Affairs. z Safeguarding Sovereignty: Countering challenges
from state and non-state actors like terrorism and
Modern National Security: A Holistic View naxalism is essential to protect national sovereignty.
z Today's concept of national security goes beyond z Domestic Peace: Preventing incidents such as
physical threats and encompasses political, economic, communal violence, ethnic clashes, and mob violence
environmental, social, and human aspects. It is crucial for maintaining peace and tranquillity.
emphasizes the safety and well-being of individuals,
z Equality: The state must ensure equality before the
leading to the concept of 'human security.' National
law and equal protection of law, as mandated by
security is essentially about a state's ability to protect Article 14 of the Indian Constitution.
its citizens.
z Freedom from Fear: Fostering an environment where
z Traditionally, national security focused on territorial people can express their views without fear is vital, as
integrity, political institutions, and sovereignty. But in dissent plays a pivotal role in democracy.
today's world, it includes:
z Non-discrimination: The state must protect the weak
Economic Threats: These indirectly disrupt
from discrimination, exploitation, and oppression,
economic growth and development. ensuring freedom and rights for all.
Technology-Driven Threats: Such as cyber-
z Social Harmony: Promoting social harmony among
terrorism and space warfare, which have gained castes, communities, and regions is imperative to
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Measures to enhance Internal Security Government Initiatives and Policies to
Social Combat Hate Speech: Enforce
enhance Internal Security
Measures stringent laws against communal 1. UAPA Amendment, 2019: Unlawful Activities
and hate speech to prevent (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 empowers NIA's
the spread of hatred. Example: Director General to seize or attach property during NIA
Section 153A and section investigations. The Act provides special procedures to
505(2) of IPC. deal with terrorist activities, among other things.
Regulate Social Media: 2. Police Modernization: Implemented through the
Implement regulations for ASMP (Assistance to States for Modernization of
social media intermediaries, as Police) scheme, based on recommendations from
outlined in the 2021 Information the Justice J.S. Verma Committee for criminal law
amendments.
Technology Rules.
3. SAMADHAN Initiative: A holistic, long-term strategy
Economic Poverty Reduction: Adopt a against Left-wing extremism.
Measures targeted approach to reduce 4. National Policy on Left Wing Extremism, 2015: A
poverty and unemployment, comprehensive plan for development, security, and
which can deter youth from rights in LWE-affected areas.
engaging in extremist activities. 5. Infrastructure Development: Through North East
Black Money Control: Develop a Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS)
comprehensive policy to combat like PM GATISHAKTI, Bharatmala Pariyojana and
the persistence of black money, PM DevINE, focusing on coordinated infrastructure
despite existing efforts and laws. projects and holistic development in the North East.
Administrative Police Reform: Implement the 6. Aspirational District Program (ABP): A scheme
Measures Supreme Court's directions from aiming at holistic development, including LWE-
the Prakash Singh case (2006) to affected areas, with the recent addition of Aspirational
modernize and improve policing. Blocks.
Criminal Justice Reform:
Overhaul the outdated criminal
justice system to reduce delays in
justice and enhance coordination
between investigation agencies
and the judiciary.
Naxalism Strategy: Develop a
comprehensive strategy to combat
Naxalism, considering initiatives
like Operation Green Hunt and the
Aspirational Districts Programme.
National Counter-terrorism
Centre: Establish a federal agency,
similar to those in the United
States and the UK, to coordinate
counter-terror operations.
Military CAPF Reform: Utilize the
Measures recommendations from the
Committee on Estimates' report
on Central Armed Police Forces
and Internal Security Challenges
to guide reforms.
Border Management: Enhance 7. Civic Action Programme: Funds development
border security through projects in terrorism and Naxal-affected areas to build
smart fencing, infrastructure bridges between locals and security forces.
development, digital
8. NATGRID: National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) is
communication, and optical fibers,
an integrated database of security agencies for easy
with support from the Border
access to criminal data and crime patterns in counter-
Road Organization.
terrorism efforts.
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9. CCTNS: An e-governance initiative for creating a z India-China border: Snow-covered, towering
nationwide network of Police Stations, simplifying mountain ranges.
investigation and data sharing. z India-Myanmar border: Lush tropical forests.
10. CERT-In: India's nodal agency for addressing cyber
security threats. Goals of Border Management
11. National Critical Information Infrastructure z Primary Goal of Border Management: The primary
Protection Centre (NCIIPC): Established under the goal of border management is to ensure the security
IT Act 2000 to safeguard critical information. and integrity of a nation's borders. This involves
12. National Cybersecurity Policy 2020: Requires faster measures to prevent unauthorized entry, protect
and more efficient implementation to protect the against external threats, and maintain sovereignty
country's critical infrastructure. over its territory.
z Secondary Goal of Border Management: The
International Initiatives to enhance Internal secondary goal of border management is to facilitate
Security legitimate cross-border activities, including trade,
commerce, and the movement of people. This goal
1. Interpol: India is one of thirteen members on
aims to strike a balance between security and
Interpol's executive committee, which initiated a
economic interests by ensuring that legal and peaceful
special inquiry into money laundering in Asia. This
investigation also scrutinized commercial and trade interactions across borders are not unduly hindered.
activities linked to money laundering. Types of Land Borders
2. Vienna Convention on Money Laundering: This
z International Border Line (IBL): Agreed upon and
agreement mandates member states to criminalize recognized by neighboring countries and the world.
money laundering from drug trafficking and
z Line of Control (LoC): Separates Pakistan-occupied
encourages global cooperation in forensics, making
Kashmir from India's Jammu and Kashmir.
interstate extradition applicable to money laundering
z Line of Actual Control (LAC): Divides Indian-held
cases.
territory from Chinese-controlled land.
3. Financial Action Task Force (FATF): FATF's
recommendations are globally recognized standards Security Challenges in Border Areas
for countering money laundering, terrorism financing, z Unsettled maritime boundaries.
and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
z Undemarcated land borders.
4. Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC): Established z Under-resourced border guarding forces.
by UNSC resolution 1373 (2001) following the 9/11
z Imperfect intelligence sharing.
attacks, the CTC is supported by the United Nations
Security Council. z Political and economic instability in neighboring
countries.
5. UN Resolution 1624 (2005): It legally prohibits acts
z Ongoing border disputes.
of terrorism, prevents terrorism, and denies haven
to individuals against whom there is credible and Specific challenges include
relevant information indicating their involvement in
z Illegal migration.
such activities.
z Counterfeit currency.
1.1 BORDER SECURITY z Human trafficking.
z Terrorism (primarily from Pakistan).
Introduction z Unaccounted foreign funding for religious activities.
z India shares land borders with seven neighboring z Communal tensions.
countries. z Arms and ammunition smuggling.
z Total land border length: 15,106.7 kilometers. z Drug trafficking.
z Borders span 92 districts in 17 states. z Support for left-wing extremism
z Coastal boundaries reach 9 States and 4 Union z Armed succession struggles
Territories.
Challenges Faced by Border Residents
Unique Ecological and Climatic Diversity z Vulnerability to border criminals
z India-Pakistan border: From scorching Thar Desert z Movement restrictions
to frigid Himalayas. z Fear of aggression

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z Lack of industrialization and economic progress z Developing Infrastructure: Accelerated development
z Inadequate development measures of infrastructure along the border, especially to wean
z Insufficient infrastructure the border population from illegal activities.
z Limited access to education and healthcare Conclusion
z Loss of crops and property during times of aggression
The stability of country brings the full utilization of
Securing the Borders Human resource potential of the country and brings the
1. The MHA comprehensive Integrated Border economic development and peace and prosperity in the
Management system (CIBMS). Key points of CIBMS country so, border management is a key issue for all
are: around development of country.
z High-tech surveillance devices such as sensors,
detectors, cameras, ground-based radar systems, 1.1.1 Securing Uttar Pradesh Borders
micro-aerostats, lasers etc to provide whole year and UP’s five districts in the eastern region—Bahraich,
around the clock surveillance. Shravasti, Balrampur, Siddarthnagar and Maharajganj
z Efficient communication network including fibre and two districts of the western region including
optics cables and satellite communication. Pilibhit and Lakhimpur Kheri share 579-km borders
z A command and control centre to which data will with Nepal.
be transmitted for proper analysis. Indo-Nepal Border:
z CIBMS tries to integrating human resources, weapons Himalayan country shares about 1850 Kms border
and high-tech surveillance though all climatic condition with India across five Indian States—Uttarakhand,
which is humanly not possible technology will work Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim. An
as eye and ears of armed forces. estimated 6 million Nepalese live and work in India.
z Indo-Nepal border is governed under Sagauli
2. Providing adequate human resource and equipments
to the border forces of countries. Treaty 1816.
3. Building of fences and erecting floodlights. z India and Nepal have shared an open border since
1950. The conception of such a border can be found
4. Creating the effective number of check post along the
in the Treaty of Peace and Friendship that the
border.
two countries signed that year. Provisions in the
5. Creating the physical infrastructure for movement of treaty, wherein citizens of both countries are given
forces and logistics i.e. road.
equal rights in matters of residence, acquisition
6. Night vision technology to the personnel’s serving in of property, employment and movement in each
border areas. other’s territory, provide for an open border
7. Thermal imaging technique. between the two countries.
8. Tower building for effective eye keeping. z Free movement of people across the border
9. Curb the sources of finance to these illegal groups. and strong people to people tie-up. This good
relationship is due to the friendship treaty of 1950.
Way Forward Open border has been a great facilitator of strong
z Dispute Resolution: Government should resolve and unique bilateral relations. At the same time, it
pending border disputes with the neighbouring has given rise to many irritants and problems that
countries, as they later become matters of national- raise serious concerns.
security threat. z Allegations of excesses such as intimidation and
forcible grabbing of land by either side along the
z No Diversion of Security Forces: The border-guarding
disputed border also surface from time to time.
force should not be distracted from its principal task
z There are dispute over the some areas due to
and deployed for other internal security duties. For
shifting course of Himalayan rivers Kalapani and
e.g.-ITBP, a force specifically trained for India- China
Susta disputes.
border should not be used in the Naxalite-infested
z Many terrorist organisations and Naxalites have
areas.
fully exploited open borders with Nepal.
z Involvement of Army: It is felt that the responsibility
z Open border with Nepal facilitated movement of
for unsettled and disputed borders, such as the LoC in
terrorists and insurgents which created instability
J&K and the LAC on the Indo-Tibetan border, should in the country fueling the separatist movement in
be that of the Indian Army while the BSF should be Kashmir and insurgency problem in north-east.
responsible for all settled borders.

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z Counter-Piracy Efforts: India has been actively
z Many criminals from both sides escape the
involved in counter-piracy efforts in the Indian Ocean,
countries.
particularly in the Gulf of Aden. The Indian Navy has
z ISI and other terrorist’s organizations are using deployed warships to deter, disrupt, and respond to
Nepal as a transit route and operate from the soil pirate attacks on merchant vessels.
of Nepal.
z Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
Recent Government Initiatives for securing Indo-
(HADR): The Indian Navy has played a vital role in
Nepal Border:
providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
z UP Police is maintaining close coordination with
in the region. It has responded to natural disasters,
the SSB and other central agencies to ensure peace
such as cyclones and tsunamis, by deploying ships and
in the Indian territory.
resources for search and rescue, medical assistance,
z Establishment of a new intelligence section in SSB and relief operations.
at Indo-Nepal and Indo- Bhutan border to ensure
z Appointment of the country’s first National Maritime
better operational efficiency.
Security Coordinator (NMSC) to ensure better
z Establishment of Border District Coordination
governance of the maritime domain.
Committee at the level of district officials of the
two countries to discuss issues of mutual concern. Significance of Maritime Security for India
z The Government of India has approved construction z Key role in India's Economic Development:
of 1377 km of roads along Nepal border.
Impact on Trade: India's trade relations are
z Development aid to Nepal to prevent human global, and maritime security ensures that it can
trafficking owing to lack of employment opportunities trade with countries across the world. The safety
there. and security of global trade routes are directly
z 200 bed Nepal Bharat Maitri Emergency and linked to India's economic well-being.
Trauma Centre in Kathmandu.
Fishery Production: Indian fisheries are a
crucial source of protein for its population and
1.2 MARITIME SECURITY livelihood source. Securing maritime resources
and preventing illegal fishing are essential for food
Maritime Security Overview security.
Strategic mineral exploration.
The latest buzzword in international relations, maritime z Aligns with India's geostrategic interests in the
security refers to absence of threats such as maritime IOR:
inter-state disputes, maritime terrorism, piracy, Countering Chinese influence
trafficking of narcotics, people and illicit goods, arms
Net security provider
proliferation, illegal fishing, environmental crimes, or
HADR operations
maritime accidents and disasters. For India, maritime
security is an important aspect of national security as z Addresses climate-induced crises:
it has coastline of over 7000 Km. Rising sea levels
Environmental degradation
Maritime Security Encompasses: z Ensures coastal security to prevent incidents like the
z National security 26/11 Mumbai terror attack.
z Marine environment preservation
z Economic development
Challenges faced by India in Maritime
z Human security Security
z Piracy and maritime terrorism
India's Recent Role in Maritime Security z Organized crimes (smuggling, trafficking)
z India chaired a high-level UNSC debate on z Maritime cyber threats
international cooperation for maritime security z Environmental issues (oil spills, pollution, climate
in 2021 and PM emphasised that the ocean is our change)
common heritage. Our sea routes are the lifeline of z Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
international trade. And, the biggest thing is that these activities
seas are very important for the future of our planet. z Maritime border disputes (e.g., with Pakistan, Sri
But today our shared maritime heritage is facing a Lanka)
number of challenges. z Investment requirements for maritime infrastructure

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z Issues in the security framework (fragmentation, z Authorizes only designated personnel to arrest and
overlapping jurisdiction) seize pirate ships.
z Rising influence of global powers (USA, China) in the z Requires court orders for the disposal of seized
region. property.
Steps taken by India in Enhancing Maritime Concerns with the Act

z The provision of the death penalty for piracy offenses
Security raises concerns about violating constitutional rights.
z Nuclear Triad status with INS Arihant and INS Vikrant. z Lack of clarity on what actions constitute aiding piracy.
z Regional cooperation initiatives (SAGAR, IORA, Indian z Extradition difficulties due to the presumption of guilt
Ocean Naval Symposium). under certain conditions.
z Establishment of the International Fusion Centre z Silence on potential cyber attacks on vessels.
(IFC).
z Coastal Security Scheme (CSS). Measures Taken to Address Piracy at Sea
z Soft power initiatives (Project Mausam). Naval Escort Services:
z Promotion of sustainability (Blue economy initiative). Indian naval ships have provided naval escort services
z Infrastructure development projects (Sagarmala). to vessels of Indian origin and foreign vessels in the
z HADR initiatives (Vaccine Maitri). Gulf of Aden since 2008.
z International cooperation (e.g., with Combined Inter-Ministerial Group (IMGO):
Maritime Forces CMF). The Indian government, under the Ministry of
Shipping, established the Inter-Ministerial Group
The Path Forward (IMGO) to address hostage situations arising from
z India's five-point framework for maritime security sea hijackings of merchant vessels with Indian crews.
includes: Committee of Secretaries on Anti-Piracy and
Legitimate maritime trade Hijacking (COSAPH):
Settlement of maritime disputes
The Government constituted the Committee of
Secretaries on Anti-Piracy and Hijacking at sea
Responsible maritime connectivity
(COSAPH) under the leadership of the Cabinet
Combatting maritime threats
Secretary.
Preserving the maritime environment
Contingency Plan:
z Emphasize cooperation among countries (e.g., through A contingency plan has been developed to deal with
UNCLOS). piracy and hijacking incidents involving merchant
z Modernization of the Navy through technology ships.
adoption. National Maritime Domain Awareness (NMDA)
z Confidence-building measures with island and littoral Project:
nations. The government approved the NMDA project,
which will absorb the existing naval Information
1.2.1 Maritime Anti-Piracy Act, 2022 Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in Gurugram.
Key Highlights of the Act It will function as an integrated intelligence system to
z An Act to give effect to the United Nations Convention detect and respond to maritime threats in real-time,
providing actionable intelligence.
on the Law and defines privacy as any illegal act of
violence, detention, or depredation for private ends
committed on the high seas against another ship or its
Conclusion
Ensuring a piracy-free Indian Ocean region is crucial
occupants. This includes incitement, facilitation, and
for the growth of maritime trade and India's regional
voluntary participation in piracy activities. influence. India's commitment to a piracy-free Indian
z Applies to the high seas, including Exclusive Economic Ocean region aligns with its strategic interests and its
Zones (EEZ) and areas beyond any state's jurisdiction. role as a regional leader. It underscores the importance of
maintaining maritime security and stability for economic
z Allows extradition of accused individuals to countries
growth, energy security, and regional influence. India's
with extradition treaties with India.
proactive approach to countering piracy contributes to
z Designates specific courts for the speedy trial of the broader goal of preserving the integrity of the Indian
piracy offenses. Ocean as a key global trade route.

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1.3 AERIAL SECURITY Airspace Management
In recent times, the utilization of unmanned aerial z The Air Traffic Control (ATC) system plays a crucial
vehicles (UAVs) or drones for illicit activities including role in managing airspace to prevent collisions and
unauthorized entries.
the smuggling of arms, ammunition, and drugs across
borders has emerged as a significant threat to internal z Coordinating civil and military airspace usage is
security for India, raising a series of challenges for the essential to ensure safety and security.
national security apparatus.
Counter Terrorism Measures
Importance of Aerial Security z Aerial security is closely tied to counterterrorism
z Aerial security is vital for safeguarding India's airspace, efforts.
sovereignty, and national security. Aerial security is z Preventing terrorist organizations from using aircraft
critical for safeguarding a nation's sovereignty and for attacks is a priority.
territorial integrity. Protecting the airspace is essential z Intelligence agencies work to identify and neutralize
to prevent unauthorized or hostile intrusions, such as potential threats.
unauthorized military aircraft or drones. z International cooperation and intelligence sharing
z It encompasses measures to protect against threats, are essential to counterterrorism efforts in aviation
including airborne attacks and intrusions. Aerial security, especially concerning transnational threats.
security plays a crucial role in detecting and z Border Areas and Aerial Surveillance:
preventing acts of terrorism involving aircraft. This Aerial surveillance is intensified in border areas to
includes hijackings, sabotage, and other threats to prevent intrusions.
civil aviation. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly
used for surveillance along sensitive borders.
z In the event of natural or man-made disasters, aerial
security is vital for coordinating emergency response International Cooperation
efforts, including search and rescue missions, medical
z India cooperates with neighboring countries to
evacuations, and humanitarian aid delivery.
enhance aerial security along shared borders.
Challenges z Information sharing and joint exercises with friendly
nations strengthen security efforts.
z India faces various challenges in aerial security,
including potential aerial attacks, airspace violations, Modernization Efforts
and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) threats.
z India is continuously modernizing its aerial defense
z Managing a vast and diverse airspace poses logistical capabilities.
and technological challenges.
z Procurement of advanced fighter aircraft, radar
Indian Air Force (IAF) systems, and missile defense systems is ongoing.
The IAF plays a central role in ensuring aerial security.
z
Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies
z It is responsible for defending Indian airspace,
z Emerging technologies like drones and hypersonic
conducting air patrols, and responding to aerial
vehicles pose new challenges to aerial security.
threats.
z Regulations and countermeasures are being developed
z The IAF maintains a fleet of fighter aircraft, surveillance
to address these threats.
systems, and air defense assets.
Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) Aerial Security in the Context of Regional
z India has been working on developing a modern Dynamics
Integrated Air Defense System. z Regional geopolitical dynamics influence India's aerial
z IADS involves the integration of various sensors, security posture.
radars, and missile defense systems to provide z Monitoring activities in the Indian Ocean region and
comprehensive aerial protection. the Himalayas is of strategic importance.

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Balance with Civil Aviation Forest and Wildlife
z Balancing security measures with the needs of civil z Supporting wildlife conservation
aviation is crucial to prevent disruptions to air travel z Managing human-wildlife conflicts
and commerce. z Protecting forests
Response to Crisis Situations Urban Development

z Conducting city surveys
z India has established crisis response protocols for
z Facilitating urban planning
aerial threats, including interception procedures and
communication protocols. z Monitoring and assessing project quality
Healthcare
Aerial Security in National Policy
z Controlling epidemics
z Aerial security is an integral part of India's national
z Ensuring cleanliness and hygiene
security policy, with measures designed to protect
against both conventional and unconventional threats. z Improving healthcare delivery
Traffic Management
Future Trends
z Assessing road surface conditions
z The evolution of technology and threat landscape will
z Enhancing traffic management
continue to shape India's approach to aerial security.
z Adaptive and proactive strategies will be essential for Homeland Security
staying ahead of emerging threats. z Enabling real-time surveillance
Conclusion Security Planning
Ensuring aerial security is a multifaceted endeavor z Detecting drugs and narcotics
involving the Indian Air Force, integrated defense
systems, border surveillance, and international
Disaster Management
cooperation. Aerial Security is an essential component z Real-time surveillance
of India's national security strategy in an ever-changing z Search and rescue operations
security environment.
Mining
1.3.1 Drones in India: An Overview z Scouting for minerals
When Tesla and SpaceX Founder Elon Musk, in a room z Monitoring encroachments
full of US Air Force personnel, asserted that autonomous z Contract monitoring
drone warfare is the future and will replace fighter jets,
it sparked a controversial but crucial debate. The decade Evolving Regulations and Security Concerns
post 9/11 saw the proliferation of drones in the military The proliferation of drones necessitates stringent
domain. Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) regulations and security measures:
have been used extensively to disable conventional z Balancing security concerns with legitimate civilian
weapon systems in Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Libya uses
and Ukraine. UAVs are a ‘product of deep integration z Standardization and quality control
of technology and Information systems’. Further, rapid
z Addressing privacy concerns
advancements in cloud computing, big data, networking,
z Managing terrorist threats
and artificial intelligence have propelled the desirability
of using drones due to their superior surveillance and Steps Taken for Regulation and Security
strike capabilities. Drones, also known as Unmanned
z Draft Drone Rules, 2021, to streamline compliance.
Aircraft (UA), represent aircraft designed to operate
z National Counter Rogue Drones Guidelines.
without an onboard pilot.
z Guidelines for anti-drone guns.
Utility of Drones Across Various Sectors z DRDO-developed Detect-and-Destroy technology.
Agriculture z Drone (Amendment) Rules, 2022, eliminating drone
z Monitoring crop health pilot licenses.
z Assessing soil quality z Digital Sky platform for drone management.
z Enhancing resource management z Import bans on drones, except for specific purposes.

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Security Concerns z Israel's SMASH 2000 Plus System: The Indian Navy
z Instances of drones used for illicit activities along the has integrated the SMASH 2000 Plus system from
Punjab border. Israel, primarily mounted on assault rifles, providing
a robust hard kill option against drones.
z Challenges in detecting low-flying drones with
conventional radar systems. Way Forward
z Accessibility of drone technology to terrorist groups. z Urgent need for international agreements on
z Compact and cost-effective nature of drones compared acceptable drone possession and usage.
to conventional weapons. z Development of laws fostering innovation while
z Remote-controlled operations ensuring safety for the safeguarding privacy and airspace.
attacker. z Reassessment of the classification of Unmanned
Aircraft System (UAS) based on performance, not just
Countermeasures against Drones in
weight.
Defense z Incremental integration of drones into armed forces'
z Naval Anti-Drone System (NADS): The DRDO has operations.
introduced the Naval Anti-Drone System, an indigenous
and comprehensive anti-drone solution. This system Conclusion
offers capabilities for both hard kill (targeting vital The use of drones in India spans diverse sectors, and
drone components) and soft kill (utilizing techniques as their prevalence grows, comprehensive regulations
such as misguidance and signal jamming). and security measures are vital to ensure responsible
z DRDO's D-4 Drone System: This system, adopted and safe deployment. Comprehensive regulations and
by all three branches of the armed forces, possesses security measures are vital not only for the responsible
the capacity to detect, identify, and neutralize various use of drones but also for addressing the security and
drone types within a 4-kilometer radius. privacy concerns associated with their proliferation.
z Indrajaal: An autonomous drone defense system As the use of drones continues to grow in India, it is
developed by the Indian company Grene Robotics, essential for regulatory authorities to adapt and enhance
Indrajaal is a homegrown solution that bolsters India's the framework to ensure a balance between innovation
capabilities to counter rogue drones. and security.
v v v

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Linkage between the Development
2 and Spread of Extremism
“Today and every day, let us work together to build more or Maoism, represents an armed insurgency against
peaceful, inclusive, and stable societies in which terror the state driven by radical leftist and Maoist ideologies.
and violent extremism have no home.” It aims to overthrow the existing democratic state
(António Guterres)
structure with violence as their primary weapon,
Extremism is a complex phenomenon with no clear
and mass mobilization and strategic united fronts as
definition, but terrorist organizations like ISIL, Al-Qaida,
complementary components.
and Boko Haram have shaped our perception of violent
extremism. Terrorism can be ethno-nationalist, religious, The Naxal insurgency in India traces its origins to a
left-wing, right-wing, state-sponsored, cyber, or urban. 1967 uprising in Naxalbari, West Bengal, initiated by the
Forms of Extremism: Politico-religious extremism- Communist Party of India (Marxist).
fundamentalism (Pan-Islamism, Anti-Semitism); Left-
wing extremism- Naxalism (Anarchist, Maoist, Trotskyist Recent Cases
and Marxist–Leninist groups); Right-wing extremism z In April, 2023, the death of 10 District Reserve
(Killing of Gauri Lankesh, Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Guards (DRG) and a civilian driver in an explosion
Germany); Terrorism (follow the Ideology of Violence). of improvised explosive device (IED) triggered by
Development includes economic growth, human
Maoists in Dantewada (Chattisgarh) is indicative of
development (health, nutrition, education, and the
the fact that the Maoists are not completely decimated
environment), and social change to empower people.
and are still active enough to mark their presence in
Definitions like Amartya Sen's "capability approach" and
Martha Nussbaum's "capabilities approach" emphasize the left-wing extremism-affected (LWE) districts. The
freedom and empowerment. blast comes after a lull of about two years.
Underdevelopment create conditions for Extremism, z Since the 2010 Chintalnar massacre that claimed
driven by perceived exclusion from development and 76 lives, the Dantewada-Sukma-Bijapur axis has
corrupt governance. Injustice, Mis-governance, and
claimed the lives of more than 175 security personnel
failure to engage disaffected groups lead to violence and
in Maoist ambushes alone.
extremism.
Geographical Spread of LWE
2.1 LEFT WING EXTREMISM (LWE)
z LWE operates in India's "Red Corridor," which
Overview of Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in includes states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha,
India Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly known as Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Kerala to varying
Naxalism, has been a significant security challenge for degrees.
India. Over the years, while its intensity has seen a
z Over the years, there has been a 76% reduction in
decline, it still affects various parts of the nation. The
LWE-related violence from 2010 to 2022.
Government of India has taken comprehensive measures
to tackle the challenges posed by LWE. z The number of LWE-affected districts decreased from
Left Wing Extremism (LWE), also known as Naxalism 35 to 25 between 2018 and 2021.
Causes of LWE Weak governance allowed Maoists to gain influence
z Governance-Related Factors in marginalized areas.
Ineffective implementation of welfare schemes. z Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors
Dysfunction within the government machinery, Poverty and inequality contribute to LWE support,
marked by inefficiency, corruption, and exploitation. particularly in rural areas.

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Land acquisition displaces farmers and tribal z Address root causes by implementing welfare
communities, fueling LWE violence. schemes and ensuring the presence of administration
Cultural alienation of tribal communities. in affected areas.
Lack of basic infrastructure, including roads and z Leverage new technologies like Micro/Mini UAVs
schools. (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles).
Political marginalization of marginalized z Enhance the capabilities of state police forces.
communities, especially tribal populations. z Disrupt funding by breaking the nexus between illegal
mining and forest activities.
Key Initiatives for LWE-Affected States
z Creation of an LWE division in 2006, responsible for 2.2 NAXALISM IN UTTAR PRADESH: AN
implementing security-related schemes. OVERVIEW
z Adoption of the National Policy and Action Plan (2015)
featuring a multi-pronged strategy. Emergence in Uttar Pradesh
z Launch of the operational strategy 'SAMADHAN' to Naxalism made its presence felt in Uttar Pradesh in
combat LWE in 2017. the late 1970s, primarily in the districts of Mirzapur,
z Implementation of sub-schemes under the Sonbhadra, and Chandauli, bordering Bihar and Madhya
'Modernization of Police Forces' umbrella, including Pradesh. These areas exhibited high levels of poverty,
Special Central Assistance (SCA). inequality, and landlessness, factors conducive to
z Development initiatives, such as improving road Naxalite recruitment.
Over time, Naxalism in Uttar Pradesh has evolved into
connectivity through Road Requirement Plan-I (RRP-
a multifaceted movement with a range of strategies,
I) and the Road Connectivity Project, enhancing
including violence, intimidation, and propaganda.
mobile connectivity via the LWE Mobile Tower Project,
The Maoists have engaged in criminal activities like
implementing the Aspirational District program in all
extortion and kidnapping. In the 2000s, the Maoists in
LWE-affected districts, and establishing Residential
Uttar Pradesh experienced growth and expansion, but
Model Schools in 90 LWE-affected districts.
recent government security operations have weakened
z Operation Green Hunt conducted in Naxal-affected their influence.
areas.
Present Status
Challenges in Addressing LWE While Naxalism remains a threat in Uttar Pradesh, its
z Neglect of established standard operating procedures. strength has significantly diminished in recent years.
z Slow capacity building and leadership issues within Maoist activity is primarily concentrated in the districts
police forces. of Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, and Chandauli, albeit with
z Extremists trained in guerrilla warfare tactics. reduced presence.
z Inefficient technology for detecting deep-planted Government Initiatives

mines. The Uttar Pradesh government has implemented several
z Money laundering by Naxals. measures to combat Naxalism, including:
z Radicalization and the use of children by Maoists. z Security Measures: Deployment of security forces
z Maoist efforts to revive old strongholds, like the tri- and intensified operations against the Maoists.
junction forests of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. z Developmental Initiatives: Launching projects to
build infrastructure like roads, schools, and hospitals
The Way Forward in Naxalite-affected areas, aiming to improve living
z Learn from successful practices and experiences, such conditions and reduce vulnerability to recruitment.
as the achievements of the Greyhounds in Andhra z Tribal Welfare Schemes: Implementing welfare
Pradesh. programs, including land distribution and
UPPSC Linkage between the Development and Spread of Extremism 103

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scholarships, targeting tribal communities to address z Ongoing efforts are required to fully address the
their grievances and prevent Maoist exploitation. Naxalism issue in Uttar Pradesh and ensure lasting
peace and development.
Way Forward
z There is still a need to enhance technical intelligence
While government initiatives have made progress in
so as to fight naxalites more efficiently.
reducing Naxalite influence, challenges persist.
z Root causes such as poverty, inequality, and z Governments need to ensure the safety of the peace-
landlessness need continued attention. loving people and finally work towards progress and
z Effective and transparent implementation of development of the Naxal-affected regions.
developmental projects in Naxal-affected areas is z There is still a need to enhance technical intelligence
crucial. so as to fight naxalites more efficiently.
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3 Regionalism
Regionalism is the expression of a common sense vast diversity of language and one’s over attachment
of identity and purpose by people within a specific to mother tongue gives birth to regionalism.
geographical region, united by its unique language, z Cultural and Religious Factors: Due to the number
culture etc.
of different cultures and religions when a person gets
z In positive terms, it inspires people to develop an
understanding of brotherhood and unity, which seeks over attached to his or her own religion and sees
to protect the interests of a particular region and other religion as an inferior religion then regionalism
promote the welfare and development of the state feelings are generated.
and its people. z Ethnic Factors: India has many ethnic differences that
z In negative terms, it indicates excessive attachment to formed the base for demands for political autonomy
one’s region, which is a significant threat to the unity and secession. E.g., based on their ethnic identity, the
and integrity of the country. Nagas of Nagaland are demanding a nation.
Types of Regionalism Positive Impacts of Regionalism
z Supra-state Regionalism: In this type of regionalism,
z The increasing uncertainty in the contemporary
the group of states joins hands to take a common
globalized world, regionalism has become a source
stand on the issue of mutual interest against another
group of states or at times against the union. of identity among people.
For Example, North Eastern states in India may be said z It further helps in the economic development of
to have possessed the supra-state regionalism. backward regions.
z Inter-state Regionalism: It is coterminous with z It can lead to inter-group solidarity in a specific region.
provincial territories and involves juxtaposing the People belonging to a region may feel the need to come
identities of one or more states against another. together to protect their vested interests, setting aside
For example, Disputes between Karnataka and their differences.
Tamilnadu over the distribution of Kaveri water may
be regarded as inter-state regionalism. Negative Impacts of Regionalism
z Intra-state Regionalism: This type of regionalism z It gives internal security challenges by the insurgent
refers to intra-state regionalism, wherein a part of the groups, who propagate the feelings of regionalism
state strives for self-identity and self-development.
against the mainstream political-administrative setup
E.g. Vidarbha in Maharashtra, Saurashtra in Gujarat,
of the country.
Telangana in Andhra Pradesh, and East U.P. in Uttar
Pradesh. z Regional demands become national demands, policies
are launched to satisfy local demands, and generally,
Causes of Regionalism those are extended to all pockets of the country.
z Economic Factor: In the present times, uneven z It impacts the ease of doing business. Due to regional
developments in different parts of the country may aspirations, people pass difficulties for private
be regarded as the prime reason for regionalism. investors to hire freely as per their own requirement.
z Political-Administrative Factor: Political parties, Private companies are often forced to reserve jobs and
especially the regional political parties as well as
contract only for local people.
local leaders, exploit the regional sentiments, regional
deprivation and convert them to solidify their factional z It can give a leeway to external factors (E.g. terrorist
support bases. groups, extremist groups) to get involved in regional
z Linguistic Factors: India has 22 official languages issues and create disruption by inciting the masses.
that are recognized by the constitution. But there are z It can be exploited and used for political leverage in
around 1600+ mother tongues in India. Due to the order to garner votes.
Government initiatives z The transport and communication system should be
z The Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) is a developed in the backward areas to bring economic
Programme implemented in identified backward and social development.
districts in all states of the country to redress regional z The Formation of the NITI Aayog has been a positive
imbalances in development. step to enhance cooperative federalism by fostering
z State Reorganisation Act of 1956 created Zonal the involvement of the State Governments of India
councils to promote interest in different geographic in the economic policy-making process using a
zones. bottom-up approach.
z GST council to ensure fiscal federalism. z Holding events like Kashi Tamil Sangamam for
z Special category status to economically backward promotion of cultural integrity.
states. E.g., hilly, border states.
Conclusion
Ways to Promote Integrity and Unity It is vital to develop each region of India through
z Moral education and national education is the key to the devolution of power to local governments and
reducing regionalism. Governments should use their empowering people for their participation in decision-
arms to give free and compulsory moral education, making. Faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth
which will reduce unemployment and increase the is required which will be instrumental for balanced
rate of skill development. regional growth.
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4 Communalism
z Communalism, in a broad sense, means a strong z The investment attitude towards the country from
attachment to one’s own community. In popular foreign investors would be cautious; they tend to avoid
discourse in India, it is understood as an unhealthy the countries with a highly communal country, for not
attachment to one’s own religion. taking the risk of ending up losing their investment.
z Communalism, in the Indian context, is most commonly
perceived as the phenomenon of religious differences
Remedial Measures
between groups that often leads to tension and even z Building solidarity and assimilation of various religious
rioting between them. groups at different levels in society, workplace,
neighborhood etc.
z Example: 1984 anti-Sikh riots, the 1989 Bhagalpur
riots, 2002 Gujarat riots, 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots, z Emphasis on value-oriented education with a focus
2020 Delhi riots, and 2023 Nuh (Haryana) riots. on the values of peace, non-violence, compassion,
secularism, and humanism as well as developing
Causes of Communalism scientific temper and rationalism.
z Religious communalism is the biggest threat for India’s z Swift and prompt response against radicalization by a
internal security. Religious orthodoxy promotes militant group on social media through police action
intolerance and hatred. and counseling for adolescent criminals. Further
z Separation and isolation among Muslims with bitter ensuring that political parties refrain from using
experience of partition of India. religion, religious ideologies in order to garner votes.
z Socio-economic backwardness of minority groups in z Increase in the representation of minority communities
India. and weaker sections in all wings of law-enforcement,
training of forces in human rights, especially in the use
z Role of media and social media to spread extremism
of firearms in accordance with the UN code of conduct.
and fake news inspired from communalism.
z Uniform Civil Code should be formulated and
z Politics based on caste and religion further creates
implemented with the consensus of all religious
communal feeling.
communities so that there is uniformity in personal
Impacts of Communalism laws.
z Secular education should be taught in all educational
z It becomes a threat to the unity and integrity of the
institutions, which will lead to the development of
nation as a whole.
harmony and cooperation among the members of
z A sudden increase in violence against any particular
different communities.
community causes mass exodus and stampede which
will turn into killing of people. Conclusion
z It is also a threat to Indian constitutional values, which In order to get rid of the problem of communalism in
promotes secularism and religious tolerance. India, there is a need for collective efforts. All will have
z Voters generally vote on communal lines. After to discharge their duties. If we do so, harmony will
getting elected, the representatives try to safeguard definitely prevail. Social fabric of India requires the
the interests of their community and ignore national contribution of all the religions and communities for the
interests. betterment of the nation.
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5 Insurgency in North East
Insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority British and British colonial polices to integrate the hill
which aims to overthrow the existing order. Insurgency areas of then Assam to the rest of British India. Hence,
is typically guerilla warfare in character but lacked the absence of historical linkages has created a space
features of organized revolution. for later day feelings of cultural and political differences
amongst ethnic communities with the rest of India.
Since Independence, the North East Region has remained Second, most of the ethnic communities view ‘the use of
a hotspot of insurgency. The insurgencies started with force’ as more effective than non-violent dissent in getting
Naga Hills. Under the leadership of Phizo, the Naga New Delhi's attention which is physically so far away.
National Council (NNC) declared independence from Third, the continuous lack of economic opportunities
India in 1947. The National Socialist Council of Nagaland creates incentives for unemployed youths to join armed
(NSCN) is the mother of all insurgent groups that sprang movements where they earn a salary. Fourth, existence
up in the Northeast in the 1950s. Despite efforts at
of external help from Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar
political settlement by various leaders of that time, the
has perpetuated the insurgencies.
unrest did not die.
The other factors are;
The Tribals of the North-East region were afraid of
losing their identity. z Illegal Migration and Ethnic Rivalries: North East
region of India experiences tensions stemming from
Measures taken over the years by various stakeholders significant illegal migration and ethnic rivalries with
have enabled transition from violence to stability. neighboring tribes.
However, peace still eludes this resource-rich region. z Poor Connectivity and Limited Infrastructure:
Incidents of insurgency in the north-eastern states have Despite relatively high literacy rates, the lack of
reduced by 80 per cent in the last eight years, while connectivity and infrastructure results in limited
casualties of security forces have gone down by 75 per opportunities for the local population.
cent and civilian deaths by 99 per cent. z Informal Governance and Economy: Governance
deficits and shortage of essential commodities have
led to an informal governance and economy.
z Porous International Borders: The region's porous
international borders, combined with challenging
terrain, create security vulnerabilities.
z Sense of Alienation: The presence of security forces
contributes to a sense of alienation from the Indian
mainland.
z Perceived Excesses by Indian Army: The
promulgation of Armed Forces Special Powers Act
(AFSPA) in most of the NEI has further alienated the
local populace. It is often portrayed as draconian by
various Human Rights (HR) organisations and thus
has been vilified by various insurgent groups.
Importance of Peace in Northeast for the

Country
Factors behind Insurgency in Northeast z National Security: A substantial portion of the
There are four basic reasons for insurgencies in the northeastern states shares international borders,
Northeast. First, there was a historical absence of pre- making national security a paramount concern.
z Cross-border Relationships: North-east region can z Culture Preservation: Initiatives like celebrating the
serve as a bridge to Southeast Asia, enhancing cross- Hornbill Festival and other local festivals, preserving
border relationships which will result in development cultural richness, giving recognition to north eastern
of good diplomatic relations. cuisine etc.
z Economic Significance: Rich natural resources, z Peace Agreements: Agreements with insurgent
tourism potential, and export opportunities contribute groups, such as the National Liberation Front of
to the nation's economic growth. Tripura (NLFT), have been signed to promote peace.
z National Integration: Harmony within the Northeast z Aspirational District Program: The program aims
can serve as a model for national integration across to address development disparities., the Aspirational
India. Districts Programme (ADP) aims to quickly and
effectively transform 112 most under-developed
Challenges to Peace and Prosperity
districts across the country.
Initiatives
z Disputed borders and difficult terrain: Disputed Way Forward
border borders, coupled with challenging terrain, z Efficient Policing: Problem can be tackled by use of
pose challenges. e.g. The Assam-Mizoram border efficient policing since absence of law enforcement has
disputes. led to increase in armed violence. Effective policing
z Economic development challenges: Economic should be supported by good governance, civil and
development and connectivity initiatives are political rights.
susceptible to disaster risks. z Dialogue: The use of dialogue and negotiations is the
z Limited investment and informal economy: Limited only solution to these armed conflicts.
investment and the dominance of the informal economy
z Socio-Cultural Awareness: Promoting awareness
hinder growth by creating economic challenges.
about Northeastern culture, language, and people
z Organized Crime Syndicates: Recent attacks on among the rest of India and beyond.
Indian connectivity projects in Myanmar by rebel
z Economic Diversification: Encourage light industries
groups creates challenges to the 'Act East Policy.'
like food processing and floriculture to diversify the
z Stereotypes and Ethnic Conflicts: Persistent
stereotypes and ethnic conflicts, like the Manipur economy.
violence over the Meiti community's addition to the z National Security: Continue peace efforts alongside
Scheduled Tribe list. counter-insurgency operations, with a strong
commitment to human rights.
Government Initiatives to Restore Peace z International Diplomacy: Address unresolved
and Prosperity border issues through international diplomacy.
z Peace Deals and Settlement Agreements: z Political Engagement: Engage with Northeastern
Agreements such as the NLFT (SD) Agreement in political parties and civil society for social integration
Tripura, the Bodo Peace Accord, and the Karbi Anglong in the region.
Peace Agreement have been instrumental in restoring
peace. Conclusion
z Border Fencing: Collaborative efforts have led to the Integration of India's North Eastern Region within
fencing of borders, like the Indo-Bangladesh border the Act East Policy framework is crucial for unlocking
in Tripura. the region's immense potential and strengthening its
z Connectivity Initiatives: Various initiatives prioritize ties with neighbouring countries. To achieve this, it
regional connectivity, including the inclusion of is essential to address the various challenges faced
Northeast routes under UDAN 4.0 and railway network by the region, including socio-political, economic and
expansion. governance issues.
Development under 'Act East Policy': The objective
z
5.1 THE BODOLAND IN ASSAM
of 'Act East Policy’ is to promote economic cooperation,
cultural ties and develop strategic relationships with z Assam, one of the seven states of the northeastern
countries in the Asia-Pacific region by providing region of India, has long remained one of the most
enhanced connectivity to the States of North Eastern volatile and sensitive regions in the country because
Region including Arunachal Pradesh with other of the problems of insurgency, ethnic conflict, pressure
countries in our neighborhood. of migration, underdevelopment etc.
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z Bodos, the largest plains tribe of Assam started an Hagrama Mohilary, himself a former Bodo Liberation
armed struggle for a separate state in the mid-1980s. Tigers militant, has threatened to reject the accord
This armed struggle led to ethnic cleansing of the and refused to use BTR as part of the new vocabulary.
non-Bodos along the north bank of the Brahmaputra. There are also rumblings elsewhere. The agreement
The Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC) Accord was stipulates that Bodos living in the hill areas outside
signed in 1993 and the Bodoland movement became the BTAD will be conferred Scheduled Tribe (Hills)
more violent during the later part of the 1990s. In status, something that has not gone down well with
February 2003, the Bodoland Territorial Council tribes such as the Karbis.
(BTC) Accord was signed to end the one-and-a-half
decade long bodo movement. Key features of the Bodo Peace Accord
z The non-Bodos within the proposed BTC area are 2020
opposing the new Accord, as under the modified z Creation of Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR): The
Sixth Schedule of the Constitution it provides special accord provides for the creation of a new territorial
facilities to 25 per cent of the Bodos at the cost of entity called the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR)
75 per cent non-Bodos within the proposed BTC within the state of Assam. The BTR encompasses the
area. This new Accord under the Sixth Schedule of existing Bodoland Territorial Areas Districts (BTAD)
the Constitution may give birth to some new ethnic and includes additional areas, increasing the territorial
problems in Assam. extent of the Bodo-administered region.
Statehood Demand Dropped: One of the significant
The Bodo Peace Agreement 2020 z
outcomes of the accord is that the demand for a
z The Ministry of Home Affairs, Assam government separate Bodoland state, which had been a long-
and Bodo groups including the All Bodo Students’ standing issue, was dropped. Instead, the BTR is
Union and militant outfits signed an agreement on granted a special autonomous status within Assam.
January 27, 2020, New Delhi’s third attempt at conflict
z Rehabilitation and Development: The accord
resolution after the 1993 and 2003 accords. The new
includes provisions for the rehabilitation and
deal offers more hope than the earlier accords; some
development of Bodo militants who surrender their
of the most potent factions of the National Democratic
arms and come into the mainstream. The government
Front of Boroland that had stayed away from earlier
has committed to providing financial support for
agreements are now on board. More significantly, the
the rehabilitation and economic development of the
stakeholders have agreed that the updated political
region.
arrangements would remain confined to the realm
z Constitutional Safeguards: The Bodo Accord ensures
of wider autonomy within the State of Assam, giving
certain constitutional safeguards for the Bodo people,
statehood and Union Territory demands a final burial.
including the preservation of Bodo cultural and
Issue linguistic identity.
z The third peace accord with the Bodos threatens z Share in Power: The Bodo Accord grants political
to intensify the socio-political contestation among representation to the Bodo community. The BTR will
groups in the State not just in the expanded area, have its own legislative assembly, and seats in the
which will be renamed as Bodoland Territorial Region, Assam Legislative Assembly will be reserved for Bodo
but also regions where the so-called Scheduled Hill representatives.
Tribes reside in large numbers. z Peaceful Coexistence: The accord aims to promote
z While greater contiguity of Bodo-populated areas peaceful coexistence among various ethnic and tribal
would aid more efficient governance in the Sixth communities in the BTR and the larger Assam region.
Schedule administrative unit, it has deepened z Security Measures: The security of the Bodo
insecurity among other groups such as Koch community and BTR is a priority. The accord includes
Rajbongshis, Adivasis and Muslims in the existing measures to disarm Bodo militants and ensure the law
Bodoland Territorial Area Districts of Kokrajhar, and order situation in the region.
Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri. The local Kokrajhar MP, z Economic Development: The accord emphasizes
a non-Bodo, has appealed to the government to ensure economic development, including infrastructure
that a Bodo solution does not engender a non-Bodo development, educational institutions, and
problem. employment opportunities, in the BTR.
z The Bodoland Peoples Front, which has dominated z Financial Assistance: The government has pledged
the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) since inception financial assistance for the development of the BTR,
in 2003, is also not pleased with newer claimants to including the establishment of a Bodoland Territorial
power in the council elections due soon. BTC chief Region Development Fund.

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The Bodo Peace Accord, officially known as the "Bodo are geographically more spread out in the poorer hill
Accord 2020," is a historic peace agreement signed areas.
between the Indian government, the Assam state z The conflict stems from decades of contestation over
government, and four factions of the National Democratic land and natural resources, fuelling deep-seated
Front of Bodoland (NDFB) on January 27, 2020. The resentment among both the Meiteis and Kukis.
Bodo Peace Accord 2020 is seen as a significant step z The Kuki have long been recognised as a Scheduled
toward resolving the long-standing Bodo conflict and Tribe under Indian law, an affirmative action measure
achieving peace and stability in the Bodoland region. The that assures tribal community members access to
accord seeks to bring an end to the decades-long Bodo
state-run educational institutions, government jobs
insurgency and to address the longstanding demands of
and safeguards such as the exclusive right to buy and
the Bodo community in the Bodoland Territorial Region
own land in the state’s recognised tribal areas.
(BTR) in the state of Assam. It is expected to address
the socio-economic and political aspirations of the Bodo z The Meitei also enjoy certain benefits on account
community while promoting the overall development of being recognised as a “socially and economically
and harmony of the region. backward class”, and a tiny segment of them as a
Scheduled Caste.
5.2 ETHNIC IDENTITY IN MANIPUR z But they have been demanding the tribal status
instead, arguing that it is necessary to “preserve” the
z Manipur, which means “Land of Jewels,” consists of community and “save [its] ancestral land, tradition,
a valley surrounded by mountain ranges. The state is culture and language”. The demand has gained
home to 39 ethnic communities following different momentum only in the last few years.
faiths, including Hinduism, Christianity and Islam, z The Kuki, however, argue that the more numerous
as well as Indigenous religious traditions such as Meitei are already privileged. The minority fears that
Sanamahi. if the Meitei get Scheduled Tribe status, they will not
z Manipur is one of the seven northeast Indian states – only corner the reserved government jobs but also
sandwiched between Bangladesh, China and Myanmar start acquiring land in the hills, displacing Kukis and
– that has long been a hotbed of separatism and a other tribal communities.
tinderbox of tensions between different ethnic groups.
z Since May 3, the northeastern Indian state of Manipur Cause of Conflict
has witnessed repeated inter-ethnic clashes z The dispute stems from animosity between Manipur’s
primarily between two local ethnic communities, Meitei majority and the Kuki-Zo, one of several tribal
the Meitei and Kuki. The violence has resulted in groups in the state that make up about 16 percent of
over 100 deaths and the burning of at least 1,700 its population.
buildings (including homes and religious sites). More z The Meitei are predominantly Hindu and largely live
than 35,000 people are currently displaced as well, in capital Imphal and the prosperous valley around
with many now living in one of the 315 relief camps it, while the mainly Christian Kuki-Zo usually live in
in the state. As the fighting continues, these numbers
scattered settlements in the state’s hills.
may also be rising.
z Longstanding tensions between the two communities
History have revolved around competition for land and public
z Manipur is one of seven states in India’s Northeast jobs, with rights activists accusing local leaders of
region, often referred to as the “seven sisters”, which exacerbating ethnic divisions for political gain.
are connected to the rest of the country by a narrow z Things came to a head in May over plans to recognise
strip of land that skirts Nepal and Bangladesh. the Meitei as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) – a status already
z The region, which consists of a mosaic of ethnicities, conferred upon the Kuki.
languages and cultures, many of them tribal, is home
z The ST status would grant Meiteis a form of affirmative
to some of India’s oldest separatist insurgencies.
action through guaranteed quotas of government jobs
Many of these erupted soon after independence in
1947, partly as a result of the administrative chaos and college admissions.
the British colonial rulers left behind. z Kuki-Zo groups staged protests over fears the plans
z The fighting pits the Meitei, who make up 53 per cent could reduce their entitlements, with rallies quickly
of the state’s 2.85 million population, according to the spiralling into violence.
last census in 2011, but occupy only 10 per cent of z Protesters set fire to vehicles and buildings, and Meitei
its land, against the Kuki and 33 other tribes, which mobs armed with guns and petrol cans then attacked
constitute about 30 per cent of the population and Kuki-Zo settlements in the hills.
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Recent Violence z While the protests may be identified as the most
z The most recent violence began after the Manipur immediate trigger of violence in Manipur, intra-
High Court asked the state government to consider Indigenous community tensions had been rising in the
Scheduled Tribe status for the Meitei community, state for several years. The current state government’s
which is the majority population in Manipur. This handling of Indigenous land rights issues, for instance,
status would ensure protection within the Indian has been perceived as targeting the Kuki communities
Constitution and allow the Meitei expanded access to primarily living in the hill areas surrounding the
benefits, including reserved seats in government. capital valley. Efforts to survey reserved forests in
z The Meitei community in Manipur had long requested the hill regions was said to be an effort to reduce
this status. However, there were strong concerns that poppy cultivation, but has resulted in evictions in
such a move would deepen ethnic divisions, particularly Kuki villages.
with the Kuki and Naga Indigenous communities. z Meanwhile, another point of contention is the current
Indeed, soon after the court announcement, a rally
land imbalance between Indigenous communities:
was held in protest by the All-Tribal Students Union
Meiteis cannot buy lands in the previously mentioned
of Manipur on May 3.
hill regions, but Kukis and other tribal communities
z The violence began that same day, when reports
can buy lands in the valley.
surfaced that the Anglo-Kuki War Memorial Gate
had been burnt down. This led Kukis to burn z Additionally, the influx of refugees following the
several villages inhabited by Meitei communities in 2021 military coup in neighboring Myanmar —
Churachanpur, which in turn prompted retaliation by particularly those from Sagaing region, who have
the Meitei, who reportedly torched several localities strong ties with the Kukis — has also created a
belonging to the Kuki community in the Imphal Valley greater sense of insecurity for the Meitei Indigenous
areas, leading to several casualties. community.
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Militancy in Jammu and
6 Kashmir
The 1989 separatist uprising and government z Enhancing People’s Participation (through volunteer
counterinsurgency in Kashmir led to strong "Us vs. Them" Village Defence Committees);
mindsets among Kashmiris and their disconnection from z Establishing Friendly Relations with the Locals;
the Indian political system. z Dynamic force deployment and flexibility of tactics;
Factors responsible for Militancy in J&K z Protection of vital installations and critical
z The India-Pakistan confrontation over Kashmir; infrastructures.
z Widespread unemployment and lack of new job Various Initiatives and Schemes by the
avenues;
Government of India
z Poor education and health;
z UDAAN: significant initiative of the Central Government
z Extreme Islam in a Sufi Islam region;
towards employing the educated youths of the state
z Lack of good management, corruption, nepotism, and of J&K;
electoral fraud;
z PM’s development package for J&K;
z An atmosphere of mistrust;
z Infrastructure Development (Creating institutes like
z Elites from both India and Pakistan stereotype the AIIMS, IIT, and IIM);
opposite country;
z Project Himayat (placement-linked skill training
z Chinese support to Pakistan to balance against India. programme);
Factors which have Fueled Unrest in the z Project Sadhbhavana (To address the demands of
victims of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism);
Region in Recent Times
z Jammu Kashmir State Rural Livelihood Mission
z Spreading false rumours through Social Media; (JKSRLM);
z Stone pelting on security forces; z Parvaaz Scheme (part of the J&K Youth Mission)
z Attacks on Security Forces; providing free tutoring program for the competitive
z Attacks on Government Officials; examinations.
z No identifiable leadership of protests.
Removal of Article 370 and Militancy in J&K
Impact of J&K Militancy Jammu & Kashmir joined India in 1947 through the
z Hinders Foreign investment and tourism; Instrument of Accession. It had its own Constitution
z Promotes communal disharmony; under Article 370 and special privileges, like Article
z Clash of civilisations and cultures; 35A. On August 5, 2019, its special status was abolished
by the Constitution
z Redirection of development funds to military and
(Implementation to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.
intelligence service;
z Displacement and Migration from affected areas. Impact of Removal of Article 370
z Legal Impact: Indian Constitution and all 888 Central
Strategies of Security Forces to counter laws now fully apply to J & K.
militancy in the State of J&K z Social Impacts: Husbands of local women married
z Protection of minorities, to non-Jammu and Kashmiris will receive domicile
z Remote and scattered populations; certificates. They can now buy Union territory land
z Dismantling Support Base of Terrorists; or apply for government positions.
z Strengthening of Counter-terrorism Grid; z Economic Impacts: Increased investment and
z Using Upgraded Technology; employment opportunities.
z Providing specific intelligence to ensure operations z Security Impacts: police will not be accountable to
with focused targets; politicians based in Kashmir.
z Administrative Impacts: UT of J & K will be governed z Sustained media campaign;
by the federal government (Jammu and Kashmir will z Effective Surrender and rehabilitation policy;
resemble Puducherry and Delhi, while Ladakh will z Proper Check on Terrorist Funding.
resemble Andaman and Nicobar.)
z Regional Impacts: Provoked Pakistan and China. Conclusion
To resolve militancy in Jammu and Kashmir, a
Way Forward
comprehensive approach is needed, addressing political
z Accelerate development work; grievances, promoting dialogue, good governance,
z Active participation of youth; socio-economic improvement, and trust-building among
z Socio-Economic Upliftment (employment stakeholders. Strengthening security forces, intelligence
opportunities); networks, and border management is also vital to
z Amalgamation of constructive political ideology; prevent infiltration and counter-militant activities.
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7 Organised Crime
Like the concept of terrorism, there is no uniformly scams. They exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems
accepted definition of organised crime. Its characteristics to carry out illegal activities and financial frauds.
often change by country and environment, and one z Organized Theft: Criminal organisations engage in
definition quickly replaces another. Organised crime organised theft, which includes activities such as car
networks can be as small as extortionists within a small theft, theft of high-value goods, cargo theft, and art
area and as large as involving and operating international theft. They often target businesses, warehouses and
crime syndicates engaged in activities ranging from drug transportation systems to carry out these thefts.
to arms trafficking, terrorism, and money laundering. z Extortion and Protection Rackets: Organized
The relationship between terrorism and organised crime groups engage in extortion, demanding money
crime is complex and multidimensional, resulting in a or valuables from individuals, businesses, and
serious situation threatening national peace, security, communities in exchange for protection or to prevent
and international harmony. harm. They use fear, intimidation and violence to
Organised crime can be classified into two categories: enforce their demands.
1. Traditional Organised Crime: bootlegging, betting, z Counterfeiting: Organized criminal networks produce
dacoity, gambling etc. and distribute counterfeit currency, counterfeit
2. Non-Traditional Organized Crime: Money Laundering, products (such as luxury goods, pharmaceuticals,
Circulation of Fake Currency, Hawala Transfer etc. and consumer goods) and forged documents. These
activities undermine the economy and harm legitimate
7.1 TYPES OF ORGANIZED CRIME businesses.
z Drug trafficking: Organized criminal groups z Organised Fraud: Criminal organisations engage in
involved in drug trafficking engage in the production, various forms of fraud, including insurance, credit card,
transportation, and distribution of illegal drugs such investment, and health care fraud. They manipulate
the system and defraud individuals or institutions to
as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and synthetic drugs.
gain financial gain.
They often operate across national borders, using
complex networks to evade law enforcement. z Illegal Gambling: Organized crime groups are involved
in illegal gambling operations, such as underground
z Human Trafficking: It involves the illegal trade
casinos, sports betting and online gambling platforms.
of human beings for various purposes, including
They profit from these activities by evading regulations
forced labour, sexual exploitation and trafficking of
and exploiting vulnerable individuals.
organs. Organised crime groups exploit vulnerable
individuals, using deception, coercion and violence
to control them. 7.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISED
z Arms Trafficking: Organized criminal networks CRIME AND TERRORISM
engage in the smuggling and illegal trading of firearms 1. Funding and Financial Aid: Organised crime groups
and weapons. They exploit weak regulations and and terrorist organisations require financial resources
supply weapons to individuals and groups involved to sustain their activities. There may be instances
in organised crime, terrorism and conflicts. where organised crime networks provide financial
z Money Laundering: Money laundering involves support to terrorist groups in exchange for security or
legitimising illegally obtained funds by concealing access to specific resources. This may involve money
their origin. Organised crime groups use sophisticated laundering, illegal trading or other illegal financial
techniques to convert the proceeds of illegal activities transactions.
into legal assets, making illicit funds challenging to 2. Cooperation in Illegal Activities: Organized crime
trace. groups and terrorist organizations may cooperate
z Cybercrime: Organized criminal networks engaged or exploit each other’s networks and expertise in
in various forms of cybercrime, including hacking, carrying out illegal activities. These activities may
identity theft, online fraud, ransomware attacks, and include arms trafficking, drugs or human trafficking.
Cooperation in these areas can provide terrorists with z Globalization has provided new opportunities and
the resources and logistical support needed to carry markets for these groups.
out attacks. z Unholy alliance between politicians, bureaucrats and
3. Exploitation of Socio-Political Conditions: criminals.
Organized crime and terrorism can thrive in areas z Criminalization of politics. This gives rise to organised
with weak governance, corruption, and socio-political crime like sand mining, extortion etc.
instability. Criminal networks may take advantage of z The returns are very high as compared to the risk
such conditions to establish a presence and support factor.
terrorist groups or facilitate their operations. z India’s proximity to drug-producing regions such as
4. Interrelationship in Recruitment and the West’s Golden Crescent and the East’s Golden
Radicalization: In some cases, individuals involved in Triangle.
organised crime may be susceptible to recruitment by z The prevailing poverty and unemployment in Uttar
terrorist organisations because of shared grievances, Pradesh.
ideologies, or personal circumstances. This can lead to z Uneven economic development.
persons with criminal backgrounds getting involved
in terrorist activities. Uttar Pradesh Government’s Measures to
5. Cyber Crime and Technical Cooperation: Organized Deal with Organised Crime
crime groups and terrorist organisations may engage z UPCOCA: The Uttar Pradesh Control of Organized
in cybercrime and take advantage of technological Crime Act, 2017 (UPCOCA) is a law enacted by the
advances for their nefarious activities. Cooperation in state of Uttar Pradesh in India in 2017 to combat
this scope may include sharing hacking techniques, organised crime and terrorism.
obtaining sensitive information, or using cyberspace z Features of UPCOCA:
for recruitment and promotional purposes. Land grab [government and non-state property],
illegal mining, manufacture and sale of illicit
Organised Crime Vs Terrorism drugs and illicit liquor, money laundering, wildlife
Organised Crime Terrorism trafficking, extortion, kidnapping syndicate, hafta
collection, murder and conspiracy to commit
Members of organised The aim of terrorists is
murder and white-collar crimes etc. under UPCOCA
crime are believed to collective.
There are certain offenses defined under.
act to obtain personal
The UPCOCA law can give police special powers to
criminal gain.
arrest criminals and members of crime syndicates.
Organized crime aims to The goal of terrorism The state will have the right to confiscate the
form a government that is to overthrow the property of those arrested after taking the consent
co-exists in parallel with existing government. of the special court set up to try the cases.
the current government. Property acquired through illegal activities and
Organized crime prefers Terrorism primarily organized crime can also be confiscated.
to be nonviolent, despite uses violent means. If convicted, the offenders face a minimum jail term
its peculiar measure of of three years and a maximum of life imprisonment
militancy. or the death penalty.
After the arrest, the accused will not be given bail
The determinants and With the help of specific
for six months.
motives of organised political goals.
crime are economic. Special Task Force: The government has constituted a
dedicated Special Task Force (STF) to deal with organised
7.3 ORGANISED CRIME IN UTTAR PRADESH crime. These specialised units consist of highly trained
police personnel who work towards identifying and
apprehending members of organised criminal networks.
Factors Contributing to the Growth of z Collection of Intelligence about Mafia gangs and
Organised Crime in Uttar Pradesh Intelligence based action against such gangs.
z Increasing demand for illegal goods in the global z Preparation of action plan and its execution against
market like the trade of human organs, endangered Disruptive Elements specially ISI agents.
wildlife, drugs etc. z Action against listed gangs in coordination with
z Geographical terrain and boundaries. district police.

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z Effective action against gang of dacoits, especially laws, increased police presence in sensitive areas, and
inter district gangs. proactive measures to prevent and deter organised
z Effective action against inter district gangs of criminal activities.
Organized criminals. z Effective use of Technology: The government
UP STF relies extensively upon human intelligence, leverages technology to enhance law enforcement
capabilities. This includes using surveillance cameras,
technology and sophisticated tactics to achieve its
CCTV networks, advanced analytics and data-driven
objectives. Over its short lifetime of about 15 years,
approaches to identify patterns, collect evidence and
UP STF has an enviable history of boasting of 81 Police
track organised criminal activities.
Medals of Gallantry awarded by the President of India
z Community Engagement and Awareness: The
and 60 officers being granted out-of-turn promotion for
government encourages community participation in
acts of conspicuous gallantry. combating organised crime. This includes promoting
z Uttar Pradesh Special Security Force: It was formed community policing initiatives, encouraging residents
in September 2020 to protect the courts, major to report suspicious activity, and creating awareness
religious places and establishments of the state. The programs to educate the public about the dangers of
first battalion of UPSSF is deployed in the security of organised crime.
Metro in Lucknow. z International Cooperation: The Government of Uttar
z Special Courts and Fast-Track Trials: To expedite Pradesh collaborates with national and international
the judicial process and ensure speedy justice, the agencies to exchange intelligence and coordinate
government may set up special courts or designate efforts to combat organised crime. This includes
specific courts to handle cases related to organised sharing information on international criminal
networks, establishing channels for cooperation, and
crime. Fast-track trials help in the timely prosecution
extraditing wanted criminals.
of criminals, giving a strong message of deterrence.
It is necessary to emphasise that not all organised crime
z Confiscation of Illegal Assets: The government
groups are involved in terrorism, and not all terrorist
focuses on confiscating assets and income derived
organisations are involved in organised crime activities.
from organised crime. This includes freezing assets,
The extent and nature of the relationship between
bank accounts and taking legal action to ensure
organised crime and terrorism can vary depending on
criminals do not profit from their illegal activities.
specific local dynamics and global contexts.
z Coordination among Law Enforcement Agencies:
To effectively address organised crime and terrorism,
The Government of Uttar Pradesh emphasizes
law enforcement agencies, intelligence services, and
coordination among various law enforcement
policymakers need to strengthen coordination, share
agencies, including police, intelligence agencies
information, and adopt a comprehensive approach
and central security forces. This cooperation helps
that targets both criminal networks and terrorist
share intelligence, pool resources, and conduct joint
organisations. This includes disrupting financial
operations to target organised criminal networks.
flows, enhancing border security, sharing intelligence,
z Strengthening Law and Order: The government enforcing a strict legal framework and promoting socio-
focuses on improving the state’s overall law and order economic development to address the underlying causes
situation. This includes strict enforcement of existing of radicalisation and criminal activities.
v v v
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8 Terrorism
Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence (I) Terrorism by External-State Actors: When any
against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government directly or indirectly indulges in
government, the civilian population, or any segment terrorism against its own people or the people of
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. another country, it is referred to as terrorism by state
There are many definitions of terrorism, yet none has actors.
been universally accepted as yet. For instance, one of z Also, terrorism against another country, whether
the key features of terrorism is political and/or religious in support of international terrorism or in order to
violence. In addition, this violence is mainly directed destabilize that country, can be classified as ‘external
towards people — often civilians — and not just state sponsored terrorism’.
property. Thus, terrorist violence often targets people z Terrorism in Kashmir is a direct manifestation of state
by killing, injuring, kidnapping, torturing them etc. as policy of Pakistan and ISI influence, while hinterland
a means to create terror among masses to meet their terrorism by Indian Mujahideen or SIMI is indirectly
political or communal goals. supported by ISI and the state of Pakistan. Therefore,
In India, the first special law which attempted to define Pakistan which is an external state actor is challenging
terrorism was the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities India’s internal security directly as well as indirectly.
(Prevention) Act, 1987, which was followed by the z Support to terrorism can be analyzed by various means,
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA). With the such as financial support to militant organizations,
repeal of the latter in 2004, the Unlawful Activities technical support, arms, training and infrastructural
(Prevention) Act, 1967 was amended in 2019 to support, or ideological support.
include the definition of a ‘terrorist act’. (II) Terrorism by Non-State Actors: In this case, the
Types of Terrorism act of terrorism is performed by an individual or a
group which is not associated with or financed by
z Communal Terrorism: India has grappled with any Government.
religiously motivated terrorism, involving groups
z Non-state actors have generally no direct or indirect
such as Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed
link with any government or government agency
(JeM), targeting religious minorities and security
while pursuing their agenda, though indirect linkages
forces. cannot be completely ruled out. Naxalites, LTTE and
z Cross Border Terrorism/J&K Insurgency: Regions North-east extremists are some examples of non-state
like Jammu and Kashmir have witnessed insurgencies actors.
with groups seeking autonomy or independence from z Many important terrorist groups such as Lashkar-e-
India. Taiba (LeT) and Indian Mujahideen (IM) also claim
z Ideological Terrorism/Left-Wing Extremism: Areas to be non-state actors but have de facto support from
like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand have experienced Pakistan.
Naxalite-Maoist insurgencies, driven by socio- z The use of non-state actors is essentially the
economic issues and armed struggle. employment of a proxy element, which gives the state
z Narco Terrorism: Narco terrorism is the attempt of Pakistan a degree of deniability. However, there is
by narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of no doubt that none of the so called ‘non-state actors’,
the Government by systematic threat or by the use like the LeT, could have operated with impunity
of violence. Narco terrorism combines two criminal without active funding, logistical and military support
activities; drug trafficking and terrorist violence. from Pakistan.
z The close linkages of the ISI and such groups are well
Classification of Terrorism documented as there is direct involvement in attacks
Terrorism can be classified into two categories: like the attack of 26/11. These groups aim to not only
(I) Terrorism by external state actors create instability in regions like Jammu and Kashmir,
(II) Terrorism by non-state actors but also have a larger aim of destabilizing the country.
z This is done through sporadic terrorist strikes, which Challenges Ahead
spread terror and panic. This could also adversely z Border Security: Securing porous borders, especially
affect the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic with Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China
modernisation. remains a significant challenge.
z The flooding of the country with counterfeit currency z Radicalization: Countering the radicalization of youth
is also a way of weakening the economy. Therefore, and addressing socio-economic issues in vulnerable
some of the so-called ‘non-state’ actors operating regions is essential.
from Pakistan are the proxies of the state, functioning z Regional Conflicts: Tensions with neighboring
under a clear charter of state policy. countries like Pakistan and China contribute to the
complexity of the terrorism issue.
Major Terrorist Attacks z Terror financing: Counterfeit currency and black
z 1993 Bombay Bombings: March 12, 1993. money used in terror financing are hard to trace
z 1999 Kandahar Hijacking: December 24, 1999. and provide leverage to terrorists to generate their
z 2001 Parliament Attack: December 13, 2001. resources.
z 2002 Akshardham Temple Attack: September 24, z Regionalism: Socio cultural differences lead to
2002. separatist tendencies which further politicize and
lead to terrorism.
z 2005 Delhi Serial Blasts: October 29, 2005.
z Terrorism in India is a multifaceted challenge that
z 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings: July 11, 2006. requires a comprehensive approach encompassing
z 2008 Mumbai Attacks: November 26-29, 2008. security measures, socio-economic development, and
z 2010 Pune Bombing: February 13, 2010. diplomatic efforts to ensure the nation's security and
z 2013 Hyderabad Bombings: February 21, 2013. stability.
z 2019 Pulwama Attack: February 14, 2019. Combating the Threat of Terrorism
Government Response z Terrorism casts a dark shadow over the world today,
with various forms and threats emerging, including
z Counterterrorism Measures: The Indian government amorphous terror groups, cyber-linked terrorism, and
has implemented various counterterrorism strategies, lone wolf attacks. India has tragically experienced
including strengthening intelligence agencies and significant loss of life and property due to senseless
improving coordination among security forces. violent acts in its cities over the past few decades.
z Security Forces: Indian security forces, such as z As the world becomes more interconnected through
the National Security Guard (NSG), the National technological advancements and communication
Investigation Agency (NIA), Research and Analysis changes, terrorists, weapons, and funds can easily
Wing (RAW) and Intelligence Bureau (IB) have been cross national borders. International cooperation
among law enforcement agencies is crucial for
established to respond to terrorist threats.
addressing these cross-border challenges.
z Legal Framework: India has enacted stringent anti-
terrorism laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) India's Actions Against Terrorism
Act (UAPA) to combat terrorism effectively. z In response to the 26/11 terrorist attack, India
z International Cooperation: India collaborates with established the National Investigation Agency (NIA)
other nations to combat cross-border terrorism and in January 2009 to combat terrorist crimes.
seeks diplomatic solutions to regional conflicts. z India relies on the Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Amendment Act as its primary anti-terrorism law.
z NATGRID: India established the National Intelligence
z The National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) was
Grid to integrate intelligence gathered by various
established to gather security-related information.
intelligence agencies which further provide assistance
z An operational hub for the National Security Guard
to tackle terrorism activities. ensures a rapid response to terrorist attacks.
z Use of Technology: Technology like big data can be
used to catch phrases related to radicalisation and International Initiatives to Counter
delete any such content. To avoid children falling prey Terrorism
to radicalisation, online sites can use similar methods z United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT)
like YouTube to verify the age of the viewer before z Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) of United
allowing them to watch any adult video. Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
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z Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to curb terror z Reducing Youth Exposure to Terrorism: Education
financing institutions should promote non-violence, peaceful
z India's Annual Resolution on Counter-Terror coexistence, and tolerance to deter radicalization.
Policies addressing economic and social inequalities
Challenges Related to Terrorism in India can dissuade disgruntled youth from turning to
z Lack of a Universal Terrorism Definition: The terrorism. Hosting events like the "No Money for
absence of a universally accepted definition of Terror" Conference in Delhi can contribute to these
terrorism makes it difficult to classify specific activities efforts.
as terrorism. This ambiguity benefits terrorists and
allows some countries to veto global actions. 8.1 THE GROWING THREAT OF LONE-
z Expanding Web of Terrorism: The internet provides WOLF TERRORISM
an unregulated space where terrorists can create and
disseminate propaganda through countless websites Concerns have arisen over the increasing threat of lone-
and social media platforms, attracting potential wolf terrorism in India, prompting experts to address
recruits. this pressing issue.
z Terror Financing: Criminals launder trillions of Understanding Lone-Wolf Terrorism
dollars annually, with some funds supporting terrorist z Meaning: Lone-wolf terrorism refers to acts of
activities through charities and alternative remittance violence carried out by extremist individuals who act
systems. The lack of cryptocurrency regulation poses upon their radicalized beliefs.
additional risks.
z Motivation: These individuals are either inspired or
z Bio-Terrorism: Advances in biotechnology enable influenced by a specific terrorist organization, ideology,
terrorists to easily hide, transport, and deploy biotic or operate within a particular social environment.
agents against vulnerable populations, potentially z Nature of Activities: Lone-wolf attacks differ
affecting global food security. significantly from organized or networked terrorist
z Cyber Attacks: Cyber terrorism poses a growing attacks, such as the 9/11 attack in the United States
threat as the world relies on digital technology. or the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack. These attacks
Terrorists use cyber attacks to disrupt governments encompass a wide range of actions, from threats
and societies for political or social gain. and intimidation to indiscriminate shootings, vehicle
ramming, stabbing, and suicide bombings, posing a
Way Ahead serious and unpredictable threat.
Developing Cyber Defense Mechanisms: A
z
Challenges Associated with Lone-Wolf
comprehensive approach to countering cyber
terrorism, including cyber search operations and
Terrorism
countermeasures against cyber attacks, is essential. z Unpredictable Nature: The unpredictable nature
of lone-wolf attacks has made it challenging for
Public confidence in the government's cyber defense
counterterrorism agencies, police, and intelligence
efforts is crucial for a secure digital ecosystem. organizations to effectively tackle this threat.
z Global Counterterrorism Measures: The z Use of the Internet: Lone wolves leverage the
international community must unite against all internet's anonymity for communication, making it
forms of terrorism, transcending political differences. difficult to track their activities and radicalization.
Accepting a universal definition of terrorism and z Simplicity of Execution: Lone-wolf attacks are
imposing sanctions on state sponsors of terrorism becoming logistically simpler to carry out. These
can promote global peace. attackers often inspire copycat behavior, serve as
role models for alienated youngsters, and can incite
z Capacity Building: India should specialize its military
additional bandwagon attacks.
to combat cross-border terrorism and enhance
coordination among intelligence and security agencies Measures Required to Counter Lone-Wolf
to prevent terrorist infiltration. Strengthening the Terrorism
National Criminal Justice system and implementing
z Diverse Policy Measures: Comprehensive policies
strict legal protocols against terrorism are also vital.
are needed to address the various facets of terrorism.
z Curbing Terror Financing: Strengthening banking z Capacity Building: Enhancing technical intelligence
laws for due diligence and reporting suspicious capabilities, such as monitoring social media and
transactions are necessary steps to prevent terrorism cyberspace, and developing contingency plans within
financing. Regulating cryptocurrency can further intelligence and counter-terrorism structures are
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z Deradicalization and Counter Radicalization Counter-Terrorism Committee meeting in November
Strategies: Regularly revising and strengthening laws, 2022 is a step in the right direction.
engaging communities, and providing professional
counseling and psychological support are vital Implications for India
components of these strategies. India has been dealing with terrorism much earlier than
z Strengthening International Cooperation: the West, beginning with the insurgency in the Northeast,
Collaborative efforts to bolster countermeasures the LTTE and Sikh separatism in the 1980s and then with
against terrorist financing are crucial in countering the Islamisation of the insurgency in Kashmir. Some of
lone-wolf terrorism. these challenges never really died out but only went into
dormancy. Given the right socio-political conditions, they
Steps Taken by India to Address Lone-Wolf may stoke up again. The security situation in Kashmir
Terrorism did take a turn for the good after the abrogation of
Article 370 with respect to organised terror, but new
z Restrictions on Weapon Access: Unlike the United
challenges emerged in the form rise in lone-wolf attacks
States, where sophisticated weapons are easily
and increased use of drones for cross-border terrorism.
accessible to ordinary citizens, obtaining such
The dormant sentiments of Sikh separatism are
weaponry in India is considerably more difficult,
increasingly showing signs of revival, with the socio-
because of stringent licensing requirements.
political situation in Punjab taking a radical turn. The
z State Supervised Counseling Initiatives: States support for a separate Sikh state in India within sections
like Kerala have initiated state supervised counseling of the Punjabi Sikh diaspora has always existed. In both
programs, such as Kerala's Operation Pigeon, Kashmir and Punjab, a growing trend of increased
to address the issue of lone-wolf terrorism and drug abuse is fuelled by cross-border narco-terror
radicalization. These programs aim to provide support networks.India is still not adequately equipped to tackle
and guidance to individuals susceptible to extremist the challenge of terror drones, whose sightings had
ideologies. multiplied significantly in 2022. Then there is always
the looming spectre of a spill-over of terror activities
New Technologies for Terror
into Kashmir once the dust settles in Afghanistan and
Violent extremist organisations have increasingly Pakistan.
employed new and emerging technologies for their
influence operations and financing. The world now is Conclusion
in a situation where societies are moving towards post- Terrorist tactics or terrorism have evolved as a tool for
organisational violent extremism enabled by social grievance groups to assert their political, religious and
media, where there is no command and control, and ideological messages to a dominant group. As long as
extremist propaganda reaches the target demography at there is room for the radicalisation of people with real or
the click of a mouse, eventually leading to radicalisation. perceived grievances, there will always be the presence
z There are a growing number of social media-induced of armed non-state actors that employ violent means
lone-wolf violent extremist attacks of every creed to achieve their objectives. One of the main reasons for
worldwide, from jihadi terrorism in Kashmir terrorism to garner such global attention was that it
and Colombo, anti-Semitic attacks in Texas, and was arguably one of US foreign policy's top priorities.
mosque shootings in Christchurch. Today that is not the case, and on the contrary, these
armed non-state actors are prone to becoming proxies
z Though conventional means of guerrilla tactics and
to the so-called return of the great power rivalry
financing still dominate the operations of terrorist
towards which the international state system is again
organisations, unmanned aerial systems such as
increasingly moving.
drones and UAVs have almost become conventional
Therefore, all nations worldwide must keep up with
due to their extensive use by al-Qaeda and Da’esh. their counter-terrorism efforts and address real or
Block chain technologies and online payment perceived grievances that make radicalisation possible.
methods are increasingly being observed to be used India always had a stance which does not differentiate
to syphon funds for terror activities. between terrorists of any creed. It has already
z Artificial Intelligence and 3D printing are two established itself as a strong voice against terrorism,
other technologies increasingly being used for especially state-sponsored terrorism. On the virtue of
propaganda dissemination and printing lethal India’s chairmanship of the UNSC’s Counter-Terrorism
weapons and ammunition. This trend in adopting Committee for 2021–2022 and its joining of the
new and emerging technologies is alarming and needs Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) concentrating
vigilance. The Delhi Declaration on countering the on extensive Counter-Terrorism cooperation through its
use of new and emerging technologies for terrorist Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), it can take the
purposes made at the United Nations Security Council leading role in tackling terrorist challenges.
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In Uttar Pradesh Context financial fraud, embezzlement, drug money, bank
Uttar Pradesh Government had established Anti-Terror frauds, and illegal trade in arms.
Squad in 2007 to deal with terrorist activities in Uttar z The 'corrupt' component of such money could
Pradesh. It works closely with intelligence agencies and stem from bribery and theft by those holding public
other law enforcement agencies to gather information, office - such as by grant of business, leakages from
investigate and apprehend individuals involved in government social spending programmes, speed
terrorist activities. money to circumvent or fast-track procedures, black
The Uttar Pradesh Police has several training academies marketing of price-controlled services, and altering
across the state, such as the Police Training College land use regularizing unauthorized construction.
in Moradabad and the Uttar Pradesh Police Academy z Bullion and Jewellery Transactions: The purchase
in Lucknow. The academies train police personnel in allows the buyer the option of converting black money
various aspects of policing, including investigation, into gold and bullion, while it gives the trader the
crowd control, and counterterrorism.
option of keeping his unaccounted wealth in the form
The Special Task Force is a specialised unit within
of stock, not disclosed in the books or valued at less
the Uttar Pradesh Police responsible for dealing with
than market price.
organised crime, terrorism and other high-profile
criminal activities. It focuses on gathering intelligence, z Out of Book Transactions: Transactions that may
conducting covert operations and arresting individuals result in taxation of receipts or income are not
involved in serious crimes. entered in the books of account by the taxpayer. The
taxpayer either does not maintain books of account
8.2 BLACK MONEY or maintains two sets or records partial receipts only.
z Manipulation by Way of International Transactions
Terrorism finance has aptly been termed as the through Associate Enterprises: Another way of
lifeblood of terrorism. Black money is a term used manipulating accounted profits and taxes payable
in common parlance to refer to money that is not thereon may involve using associated enterprises in
fully legitimate in the hands of the owner. This could low tax jurisdictions through which goods or other
be for two possible reasons. The first is that the money material may be passed on to the concern.Inter-
may have been generated through illegitimate activities corporate transactions between these associate
not permissible under the law, like crime, drug trade, enterprises belonging to the same group or owned
terrorism, and corruption, all of which are punishable and controlled by the same set of parties may be
under the legal framework of the state. The second and arranged and manipulated in a way that leads to
perhaps more likely reason is that the wealth may have
evasion of taxes.
been generated and accumulated by failing to pay the
z Non-profit Sector: Taxation laws allow certain
dues to the public exchequer in one form or other.
privileges and incentives for promoting charitable
At the very outset, it becomes clear that the first
activities. Misuse of such benefits and manipulations
category is one where a strongly intolerant attitude
through entities claimed to be constituted for non-
with adequate participation of all state arms can
produce results. It is the second category where the profit motive are among possible sources of generation
issue becomes far more complex and may require major of black money.
policies to promote compliance with laws, regulations, z Investment through Innovative Derivative
and taxes and deter the active economic agents of society Instruments: With increasing sophistication of
from generating, hoarding, and illicitly transferring derivative instruments, new opportunities for
abroad such unaccounted wealth. The White Paper on investing and making profits without being subjected
Black Money was presented in May 2012. to taxes and regulations are also opening up. Such
innovative means can also be misused by unscrupulous
Generation of Black Money parties to generate unaccounted income. Some such
Black money arising from illegal activities such as crime instruments like participatory notes may not be
and corruption has an underlying anti-social element. adequately covered by regulatory mechanisms and
z The 'criminal' component of black money may their oversight and hence have potential for misuse.
include proceeds from a range of activities including
racketeering, trafficking in counterfeit and contraband Impact of Black Money on Economy
goods, smuggling, production and trade of narcotics, There is no doubt that manifestation of black money in
forgery, illegal mining, illegal felling of forests, illicit social, economic and political space of our lives has a
liquor trade, robbery, kidnapping, human trafficking, debilitating effect on the institutions of governance and
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z Due to parallel economy, neither government nor 2006-2012 government has reported nearly 26000
industries get actual picture of investment sentiments. crore black money.
This creates market distortions. z Demonetisation: In 1978 and 2016 government
z Black money means loss of tax revenue to the demonetised high value notes to tackle black money.
government. This reduces government’s capacity to z Encouraging Cashless Transactions: Recently
spend more on social infrastructure. government has taken many initiatives like UPI, RuPay
z Corruption in government projects and procurements cards, Jan Dhan Accounts to promote digital payments.
creates low quality infrastructure. Government is also incentivising digital payments.
z As the RBI and government have no control over
black money. This makes difficult for RBI to effectively Legislative Framework
target inflation and government also face problem z Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
while deciding fiscal policy. z Benami Transactions Prohibition Act, 1988
z Black money is further driving up the prices of real z Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
estate. z The Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets
z Black money generated from drugs and smuggling is (Imposition of Tax) Bill, 2015
being used to operate terror networks. This threatens z Public Procurement Bill
national security. z Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013
z Black money further increases the inequality and
poverty. International Cooperation
z There is a distortion in investment in economy. With z Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative
black money the investment is made in high end and Assistance in Tax Matters
luxury goods.
z Financial Action Task Force
z Forward trading of goods by cash rich speculators
cause fluctuation in prices due to hoarding. z United Nations Convention against Corruption
z Black money leads to further corruption by creating z At the G20’s London Summit of 2009 India played a
a vicious cycle. major role in developing international consensus for
z Generating black money means that quality is taking actions against tax havens
compromised in public sector projects where black z United Nations Convention against Transnational
money is used to manipulate tenders and offer Organised Crime.
kickbacks. z Egmont Group
Measures to Curb Black Money z Transfer Pricing Agreement of G20.
Generation and Flow Recent initiatives taken to tackle the menace

z Tax Reforms: of Unaccounted/Black Income
Rationalization of income tax with greater tax base z Legislative Mechanisms:
and lower taxes.
Enactment of Central & various state Goods &
Tax deduction at source in which the tax is
Service Taxes Act
deducted from the payment itself by the payee.
Enactment of the Black Money (Undisclosed
z Institutional Measures:
Foreign Income and assets) and Imposition of Tax
CBDT
Act, 2015
Enforcement Directorate
Comprehensive amendment of the Prohibition of
Financial Intelligence Unit
Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988
Central Board of Excise and Customs
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
Section 10(38) of the Income Tax Act has been
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
amended to prevent the misuse of exemption by
NIA
certain persons for declaring their unaccounted
CBI
income as exempt long-term capital gains by
Police authorities
entering into sham transactions.
z Voluntary Disclosure Schemes: The government
In order to check creation of shell companies
allows reporting black money generated through tax
which are incorporated outside but controlled
evasion in a given time frame, as government has
given in the Black Money Bill passed this year. During from India, the concept of ‘Place of Effective
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Management’ (POEM) for determination of 4. Supportive Measures: These includes;
residence of a company incorporated in a foreign z Public awareness campaigns.
jurisdiction, has been introduced in the Finance z Enhanced auditor accountability.
Act,2016
z Participation in international efforts.
z Administrative Mechanisms and Systems
z Offering immunity from prosecution for voluntary
Improvement:
disclosure of overseas assets.
Expanding the ambit of TDS (tax deducted at
source) provisions to track more transaction. Conclusion
z International Cooperative Mechanisms: Prevention and control of black money is prerequisite
With a view to facilitate and enhance exchange for establishing an equitable, transparent and efficient
of information under the Tax Treaties, India is economy. As the economy is the backbone of a country,
proactively engaging with the foreign Governments black money will paralyze the economy and the
and has signed Tax Treaty framework with 146 country will be in doldrums. It becomes a hurdle in the
foreign jurisdictions. g. Foreign Account Tax development of the country. A multi-pronged strategy is
Compliance Act (FATCA) with the US. essential to deal with the issue of generation of black
The Government of India has also joined the money and its illicit transfer outside the country.
Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement
(MCAA) for Automatic Exchange of Information 8.3 MONEY LAUNDERING
as per Common Reporting Standards (CRS). Money laundering is the process by which large amount
India has amended its Double Taxation Avoidance of illegally obtained money, from drug trafficking,
Agreements with Mauritius, Singapore and Cyprus terrorist activity or other serious crimes, is given the
to enable measures concerning prevention of tax appearance of having originated from the legitimate
evasion and tax avoidance. source. It allows the criminals to maintain control over
General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR) have been their proceeds. The process by which large amount of
implemented with a view to tacking aggressive tax dirty money (i.e. money obtained from serious crime-
planning with the use of complicated structures drug trafficking, terrorist activity made to look clean
z Judicial Efforts: On the directions of the Supreme money (i.e. legitimate) is known as money laundering.
Court, the government in 2014 constituted the Special Money laundering is an organised crime which is a prime
Investigation Team (SIT) on black money. The SIT has source for funding terrorism. Criminals engage in money
so far submitted seven reports to Hon’ble Supreme laundering to avoid detection and use the funds without
Court. arousing suspicion. It poses a significant challenge as
it makes tracing the origin of the funds difficult once
Four-Pillar Strategy to Curb Black Money they've been laundered.
Generation Common Sources of Illegal Money
1. Reducing Disincentives for Voluntary Compliance:
z Drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and human
This could involve measures like rationalization of
trafficking.
tax rates and reducing transaction costs by providing
z Terrorism financing.
electronic and internet-based services to pay tax.
z Tax evasion.
2. Reforms in Vulnerable Sectors: In the area of real
estate, the Paper proposes deducting tax at source z Organized crime activities like kidnapping, contract
on payments made on real estate transactions. In killings, gambling, and bank fraud.
the cash economy, the Paper recommends that the z Protection money paid to gangsters or criminals.
Government provide tax incentives for use of credit/ z Earnings from adulterated products and corruption.
debit cards. z Slush funds are used for bribery or political
3. Creating Effective Deterrence: The Paper believed donations.
that the introduction of the Goods and Service Tax z Capitation fees, illegal fees charged by educational
(GST) will be an important step in this process. Other institutions.
measures proposed include strengthening the direct z High-interest money lenders, also known as loan
tax administration, strengthening of the prosecution sharks.
mechanism and enhancing exchange of information.

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The Money Laundering Process
z Money Laundering Typically Involves Three Force in Paris reported in 2015 that some terrorist
Stages: websites encouraged sympathisers to donate in bitcoins.
1. Placement: Illegally obtained money is deposited After, demonetisation action by the Government of
into financial institutions using various methods India in 2016, there was noticed a flood of such digital
to remove it from criminal sources. Techniques transactions. This new Hawala has a potential to become
include structuring (smurfing), using connected an easy way to provide funds for terrorists and other
accounts, and utilizing multiple legitimate illegal activities. So, there is a need to have proper
accounts. regulation over bitcoin in the interest of the economy
2. Layering: Funds undergo a complex web of and the security of the country.
financial transactions to obscure their source and Impacts of Money Laundering
ownership. Methods include remittance services,
bank drafts, loans to shell companies, and more. Economical
3. Integration: Laundered money is reintroduced
into the economy through investments, land
purchases, expenditures, or savings, creating a
legitimate facade for previously illegal funds.
Impacts
Money is also laundered using the method of Round
Tripping–the black money is transferred to the tax-
heaven countries from India. Then a company from that
country will send that money back to India in form of Social Political
‘foreign investment’. Best example of this is Mauritius,
Singapore among others. Economic Effects
Loss of Revenue: Money laundering leads to
Hawala and Money-Laundering z
substantial revenue losses for governments,
The word “Hawala” means trust. Hawala is a system particularly in growing or developing financial centers.
of transferring money and property in a parallel
z Undermining Financial Market Integrity: Money
arrangement avoiding the traditional banking system.
laundering can compromise the integrity of banking
It is a simple way of money laundering and is banned
and financial services markets, damaging their
in India. Hawala works by transferring money without
reputation.
actually moving In a hawala transaction, no physical
movement of cash is there. It is an alternative or parallel z Economic Distortion and Instability: Money
remittance system, which works outside the circle of laundering can result in inexplicable changes in
banks and formal financial systems. money demand, prudential risks to bank stability, and
increased volatility of international capital flows.
Cryptocurrency: The New Hawala z Failure of Fiscal and Monetary Policies: Presence of
Cryptocurrency like Bitcoin provides absolute anonymity unaccounted money in the economy creates a hurdle
and facilitates terror financing which was evident in the during formulating and implementing monetary
2015 Paris terrorist attack. The Financial Action Task policies.
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Political Effects Institutional framework
z Use of Illegal Money in Politics: The majority of z Enforcement Directorate for investigation and
candidates contesting elections require money, funds, prosecution of cases under the PML. The Directorate
and donations, sometimes which are supported by is under the administrative control of Department of
illegal money. Revenue for operational purposes.
z Initiates Political Distortion: Policy distortion occurs z Financial Intelligence Unit: India (FIU- IND) for
because of measurement error and misallocation of receiving, processing, analysing and disseminating
resources. information relating to suspect financial transactions
z Illegal Political Funding: Unaccounted money paves as well as for coordinating and strengthening efforts of
way for Illegal funding or activities like bribery. national and international intelligence, investigation
and enforcement agencies against money laundering.
Social Effect
z Various Agencies were Created: Financial
z Criminal Activity: Money laundered successfully will
intelligence Unit, Combating financing of terrorism
boost more criminal activity in the country.
cell, Terror funding and fake currency cell.
z Moral Value Degradation: Declines the moral and
social position of the society by exposing it to activities International coordination
such as drug trafficking, smuggling, corruption and z Since money laundering is an international
other criminal activities.
phenomenon, transnational co-operation is of critical
z Misallocation of Resources: Leads to inequalities in importance in the fight against this menace.
the society and creates disparity in regions.
z Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an
z Unemployment: Increased unemployment,as intergovernmental body established by the G7 summit
legitimate business companies fail to compete with
in Paris in 1989 and responsible for setting global
companies operating through illegal money.
standards on anti-money laundering and combating
Challenges in tackling Money Laundering financing of terrorism. Blacklisting of countries by
FATF.
z Predicate-offence-oriented Law: This means a case
under the Act depends on the fate of cases pursued z OECD: Automatic Exchange of Financial Information
by primary agencies only such as the CBI, the Income by many countries as part of the OECD initiative. Base
Tax Department or the police. (Predicate offence- any Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative, under
offence that is component of more serious offence). which the countries have agreed to take necessary
z Growth of Technology: The enforcement agencies measures.
are not able to match up with the speed of growing z UN convention against illicit traffic
technologies. z UN convention against organised crime
z Non-fulfilment of the Purpose of KYC Norms: KYC z Vienna Convention: It was the first major initiative in
norms does not cease or abstain from the problem the prevention of money laundering held in December
of Hawala transactions as RBI cannot regulate them. 1988.
Also, the increasing competition in the market is
z The Council of Europe Convention, 1990
forcing the Banks to lower their guards and thus
facilitating the money launderers to make illicit use z The Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units is
of it in furtherance of their crime. an informal network of national financial intelligence
z Widespread Act of Smuggling: There are a number unit.
of black-market channels in India for the purpose z Asia Pacific Group: It works with countries in the
of selling goods offering many imported consumers Asia-Pacific to generate wide regional commitment
goods such as food items, electronics etc. which are to implement anti-money laundering policies and
routinely sold. initiatives and secure agreement to establish a more
z Lack of Comprehensive Enforcement Agencies: permanent regional anti-money laundering body.
Separate wings of law enforcement agencies dealing z Basel Committee on Banking Regulations and
with money laundering, cyber-crimes, terrorist
Supervisory Practices
crimes, economic offences etc lack convergence
among themselves z India is also signatory to the International Convention
z Tax Haven Countries: They have long been associated for Suppression of Financing of Terrorism (1999);
with money laundering because their financial secrecy the United Nation Convention against Transnational
laws allow the creation of anonymous accounts while Organised Crime (2000); and United Nation Convention
prohibiting the disclosure of financial information. against Corruption (2003).

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Government Measures to Prevent Money z Convergence of different enforcement agencies:
There is a requirement to have a convergence of
Laundering different enforcement agencies, sharing of information
z Amending the Prevention of Money Laundering is necessary.
Act, 2002, to expand the list of predicate offenses, z Laws in line with conventions: Countries should
among other changes. criminalise money laundering on the basis of the
z Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Act, United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in
1985: Provides regulations for seizure, freezing and Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988
forfeiture of property obtained from illegal drug (the Vienna Convention) and the United Nations
trafficking. Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,
z Establishment of Multi-Agency Groups (MAG) to 2000
investigate revelations in events like the Panama
Papers leak. Conclusion
z Joining multilateral agreements for the exchange of Money laundering poses significant economic and social
tax-related information. challenges, and governments are implementing various
z Implementing the Foreign Account Tax Compliance measures to combat this illicit practice and protect their
Act (FATCA) for automatic exchange of information economies and societies from its adverse effects.
in tax matters. In Uttar Pradesh Context
z Linking Aadhaar (unique identification number) Recent Case: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) in
with PAN (Permanent Account Number) to improve October, 2023 arrested the chairman of a Hardoi-
tax compliance and curb illegal transactions. based pharmacy institute as part of its ongoing
z Renegotiating Double Tax Avoidance Agreements money laundering investigation into alleged ₹100
(DTAAs) with other countries. crore scholarship scam in Uttar Pradesh. The money
z Initiating projects like 'Project Insight' and 'Operation laundering case stems from an Uttar Pradesh Police FIR.
Clean Money' to enhance tax compliance. At present, 27 special courts are functional under
z Taking action against shell companies and trusts the Prevention of Corruption Act. There is criminal
used for money laundering. investigation department (CB-CID) and Anti-Corruption
Organisation (ACO) in the State.
Way Forward In view of increasing cases of economic offences,
z Enlist common predicate offences: To solve the Government has constituted a financial intelligence unit
problem internationally particularly keeping in mind in the state and special police officers are appointed to
the trans-national character of the offence of money the unit.
laundering.
8.4 COUNTERFEITING
z Awareness and education: To infuse a sense
of watchfulness towards the instances of money Counterfeiting is the manufacture, import, export,
laundering which would also help in better law distribution, and sale of consumer goods that are not
enforcement as it would be subject to public genuine but are designed and branded to look identical
examination. to the authentic products in order to deceive consumers
z Proper Coordination between centre and States: into believing that they are authentic.
The more decentralised the law would be the better z Counterfeits are imitations of real products that are
reach it will have. manufactured without approval from the owner of the
brand.
z Law in every country: The key to making an impact
in money laundering is to get all of the countries of z Counterfeit products are usually of substantially
the world to enact and enforce the same laws dealing lower quality than the authentic goods and can even
with money laundering so the criminals have nowhere be dangerous, as they are often poorly made or made
to go. using dangerous or toxic chemicals and materials.
z Special cell dealing with money laundering Counterfeit Currency
activities: It should be created on the lines of Economic
Counterfeit currency is produced outside of the legal
Intelligence Council (EIC) exclusively dealing with
sanction of a state or government, usually in a deliberate
research and development of anti-money laundering.
attempt to imitate that currency and so as to deceive its
This Special Cell should have link with INTERPOL and
recipient. Counterfeiting of Indian currency not only
other international organizations dealing with money
funds terrorism, but what is more important, is used as
laundering. All key stakeholders, like, RBI, SEBI etc.
a tool by Pakistan to destabilise the Indian economy.
should be a part of this.
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It has become increasingly difficult to curb the transfer z Note sorting machines are deployed for detection.
of fake currency, given the diverse routes being employed z Forged Note Vigilance Cells are established in banks
for the induction of counterfeit currency. Fake currency to focus on counterfeiting issues.
is smuggled through a “hub and spoke” business model. z Training programs are conducted regularly.
While Pakistan is the hub of the operation, the spokes
z The FICN Coordination Group shares intelligence
are both direct and indirect. The direct routes include
and information with security agencies at the state
the Munnabao-Khokrapar and Attari border routes, and central levels.
as also across the fence. Indirect routes emanate from
z The National Investigation Agency (NIA) houses a
the UAE, Nepal and Bangladesh. Lately, China has also
dedicated Terror Funding and Fake Currency Cell for
emerged as a transit point. As an example, the NIA, in a
focused investigations.
major interstate operation, seized counterfeit currency
worth ₹9.85 lakhs during raids conducted in Delhi, Uttar z Capacity-building programs are conducted for various
Pradesh and Bengaluru. law enforcement agencies.
z The demonetization of ₹1000 and ₹500 currency
Impacts of Counterfeit Currency notes was carried out.
The complete process of counterfeiting not only has an z Collaboration with neighboring countries includes
adverse impact on the Indian economy, but also gives an training programs for police officers in Nepal and
impetus to criminalisation of society. Bangladesh and the establishment of a Joint Task
z Black Marketing and Corruption: Extensive Force between India and Bangladesh.
circulation of fake currency leads to black marketing
and corruption that can become perpetual in nature. Way Forward
z Devaluation of Currency and Inflation: Counterfeit z Introduction of Digital Currency: Introducing digital
money influx artificially increases purchasing power, currency can reduce the circulation of counterfeit
leading to inflation and currency devaluation. notes, promoting digital transactions over cash.
z Loss of Public Confidence: Counterfeit currency z Law Enforcement: Developing and enforcing new
erodes public trust in the economy. laws to combat counterfeit currency.
z Increase in Terrorism: Counterfeit currency has long z Selection of Security Features: Utilizing
been a source of terrorist funding in India. combinations of features like printing with
photoluminescent ink on security threads.
z Economic Impacts: Criminal networks exchange
counterfeit currency for genuine notes, facilitating z Information Exchange: Continued sharing
money laundering and posing a serious threat to the of information with other countries about the
economy. effectiveness and durability of security features.
z Citizens' Role: Encouraging citizens to remain vigilant
Measures to Prevent Counterfeit Currency and report instances of FICN to banks and the police.
Circulation Currency counterfeiting is a problem that cannot be
z Legal Provisions: Counterfeiting is a punishable dealt with by law enforcement alone. We need to work
offense under Sections 489A to 489E of the Indian closely with other stakeholders including monetary
issuing authorities, central banks, security printing
Penal Code and falls within the purview of the
industry, international forums and civil society.
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967.
z Anti-counterfeiting Measures by RBI: The Reserve In Uttar Pradesh Context
Bank of India (RBI) employs multiple security features In October, 2023, the Special Task Force (STF) of Uttar
in Indian banknotes, including watermarks, security Pradesh Police arrested three people in Meerut with
threads, latent images, and micro-lettering. counterfeit Indian currency notes with a face value of
z Public awareness campaigns are conducted to more than ₹ 2 lakh.
educate citizens about identifying counterfeit notes.
Cases Registered for Seizure of Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN)
Year State/UT No. of FICN Total Value Total FIRs Total No. of
Notes Seized (in ₹) Registered Accused
2018 Uttar Pradesh 19109 13328860 206 68
2018 All India 257243 179536992 914 1002
2019 Uttar Pradesh 12976 7767810 77 44
2019 All India 287404 253909130 835 1045
Source: MHA Report

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z Thirdly, people desperate to find better sources
8.5 DRUG TRAFFICKING of livelihood have started relying on the services
Drug trafficking is a global illegal trade involving of smugglers. Mafias involved in human smuggling
the cultivation, production, distribution, and sale of and trafficking have proliferated and entrenched
substances subject to drug control laws. According to themselves along the border areas. Corrupt
the UNODC's World Drug Report 2023, drug trafficking government personnel and political patrons are often
is expanding beyond North America and Europe, with hand in glove with them, thereby further abetting
increased trafficking to regions in Africa and Asia. human smuggling and trafficking in the region.
The number of drug users increased from 240 million
in 2011 to 296 million in 2021. The illicit manufacture
Issues Associated with Drug Trafficking
of synthetic drugs is on the rise due to their cost- z National Security Threat: Drug trafficking poses a
effectiveness and ease of production. Drug trading is significant threat to national security and facilitates
increasingly taking place over the internet, including on other organized crimes such as human trafficking and
darknet. money laundering.
z Narco-Terrorism: The nexus between drug traffickers,
Drug Trafficking in India criminal networks, and terrorists can destabilize
z India has emerged as a transit hub and destination nations and fund terrorist activities, including left-
for heroin and hashish from the Golden Triangle
wing extremism.
(Myanmar-Thailand-Laos) and Golden Crescent
(Afghanistan-Pakistan-Iran) regions. z Rise in Social Crimes: Encouraging drug consumption
z India is among the top destinations for synthetic leads to law and order problems in society.
drugs like methamphetamine, often originating in z Corruption: Drug cartels infiltrate and corrupt state
Afghanistan. institutions to control the illegal drug trade.
z Regions severely affected by drug trafficking include z Environmental Impact: Illicit drug markets can harm
the North-East (especially Manipur), North West
the environment, leading to issues like deforestation
(especially Punjab), and major metropolitan areas.
and increased carbon footprint, such as narco-driven
z The North-East is close to Myanmar, the world's
deforestation in the Amazon basin.
second-largest opium producer after Afghanistan.
z Closing of the traditional Balkan route via Iran during Measures Taken by India
the Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) had led to the rerouting
of drugs through India. z Operation Samudragupta was launched by the Narcotic
z Pre-existing network of bullion smugglers along Control Bureau (NCB) to combat drug trafficking in
the border regions and the involvement of criminal the Indian Ocean region.
networks in drug smuggling who work in conjunction z Enacting legislations such as the Narcotic Drugs and
with the Nigerian, Afghan and the Kenyan syndicates. Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
z The existence of traditional smuggling routes, porous
z Ensuring physical security through the Comprehensive
borders, well developed transportation networks and
lax vigilance have all contributed in facilitating the Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS).
trafficking of narcotics in and out of India. z Implementing systems like Seizure Information
z In the recent decades, trafficking of women and Management System (SIMS) and National Integrated
human smuggling in general have also become Database on Arrested Narco-offenders (NIDAAN)
quite rampant across the India–Bangladesh and portal for online databases.
India-Nepal borders. A number of factors contribute
z Establishing the Narco-Coordination Centre
to human trafficking through India.
(NCORD) portal to provide a common platform for
z Firstly, India is proximate to two of the poorest
countries in South Asia, Nepal and Bangladesh, which drug law enforcement agencies.
are also the biggest source of people being trafficked z Signing bilateral pacts and MoUs with various
in the region. Poverty and hunger often forces either countries to combat illicit drug trafficking.
the parents to sell the girls to traffickers or the girls z Being a signatory to international conventions like the
themselves leave home in search of a better future in
UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961.
India and fall prey to traffickers.
z Secondly, India has an open border with Nepal and Way Forward
a porous border with Bangladesh, which facilitates
relative easy movement of people from these countries z Encouraging effective coordination and information
into India. sharing among enforcement agencies.
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z Developing accountability mechanisms for shipping z The Anti-Narcotics Task Force (ANTF) is formed.
and railway companies, air cargo, etc. There are three operations units in ANTF and these
z Regulating cryptocurrency markets and monitoring are divided into three zones: the Western Zone, Central
electronic payments to control the online drug Zone, and Eastern Zone. Meerut, Bareilly and Agra
supply chain.
zone are included in the western zone, Lucknow and
z Enhancing punishments under NDPS and other drug
Kanpur in the central zone and Prayagraj, Gorakhpur
laws.
and Varanasi in the eastern zone.
z Creating awareness among citizens through programs
like the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA). z Special courts in top 10 districts with most pending
cases under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic
Uttar Pradesh Context Substance Act, 1985.
In UP, 1795 Kgs Opium Based Drugs and 1,065,642 Kgs z Full cooperation to the central government in its
Canabis Based Drugs were seized during Year 2019 as
attempt to make India drugs-free.
per NCRB.
Western UP which, due to its proximity to Delhi, Haryana Further, to combat human trafficking for commercial sex
and Punjab and with a sudden mushrooming of hostels, work, special Anti-Human Trafficking Units have been
colleges, etc, has become a fertile ground for drug abuse. constituted. The state had taken further measures to
Under zero tolerance policy towards drugs, the State strengthen these units in a convergent manner to prevent
Government steps are;
and combat human trafficking. The UP Government has
z The state-level committee of National Narcotics
Coordination (NCORD) had been constituted in UP, also asked to make an age record of all girls below 18
whereas district-level committees were formed in all years to keep track of any cases of trafficking from the
75 districts. annual survey list of anganwadi worker.
v v v

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Internal Security in Digital
9 Arena
z Internal security in the digital arena, often referred to as "cybersecurity," is a critical concern for governments,
organizations, and individuals worldwide. It encompasses measures and strategies to protect digital infrastructure,
data, and systems from cyber threats, attacks, and breaches. Ensuring internal security in the digital arena is essential
for safeguarding critical information, privacy, and national security.
z Internal security in the digital arena is a dynamic field that requires ongoing vigilance and adaptation to respond to
the evolving nature of cyber threats. It is an integral component of national security and organizational resilience
in the digital age.
9.1 HYBRID WARFARE

z Hybrid warfare is a concept that describes a form of conflict in which non-traditional and conventional tactics are
combined to achieve strategic objectives. It typically involves a mix of military, political, economic, informational,
and cyber tactics to gain an advantage over an adversary. Hybrid warfare blurs the lines between war and peace,
and it often takes place in the gray zone between overt conflict and diplomacy.
Overview
z Hybrid warfare combines various conventional and unconventional methods of warfare beyond traditional
approaches.
z Methods include economic warfare, cyber-attacks, lone-wolf actions, support for local unrest, and diplomacy,
exemplified by Russia and China's cyber-attacks and China's "debt trap" diplomacy in the Belt and Road Initiative.
Dimensions of Hybrid Warfare state's response. Key dimensions of hybrid warfare in

Hybrid warfare in the digital arena, often referred to the digital arena include:
as "cyber-enabled hybrid warfare," involves the use z Cyber Operations: Cyberattacks are a central
of a combination of traditional and non-traditional component of hybrid warfare in the digital arena.
tactics, including cyber operations, to achieve strategic These can range from disruptive operations, such
objectives. This form of hybrid warfare leverages digital as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, to
technology, information warfare, and cyberattacks to more sophisticated intrusions, data breaches, and
exploit vulnerabilities and create ambiguity in the target ransomware attacks. Cyber operations can target
critical infrastructure, government systems, and z Economic Consequences: Economic coercion and
private-sector organizations. cyberattacks on financial institutions can disrupt
z Information Warfare: Information warfare plays a the economy of a targeted state, causing financial
crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing losses, reduced investor confidence, and economic
perceptions. This includes disinformation campaigns, instability.
propaganda, and psychological operations carried out z Social Polarization: Hybrid warfare frequently
in the digital domain. False narratives and manipulated exploits existing social divisions, fueling polarization
information are spread to create confusion and sow within a society. This can lead to increased tensions
discord. and violence among different groups.
z Hacking and Espionage: State-sponsored hacking z Influence on Decision-Making: The manipulation
and cyber espionage are used to gather intelligence, of information and the compromise of sensitive data
gain insight into the adversary's plans, and identify can influence a state's decision-making processes,
vulnerabilities. This information can be used to inform potentially altering foreign policy choices or national
military and political decision-making. security strategies.
z Disruption of Critical Infrastructure: Cyberattacks z Security Vulnerabilities: Hybrid warfare can
may target critical infrastructure, including energy, create security vulnerabilities by targeting critical
transportation, and healthcare systems. Disrupting infrastructure, military systems, and government
these systems can cause significant disruption and networks. The disruption of critical services and
damage, potentially leading to economic and social the compromise of defense capabilities can pose
consequences. immediate security risks.
z Psychological Operations: Psychological operations z Global Relations: Hybrid warfare can strain
conducted in the digital arena aim to create fear, international relations, as states accused of conducting
uncertainty, and doubt among the target population, hybrid warfare may face diplomatic isolation or
affecting morale and decision-making. sanctions from the international community.
z Social Media and Online Manipulation: Social media z Change in Warfare Dynamics: Hybrid warfare blurs
platforms and online spaces are used to disseminate the lines between conventional and unconventional
propaganda, manipulate public opinion, and amplify conflict, challenging traditional concepts of warfare.
divisive narratives. It forces states to adapt to a more complex and
z Political Manipulation: Hybrid warfare in the digital interconnected security environment.
arena often involves political manipulation, such as z Deterrence and Escalation: States may respond
election interference or influencing domestic politics
to hybrid warfare tactics with countermeasures,
through the release of compromising information or
potentially leading to escalatory dynamics. This can
the spread of disinformation. It can change power
increase the risk of direct military conflicts.
centers in a country using non-state actors and local
rebellions without direct warfare, illustrated by the z Psychological Impact: Disinformation and
downfall of Ashraf Ghani's government in Afghanistan. psychological operations can create fear, uncertainty,
and mistrust among the population, affecting public
z Diverse Attack Methods: Hybrid warfare allows for
morale and mental well-being.
multiple internal damage avenues, such as economic
restrictions and destabilization through non-state z National Resilience: Targeted states must invest
actors, like Hezbollah's role in the 2006 war against in resilience measures to counter hybrid warfare
Israel. effectively. This includes strengthening cybersecurity,
improving critical infrastructure protection, and
Impacts of Hybrid Warfare enhancing public awareness.
Hybrid warfare has significant and wide-ranging impacts
on states, societies, and international relations. These
Solution for Hybrid Warfare
impacts can be both immediate and long-term, affecting z Comprehensive Approach: Implement joint efforts
various aspects of a targeted nation's stability, security, involving ministries, public agencies, and NGOs to
and well-being. Some of the key impacts of hybrid build local confidence and counter false propaganda.
warfare include: z Civilian Sensitive Force: Establish a civilian force
z Political Destabilization: Hybrid warfare often seeks with diverse backgrounds, including engineering,
to undermine the political stability of a targeted state. medicine, administration, and diplomacy, similar to
Disinformation campaigns, election interference, and the UN Peacekeeping Force.
political manipulation can weaken trust in political z Vulnerability Assessment: Regularly assess sector-
institutions and processes, leading to public unrest specific vulnerabilities, such as IT infrastructure and
and protests. social factors in regions like Jammu and Kashmir.

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z Armed Forces Training: Train armed forces and military capabilities, intelligence services, economic
police in specialized battle techniques, technology use development, and governance support, as well as
(e.g., drones), early threat detection via social media, psychological dimensions, reflecting citizens' readiness
and local issue sensitivity. to support national objectives. For the management of all
these things a holistic approach and active participation
z Infrastructure Development: Invest in cyber is required.
infrastructure and specialized cyber units to combat
AI warfare. 9.2 MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA
z Democracy Strengthening: Strengthen democratic Social Media Platforms are web-based and mobile
principles like equality, freedom, and free & fair applications for user-generated content creation, access,
elections as a defense against hybrid warfare tactics. and exchange on platforms like Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, LinkedIn, and YouTube.
Conclusion
Developing an internal security policy is complex due to Overview
managing multiple armed conflicts and national security z Media encompasses all communication channels,
concerns. It encompasses physical dimensions, including from traditional print to digital data.
z As of the beginning of 2023, "more then 467.0" million to communicate official statements, emergency
of India's population were social media users. instructions, and safety information during security
incidents, helping to maintain public order and safety.
Role of Social Media z Early Warning: Social media can serve as an early
z Media and social media play a significant role in warning system by allowing citizens to report
internal security in the digital arena, as they can both suspicious activities or share information about
amplify threats and contribute to security measures. potential threats, enabling law enforcement to
Their impact on internal security can be both positive respond promptly.
and negative.
z Community Engagement: Social media platforms
Positive Contributions provide a means for law enforcement and security
z Information Dissemination: Traditional media and agencies to engage with the community, build trust,
social media are crucial channels for disseminating and gather information that may be relevant to
information during crises and emergencies. They can national security.
be used to provide real-time updates to the public, z Public Awareness: Media can raise public awareness
enabling individuals to make informed decisions. about various security threats and encourage
z Crisis Communication: Governments and individuals to adopt security best practices, such as
security agencies can use media and social media cyber hygiene and vigilance against threats.
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z Counterterrorism and Countering Violent z The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media
Extremism: Media and social media platforms Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 established the
can be used for counterterrorism efforts, including PIB's fact-checking unit.
monitoring and countering extremist propaganda and z The Delhi Declaration of the UNSC Counter-
recruitment efforts online. Terrorism Committee highlighted concerns about
increased cyberspace and ICT use, including social
Negative Contributions media.
z Communal Violence: Fake news or videos shared on z The Ministry of I&B blocks 8 YouTube channels for
social media contribute to an increase in communal spreading disinformation related to India’s national
violence, such as mob lynchings and attacks on security, foreign relations and public order.
migrants.
z Existing infrastructure has been strengthened,
z Anti-National Elements: Some YouTube channels including surveillance projects like NATGRID, CERT-In,
operating from Pakistan disseminate disinformation CMS, Internet Spy System Network, NETRA, and
and fake news. NCIPC.
z Terrorist Groups: Terrorist organizations like
ISIS have used social media to spread propaganda The Way Forward
materials in multiple languages, including Hindi and z Promote coordination among all stakeholders,
Tamil. including governments, the private sector, and civil
z Cyber Attacks: Social networks serve as vectors for society.
Trojans like the mobile banking SOVA Android Trojan. z Enact specific laws addressing misinformation, strict
z Deep Fakes: Advances in AI and Machine Learning action should be taken against culprits and penalties
enable the creation of synthetic videos or deep should be imposed.
fakes that exacerbate societal divisions and suppress z Encourage citizens to adopt a habit of fact-checking
dissent. before forwarding information.
z Data Colonization: Global social media corporations z Implement data localization to prevent data
engaging in data colonization can manipulate data colonization and misuse.
against India. z Establish effective reporting mechanisms, such as
z Criminal Activity: Social media platforms are used hotlines, for various internal security threats.
for criminal activities and money laundering.
z Virtual Communities: Lone wolf attackers utilize 9.3 CYBERSECURITY
virtual communities to attract potential members and
followers. Overview
India's Measures z Cybersecurity involves safeguarding information and
assets in cyberspace from unauthorized access, use,
z New IT RULES (2021) Related to Social Media:
disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Prohibition on unlawful information; takedown within
24 hours with prior notice to users, Classification z According to the Information Technology Act, of 2000,
into social media intermediaries and significant social “Cyber security means protecting information,
media intermediaries. Significant intermediaries have equipment, devices computer, computer resource,
additional measures like having a physical address in communication device and information stored
India and appointing Indian residents as compliance therein from unauthorised access, use, disclosure,
officers. disruption, modification or destruction.”

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Importance of Cybersecurity z Institutional Framework: Comprises entities like the
z National Security: Cyberspace is integral to public National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre, India's
policies for processing and storing sensitive data Computer Emergency Response Team, National
critical to national security. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre,
z Private Sector Resilience: Ensuring cyber resilience Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre, and the
is essential for safeguarding critical public services, Cyber Warrior Police Force.
including railways, defense systems, and banking. z Cyber Swachta Kendra: the Ministry of Electronics
z Digitalization: The rise in digitalization exposes and Information Technology (MeitY) created a secure
individuals to cybercrimes, such as online bank frauds, cyberspace by detecting botnet infections in India and
while advanced technologies like artificial intelligence
to notify, enable cleaning and securing systems of end
(AI) and machine learning (ML) play an increasing
users so as to prevent further infections.
role. India is experiencing a digital technology boom.
z CyberDome is a technological research and
z Protection of Sensitive Data: Cybersecurity
safeguards sensitive and confidential information, development hub within the Kerala Police Department.
including personal data, financial records, intellectual Its mission is to foster excellence in cybersecurity
property, and government secrets, from unauthorized and bolster technological capabilities for effective
access, theft, or disclosure. law enforcement. The project serves as a nucleus
z Economic Stability: Cyberattacks and data breaches for collaboration among diverse stakeholders in the
can result in financial losses, business disruptions, realm of cybersecurity and cybercrime prevention.
and reputational damage to organizations. Robust
cybersecurity is vital for maintaining economic
Recent Cybersecurity Initiatives
stability and business continuity. z Operation Chakra: Conducted by CBI against cyber
z Protection of Intellectual Property: Organizations enabled financial crime networks.
rely on intellectual property for their competitiveness. z Cyber Surakshit Bharat (CSB): An initiative by
Cybersecurity safeguards trade secrets, patents, and MeitY to raise awareness about cyber-crime.It creates
proprietary information from theft and espionage. awareness on the emerging landscape of cyber threats
z Public Trust: Trust in digital systems and online and provides in-depth understanding on related
services is essential for e-commerce, e-government, solutions.
and online communication. Effective cybersecurity is z KAVACH-2023: It is a unique national Hackathon
vital to maintain public trust in the digital ecosystem. to identify innovative concepts and technology
z Protection of Critical Infrastructure: Cybersecurity solutions for addressing the security challenges of
is critical for safeguarding critical infrastructure the 21st century faced by our intelligence agencies.
sectors, including energy, transportation, healthcare, KAVACH-2023 is conceived to challenge India’s
and utilities, as attacks on these systems can have innovative minds to conceptualize ideas and
catastrophic consequences. framework in the domain of cyber security using
z Prevention of Cybercrime: Effective cybersecurity artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning,
efforts help prevent cybercriminal activities, such as automation, big data and cloud computing.
hacking, online fraud, and cyberextortion, which can z Exercise Synergy: Conducted by CERT-In. The
have financial and legal consequences.
specific objective of the exercise was to Assess, Share
z Mitigation of Insider Threats: Cybersecurity and Improve strategies and practices among Member-
measures help detect and prevent insider threats, States to build network resiliency against ransomware
where employees or trusted entities intentionally or
& cyber extortion attacks.
unintentionally compromise security.
z Command Cyber Operations and Support Wings
Existing Cyber Security Mechanisms (CCOSW): It is a specialized unit of the Indian Army
z Legal Framework: Includes the National Cybersecurity that will safeguard the networks and increase the
Policy 2013, IT Act 2000 and its Amendment 2008, preparedness level in this niche domain and assist the
and the National Digital Communication Policy 2018 formations in undertaking mandated cyber security
for digital communications' sovereignty and security. functions.

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Challenges to Cybersecurity in India z Technological Evolution: Rapidly evolving
z Geographical Constraints: Attackers can launch technologies require substantial investment to keep
attacks from anywhere due to the absence of up with them.
geographical constraints. z Comprehensive Architecture: Lack of a national-
level comprehensive architecture for cybersecurity.
z Device Diversity: Due to fast evolving technology it is
z Awareness Gap: Local police and citizens often lack
difficult to maintain the pace of awareness regarding
awareness about legislative framework provisions.
cyber crimes especially for senior citizens.
Way Forward z Uttar Pradesh, like many other Indian states,

z Information Sharing and Coordination: Foster has been actively working on enhancing its
collaboration among agencies like DRDO, NTRO, cybersecurity measures to protect government
CERT-In, RAW, and IB. systems, critical infrastructure, and citizens from
z PPP Model for Cybersecurity: Implement a public- cyber threats. Cybersecurity in Uttar Pradesh
private partnership model to protect private sector encompasses a wide range of initiatives and
Critical Information Infrastructure. strategies to safeguard digital assets and sensitive
information.
z Capacity Building and Skill Development: Invest
in building cybersecurity capacity and developing Initiatives
relevant skills.
z Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath
z Learning from Best Practices: Consider best
recently directed the authorities to set up 57 new
practices like the Tallinn Manual from the US. cyber police stations in the state.
z Data Localization: Promote data localization to z There are 18 cyber police stations in various
enhance cybersecurity. cities, including Noida, Lucknow, Agra, Aligarh,
Saharanpur, Prayagraj, Bareilly, Moradabad, and
Cybersecurity in Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur.
z “In recent times, the nature of crime has changed z The cyber police stations in Lucknow and Noida
due to the misuse of technology. Diverse kinds of
started in 2018.
cyber frauds related to customer care, pension,
z The Chief Minister directed that the cyber crime
electricity bill, work from home, sextortion, loan
app, parcel, franchisee, fake betting app, crypto police stations, currently operating at the regional
investment fraud and Ponzi scheme fraud are being level, be expanded to all 75 districts and the cyber
seen today. The common man is becoming a direct cells currently operating at the district level, be
victim of this. expanded to all police stations.

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z To deal with cases like cyberstalking and CM Yogi Adityanath directed the officials to prepare
cyberbullying, the Uttar Pradesh government has awareness material immediately and implement
recently decided to create a “woman cyber cell” it, in addition to making it part of the school
at each cyber police station in the state. curriculum. "Apart from this, by training Basic
z Cyber awareness to be included in school Shiksha Adhikari (BSAs) and District Inspector of
curriculum: Cyber awareness to be included in Schools (DIOS) as master trainers, the principals
school curriculum Emphasising that awareness and teachers should be sensitised about cyber
is the most important means to prevent cyber crime in a phased manner followed by students
crimes, and their parents," he said.
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10 Weaponization of Space
z Space weaponization involves the deployment of Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963): Bans nuclear
weapons in outer space or on celestial bodies and the tests in outer space.
development of weapons designed to destroy targets Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and
in space. Threat (PPWT): Proposals like the Sino-Russian
z It differs from the militarization of space, which Prevention of Placement of Weapons in Outer
includes the usage of space-based assets for Space and Threat (PPWT) that would prohibit
command, control, communication, surveillance, and the development of any weapon that could be
reconnaissance activities. used against outer space objects, including
ground-based lasers that are designed to damage
Motives for Space Weaponization
a satellite.
z Doubts About Missile Defense: Concerns about
z India's Efforts
the capability of existing missile defense systems to
Intercept Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) Mission Def-Space: Develops innovative solutions
armed with nuclear warheads. for defense requirements in space. It encourages
Private Industries, Start-ups, MSMEs and Individual
z Satellite Protection: The desire to safeguard one's
Innovators for indigenous design development
satellites in space from potential threats posed by
and manufacture of defense equipment for the
Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons.
space sector.
z Strategic Advantage: The potential to gain supremacy
in warfare encompassing land, sea, air, and space. Mission Shakti: Conducted the Anti-Satellite
(ASAT) mission.
z Inadequate Treaties: Perceived inadequacies in
existing treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty (OST) Defence Space Agency: A tri-service agency of
paves way for space weaponization. the Indian Armed Forces. The agency is tasked
z Increased Tensions: The deployment of space with operating the space-warfare and Satellite
weapons can increase international tensions, leading Intelligence assets of India.
to concerns about an arms race in space. Nations may Defence Space Research Agency: Focused
perceive space weaponization as a threat and respond on developing space warfare weapons and
accordingly. technologies.
Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC):
Preventive Measures Against Space Enhancing navigation capabilities. NavIC offers
Weaponization two services that are Standard Position Service
z Global Initiatives (SPS) for civilian users and Restricted Service (RS)
Outer Space Treaty: Emphasizes peaceful for strategic users.
purposes for space exploration and prohibits the IndSpaceEx: A simulated space warfare exercise.
claim of national sovereignty in outer space. Objective of IndSpaceEx is to assess the requisite
Prevention of an Outer Space Arms Race: space and counter-space capabilities that are
Encourages the use of space for peaceful purposes needed by India to protect its national security
and discourages an arms race. interests in outer space.
z Promoting Inclusivity: Encourage legitimate access
to outer space, technology transfer, and international
cooperation.
z Transparency and Confidence Building: These
measures can contribute to maintaining space security
and faith among international countries.
z Treating Space as a Global Common: Analogous
to Antarctica, space should be viewed as a global
common resource.
Dual-Use Platforms: Development of dual-use
Way Forward z
platforms for deterrence purposes.

z Need for a Legal Framework: Addressing the
momentum toward space weaponization requires a z Leveraging Quantum Key Distribution (QKD):
comprehensive legal framework. Enhance secure satellite-assisted communications.
v v v
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11 Technology in Law Enforcement
z Technology has played a transformative role in law z Crime Mapping and Forecasting: Utilizes AI and Big
enforcement, offering new tools and capabilities Data to track crime trends geographically, detect crime
that enhance the ability of law enforcement agencies hotspots, and even predict the likelihood of crimes.
to prevent, investigate, and respond to crime. The z Crime Multi Agency Centre (Cri-MAC): Launched
integration of technology in law enforcement has the in 2020 by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to
potential to improve public safety, increase efficiency, facilitate 24x7 information sharing on crime and
and enhance accountability. However, it also raises criminals among various law enforcement agencies.
important ethical and privacy considerations,
necessitating clear policies and oversight to balance Barriers to Technological Adoption
law enforcement needs with individual rights and civil Against Crime
liberties. z High Costs: Procuring technology can be expensive,
posing a challenge, especially for developing nations
Changing Nature of Crimes like India, with varying resources and infrastructure
z Advancements in Information and Communications availability across states.
Technology (ICT) have transformed the landscape of z Technology Risk: Potential issues include unreliable
criminal activities. or ineffective technology and the risk of biased
z Traditional crimes like robbery and theft are declining. outcomes, as predictive algorithms may be trained
Whereas, crimes such as identity theft, financial fraud on biased historic crime data.
(including ransomware attacks), spreading fake news, z Data Security: Inadequate data security legislation
disinformation, and sextortion are on the rise. may lead to data breaches and misuse of technologies.
z Drug trafficking has moved online, with operations z Human-Related Risks: These encompass the risk
conducted through the dark web. of insufficient adaptation or inefficient use of new
technologies due to inadequate training or resistance
Technology Adoption for Law Enforcement among officials.
z In response to evolving crime patterns, law enforcement z Ethical Concerns: Concerns revolve around privacy
agencies (LEAs) have embraced technology to enhance violations, unlawful surveillance, security breaches,
their capabilities in crime detection and prevention. and inappropriate technology use.
Technological Initiatives by Indian LEAs Way Forward

z Legal Framework: Development of clear legal
and Their Benefits standards for technology use and adherence to these
z Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems standards.
(CCTNS): Establishes a national database of crimes z Cost-Effectiveness: Ensure a reasonable return on
and criminals, contributing to the Interoperable investment by investing in research and development
Criminal Justice System (ICJS), which covers e-courts, (R&D).
e-prisons, forensics, and prosecution for a more z Technical Integrity: Thoroughly review each
efficient criminal justice system. technology's performance before adoption.
z Surveillance and Detection Technologies: Which z Accountability: Maintain transparency in technology
includes new technologies such as biometrics, use to prevent public distrust and establish effective
CCTV, facial recognition, and automatic license plate oversight mechanisms.
recognition (ALPR). z Personnel Sensitization: Recruit and train officials
z Digital Forensic Software: Enables the investigation adequately to address human factors in technology
and examination of IT systems following security adoption, reducing stress and building confidence in
technology use.
incidents or for preventive maintenance.
z Public Awareness: Foster public awareness and
z Maintains a digital database containing fingerprints,
feedback mechanisms to enhance technology
palmprint and iris scan of criminals.
deployment across India while focusing on continuous
improvement. z Eliminates the constraints associated with manual
searches on the biometric database.
Exemplary Practices in India Tamil Nadu Police:
z The Tamil Nadu Government's decision to
Uttar Pradesh Police:
implement a 'Fingerprint Analysis Tracking System'
z Utilizes an AI-powered application developed by
to establish a biometric database for criminals
the startup Staqu.
underscores the role of technology in modern law
z Digitizes and efficiently searches records of enforcement.
criminals and their associates.
z Supports police forces with real-time information
retrieval during investigations. 11.1 FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY
Odisha Police:
IN INDIA
z Employs the 'MO SAATHI' app to aid women in
perilous situations. z Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) is a biometric
z Allows users to alert the police, record audio and
software application capable of uniquely identifying
video, and transmit it to the Modern Police Control
Room for immediate assistance. or verifying individuals by analyzing facial contours.
Maharashtra Police: z Key components of most FRT systems include a
z Implements an Automated Multimodal Biometric
camera, a database of stored images, and an algorithm
Identification System (AMBIS).
for creating "faceprints" for comparison.
Recent Developments
z Multiple airports in India have recently introduced the z Retail Sector: Customizes shopping experiences,
DigiYatra (DY) app, which relies on Facial Recognition identifies known shoplifters, and facilitates "face pay"
technology.
Technology (FRT) for a seamless travel experience.
z Airports and Border Control: Streamlines airport
z The National Automated Facial Recognition System
processes, enhances security, and offers non-intrusive
(NAFRS) is a facial recognition system designed to identity verification.
identify, track, and capture criminals in India. z Healthcare: Grants access to patient records, aids
in pandemic management, streamlines patient
Applications of FRT
registration, detects essential vitals and helps in
z Law Enforcement: Helps to track and identify identifying genetic diseases.
criminals, locating missing persons, and in combating z Marketing and Advertising: A more advanced Facial
human trafficking. Recognition app, capable of identifying and measuring
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human emotions,which can help sellers to predict the z Technological Limitations: Factors like camera
sales of a product introduced. angles, lighting, image quality, disguises, and changes
z Other Uses: Serves as a digital security tool for in physical appearance can affect FRT accuracy.
unlocking personal devices, manages staff and Way Forward
customers for businesses, identifies beneficiaries for
z Ensure that government use of FRT aligns with
governance, and authorizes financial transactions in
necessity and proportionality standards.
banking.
z Establish consent-based standards and legislation
Concerns Regarding FRT with opt-out and data erasure options.
z Address biases in FRT algorithms, adopt decentralized
z Surveillance: Raises concerns about mass identity management, and enhance data security.
surveillance, as seen in China's tracking of Uighur z Public Awareness and Education: Launch public
Muslims. awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to
z Inaccuracy and Misidentification: FRT results can inform citizens about the use of facial recognition
be disproportionately inaccurate for certain groups. technology, their rights, and how they can protect
their privacy.
z Function anomaly: FRT systems may expand beyond
z Regulatory Framework: India should establish a
their original purpose. comprehensive regulatory framework specifically
z Potential Violation of Fundamental Rights: Poses addressing facial recognition technology.
risks for the right to privacy and the right to move z Ethical Guidelines: Develop and adhere to ethical
freely within India's territory. guidelines for the use of facial recognition technology,
addressing issues such as bias, discrimination, and
z Data Protection: The absence of data protection
misuse.
regulations in India raises concerns about data
z Transparency and Accountability: Agencies and
collection, retention, security, and sharing. organizations using facial recognition technology
z Cybersecurity: Compromised facial data can lead to must be transparent about its use, including its
identity theft and fraud. purpose and scope.
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Security Forces and
12 Agencies in India
These security forces and agencies collaborate to z Public Trust and Perception: Building and maintaining
address a wide range of security challenges, from public trust and a positive perception of security
counterterrorism and border security to disaster forces is crucial for effective law enforcement.
response and maintaining internal peace and order. They z Bureaucratization within Central Armed Police Forces.
play a crucial role in safeguarding the nation's interests z High vacancies and limited promotional prospects.
and the safety of its citizens. India's security apparatus
consists of a diverse range of forces and agencies, each z Shortages of arms and ammunition.
with specific responsibilities and mandates aimed at z Operational challenges in difficult terrains like the
safeguarding the nation's interests and maintaining Himalayan region.
law and order. Here is an overview of the structure of z Deficiencies in intelligence gathering and analysis,
security forces in India. leading to issues such as smuggling and insurgency.
z Presence of overground workers for groups like
Structure of Security Forces in India Naxalites-Maoists and hybrid militants in Jammu &
z Under Defence Ministry: Kashmir.
Army
Roles of Various Security Forces
Air Force
z Army, Air Force, and Navy: Safeguarding national
Navy
interests from external aggression and internal
Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
subversion.
z Under Home Ministry:
z Indian Coast Guard (ICG): Providing protection
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)
and assistance to fishermen in distress while at Sea.
Border Security Force (BSF) Assisting the Customs and other authorities in anti-
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) smuggling operations.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) z Border Security Force (BSF): Responsible for the
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) security of India's border lines, preventing transborder
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) crimes and smuggling.
Assam Rifles (AR) z Central Industrial Security Force (CISF): Securing
z National Security Guard (NSG) critical infrastructure facilities and VIP security. Also
z National Investigation Agency (NIA) responsible for providing security to the strategic
z Special Protection Group (SPG) establishment, including the Department of Space, the
Department of Atomic Energy, the Airports, the Delhi
Challenges Faced by Security Forces Metro, the ports etc.
z Communal Tensions: Communal and religious z Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF): Assisting civil
tensions can lead to riots and civil unrest. Security administration in maintaining public order, internal
forces must work to prevent violence and maintain security, and counter-insurgency operations.
peace. z Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): Guarding the
z Political Protests: Managing political protests and India-China border and conducting operations against
strikes while respecting citizens' rights to freedom left-wing extremism (LWE).
of expression and assembly is a delicate balance for z Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): Guarding the Indo-Nepal
security forces. and Indo-Bhutan borders.
z Human Rights Concerns: Ensuring that security z Assam Rifles (AR): Ensuring security along the Indo-
operations respect human rights and the rule of law China and Indo-Myanmar borders during both peace
while dealing with various challenges is essential. and proxy war.
z National Security Guard (NSG): A specialized strike Dimension of IBG
force trained in counter-terrorism and anti-hijacking z IBG is made for Threat, Terrain, and Task (3 Ts).
operations.
z Emphasis on lightweight design for reduced logistics.
z National Investigation Agency (NIA): Functioning
z Mobilization within 12-48 hours depending on
as the central counter-terrorism law enforcement
location.
agency in India.
z Likely headed by a Major General.
z Special Protection Group (SPG): Providing security
to the Prime Minister and immediate family members z Integration of infantry, armored tank regiments,
residing with him at his official residence. artillery, UAVs, combat engineers, and signals.
z Serves dual roles that are Defensive and offensive.
Steps Taken to Strengthen India's Security
Structure Significance of IBG
z Modernization of the armed forces, involving the z Network-Centric Warfare: IBGs leverage modern
acquisition of advanced platforms and technologies. technology and communication systems to enable
network-centric warfare. They have improved
z Utilization of emerging technologies like drones in
situational awareness, real-time data sharing, and
counter left-wing extremism (LWE) operations.
enhanced command and control capabilities.
z Implementation of the Armed Forces Special Powers
z Threat Deterrence: The presence of IBGs in forward
Act (AFSPA) in disturbed areas of Jammu & Kashmir
areas can serve as a deterrent to potential adversaries.
and North Eastern states.
Their ability to rapidly deploy and respond to threats
z Deployment of Smart Border Fencing systems like can help maintain stability in border regions.
Comprehensive Integrated Border Management
z Jointness and Interoperability: IBGs promote
System (CIBMS) along the India-Bangladesh border.
jointness and interoperability between different
z Initiatives to enhance the human face of security, such branches of the armed forces. This facilitates better
as the Civic Action Programme (CAP). coordination and synergy in military operations.
z Legislative changes like the NIA (Amendment) Act, z Reduced Reaction Time: IBGs are designed to
2019. reduce reaction times in the event of a crisis. This is
z Establishment of the National Intelligence Grid particularly important in scenarios where swift action
(NATGRID), providing services to central agencies and is required to prevent escalation or secure critical
police in all states and union territories. objectives.
Relevance in Hybrid Warfare: IBGs are well-suited
Way Forward z
for addressing the challenges posed by hybrid warfare,
z Continued modernization of the Central Armed Police which combines conventional and unconventional
Forces. threats. They can handle a range of operations, from
z Establishment of dedicated research and development counterinsurgency to high-intensity conflict.
(R&D) wings within each force. z Modernization and Force Structure: The
z Regular workshops on stress management through introduction of IBGs is part of India's ongoing efforts
practices like yoga and meditation. to modernize its military and adapt its force structure
z Construction of strategically significant roads in to contemporary security challenges.
border areas to enhance operational capabilities. z Supports Cold Start Doctrine: Rapid troop
deployment on the western border during emerging
12.1 INTEGRATED BATTLE GROUPS (IBG) conflicts.
z Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) are a significant z Faster Mobilization: Enhances options for faster
development in India's military strategy and force movements of troops.
structure. They represent a shift from the traditional z Efficient resource Utilization: Particularly valuable
brigade-based deployment to more agile and flexible in a two-front war scenario with Pakistan and China.
combined arms formations.
z IBGs are combat formations that are brigade-sized, 12.2 SELF-RELIANCE IN DEFENCE
agile, and self-sufficient and can swiftly launch strikes MANUFACTURING
against adversaries in times of need. It is the lighter
formation having its own infantry, armored, artillery z The pursuit of self-reliance in defense manufacturing
and air defense based on threat, terrain and task. is of paramount importance for India due to various
z Army Chief confirms completion of IBG consultations factors, including security concerns, economic
and final compilation in progress. benefits, and technological advancements.

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z The country's journey towards achieving self- to provide a focused, structured and significant thrust
sufficiency in defense production can be categorized to defence production capabilities of the country for
into five distinct phases: self-reliance and exports.
Pre-Independence to Mid-1960s: During this z Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020: The
period, the defense industry in India was primarily Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 has been
centered around the ordnance factories inherited established in 2020 as a potential catalyst for the
from British India. Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, in the sector of defence
1960s to 1980s: Self-reliance emerged as a manufacturing. The DAP eases the procurement and
key focus, with license production and direct acquisition of upgraded technology, products and
procurement being the dominant strategies. services for the Tri-Services and other allied defence
Mid-1980s to Early 2000s: India shifted services.
its approach towards co-development and z Technology Development Fund (TDF) for Defence
co-production ventures with foreign companies. Technology.
Mid-2000s to Late 2014: The private sector
z Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs): The
gained increased participation in the defense Government of India has established two Defence
industry, with 100% involvement allowed.
Industrial Corridors (DICs) in the country, one in the
2014 to Present: The "Make in India" initiative
State of Uttar Pradesh and other in Tamil Nadu. In
has played a pivotal role in promoting self- Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor (UPDIC),
reliance, backed by enhanced political and six (06) nodes viz. Agra, Aligarh, Chitrakoot, Jhansi,
bureaucratic commitment and greater involvement
Kanpur and Lucknow are identified.
of the private sector. India's self-reliant arms
production capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region z Strategic Partnership Model with global firms for
rank fourth among twelve nations, according to technology transfer.
SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research z Mission Def Space, iDEX scheme, and SRIJAN portal
Institute). for indigenisation support.
Challenges Persist in the Pursuit of Self- Way Forward

reliance in Defense Manufacturing z Adopt the "5Is" approach (Identify, Incubate, Innovate,
z Import Dependency: India remains one of the Integrate, and Indigenise) for accelerated progress.
world's largest importers of major arms, as per SIPRI z Establish a data bank to monitor self-reliance progress
data for 2018-2022. effectively.
z Absence of an Overarching Policy Framework: z Develop a conducive financial framework to nurture
There is a lack of comprehensive policies and the defense production sector.
mechanisms for monitoring self-reliance. z Create a Defence Modernisation Fund exclusively for
z Lack of Synergy among Stakeholders: Coordination key defense asset procurement.
among various stakeholders in the defense z Establish dedicated defense specific universities to
manufacturing sector is lacking. meet skilled human resource requirements.
z Inadequate Investment in Research and
z Foster innovation through the Board of Research for
Development: The defense sector suffers from
Advanced Defence Sciences (BRADS).
limited investments in R&D.
Insufficient Private Sector Participation: The
z
private sector's involvement in defense manufacturing
12.3 POLICE FORCES IN INDIA
needs to be enhanced. z In India, state police forces oversee upholding law
z Discrimination towards Defence Manufacturing: and order and conducting criminal investigations,
The defense manufacturing sector faces disparities while central forces support them with intelligence
compared to other industries. and problems relating to internal security (such as
insurgencies). About 3% of the budgets of the federal
Recent Initiatives Taken to Promote Self- and state governments are spent on police.
Reliance z In recent 57th All-India Conference of Director
z Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Generals/Inspector Generals of Police held on 21st
Policy 2020: The present 'Defence Production & and 22nd January 2023 organized by the Intelligence
Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP) 2020' is positioned Bureau (IB), brought together top law enforcement
as Ministry of Defence's overarching guiding document officials from states and union territories in Delhi.
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Constitutional Provision on the Policing Issues in India
Organisation of Police in India z Overburdened Forces: The Status of Policing in India
z “Police” is a State subject falling in List-II (State List) Report 2019 revealed that Indian police work at 77%
of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. of their sanctioned strength and for an average of 14
z Police Recruitment: Primarily by the state hours a day.
government. The Centre can issue advisories to bring z Incentive Gaps: A majority (86%) of state police
requisite reform. personnel are constables, and limited promotion
prospects diminish their motivation to excel.
Responsibilities of State Police Forces
z Gender Disparity: Women constitute only 10% to
z State police forces are primarily responsible for crime
33% of the police force, reflecting significant gender
prevention, investigation, and maintaining law and
inequality.
order. They also play a crucial role in responding to
more significant internal security challenges, such as z Physical Infrastructure:
terrorist incidents or insurgency-related violence. Bureau of Police Research and Development
z Law and Order Maintenance: Police forces, both at (BPRD) data from 2020 indicates that several
the state and local levels, are primarily responsible police stations lack basic resources like wireless
for maintaining law and order within their respective communication, telephones, and vehicles.
jurisdictions. This includes preventing public CAG audits and BPRD reports highlight shortages
disturbances, handling riots, and ensuring peace and in weaponry and the absence of modern equipment
tranquility. in state police forces.
z Crime Prevention: Police agencies are tasked with z Technology Gap:
preventing crimes by patrolling neighborhoods, Indian police forces have lagged in adopting modern
conducting investigations, and implementing crime technologies such as forensics, fingerprinting, and
prevention programs. They work to identify and facial recognition.
address crime hotspots and trends. Challenges in implementing systems like the
z Criminal Investigations: Police officers investigate Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems
crimes, gather evidence, and apprehend suspects. (CCTNS) persist, including limited usage.
Investigations may range from petty thefts to serious z Financial Allocation: Police expenditure accounts
offenses like murder and terrorism. for approximately 3% of state government budgets,
z Traffic Management: Traffic police are responsible posing limitations on resource availability.
for regulating vehicular traffic, enforcing traffic laws, z Police-Public Relations: Effective policing relies
and promoting road safety. They also investigate road on community support and cooperation. However,
accidents and issue traffic violation fines. the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC)
z Crowd Control: Police forces manage and control Report underscores the unsatisfactory state of police-
crowds at public events, rallies, demonstrations, public relations.
and gatherings to ensure public safety and prevent
disruptions. Policing Reforms
z Public Safety and Security: Police agencies ensure the z SMART Police: The concept of SMART Police,
safety and security of citizens by providing assistance, articulated by the Prime Minister at the 49th DGP
responding to emergencies, and addressing public conference in 2014, envisions a modern, responsive,
safety concerns. and technology driven police force.
z Specialized Units: India has specialized police units, z Community Policing: Models like the Mohalla
such as the Rapid Action Force (RAF) for riot control, committee in Maharashtra and Janamaithri in Kerala
Tourist Police for tourist destinations, and Women's have demonstrated successful community policing
Police units for issues related to women's safety and approaches.
security. z Technology Integration and Personnel
z Crime Prevention and Public Awareness: Police Optimization: Sensitizing police officers to
agencies conduct crime prevention programs, public emerging technologies and integrating data flow
awareness campaigns, and community outreach to through initiatives like the National Data Governance
educate citizens about crime prevention and safety. Framework can enhance policing effectiveness.

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z Legal Reforms and Standardization: Repealing z Cooperative Policing Setup: Enhanced cooperation
outdated criminal laws and establishing uniform between state police and federal authorities promotes
standards for police organizations across states the optimal utilization of resources and the sharing of
can optimize policing efforts. Concurrently, prison best practices in law enforcement.
reforms are essential for transforming the Criminal
Justice System.
Police Reforms Mandated by the Supreme Court in 7. Constitution of Police Complaints Authority
Prakash Singh vs. Union of India, 2006 (PCA): The PCA is established to investigate and
address complaints against police officers, ensuring
In the landmark case of Prakash Singh vs. Union of India
in 2006, the Supreme Court of India directed several accountability and addressing grievances from the
critical police reforms aimed at enhancing the efficiency public.
and integrity of the police force. These reforms include: 8. Separation of Law and Order from Investigation:
1. Establishment of State Security Commission: Its This reform aims to create a clear distinction
objective is to eliminate political or governmental between maintaining law and order and conducting
interference in police operations. investigations by constituting a separate Security
2. Merit-Based Appointment of Director General Commission.
of Police (DGP): Ensuring that the appointment
of the DGP is based on merit, competence, and Modernisation of Police Forces
professionalism rather than extraneous factors.
z The Centre has approved the extension of a massive
3. Minimum Tenure for DGP: A minimum tenure of
police modernisation programme for five years (up to
two years for the Director General of Police to provide
stability and continuity in leadership. 2025-26) with a budget of ₹ 26,275 crores to enhance
4. Fixed Tenure for Police Officers: Mandating a the quality of forensics, policing, and weapons.
minimum term of two years for police officers, z Objective: Strengthen the police system in the state
including superintendents of police, to minimize to reduce dependence on the army and central forces
frequent transfers and postings. for the maintenance of state internal security.
5. Establishment of a Police Establishment Board: z Verticals of Scheme: Police force modernisation
The board's role is to decide matters related to
(Includes implementation of central sector schemes
transfers, postings, promotions, and salaries of police
officers, ensuring transparency and fairness. like crime and criminal tracking network and systems
(CCTNS) Project and E prisons project) and Security
6. Creation of a National Security Commission (NSC):
Objective is to oversee the appointment and selection related expenditure (SRE) (Includes sub-schemes for
of Chiefs of Central Police Organizations. The NSC is Jammu and Kashmir, north-eastern states and LWE
mandated to have a minimum tenure of two years. affected states as well a special infrastructure scheme.

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These comprehensive reforms directed by the Supreme the digital age and dealing with social media-related
Court seek to depoliticize the police force, enhance crimes.
professionalism, and strengthen accountability, z Women's Safety: Enhance efforts to ensure the safety
ultimately contributing to better law enforcement and of women through specialized women's police units,
sensitive handling of cases, and prompt response to
improved public trust in the police.
gender-based violence.
Way Forward z Legal Safeguards: Implement legal safeguards to
protect the rights of citizens during investigations
z Technology Adoption: Embrace modern technology and detention.
for law enforcement, including the use of data z Data Management: Develop robust data management
analytics, surveillance, and digital tools for crime systems for efficient record-keeping, crime analysis,
prevention, investigation, and public safety. and evidence management.
z Capacity Building: Invest in the training and skill z Modernization: Continuously modernize the
development of police personnel to equip them infrastructure, weaponry, and equipment of police
with the knowledge and capabilities needed to forces to keep pace with emerging threats.
address contemporary threats, including cybercrime, z Public Trust Building: Focus on building public trust
counterterrorism, and community policing. and maintaining a positive perception of police among
z Transparency and Accountability: Enhance citizens.
transparency in police operations, maintain clear
accountability mechanisms, and establish an effective 12.4 AGNIPATH SCHEME
system for redressal of grievances and complaints
against police misconduct. Agnipath Scheme, implemented by the Indian
z Interagency Collaboration: Foster collaboration Government, aims to enlist soldiers across all three
and information sharing between different law major services, namely the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies, and other Those who join the armed forces through this scheme are
relevant organizations at the national and state levels. bestowed with the title of “Agniveers.” It is anticipated
z Legal Reforms: Advocate for legal reforms that that this initiative will result in the recruitment of
align with international human rights standards and approximately 46,000 to 50,000 soldiers across these
address emerging issues, such as privacy concerns in services.

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Eligibility Criteria for Agniveers or Agnipath service period, which currently extends to nearly
Soldiers 17-20 years.
z Age Requirement: Applicants must fall within the 2. Their journey begins with a six-month training
age range of 17-and-a-half years to 21 years to be program, equipping them with the necessary skills
considered eligible for application. and discipline for their service. They dedicate the
z Educational Qualifications: The educational remaining three and a half years to actively serving
qualifications required for Agniveers are in line with their country.
those stipulated for regular positions within the armed 3. To ensure that their service is rewarding and financially
forces. This typically entails possessing a minimum of viable, Agniveers will receive a starting monthly salary
Class 10th and 12th qualifications. of ₹ 30,000, which progressively increases to ₹ 40,000
z Recruitment Process: Recruitment will be conducted by the conclusion of their fourth year.
on an “All India All Class” basis, ensuring equal
4. Under the “Seva Nidhi'' package, a unique benefit
opportunities for candidates from across the nation.
exempt from Income Tax, they will accumulate
The recruitment process will adhere to established
approximately 11 lakh to 12 lakh, inclusive of
medical and physical fitness standards in accordance
contributions and accrued interest, upon completing
with prevailing norms and guidelines.
their service. This is made possible by a dual
Verdict of the Court contribution system, where Agniveers contribute
30% of their monthly emoluments, matched by a
z The Court said the scheme was introduced in
corresponding contribution from the government.
national interest to ensure that the armed forces
are better equipped. 5. A noteworthy provision of the Agnipath Scheme is
that 25 percent of these dedicated recruits will have
z It maintained that from the perusal of the material
the opportunity to rejoin the services, embarking on
on record, the scheme was a well thought out policy
a 15-year tenure in non-officer ranks.
decision of the Government of India.
Criticism of Agnipath Scheme
There are several concerns and debates surrounding the
Need of the Agnipath scheme
Agnipath scheme:
z As per information presented by the Ministry of
z Risk Aversion: Some apprehensions exist that soldiers
Defence to Parliament, the Army is currently grappling
in the Agnipath scheme might exhibit risk aversion, as
with a significant shortfall in its manpower, with over
one lakh positions for junior commissioned officers they are aware of their relatively short service period.
and other ranks remaining vacant. There could be concerns that they may be less inclined
z The data highlights a noticeable decrease in the to take risks or face bodily harm in the line of duty,
frequency of recruitment rallies over the years. While which could impact operational effectiveness.
the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 saw more than 90 z Recruitment Method: Retired Army officers have
recruitment rallies conducted annually, the situation expressed reservations about the “All India All
changed drastically during the pandemic. In the fiscal Class” intake method and the introduction of four-
year 2020-2021, only 47 recruitment rallies were year short-term contractual recruitment. There are
organized, and this number further plummeted to concerns that this approach might not be beneficial
merely four in the subsequent year, 2021-2022. for India’s relations with neighboring countries, such
Significance of Agnipath Scheme for as Nepal, as it could potentially reduce the intake of
candidates from certain regions.
Agniveers
z Skills Emphasis: Critics argue that there might be an
Agnipath Scheme holds significant importance for the
excessive focus on providing skills to youth entering
Agniveers, the individuals who enroll in the armed
forces through this initiative. Here are some key aspects the armed forces under this scheme. They contend that
of its significance for them: real skills are typically acquired by those who serve in
1. Agnipath soldiers, also known as Agniveers, will be the military for a longer duration. The relatively short
enrolled for a fixed term of four years, marking a four-year service period might not allow for in-depth
significant departure from the traditional long-term skill development.

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z The transition from an annual intake of approximately
z STF gets powers to take action at all places within
50,000 soldiers to a potentially higher intake of 1-1.5 the state. Along with this, its teams can also take
lakhs per year under the Agnipath scheme has raised any action outside the state. Provided that for this
concerns about the potential for a skewed recruitment he will have to take the help of the state police.
model. This significant increase in recruits could z UP STF works on human intelligence, technology
impact the composition and dynamics within the and prepared tactics to achieve its objectives.
armed forces. The UP STF has been awarded 81 Police Medals
for gallantry from the President of India and
Way Ahead & Conclusion out-of-turn promotions to 60 officers for acts of
z Need for Proper Pilot Project to Test the Scheme. conspicuous gallantry.
z Modernisation is needed on all fronts (Personnel, The Special Task Force of Uttar Pradesh Police was
arms and warfare) formed for five specific purposes. Five main tasks of
z These are fundamental and overdue reforms of our Special Task Force:
military. 1. To collect intelligence about mafia gangs and take
All major world militaries — the U.S., France, China, action against such gangs.
Russia and others — have undertaken reforms to 2. To prepare and implement an action plan against
modernise the mass versus machine ratios, which disruptive elements especially ISI agents.
is a key pillar of modern warfare.
3. To take action against the listed gangs in
Uttar Pradesh Police Special Task Force coordination with the district police.
(STF) 4. To take effective action against dacoit gangs,
z Special Task Force (STF) is a very special unit of especially inter-district gangs.
the police department. STF unit was formed in the 5. To take effective action against inter-district gangs
police department of Uttar Pradesh to carry out of organized criminals.
special tasks. However, after the formation of ATS, the task of taking
z STF of UP was formed on May 4, 1998 in Lucknow. action against ISI agents was specifically given to ATS
z The STF is headed by an officer of the rank of to prevent disruptive activities. It is noteworthy that
Additional Director General, who is assisted by an in Uttar Pradesh, STF team has killed many notorious
Inspector General of Police. The STF works in the gangsters in encounters. The names of Shriprakash
form of several teams, each team headed by a SP Shukla and Vikas Dubey, associated with the crime
in addition to the Deputy SP. Generally, SSP is in world, are also included in this. STF had encountered
charge of all the work conducted by STF. gangster Vikas Dubey in Kanpur, UP in the year 2020.
v v v

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13 Civil Defence
INTRODUCTION z It is headed by the Chief Controller of Civil Defence

and is headquartered in Lucknow.
z Civil defence refers to the organised efforts and
z The Directorate General, Civil Defence, was established
measures taken by governments, communities, and
by MHA on 17th November 1962. There were only
individuals to protect and prepare for potential
four sections during that time, i.e. Fire Section, Civil
threats and emergencies. These threats can range
Defence, Home Guards and Communication Section.
from natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods,
z At present, Civil Defence units are formed in 27 state
hurricanes, and wildfires, to man-made disasters like
districts. However, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi
industrial accidents and public health crises.
Adityanath has directed the officers of the state to
z Civil Defence measures are designed to deal with
reorganise civil defence units to form a unit of civil
immediate emergency conditions, protect the public
defence in every urban body of the state.
and restore vital services and facilities destroyed or
damaged by a disaster. Historically, the Civil Defence The Civil Defence Department of Uttar Pradesh
Policy of the Government of India, till the declaration has played an important role in maintaining peace,
of Emergency in 1962, was confined to making the harmony, and security in society. For this reason,
States and Union Territories conscious of the need considering the importance and utility of civil defence,
for civil protection measures and asking them to keep it will be extended to all 75 state districts.
ready civil protection paper plans for major cities and
towns under the then Emergency Relief Organization
(ERO) Scheme. Role
z Parliament passed the Civil Defence Act, 1968 (Act 27 z The objectives of Civil Defence are to save lives,
of 1968) in May 1968. minimise property loss, maintain production
The Act extends to the whole of India and provides continuity and keep the people’s morale.
for, among other things, measures not amounting z During war and emergencies, the Civil Defence
to actual combat, for affording protection to any organisation has the vital role of guarding the
person, property, place or thing in India or any hinterland, supporting the Armed forces, mobilising
part of the territory thereof against any hostile the citizens and helping civil administration.
attack, whether from air, land, sea or other places z The concept of Civil Defence over the years has
or for depriving any such attack of the whole or
shifted from managing damage against conventional
part of its effects, whether such measures are taken
weapons to including threat perceptions against
before, during, at or after the time of such attack.
Nuclear weapons, Biological and chemical Warfare
It also authorised raising the Civil Defence Corps and natural and man-made disasters.
and making Rules and Regulations for Civil Defence.
Key Issues and Reasons Why Civil Defence
Uttar Pradesh Civil Defence
is Crucial
z The Uttar Pradesh Civil Defence is responsible for
providing protection and assistance to citizens z Public Safety: Civil defence aims to safeguard the lives
during disasters and emergencies. The organisation and well-being of the general public. By implementing
operates under the guidance and supervision of the preparedness plans, conducting drills, and raising
Chief Controller of Civil Defence, who oversees the awareness, civil defence helps people understand
organisation’s activities across the state. how to respond appropriately during emergencies.
It educates individuals about evacuation procedures, Civil Defence
sheltering, first aid, and other essential skills.
z Civil defence focuses on protecting and safeguarding
z Disaster Preparedness: Civil defence emphasises
civilians during emergencies, natural disasters, and
proactive measures to mitigate the impact of disasters.
other crises. In Uttar Pradesh, the evolution of civil
This includes developing emergency response plans,
defence has seen a shift towards comprehensive
establishing early warning systems, maintaining
disaster management and preparedness:
emergency supplies, and creating evacuation routes.
By preparing in advance, communities can significantly z Disaster Management Framework: Uttar Pradesh
reduce casualties and better cope with the aftermath has adopted a comprehensive disaster management
of disasters. framework to enhance preparedness and response
z Rapid Response and Recovery: During a crisis, capabilities. This includes the establishment of a State
civil defence organisations coordinate emergency Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), district-level
response efforts, including search and rescue disaster management committees, and development
operations, medical assistance, and infrastructure of contingency plans for various types of disasters.
repair. By having trained personnel and resources
z Capacity Building and Training: Efforts have been
readily available, the response time can be minimised,
made to enhance the skills and knowledge of civil
leading to more effective assistance for those in need.
defence personnel and volunteers through training
z Infrastructure Protection: Civil defence focuses
programs. These programs aim to build capacity in
on safeguarding critical infrastructure such as
power plants, water supply systems, transportation search and rescue, first aid, firefighting, evacuation
networks, and communication systems. Protecting procedures, and coordination during emergencies.
these vital assets ensures the continuity of essential z Public Awareness and Education: Uttar Pradesh
services, enhances the resilience of communities, and has emphasised public awareness and education
facilitates a quicker recovery after a disaster. campaigns to ensure that individuals and communities
z Community Resilience: Civil defence fosters are informed about disaster preparedness, response
community cohesion and resilience. It encourages
protocols, and safety measures. These initiatives
individuals, Neighborhoods and businesses
empower citizens to take appropriate actions during
to collaborate and support each other during
emergencies and promote a safety culture.
emergencies. Building strong community networks
enhances the capacity to respond effectively and z Infrastructure Development: Investments have
recover faster, promoting a sense of security and well- been made in improving infrastructure and resources
being. required for effective civil defence. This includes
z Public Health and Safety: Civil defence plays a vital establishing emergency operation centres, equipping
role in public health emergencies, including pandemics them with advanced communication systems, and
and disease outbreaks. It helps disseminate accurate stockpiling essential supplies and equipment for
information, implement preventive measures, and disaster response.
ensure the availability of medical resources. Civil
defence agencies often collaborate with healthcare Conclusion
providers and public health authorities to coordinate
response efforts and mitigate the spread of infectious In conclusion, the evolution of law and order and Civil
diseases. Defence in Uttar Pradesh has seen various measures
z Risk Reduction and Awareness: Civil defence implemented to enhance public safety, maintain order,
promotes risk reduction by identifying vulnerabilities, and respond effectively to emergencies. Civil defence
conducting risk assessments, and implementing addresses various emergency preparedness, response,
measures to mitigate potential hazards. It also and recovery issues. By investing in Civil Defence
raises public awareness about the risks in their measures, societies can protect lives, minimise damage,
environment, educating individuals on how to prepare and enhance resilience in the face of various threats,
for emergencies and take preventive actions. thus ensuring the safety and well-being of their citizens.

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APPENDIXES
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS ON INTERNAL SECURITY

1.
Cyber crimes are a big threat to national security. How can a country be protected from these crimes? (2023)
2.
How can India's security forces be strengthened? Give your suggestions. (2023)
3.
"Money laundering poses a serious threat to a country's economic sovereignty. Information and communication
technology has made it more challenging." Explain. (2023)
4.
What positive and negative changes occured due to the media revolution in India and around the world? Explain
the role of media in national and international security. (2023)
5.
Explain the security challenges in the border areas of Uttar Pradesh. (2023)
Describe the role of Uttar Pradesh Police 'Special Task Force' in the prevention of the organized crime. (2023)
6.
7.
What are the key features of the Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor? (2023)
8.
Discuss the role of science and technology in national security. (2022)
9.
Examine the importance of 'Defence Corridor Project' being built in Uttar Pradesh. (2022)
10. Analyse Government of India's 'Agniveer' plan in the light of India's defence needs. (2022)
11. What is meant by insurgency? Explain. (2021)
12. Role of media and social networking is important in internal security. Analyse. (2021)
13. What are various types of cyber crimes? How can you protect yourself against cyber crimes? (2021)
14. Terrorism and corruption hinder the internal security of any nation Critically examine. (2021)
15. Discuss the kinds and functions of civil defence. How much is it effective in Uttar Pradesh? Explain. (2021)
16. Describe about Cyber Dome. Explain how it can be useful in controlling internet crimes in India. (2021)
17. Examine how regionalism affects the national integration. (2021)
18. 'Narco Terrorism is a threat to India's internal security. Discuss it. (2020)
19. Analyse 'Money Laundering' and 'Human Trafficking' as a non-traditional security challenges. (2020)
20. What is 'Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) in security perspective of India? (2020)
21. Explain the steps taken by the government to counter Naxalism in India. (2020)
22. Explain the 'Higher Defence Organisation of India! (2020)
23. Analyse corruption as a threat to internal security. (2019)
24. "How far social media can be utilized as a significant tool in strengthening national security?" Explain. (2019)
25. What do you understand by 'Bodo Problem'? Do you think that the Bodo Peace Agreement 2020 will ensure the
development and peace in Assam? Evaluate. (2019)
26. What is Cyber Security Science? Mention its importance. (2018)
27. Discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine affected citizens back
into the mainstream of social and economic growth. (2018)
28. Elaborate on the 'National Defence Council' of India. (2018)
29. Discuss the challenges of National Security in the age of Globalization. (2018)
UPPSC Civil Defence 153

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UPPSC EXPECTED MAINS QUESTIONS
1. Throw the light on Border Security issues faced by India and discuss Government initiatives taken in this regard.
2. Discuss the Maritime Anti Piracy Act, 2022 with its concerns.
3. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly
explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE.
4. Naxalism is creating threat in Uttar Pradesh as well as in other parts of the country. Discuss its impacts, remedial
measures and initiative taken by the Government to tackle naxalism.
5. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this
growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding?
6. What are the reasons behind the large number of insurgent movements in north east India? What are the possible
solutions for this problem?
7. Money laundering poses a serious security threat to a country’s economic sovereignty. What is its significance
for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace?
8. Discuss the problem of Human and Drug Trafficking in India also discuss it in the context of Uttar Pradesh.
9. India has been impacted by a new pattern of communalism and regionalism. Elaborate with possible solutions
and also discuss this in the context of Uttar Pradesh.
10. Social Media is a problem and a solution in the Internal Security Context. Comment. Should India have its own
social media platform?
11. What do you mean by hybrid warfare? Discuss its impacts and solution.
12. What do you mean by cyber security? Highlight some major threats to India in this regard and initiatives taken
by the Government of India and Government in Uttar Pradesh.
13. What do you understand about weaponization of space? Discuss factors and preventative measures taken in this
regard on global and national level.
14. In a contemporary period criminal activities are changing in nature as law enforcement. Discuss the role of
technology in law enforcement and its benefits.
15. Discuss the security and intelligence organizations of India with a brief discussion of Uttar Pradesh Special Task
Force.
v v v

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UP-PSC WALLAH

COMPREHENSIVE LEARNING SERIES FOR

Physics Wallah Publication

z Holistic discussion of topics, strictly as per exam syllabus

Section-A: International Relations���������������������������1 4.8 BIMSTEC...................................................................... 66

4. Multilateral Forums and Agencies�������������������������54 5.1 The Bodoland in Assam...................................... 109

INTRODUCTION interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

1.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

of this movement are located in Central Jakarta,

The Panchsheel Agreement was initially intended

4 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC Understanding India’s Foreign Policy 5

Key Principles of India's Neighborhood Policy

Bilateral Relations with Neighbouring

6 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

Sub-Regional and Regional Cooperation

UPPSC Understanding India’s Foreign Policy 7

8 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC Understanding India’s Foreign Policy 9

10 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

1.7 SOFT POWER VS HARD POWER

UPPSC Understanding India’s Foreign Policy 11

12 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

2.1 INDIA - PAKISTAN Current Situation in Pakistan

Issues Between India - Pakistan

14 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

India-China-Pakistan: Impacting Regional

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 15

16 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 17

18 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 19

20 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

Economic Perspectives of India China z Challenges in Boycotting China:

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 21

22 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 23

24 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

2.5 INDIA - BHUTAN

z Despite Bhutan's small size, it holds strategic

Significance of Bhutan for India

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 25

Challenges in India-Bhutan Relations z Influence in the Region: China's increasing economic

26 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

2.6 INDIA - MYANMAR

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 27

28 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

Challenges for India

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 29

Significance of relations today

30 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 31

32 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 33

Recent Economic Crisis

34 Internal Security and International Relations UPPSC

Moragoda said that Sri Lanka and Uttar Pradesh

UPPSC India and Neighborhood 35

the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Section-A: International Relations��1 4.8 BIMSTEC...................................................................... 66

4. Multilateral Forums and Agencies��54 5.1 The Bodoland in Assam...................................... 109

Joint defense exercises, Acquisition and Cross-