TRADE PROJECT

TILTLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED

VARIETY BY FARMERS IN MWEA IRRIGATION SCHEME KIRINYAGA
COUNTY

PRESENTED BY: WILFRED WANGUBO BOKE

INDEX NO: 703101/0983

DEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN GENERAL AGRICUTURE

INSITITUTION: KISII NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

SUPERVISR: KELVIN OBONDO

EXAM SERIES: JULY 2024

CAURSE CODE : 2425/307A

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

PURPOSE: IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF DIPLOMA IN GENERAL AGRICULTURE

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 DECLARATION
I declare that this trade project report is my original work and has not been submitted wholly or
in part for any award in any institution

Name : ………………………………………

Signature:…………………………………….

Date:…………………………………………

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 RECOMMENDATIONS
I confirm that this trade project report was prepared under my supervisor Mr. Obondo and has
my approval to be presented to examination as per the KNEC Regulations.

Department of agriculture and environmental science kisii national polytechnic

Signature.............................

Date......................................

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 DEDICATION
I would like to grateful and sincerely thank the almighty God for making all this possible, special
appreciation goes to my family for their support, prayers and understanding in the course of my
study

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciate to my supervisor Mr. Kelvin Obondo for his
valuable guidance and help during the stage of this study. I would also like to extend thanks to
agricultural department for their efforts in helping me to achieve my graduate carrier goals.

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Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................ii

RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................iii

DEDICATION................................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................ix

CHAPTER ONE;.............................................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................1

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROGRAM....................................................................................1

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................1

1.3.1 BROAD OBJECTIVE.....................................................................................................1

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................1

1.4 RESET QUESTIONS............................................................................................................2

1.5 SIGNIFICANCY OF THE STUDY......................................................................................2

1.6 EXPECTED OUTPUTS........................................................................................................2

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................3

LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................3

2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................3

2.2 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION...........................................................................................3

2.3 ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT FOR PISHORI RICE SEED VARIETY.......................3

2.3.1 TEMPERATURE............................................................................................................3

2.3.2 RAINFALL.....................................................................................................................3

2.3.3 SOIL................................................................................................................................4

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 2.4 THE EXTEND OF ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED FARMING IN KIRINYAGA
COUNTY ....................................................................................................................................4

2.5 THE PROBLEMS FACING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE FARMING IN

KIRINYAGA COUNTY.............................................................................................................4

2.6 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED FARMING

IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY........................................................................................................5

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................6

3.0 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................6

3.1 THE STUDY SITE................................................................................................................6

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN...........................................................................................................6

3.33 SAMPLING SIZE AND THE SAMPLING PROCEDURE...............................................6

3.4. 1 QUESTIONNAIRES......................................................................................................7

3.4.2 KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS...............................................................................8

3.4.3 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION.....................................................................................8

3.4.4 PARTICIPATORY TRANSECT SURVEY...................................................................8

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD..............................................................................................8

CHAPTER 4....................................................................................................................................9

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION..............................................................................................9

4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................9

4.2 QUESTIONNAIRES RETURN RATE.................................................................................9

4.3 EXTENT TO WHICH PISHORI RICE SEED IS PRACTICE IN MWEA IRRIGATION

SCHEME IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY.......................................................................................9

4.4 CONTRIBUTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED TO FOOD SECURITY.............................10

4.5 CHALLENGES FACING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED FRAMING IN MWEA

IRRIGATION SCHEME KIRINYAGA COUNTY..................................................................12

4.6 STRATEGIES FOR SCALING UP PISHORI RICE FARMING......................................15

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CHAPTER 5..................................................................................................................................16

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................16

5.1 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................16

5.2 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................16

5.2.1 TO DETERMINE THE EXTEND OF ADOPTING PISHORI RICE FARMING IN

KIRINYAGA COUNTY...........................................................................................................16

5.2.2 TO IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM FACING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED

FARMING IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY...................................................................................16

5.2.3 TO FIND OUT THE STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ADOPTION OF PISHORI

RICE SEED FARMING IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY..............................................................17

APPENDIX (11) QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................................................18

WORK PLAN............................................................................................................................19

BUDGET...................................................................................................................................20

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANOVA. Analysis of Variance

BC. Before Christ

BW. Bombuwela
DAP. Di-Ammonium Phosphate
DAT. Days after transplanting
EOLSS Encyclopedia of Life Support System
FAO. Food and Agricultural Organization
GDP. Gross Domestic Product
IRRI. International Rice Research Institute

ITA. Institute for Tropical Agriculture

JICA. Japan International Cooperation Agency

KALRO. Kenya agriculture and livestock research organisation
KEPHIS. Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service

LSD. Least Significance Difference

MEFGI. Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India.

MIAD Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development

MOA Ministry of Agriculture
MOAD. Ministry of Agriculture Development Nepal

ABSTRACT
Pishori rice seed variety farming is one of the main economic in Kenya , contributing to
livelihood and gross domestic product (GDP) in Kenya. However the level of adoption of pishori
rice seed variety production in kirinyaga county has not been well documented. The aims of this
study was to . To determine the extend of adopting pishori rice farming in kirinyaga county.

To identify the problem facing adopting pishori rice seed farming, to find out the strategies for
improving Adoption of pishori rice seed farming in kirinyaga county,at Mwea irrigation scheme.
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A discripution survey design, targeting pishori rice seed variety farming and key informant was
used to collect data. The key informant included well establish, pishori rice seed farming and
country agricultural extension officer. A samples size of 382 comprising household heads was
arrived at using the table for determining sample size. Data was analysised using SPSS vision
2022 and Excel spread sheet results showed that 51% of farming in kirinyaga county practice
pishori rice seed farming vary with 28.17% of respondent indicating that it was a viable source
of income as they were able to be full secured throughout the year, about 25.9% felt in
sumplimented farming activities while 13.3% preferred it because it was more economical than
tilling the land while 12.5% did it as a way of converting the environment. The challenges facing
adoption of pishori rice seed in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kirinyaga county according to
respondent were poor market for adoption of pishori rice farming in Mwea irrigation scheme,
kirinyaga county a mean of 2.25 most Farmer lack skills on pishori rice seed farming a total of
2.45 mean for the research adopting of pishori rice seed farming is expensive to buy veriety 2.45
prolonged dry season affect adoption of pishori rice seed farming 3.25 are attacked by disease
and pest. There is no enough sensitization on level of adoption farming.

In conclusion from the obtained statistics adoption of pishori rice seed variety by farmers in
Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county contribute to food security and therefore it should
be supported by the relevant county and central government. Agricultural officers to improve on
food security in kirinyaga county. In order to improve adoption of pishori rice seed variety
farming, the respondent indicated the need to subsidize level of adoption of pishori rice veriety
farming resources, public sentisitization on adoption of pishori rice seed variety farming
provision of ready market provision of credit facilities and afforestation.

CHAPTER ONE;

1.1 BACKGROUND
Generally this rice grown on Mount Kenya slope in the Mwea irrigation plain . The water
that flows through volcanics soil add a unique sweetness and strong a Roma to it.it purely mwea
pishori rice seeds guaranteeing that all our important customer get enjoy the special smell , and
taste that comes from rich volcanic soil of mount Kenya mwea organic rice offer benefits such as
being grown without synthetic pesticide or fertilizer, that promoting healthier ecosystem and
reducing exposure to potentially harmful chemical,compounded to conventionally grown rice.

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 Rice seed was developed during the early by Pakistan in the colonists government in 1956
pishori rice seeds was introduced in Pakistan in ( sheikhupura district) by the ( loksansh
Foundation ) . The majority of the farmers using pishori rice seeds benefits including the use of
less water and stronger root which prevent lodging,crop loss and seasonal fungal and pest attack
( uphoffet al.2008 ) the cultivation of pishori rice seed produce five to the pound more than
traditional rice crop per yield as a result of lower grain to heavy winds

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world,consumed daily by
more than half of the human population (Belo, 2002; Gross and Zhao, 2014). It is consumed in
variety of forms including boiled rice, noodles, puffed rice, fermented sweet rice and snack foods
(Mir, 2017). Rice cultivation was introduced in Kenya in 1907 (Onyango, 2014) from Asia and
about 80% of the rice is grown in irrigation schemes including Mwea, Ahero, West Kano,
Bunyala andYala Swamp while the remaining 20% is produced under rainfall conditions by
small scale farmers for both food and income (NRDS, 2008). More than 40,000 varieties of rice
have been reported worldwide (MEFGI, 2011). These varieties vary in terms of yields, agro-
ecological condition requirements, adaptability to changing climatic conditions, resistance to pest
and diseases and maturity time (Chhogyell et al., 2016). Rice together with wheat and maize are
the three leading food grains in the world, supplying more than 50% of all calories consumed by
entire population (FAO, 2000a; Farina, 2006). Therefore, more emphasis should be put to
increase production of these crops in Kenya and globally.Traditionally, local farmers have
established and improved suitable cultivated crops and farming systems in a given regional
climate, based on their observations of seasonal change over many years (Sakamoto et al., 2009).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROGRAM

The productions trends and the performancing of adopting pishori rice farming in kirinyaga
county has not been well documented therefore the current study aims at documenting it

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 BROAD OBJECTIVE

To contribute the sustainable production through identification of a problem facing adopting
pishori rice farming, farmers in kirinyaga county And the possible mitigation measurements

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

i) To determine the extend of adopting pishori rice farming in kirinyaga county

ii) To identify the problem facing adopting pishori rice seed framing in kirinyaga county

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iii) To find out the best strategies for improving adopting pishori rice seeds farming in kirinyaga
county

1.4 RESET QUESTIONS

I) what is the extend art s adopting pishori rice seeds farming in kirinyaga county

ii) what are the problem facing adopting pishori rice seeds farming in kirinyaga county

iii) Are there strategies for improving pishori rice seeds farming in kirinyaga county

1.5 SIGNIFICANCY OF THE STUDY

Adopting pishori rice seed farming is the most agricultural practice done in kirinyaga. However
it is productivity is below the demand. Adopting being one of the most farming practice in
Kenya. It's production should meet the demand therefore The current study will contribute to the
existing you improving adopting pishori rice seed production in Kenya

1.6 EXPECTED OUTPUTS

I) At least the problem facing adopting pishori rice seed framing in kirinyaga county determined

ii) Trade project report, submitted to KNEC in partial fulfillment for the requirement of an a
ward of diploma in general agriculture

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

This chapter Will cover origin and distribution of pishori rice seeds variety ecological
requirement for pishori rice seed variety, The extent of pishori rice seed variety how have been
adopted in kirinyaga county, The problem facing pishori rice seed framing and some of the
strategies for improving adoption of pishori rice seed variety production in kirinyaga county.

2.2 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Pishori rice seed variety was introduced to Kenya during the colonial era by Pakistan selta in the
early 20 century . The establishment of adoption of pishori rice seed variety farming later
contributed to it's widespread presence in the country of kirinyaga due to it's goodness such as
planting, proper and high yield per annum. Adoption of pishori rice seed framing is practical in
Mwea irrigation scheme due to the fertile soil which comes from Mount Kenya. Pishori rice seed
plays a crucial role in many household for both food and sales production. The specific historical
and contemporary distribution in kirinyaga county is influenced by Agricultural practice, climate
and socio-economic factor.
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2.3 ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT FOR PISHORI RICE SEED
VARIETY
Pishori rice seed framing required a suitable environment including proper soil management
adequate rainfall, adequate source of water for irrigation in upland ecosystem rice is grown in
field located from level valley bottom to steep mountainous land with slope ranging from 0%to
more than 40%respectively . Upland soil are aerobic and are rarely flooded, rice is grown in
rainfed field .

2.3.1 TEMPERATURE
Rice is a tropical crop and grown where the average temperature during the growing season is
between 20°c and 27°c

2.3.2 RAINFALL.
Like paddy rice require more water than any other crop .As a result,paddy cultivation is done in
those areas where minimum rainfall is 115 cm . Although the region are having average annual
rainfall between 175 - 300 cm are the most suitable

2.3.3 SOIL
pishori rice is grown in wide range of soil from the podzolic alluvium of Mount Kenya.

2.4 THE EXTEND OF ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED FARMING

IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY .

Rising population call for sustainable and efficient food production system.In kirinyaga county
hybrid rice bred from Pishori rice seed line for higher yields,improved resistance to pest and
diseases and greater tolerance to environment stress is now being tooted as one of the solution to
eradicating hunger the adoption of pishori rice has been slow among farming who warry about
the cost of seed and hesitant to slop using the local variety that they are accustomed to.

2.5 THE PROBLEMS FACING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE FARMING

IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY
Rice farming in Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county face various challenges including
water shortage, rice blast attack's , high input cost,low land productivity, machinery shortages,
bird's damage,poor infrastructure and lack of resilient and acceptable rice varieties . Higher
temperature observed due to eliminate change especially occurring at the flowering stage of rice

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culture induce flowers sterility . This directly impact the pollination and development of the
crops, resulting in reduced yield.

- lack of insurance

- lack of infrastructure

- lack of access to credit

- uncertain water right and supply

- lack of remunerative income

2.5.1 factor affecting rice farming in Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county

Marital status and gender significantly influenced positively rice production in the study area,
other influential production factor including market price lag , pest and diseases and farm size
were statistically significant in rice production.

2.6 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE

SEED FARMING IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY.

Through government the national rice development strategy (NRDS) is focused on developing
adoption of pishori rice seed variety which requires less water and can be planted in uplands and
produce better yields.

Effective irrigation is key to promoting rice growth and production

As a staple food for more than 3 billion people around the world rice plays an important role in
providing essential calories and nutrients for daily diet, improving rice yield well ensure harvests
are continually sufficient and also promote more sustainable consistent farming practices.

2.7 Economic importance of rice

Agriculture is the backbone in many economies, rice being the staple agricultural
product, holds the capacity to pull people out of poverty and ensure sustainable
availability of food for the food-insecure population (kelvin, 2019). In Kenya
demand for rice is so high (Obondo, 2006) that Kenya had to import about 73% of

xiv
rice consumed in the country (Nyangau, 2007). Rice imports are used to fill the gap
between demand and supply and to stabilize the domestic price of rice (Chung,
2018). As a major part of food spending, rice comprised 16% of the total
expenditures of the poorest 30% of the population (World Bank 2007). Therefore, a
rise in rice prices could significantly raise cost of living sending more people to
poverty. Kenyan government hopes to increase annual production of rice to 178, 570 Almost a
billion households in Asia, Africa and America depend on rice as their

main source of livelihood (Ali et al., 2017). Rice is in the frontline in the fight
against world hunger and poverty and is also a symbol of cultural identity and global
unity. It shapes religious observations, festivals and celebrations (Rahman et al., 2006). It is the
cheapest and most effective means available that is likely to eradicate
acute under nutrition (Bishwajit et al., 2013). In Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia,

Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, rice provides 50–80% of the total calories
consumed (Wailes et al., 2018). Africa tops the chart in terms of percentage increase
in total consumption, with an increase of 130% from 2010 rice consumption (IRRI, 2013).
Beyond providing sustenance, rice plays an important cultural role in many
countries (Wailes et al., 2018). Products of the rice plant such as husk and straw are
used for a number of different purposes, such as fuel, thatching, industrial starch and
artwork which could earn income to households (Crowther, 2018). Rice earns
foreign exchange when exported. Strategies to increase quantity and quality of rice
production therefore, has to be put in place to ensure that there are enough amounts
of rice for domestic market needs and some may be left for export (Hughes, 2016).
Share of rice in agriculture and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been significant
for countries like Nepal employing 66% of the population and providing 39% of
GDP (MOAD, 2015) and Sri Lanka where rice sector contributes 30% to
agricultural GDP (Mendis, 2009). In 2003, India and Bangladesh together

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 THE STUDY SITE

Mwea kirinyaga county and occupies an area of 1,478.1 Square kilometer with a population of
about 610,411 People (KNBS,2019) the study site receive an average rainfall of 1800 Mm with
long rainfall in March and June. Maximum temperature between 20°C and 27°C degrees Celsius
and minimum temperature between 800 and 1000 . They made agriculture activity taking place
at the study are crop farming, livestock production and agroforestry.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The study Will be done by the use of survey research design where the respondent will be
engaged through questionnaires and interviews. The design is preferred because tack knowledge
which is estracted true true behavioral and hence inform more more pragmatic policy for positive
change. Descriptive statistic complemented the research design in data analysis

3.33 SAMPLING SIZE AND THE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The targeting population for this study include, household head, agricultural extension officer
and village elder in Mwea , kirinyaga county. Sampling involves identify of a sub-group within
the population that presents a large group from whom they were identified from in this (take
determing sample size) regard the research selected a sample size off 384 respondent using the
table for determining sample size as suggested by Barleg and Robert (1970). The table is based
on standerized figure of sample size for different population (all proportion of it) at 95%
confidence level. By use of the standardized table the research was 95% certained that the result
obtain from the sample would be representative enough for the entire population. But use of
standalized table , the research was 95% certain that the results obtain from the sample would be
representative for entire population

Table 1 sampling frame for the study

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Category or Population Sampling techniques Simple size
respondent

Household 610,411 Sample random 382

Focus group 6 Pervasive 60

Agricultural 11 Automatic 11
extension
officer

Total 610,428 453

Agricultural extension officer will automatically included in the study because they oversee
farming activities in the area hence they are acted as key informant on each issues concerning
their potential of agricultural pishori rice seed in the area, the challenge's faced by pishori rice
seed Farmer, and r the policy intervention For improvement. The focus group heads Will it be
purposive picked because being in contact touch by farmer. The held a crucial information about
today reality of the ground, and which was in the great interest of the researcher

3.4. 1 QUESTIONNAIRES
For the purpose of this study, a household will categorize as a family unit. Depended on one
head and common Lived hold questionnaire will be formulated with equation aim at getting
answere to the four research. They will be given 382 to household to get information opinions
and perception about the study objective at the household level.

3.4.2 KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS

The study we lie an key in informant to give more clear information especially on technical
knowledge on about the studying topic an area .Three key informant from the ministry of
agriculture from livestock and Fishery Will be selected

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3.4.3 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
Three focus group discussion will selected randomly in the area of study. The sam-formant
discussion will conducted on chief comp and nearby local church with a assistance the
moderators.

3.4.4 PARTICIPATORY TRANSECT SURVEY

It is the formation gathering exercise where the only knowledge needed is the key informant
advice and find out the Transect line routes and few selected local analyst. The study will be
made use of three Transect work, each Transect walk will be done with about 5-10 local analysis
taking about 2 to 3 hours. The walk Will it start from one end of a define area and end at the end
of that administrative unit. The distribution of pishori rice seed framing including death status of
the adopting Will be mapped and documented

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Questionnaires from all the 384 household will be analyzed quantitation from all quantifiable
under research. This data will first ended under fed in the statistical packages for social science
version 20 and Excel spread sheet, the outcome will be then be analyzed through cross
abulationb, ranking, percentage, frequence court mean And standard analyzed data will be
presented in form off table, graph and pie chart

The rest of the data in this study will be then analyzed quantitative since it involves
measurement that would not be quantified . All data collected using conservative method such as
focus group discussion, key informant, interviews and participatory Transect survey Will it be
analysis qualitatively and presented informs of ranks scores of perception and cross tabulation
will also used you show trend pattern and extend fluent of two variable on each other

CHAPTER 4

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter looks into questionnaires return rate data presentation, interpretations and
discussion of research outcome. The presentation and discussion we're done based on research
xviii
question emerging trend In finding and the review literature so as to ensure that any knowledge
gupps identified are properly field.

4.2 QUESTIONNAIRES RETURN RATE

Questionnaires return rate is the number of the questionnaire that out of brought back after the
have been answered by the respondent in the study we are returned ( 100% return rate) this was
possible because the researcher, together with research assistant were from one household to
another solicity respond this was necessary because some of the items in the questionnaire to
read loudly to the respondence , clarify ambiguities and make correction on any misinterpretation
according to mogenda and mugenda 2003 any questionnaire return rate about 90% in in
considered representative enough for a study.

4.3 EXTENT TO WHICH PISHORI RICE SEED IS PRACTICE IN MWEA

IRRIGATION SCHEME IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY.
The first objective of this study was to determined to what extent factor influencing the adoption
of pishori rice seed framing.Was practice in Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county. So
doing the respondent was asked to state their major source of income the finding are summarized
in table 2; below

Table 2; source of income for household in the study area

Source of income Response Percentage

N(382)

Crop production 270 38.03%

Rice production 200 28.17%

Salary/wages 190 26.76%

Remittance from working 50 7.04%

family members

Total 710 100

Key note; pishori rice production include cattle, sheep, goats, big and aquaculture

The finding of this study show that pishori rice contributes do about 70% of all farming
activities in Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county and thus the need to sensitize on the
importantance of it's adoption

xix
4.4 CONTRIBUTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED TO FOOD SECURITY.
The members of this focus discussion group were in acceptance that, the serious pishori rice
farmers in the Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county had remained food secure throughout
the year those who relied on other crop and animal production.A comparison between the
income pishori rice and land filling was performed

. That respond to what presented with statement on a 5-point scare off 1-strong agree, 2-agree,3-
not sure, 4- disagree and 5- strongly disagree, against which they were to rate

Table 3; below present the means and the standard deviation of the responses

Table 3; comporision between pishori rice farming and land filling as income source (N- 384)

Statement Minimum Maximum Mean Standard

deviation

Pishori rice farming has 5.00 5.00 1.55 0.75

better income than filling
the land

Tilling the land has better 2.00 4.00 3.5 0.70

income than pishori rice
farming

Both pishori rice farming 3.00 4.00 2.5 0.70

and land tilling have
almost the same income

3.5>4 disagree or neutral

From the means of the response, it is evident that, many of the respondents either
agreed or strongly agreed with their fact that pishori rice farming had better income then tilling
the land mean of 1.55 this is because, from the rotingkey, represent strong agreement. The
respondents however were in disagreement with the statement that tilling the land had I'd better
income than pishori rice farming mean of 3.5 and that both pishori rice farming and land tilling
had almost the same income mean of 2.5.

Across tabulation between the average monthly income from Pishori rice farming and the
income from another source showed that , pishori rice farming had relatively higher and reliable
Monthly income. This was at leasted by ) Respondents who indicated that pishori rice farming
noted more than ksh.500,000 per month as compared to the income from both animal s and crop

xx
production other sauce of income eg salaries , wages and remittances could not attract as much
income as pishori rice farming.

Table 4; Below summarizes the results obtained

Table 4;cross tabulation between source of household income and total monthly earning.

Earning/monthly Crop Rice Apiculture Salary/wages Remittances Total

production production

5,000-10,000 36 7 6 42 0 91

10,000-20,000 32 23 29 6 12 102

20,000-30,000 25 32 33 24 9 123

>30,000 7 36 8 0 4 53

Total 100 98 76 72 25 371

Table 5;

Reason Frequency Valid Importance rank

Is a source of income 80 27.6 1

Is a source of food 50 17.2 3

To supplement other 75 25.9 2

farming activities

Cheaper than tilling 40 13.3 5

land

Conserves the 45 12.5 4

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environment

Total 290 100

From table 5, The reasons why farmers practice pishori rice farming can be summarized into two
i.e for economic purpose and environmental conservation.

4.5 CHALLENGES FACING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE SEED

FRAMING IN MWEA IRRIGATION SCHEME KIRINYAGA COUNTY.
They study sought to find out some of the constrain affecting adoption of pishori rice seed . This
regard the response were ask do they level of agreement or disagreement with some statement on
five point scale one strongly agree, two agree, three not sure, four disagree, five strongly
disagrees . The analysis of the result is on the table six below.

Table 6; challenges facing adoption of pishori rice seed in Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga
county

Challenges Minimum Maximum Mean Standard Total

deviation

1. There is poor 2.00 5.00 3.15 0.45 5

market of pishori
rice seed production

2. Most Farmer lack 2.00 5.00 2.25 0.85 2

skills on pishori rice
seed framing

3.pishori rice seed 2.00 5.00 3.75 0.95 1

xxii
are expensive to
buy

4. Prolong dry 2.00 4.00 2.45 0.65 3

season affect pishori
rice farming

5. There is no 1.00 4.00 3.25 0.55 4

enough sensitization
in pishori rice
farming

From table 6 many of the respondence strongly agree with the statement that most farmer lack
skills on pishori rice farming mean of 2.25. There were also with an agreement with the
statement that there is poor market of pishori rice farming production mean of 3.15 and that
pishori rice seed are expensive to buy mean of 3.75 they however seemed to have had mixed
reaction on the statement that prolong dry season affect pishori rice farming mean of 2.45
According to key informant interviewed, and the participants of the focus group discussion, the
major challenges facing the quality of pishori rice seed were poor harvesting method. Which
results in pishori rice lack of processing machine and poor storage method. The general
constrains to successful of pishori rice farming were low sensitization of the farmers on the
importantance of pishori rice farming high price of pishori rice and there accessories an
coordinated market for pishori rice products and lack of adequate skills on pishori rice farming

The study went further to establish weather the size of land could be a elimited factor in adoption
of pishori rice farming in so doing the respondence were ask to indicate the average size ( in
hactors) on the land they own and from the finding 11% of household owned more than 2 hector
of land 23% had over one hectors 37% had about one hectors while 39% of household have less
than one hector figure 1 summarized the results

Circle drawing

xxiii
 10%

35%
21%

34%

Bekele (2015) Establish that the land is the many natural capital influencing adoption of pishori
rice farming. He observed that the amount of land owned the quality of land and the presence of
land investment are all considered during adoption process generally farm size have ambiguous
relationship with a adoption rate of most agricultural technology depending on the characteristics
of the technology and of institutional setting.

4.6 STRATEGIES FOR SCALING UP PISHORI RICE FARMING

The fourth and the last objective in this study was identify strategies that could put in place in
order to promote the practice of pishori rice farming as a sustainable source of income and
livelihood of the people of kirinyaga county 30% of the respondence are suggested that the price
of farm input, subsidiaries resources such as fertilizer from the government needed to
subsidiaries another 23% felt that the generally public should be sensitized on the benefits of
pishori rice seed farming other recommendations given include the provision of ready market
22% provision on credit facilities 18% and afforestation 7% . The response given a summarize in
figure 2

xxiv
 25

20

15

10
23

0
provision of ready provision on credit aff orestation
market facilities

CHAPTER 5

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
Kirinyaga county in Kenya as a potential for pishori rice farming from the discussion and
evidence provided by the analysis of data,a large causation of farmers in kirinyaga county in
Kenya practice was crop production, others include animal production,Remintence from working
members of the family and wages /salaries from causation labour or financial employment on
crop and livestock farming in high risk areas make resident not able to withstand climate change
pishori rice farming with it's proven income veriability , environmental conservation and
nutritional medicinal benefits could therefore be used to remedy situation of pishori rice farming
over direct and indicate benefits to the people.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
In order to increase adoption and benefit of pishori rice seed variety in kirinyaga county. This
study recommend that;

xxv
5.2.1 TO DETERMINE THE EXTEND OF ADOPTING PISHORI RICE
FARMING IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY
According from the objective of the study the, respondent was asked to state the major source of
income the finding are summarized in table 2.

The key note Animal production include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and aquaculture. The finding
of study show that pishori rice farming it contribute to about 28% of the total production in
kirinyaga county and this, the need to sensitize people on the importantance of it's adoption in
the country.

5.2.2 TO IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM FACING ADOPTION OF PISHORI RICE

SEED FARMING IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY.
The problem were like high initial investment from high investment of infrastructure such as
hydroponic equipment, water shortage, rice blast attack's high input cost, low land productivity,
machinery shortages, bird's damage, poor infrastructure and lack of resistance verity in the
region. Those are the major problem facing adopting of pishori rice seed in kirinyaga county.

5.2.3 TO FIND OUT THE STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ADOPTION OF

PISHORI RICE SEED FARMING IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY.
Are like crop selection, spacing strategies for plant and irrigation. Through government the
national rice Development strategy is focused on developing adoption of pishori rice seed
varieties which requires less water and can be planted in uplands and produce better yields.
Through effective irrigation is key to promoting rice growth and production. These strategies if
they will property applayed , Adoption of pishori rice farming in Mwea irrigation scheme in
kirinyaga county will be in better standard and more advanced.

xxvi
 REFERENCE

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2094-2097.
Adak A, Prasanna R, Babu S, Bidyarani N, Verma S, Pal M, Shivay YS, Nain L
(2016) Micronutrient enrichment mediated by plant-microbe interactions and
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(2016). Rice panicle plasticity in Near Isogenic Lines carrying a QTL for
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Hassan, Z. (2013). The status of food security in the feed the future zone and
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Apind, B. O., Lagat, J. K., Bett, H. K., and Kirui, J. K. (2015). Determinants of
small-holder farmers’ extent of market participation: Case of rice marketing
in Ahero irrigation scheme, Kenya. J. Econ. Sustain. Dev, 6,(2), 1-2

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Belo, A. (2002). Evaluation of genetic resources for hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)
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Agricultural Systems, (132), 157-166.

APPENDIX (11) QUESTIONNAIRE

Please put your actual situation and deals directly on the number of symbol with ''V'' and fill the
corresponding information in the bank.

1. Basic information about the farming household you total household size is of which
household force is and outworking labor force is .

ii) Relationship with the heads of household.

A- household,B- cauple ,C-father and son ,D- father and daughter?.

iii) Gender;A-male ,B-females.

iv) 20 and below,B=21-30,C=31-40,D=40-50,E=5 and above

iv) Education level A=no or literacy,B=primary school,C=junior,D=secondary school E=

cslleage and above.

V) Years of Agriculture production;

xxix
A= 10 years and below,B=11-20,C=21-30,D=31-40.

2. scale of family business and income and expenditure;

I) you family annual expenditure is. ?

ii) you family annual income is. ?

iii) The main types of agriculture business of your family is ;

A=crops,B=fruit and vegetables,C=seed purchase,D=others.

3. Is level of adoption of pishori rice seed variety farming repaired use of technologies;

A=yes,B=no,C=not sure.

4. In what way do you like thu technical training to best conducted during training:

A=online,B=Real-time,C=on-site observation,D=one-to-one guiding.

5. Do you think adoption of pishori rice seed farming require use of pesticides;

A=yes,B=no ,C=Not sure

6. Are you satisfied with government's technology adoption subsidies?

A=very satisfied, B=satisfied,C=neutral,D=Dissatisfied.

7. Do you think level of adoption of pishori rice seed farming is easy to operate?

A=yes ,B=no ,C=not sure

8. Is adoption of pishori rice seed farming has benefits.

A=yes ,B=no ,C=not sure

9. What are problems encountered during adoption of pishori rice seed. ?

10. What are some of strategies that are encountered adoption of pishori rice seed variety
farming in kiambu

xxx
 WORK PLAN
February March April May

Proposal
writing and
defence

Field
management

Data
collection

Data analysis

Report writing

Project
defence and
submission

BUDGET
Items Quantity Unity Total cost

P proposal printing 30 pages 10 300

Proposal typing 30 pages 20 600

Proposal binding 1 50 50

Stationery 1 200 200

Transport 4 Trips 400 1600

Report printing 37 pages 10 370

Report typing 37 pages 10 370

Report binding 2 copy 50 50

xxxi
 APPENDICES

Appendix 1

WILFRED WANGUBO

0715842716

KISII NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

15/4/2024

KISII COUNTY

P.O.BOX

KISII NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

KISII.

Dear sir/Madam.

RE: REQUEST FOR RESEARCH DATA ON ACADEMIC RESEARCH REPORT

I am a student at the above mentioned institution pursuing diploma in general agriculture and
doing research project in in fulfillment of the requirement for a ward of the diploma course. I am
required to carry out a study and a research on the factor influencing the adoption of pishori rice
seed variety by farmer in Mwea irrigation scheme in kirinyaga county.

Therefore I wish to request for your aatherity and to assistance to interview some few individual
to collect some data that will enable me me complete my my research, the information that will
be gathered will be used for academic purposes only and shall not be shared to anyone else
except the examiner for awarding mark's. The documentary that will be gathered from
respondent will remain confidentiality to oil site

Thanks in advance

Your sincerely

WILFRED WANGUBO.

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