Delhi Through the Ages English_240523_193039

1
Delhi through the Ages

Content
UNIT I - MANY PASTS OF DELHI: Ecology, Archaeology and History
UNIT II - Cities of Delhi: Urban Settlements from the 13th and 14th centuries
focus on any two Mehrauli, Siri, Tughluqabad, Firuzabad
UNIT III - 18th and Early 19th Century Shahjahanabad: Politics, Literary Culture
and Delhi College
UNIT IV - Delhi in 1857: Revolt And Re-Conquest
UNIT V - Making of The New Imperial Capital : Delhi 1911-1930
UNIT VI - Delhi in 1947: Partition and After
UNIT VII - Delhi as Economic and Cultural Centre: Case Study (Any Two)
(a) Craft and Artisans

(b) Music
(c) Hazrat-I Delhi
(d) Tombs of Delhi

(e) Coronation Park
All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit https://www.manishvermanotes.com/
2
Q 1. Examine the literary and archaeological sources available for the study of
Indraprastha.
OR
Discuss various sources for writing History of Delhi.
Answer - Introduction
The old name of Delhi was "Indraprastha". Evidence of which is found in the Indian
epic 'Mahabharata', at that time it used to be the capital of the Pandavas. Delhi has
been the site of human settlement since prehistoric times. Although stone tools of
this time have been found at many places in Delhi, especially in the hilly rocky parts of
Delhi and Anangpur in Faridabad, no skeletons of prehistoric people have been found
here. It is difficult to know much about the prehistoric period in Delhi from the available
archaeological evidence. The archaeological evidence of Delhi's past suffers from
another obstacle, even as detailed and complete reports of most of the excavated sites
have not been published.
Literary and archaeological sources available for the study of Indraprastha (Delhi):
Literary Sources:
1. According to the book 'Ancient History' by Upinder Singh
In the book Ancient History, Upinder Singh writes that the oldest fort of Delhi was Lal
Kot, which was built by the Tomar ruler Anangpal II in the middle of the eleventh
century. Its high walls, massive bastions and gateways have all collapsed and are
covered with debris here and there. Its rampart wall had a circumference of about 36
km, with an uneven thickness of 3 to 9 m. The total area of the fort was 763875 square
meters. The Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription suggests that Anangpal II settled Delhi and
built Lal Kot between 1052 AD and 1060 AD.
3
2. According to the Buddhist texts of Pali language
It is also mentioned as Indrapatta or Indrapattana in Pali-language Buddhist texts, where
it is described as the capital of the Kuru kingdom, situated on the Yamuna River.
Buddhist literature also mentions Hathinipura (Hastinapura) and several smaller towns
and villages in the Kuru kingdom.
3. According to Mahabharata
According to the Mahabharata, the capital of Guru Desh was Hastinapur. When relations
between the Pandavas and their cousins Kauravas worsened, Dhritarashtra, the father of
the Kauravas, gave the Pandavas the region of Khandavprastha on the banks of the
Yamuna. Indraprastha Nagar was built on the site of this old fort. The Indraprastha of
the old fort is the same Indraprastha of Mahabharata.
Archaeological Sources:
1. Lal Kot or ('Red Fort')
The remains of Lal Kot and Qila Raipithora are testimony to the glorious history of Delhi.
Rana Safbi in his book "Whale Stones Speak - Historical Trails in Mehrauli" mentioned-
"If there is one place in Delhi that gives the feel of 1000 years of history once
experienced, it is the Red Fort." He also Said "Lal Kot was the original Red Fort of Delhi
which today we know as Red Fort or Red Fort, it was earlier known as Qila-e-Mubarak".
Lal Kot, literally 'Red Fort', is a walled citadel or garrison built by the Tomara ruler
Anangpal II in the middle of the 11th century.
The excavation work in Lal Kot was done in 1957-1961 and then between 1991-95. The
primary work was mainly focused on the walls of the fort, but later antiquities
including pottery, idols, copper coins, idols made of terracotta and precious gems
have been found under V.R. Mani's direction. All its remains are only some ruins and
4
mounds which are situated in the present Sanjay Van Mehrauli. Most of the walls of the
fort have been completely destroyed.
2. Raipithora Fort
Prithviraj Chauhan fortified and expanded Lal Kot from the point of view of defense
against Turkish invasion and then this fort was known as Raipithora. Upinder Singh
believes that Raipithora Fort is much bigger than Lal Kot. According to him, its walls
were 5 to 6 meters thick and 18 meters high in some places and there were doors on
them, of which only a few have survived. The excavation done in 1956-58 revealed its
original structure well, in which a The floors of furnaces and houses were also found.
3. 'Old Fort' as a history of Indraprastha (Delhi)
Upindra Singh believes that the old fort is an important site whether it represents
Indraprastha or not. P.G. in Old Fort This cannot be conclusively proved to be the site of
Indraprastha of the Mahabharata, in spite of some astonishing pieces of pottery

representing the W culture. Thus the remains of this so-called city have not yet been
found. The history of the Pandavas of the Mahabharata period is hidden in the old fort.
The Pandavas had made this place their capital, which was named Indraprastha.
Conclusion
Present Delhi was a site of Indraprastha and Lal Kot, the oldest known settlements of
ancient times. Although it is generally accepted that the Tomar Rajputs founded the first
known city of Delhi thousands of years ago, it is worth noting. The story of Delhi in
history and legends goes beyond the Rajputs. According to mythology, "Delhi was built
when it was a forest and was the abode of the Pandavas mentioned in the epic
Mahabharata." Still the historicity of Indraprastha remains on the basis of archaeological

evidence.
5
Q 2. Explain the shift and transformations in the urban settlements in the 13th -
14th century with particular reference to Mehrauli or Siri.
OR
What were the factors that shaped the developments in the cityscape of Delhi in
the 13th - 14th centuries?
Answer – Introduction
Mehrauli is one of the seven ancient cities that make up the present state of Delhi.
Mehrauli is derived from a Sanskrit word Mihiravali. It shows the settlement where
Varaha-Mihira, the famous astronomer of Vikramaditya's court, lived with his assistants,
mathematicians and technicians. Also, various theories suggest the origin of its name
from the Persian lineage. Mehrauli city of Delhi was the capital of Prithviraj Chauhan.
Changes in urban settlements in the context of Mehrauli in the 13th – 14th

centuries:
 Expansion of the city: During this period, Mehrauli witnessed significant expansion
in terms of area and population. The city grew rapidly as new settlements and
neighborhoods developed outside the old walled city. This expansion was facilitated
by the construction of new roads, bridges and other infrastructure.
 Architectural Developments: This period saw the development of new architectural
styles and techniques. The construction of monumental buildings such as the Qutub
Minar and the Alai Darwaza brought a new level of sophistication to the architecture
of the city.
 Development of markets: The city's economy flourished during this period, with
the development of new industries and markets. For example, the growth of the
city's textile industry created new opportunities for trade and commerce.
6
 Cultural Changes: This period saw significant changes in cultural norms. The rise of
the Delhi Sultanate brought about changes in the social structure of the city, with the
rise of new elites and the growth of religious institutions.

 Political Changes: Mehrauli region was the center of political power during this
period. The city was ruled by a succession of powerful rulers, including the Mamluk
dynasty, the Khilji dynasty and the Tughluq dynasty. These rulers left their mark on
the architecture and culture of the city.

 Social Changes: The population of Mehrauli increased significantly during this
period due to influx of people from other regions of India and Central Asia. The
pattern of settlements changed with the emergence of new mohallas and the
development of bazaars, mosques and other public places. The growth of the
Muslim population led to the construction of several important Islamic monuments,
including the Qutub Minar and the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
 Economic Changes: Mehrauli was an important center of trade and commerce
during this period, with many markets and bazaars catering to the needs of the
growing population. The construction of new roads, bridges and water supply
systems facilitated the movement of people and goods in and out of Mehrauli.
Factors Shaping the Growth in the Urban Landscape of Delhi in the 13th – 14th
Centuries:
1. Political Changes: The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 by Qutb-ud-din

Aibak marked a turning point in the history of Delhi. The Sultanate was a Muslim
dynasty that ruled a large part of northern India, and it brought significant political
changes to the region. The sultans who ruled Delhi during the 13th and 14th centuries
played an important role in shaping the urban landscape of the city. They built many
buildings, forts and mosques, which gave the city its distinctive character.
7
2. Economic Development: Delhi was an important trading center during the medieval
period. It was strategically located on the trade route to the Indian subcontinent to
Central Asia and beyond. The growth of trade and commerce led to the development of
markets, which became an integral part of the urban landscape. The city's bazaars, such
as Chandni Chowk, were vibrant centers of economic activity and contributed to the
city's growth.
3. Cultural Influence: Delhi was a confluence of different cultures during the medieval
period. The city was home to people from different parts of India and beyond. This
diversity had a significant impact on the culture and architecture of the city. The Sultans
who ruled Delhi were patrons of the arts and literature, and encouraged the
development of a unique Indo-Islamic culture. This cultural fusion is reflected in the

city's architecture, which combines elements of Hindu and Islamic styles.
4. Population Growth: The population growth in Delhi during the 13th and 14th
centuries led to the expansion of the city. The population of the city increased due to
migration of people from other parts of India and beyond. The expansion of the city led
to the development of new residential areas, which were built to accommodate the
growing population.
Conclusion
The transformation of Mehrauli into urban settlements during the 13th–14th centuries
reflects the dynamic and evolving nature of the Delhi Sultanate, with a focus on political
power, cultural identity and economic development. Delhi's urban landscape was
shaped by a combination of political, economic, social and cultural factors. These factors
contributed to the city's growth, and they continue to shape its urban landscape today.
8
Q 3. What was the role of different bazaars in the economic life of Shahjahanabad?
OR
The planning and structure of Shahjahanabad reflected the might of Mughal

Empire. Comment.
Answer – Inroduction
The imperial capital Shahjahanabad was built by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan between
1639 and 1648 and it spread out over a large area along the banks of river Yamuna.
The outspurs of the Aravalli range reaching deep into the great alluvial plains of north
India have their terminal point in the Delhi Ridge which afforded natural protection to
the city from erosion by the river Jamuna. Thus, heights for commanding positions,
rocks for stone-quarries, and the river for water supply were the factors which should
have combined to attract Shah Jahan for the creation of his capital city that virtually
overlapped the cities of Sher Shah and Firuz Shah.
Role of different markets in the economic life of Shahjahanabad:
1. Fatehpuri market, is a historic market located in the center of Old Delhi, India. It was
built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century and has
been an important commercial center ever since. During the time of Shahjahanabad,
Fatehpuri market played an important role in the economy of the city. It was one of the
busiest markets in the region, attracting traders and customers from all over the city and
beyond. The market was known for its wide range of goods, including textiles, jewelry,
spices, and household items, and was a center of trade and commerce.
2. Chandni Chowk market, Chandni Chowk, which was one of the largest and busiest
markets in the world. The markets of Shahjahanabad were known for a variety of goods
and services ranging from clothing, spices and jewelry to books, art and music. Many of
9
these goods were produced locally, but there was also significant trade in goods from
other parts of India and beyond. Marginal markets or informal markets also existed in
Shahjahanabad during this period. These markets were usually located on the outskirts
of the city and were known for selling cheap goods that were not available in formal
markets. These markets catered to the needs of poor and working class populations
who could not afford to shop in formal markets.
3. The Dariba Kalan market, also known as Silver Street, was a major market place in
Shahjahanabad, the capital of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Emperor Shah
Jahan. The market was established in the mid-17th century and was primarily known for
silver jewelry, precious stones, and other luxury items. The Dariba Kalan market had a
significant impact on the economy and culture of Shahjahanabad during the Mughal
period. It was a center of trade and commerce, attracting merchants and customers
from across the region. The market played an important role in the city's economy,
contributing significantly to the revenue of the Mughal Empire. The market was also a
center of cultural exchange, as it attracted merchants and artisans from different

regions, who brought with them their own unique customs and traditions.
4. Khari Baoli Market, is one of the oldest and largest spice markets in Delhi, India, and
was established during the Mughal period. During the time of Shahjahanabad, which
was the capital of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Shah Jahan, the Khari Baoli market
played an important role in the city's economy and trade. The market was a center for
spice merchants, and facilitated the exchange of various spices, herbs and nuts from
across India and the world. The market also played a role in the development of the
city's culture and cuisine, as it provided access to a wide range of exotic spices and
ingredients.
10
Planning and Structure of Shahjahanabad as a Power of the Mughal Empire:
1. City Walls and Gates - The city was fortified by strong walls on three sides and
partially walled in the front. The total length of the Shahjahanabad city wall was over 4
km. Some of the major gateways were our Kashmiri Gate, Ajmeri Gate, Akbar Bari Gate,
etc. Jamia Masjid was one of the prominent ones within the area surrounded by the
citadel.
2. Palaces and mansions - One of the common features of palaces and mansions
include Nakkar-khana which means the chamber of the drummer. Shah Jahan's
cityscape of princes and great nobles was dominated by palaces and mansions, but not
as private property. These palaces and havelis had space to house soldiers and servants
and also many apartments for cooks as they all had separate rooms for different items.
This is where it is separated from the public area by a high wall.
3. Gardens - Gardens have an important place in the Islamic tradition which was marked
by the Mughal emperor. These gardens were rectangular and surrounded by high walls.
Along with the many gardens that surrounded Shahjahanabad on three sides, there
were also mentions of Mughal princes and nobles. Some of the gardens are Mubarak
Bagh, Roshanara Begum's Garden etc.
4. Architecture - The architecture of the city was designed in a rectangular shape which
was built on the banks of the river Yamuna which has changed course today. Red Fort is
one of the outstanding examples of architecture due to its red sandstone walls and the
fourth one is spread over about 125 acres of land. Today it is one of the World Heritage
Site. Rang Mahal, Mumtaz Mahal, Moti Masjid are some of the famous and most
beautiful sections of the Red Fort.
11
Conclusion
Shahjahanabad's markets played an important role in the city's economy, attracting
merchants from across the Mughal Empire and beyond. They were also important
centers of culture and social life, where people from different communities and
backgrounds came together to trade and exchange ideas. The planning and structure of
Shahjahanabad reflect the power of the Mughal Empire, as they were designed to give
grandeur, security and prosperity. The city was a testament to the wealth and authority
of the Mughal emperor, and served as a symbol of his power and prestige.
12
Q 4. In what genre is the Ghalib a poet of 19th century Delhi?
OR
Explain how socio-political changes in the nineteenth century influenced Ghalib's

life.
If a person's name is taken the most in Urdu poetry, then it is
Mirza Ghalib. Mirza Ghalib was born on 27 December 1797 in
Agra. His father's name was Mirza Abdullah Baig Khan and
mother's name was Izzat Nisa Begum. Mirza Ghalib's real name
was Mirza Asad-ullah Baig Khan. His ancestors did not live in
India but in Türkiye. Mirza Ghalib was a ghazal singer, poet and
poet during the Mughal rule. The name of Urdu language artist
and poet Mirza Ghalib is still taken with great respect. The
ghazals and poetry written by him still attract youth and loving couples. Mirza Ghalib's
poetry was very simple and used to be in a few lines.
Ghalib's genre:
Ghalib wrote works mostly in Persian and Urdu on traditional devotion and beauty,
which is written in Ghazal. He wrote most extensively in the mystical-romantic genre of

traditional lyric poetry, both in Persian and Urdu, and is known as the ghazal.
The impact of socio-political changes on Ghalib's life in the nineteenth century:
Mirza Ghalib, the famous 19th-century Urdu poet, lived in a time of significant socio-
political changes in the Indian subcontinent. The events and developments during this
period had a profound impact on Ghalib's life and poetry.
13
Some of the major aspects of the socio-political scenario of the 19th century and
their influence on Ghalib are as follows:
1. Mughal Decline and British Rule: Ghalib witnessed the decline and eventual
collapse of the Mughal Empire, which had been the dominant political force in India for
centuries. The establishment of British colonial rule had a significant impact on the
socio-political dynamics of the time. Ghalib tackled the various challenges facing the
Mughal court under British suzerainty.
2. Revolt of 1857: The Indian Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Revolt, was a
major event that shook the subcontinent. Ghalib rebelled and saw its consequences,
resulting in the end of Mughal rule and the strengthening of British control. The
rebellion had a profound effect on Ghalib's poetry, with his works dealing with themes
of loss, despair and depression of a bygone era.
3. Patronage and court culture: Ghalib's association with the Mughal court and the
Nawabs of the time provided him with a patronage system that supported his poetic
pursuits. However, as Mughal influence waned and court culture changed, Ghalib faced
challenges in achieving financial stability and recognition. This struggle and the
changing patronage landscape influenced Ghalib's life and shaped his poetic themes.
4. Social Inequality and Injustice: Ghalib's poetry often reflects his views on the social
inequality and injustice prevalent in the society of his time. He highlighted the plight of
the common people, the struggle of the underprivileged and the disparities between
the rich and the underprivileged. Ghalib's verses expressed sympathy for the
downtrodden and criticized the social and economic inequalities of the era.
5. Urdu as a language of expression: Ghalib played an important role in developing
Urdu as a literary language and a means of artistic expression. During his time, Persian
was the main language of poetry and court. Ghalib's mastery of both Urdu and Persian
14
allowed him to bridge the divide between the two languages, contributing to the
growth and popularity of Urdu literature.
6. Socio-Cultural Changes: New social and cultural movements emerged in India in the
19th century. This had an impact on Ghalib. As Western ideas and influences began to
enter Indian society, Ghalib, known for his progressive and liberal views, continued to
write poetry while tolerating the tension between tradition and modernity.
Conclusion
Ghalib's life was deeply intertwined with the socio-political scenario of the 19th century.
The decline of the Mughal Empire, the advent of British colonial rule, the Revolt of 1857,
socio-cultural changes, language mobility, patronage changes and social inequalities left
a lasting impact on Ghalib's personal experiences and his poetry.
15
Q 5. Discuss the uprising of 1857 in the context of Delhi and how the British Govt.
was successful to recapture Delhi.
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion or the First War of Indian
Independence, was a significant event in the history of India. It began as a mutiny of
sepoys of the British East India Company in the city of Meerut on May 10, 1857, and
soon spread to other parts of India. The rebellion was the culmination of years of
resentment by the Indian population towards British rule, and marked the beginning of
the end of British colonial rule in India.
The Revolt of 1857 in the context of Delhi:
 The Delhi Revolt was sparked by a Revolt of Indian soldiers (Sepoys) in the British
Army who were dissatisfied with their pay and conditions of service. On May 10,
1857, the sepoys stationed in Delhi mutinied, killed several British officers and raised
the flag of rebellion. They were soon joined by a coalition of Indian soldiers, farmers
and nobles, as well as local leaders, who saw an opportunity to overthrow the British
and restore the Mughal Empire to power.
 The rebels soon captured Delhi, which became the center of their resistance
against the British. They declared Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, as
their leader and he was once again proclaimed Emperor of India. The Mughal palace
became the center of the rebellion, and the rebels established a parallel government,
with Zafar as the nominal head.
 The rebellion in Delhi was short lived. The British quickly mobilized their troops
and surrounded the city. After months of fierce fighting, British forces led by General
John Nicholson breached the walls of Delhi and entered the city on September 14,
1857.
16
In the Revolt of 1857, the British government regained control over Delhi:
 Through a combination of British military strategy and political maneuvering
the British were able to recapture Delhi. One of the key men involved in the re-
capture of Delhi was Lieutenant General John Nicholson, who had significant military
experience in India. Nicholson led a force of about 2,000 soldiers, including Indian
sepoys who remained loyal to the British, and began the Siege of Delhi in August
1857.
 The British faced significant resistance from rebel forces who were well
entrenched in the city. However, the British were able to gradually gain ground by
cutting off rebel supply lines, capturing key points, and gradually pushing the rebels
towards the Red Fort, which was the center of rebel resistance.
 Military strategy, the British were also able to exploit divisions within the rebel
leadership. The rebel forces were divided into various factions, and the British were
able to play these factions off against each other, weakening the rebels' ability to
resist.
 The British succeeded in breaching the walls of the Red Fort in September 1857
and recaptured Delhi after a fierce battle. The recapture of Delhi was a turning point
in the Revolt of 1857, as it helped break the back of the rebellion and paved the way
for British rule in India for the next several decades.
Conclusion
The Revolt of 1857 was a significant event in Indian history, and Delhi was a major
center of the rebellion. Although the rebels initially captured the city and established a
provisional government, they were eventually defeated by the British, who used
overwhelming force and brutality to capture the city and crush the rebellion. The legacy
of the rebellion and the British response to it have had a lasting impact on Indian
nationalism and the struggle for independence from British rule.
17
Q 6. Making Delhi a new imperial capital is a political and economic process.

Discuss.
On 12 December 1931, it was announced to make Delhi the capital of India and on 13
February 1931, Delhi was officially declared the capital.
The foundation stone of India's capital New Delhi was laid by the Emperor George V.
This event took place in the Delhi court of 1911. The architecture and planning of the
city was done by two British architects, Sir Herbert Baker and Sir Edwin Lutyens. On
13 February 1931, the Viceroy of India Lord Irwin inaugurated Delhi as the new capital of
the country. From then on, New Delhi became the center of government with all
branches (legislative, judiciary and executive) necessary to run the country.
The making of Delhi the new imperial capital was a political and economic process:
Kolkata was the country's capital until 1911, before New Delhi became the capital of
India. However, Delhi was the financial and political center of many empires that
previously ruled India. Some of the best examples of this are from the reign of the Delhi
Sultanate as well as the reign of the Mughals from 1649–1857. Many things changed
after the British came to India. In the early 1900s, the British administration thought of
shifting the capital of the British Indian Empire from Calcutta to Delhi.
Political and Economic Activity in Delhi: Political activity in Delhi was at its lowest
level. In 1917, in anticipation of the visit of Montagu, the Secretary of State, a large
number of political meetings were held in the city. During this time some people got
interested in Home Rule League and Annie Besant's National Education Movement.
Among those involved were the Principal of Indraprastha School, Miss G'Meenar, Ansari
18
and A.K. Doctors like C. Sen, R.S. Peere Lal, Asaf Ali, Abdul Rehman, Abdul Aziz, S. N.
Bose, and Shiv Narayan, and some bankers and businessmen.
The first political organization with nationalist characteristics that arose in 1917 was
the Indian Union by two lawyers. This was used by Ajmal Khan to present the views of
the moderates to Montagu.
The association put forth specific demands for the Delhi province. They demanded
that Delhi be made a governor's province with a council, as it had no representation in
the provincial council or the imperial council. Delhi should have its own court as well as
a separate university.
By the end of 1918, more and more people had joined politics. This was due to an
unprecedented rise in prices between 1918 and 1921, high rents, a slump in the textile
market, the imposition of income tax and super tax, and the influenza pandemic of
October 1918.
City Planning of Delhi: New Delhi has buildings that embody the essence of the North
Indian tradition of imperial architecture. The use of red sandstone for the buildings,
perforated stone screens, ornamental bastions, porticoes and chhatris, as well as the
location of the new city on the edge of the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad, as an
attempt by the British to build an imperial capital for themselves in the Mughal manner I
am considered.
The new city was charged with symbolic meaning from the outset, and the design
of the two architects - Adwi Lutyens and Herbert Baker—had a well-thought-out set of
objectives. Thomas Metcalfe is of the view that although Lutyens was the chief designer
and architect, Baker's designs remain prominent or central to the understanding of New
Delhi's architecture.
19
Social and Political Relocation: The relocation to Delhi had social and political
implications and financial and engineering requirements. Political pressure groups active
in Bengal, the United Provinces and the Punjab were bound to emerge after the change
in the bureaucratic and legislative machinery.
The government allotted earmarked areas for the new city and cantonment and
reserved a large part of the Delhi province. The Delhi Enclave, later known as the
Province, was 1290 square miles and included the Delhi District and the part of the
United Provinces beyond the Yamuna. The Town Planning Committee recommended
acquisition of a large area for expansion of the city and civil lines, and a firm control
over construction activity in the environs of New Delhi. The Town Planning Committee,
headed by Edwin Lutyens, had full freedom to choose the site for the new capital. The
committee saw the site south of Shahjahanabad as the most suitable site for the new
city.
Conclusion
The relocation of the imperial capital to New Delhi exemplifies the ways in which the
British attempted to redefine their imperial mission in India in response to the dynamic
and diverse all-India independence movement. This redefinition allowed colonial
policymakers to claim that Britain's imperial position in India had not weakened.
Subsequently, it also ended the political and caste isolation of Delhi. Delhi rapidly
became a part of India as more and more people became involved in national politics.
20
Q 7. Discuss the 'seven cities of Delhi' between 1100 AD and 1947 AD.
Delhi, the capital of India, has been the center of power of great and powerful empires,
making Delhi one of the longest-serving capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities
in the world. It was settled, destroyed and resettled many times. The main reason for
this was that the capital Delhi was plundered by external invaders who successfully
invaded the Indian sub-continent and those who came to conquer or establish empires
used to visit this city. They were so impressed by the strategic location of the city that
they made it their capital and got it rebuilt in their own way.
Seven cities of delhi:
1. Qila Rai Pithora
Recorded history places Qila Rai Pithora as the first of the 7 cities of Delhi during the
reign of Prithviraj Chauhan, whose forefathers captured Delhi from the Tomar Rajputs in
the 10th century. Prithviraj is a symbol of India's resistance against Muslim invaders, and
is credited with building a complex of twenty-seven temples at the site of the Qutub
Minar and the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. He ruled Delhi from this 6.5 kilometer long fort
until his defeat and death at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE, handing over
control to the Mamluk/Ghulam dynasty. The remains of the city are spread across
Vasant Kunj, Kishangarh, Mehrauli and Saket areas of South Delhi.
2. Mehrauli
Qutbuddin Aibak was Ghori's viceroy from 1193 and took over as the Sultan of Delhi in
1206 after Ghori's death. Thus began the influence of Islamic culture and faith on Delhi
for the next six and a half centuries, mainly in architecture. Mehrauli, the second of the 7
historical cities of Delhi, was built by Qutbuddin Aibak. Qutub Minar, his 72.5 m tall
21
victory tower, completed in 1220 AD, stands till date. Other buildings and constructions
such as the tomb of the 11th and 12th century saint Qutbuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki, Shamsi's
tomb, Jahaz Mahal and tombs of the rulers lie in ruins today.
3. Siri Fort
The Khilji rulers, a Turkic tribe of Afghanistan, followed the Mamluks, of whom Alauddin
Khilji was the most famous. He expanded his rule south across India and built the Siri
Fort with its sprawling thick walls, using craftsmen from the Saljuqian dynasty in West
Asia, to fend off Mongol invaders. Today's complex of chic boutiques, Hauz Khas was a
great store at the time, although Khilji's desire to build a tower in place of the Qutub
Minar did not materialise.
4. Tughlaqabad
Fourth on the list of cities in Delhi State is Tughlaqabad, which was built by the
headstrong, tyrannical ruler Tughlaq, in a period of fierce battles, invasions, beheadings

and deaths. After shifting the capital to Daulatabad and then back, Muhammad bin
Tughlaq built a small town called Jahanpanah between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri Fort.
Fearing the curse of Saint Nizamuddin Auliya, he abandoned the Tughlaqabad fort. But,
Tughlaqabad remained the main city.
5. Firozabad
Fifth in the list of cities in Delhi is Firozabad, it was built by Firoz Tughlaq beside the
Yamuna River. The palaces have pillared halls and high walls, as well as mosques, a
pigeon tower and a water tank, and a 1500-year-old Ashokan pillar. He built several
hunting lodges and mosques around Delhi and repaired the tomb of Sultan Ghori,
Qutub Minar, Suraj Kund and Hauz-Khas. Firoz's tomb is located in Hauz-Khas and Kotla
22
Firoz Shah is a famous sports stadium. Except for the mausoleums in the Lodhi gardens,
the Sayyids and Lodhis who followed Tughlaq did little for art or architecture.
6. Shergarh
The ornate Old Fort was built in 1540 by Sher Shah, who razed Humayun's capital
Dinpanah to do so. When Humayun won back Delhi in 1555, he completed the Sher
Shah Fort and ruled from Shergarh until his death in 1556 after falling down the stairs at
Sher Mandal. These ruins are still a major attraction today, along with Humayun's Tomb,
built by his widow Hamida Banu Begum. Here the last emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was
imprisoned and exiled to Rangoon, while two of his sons and grandsons were captured
and executed by a British captain.
7. Shahjahanabad
Akbar, one of the greatest Mughals, concentrated all his efforts at Fatehpur Sikri. But his
grandson Shah Jahan, who built the Taj Mahal, also built Shahjahanabad, one of the
Seven Cities of Delhi in Old Delhi, in the 17th century and focused on Delhi. The Jama
Masjid and the Red Fort testify to the grandeur and magnificence of architecture that
characterize this walled city of ten kilometers in circumference, its narrow streets, its
many temples of Hindu deities, its churches and gurudwaras, its seven gates . And its
romantic bazaars are the darling of many tourists today.
Conclusion
Delhi's glory returned in 1911 when the capital was shifted to Delhi and New Delhi was
built in and around the Raisina Hills, bringing it in all its grandeur with the Indian
Parliament, Rashtrapati Bhavan, Connaught Place, streets, parks and other structures. ,
fanfare and lent to any show. The then ruler must have given permission.
23
Q 8. What was the impact of riots during partition in Delhi?
Delhi had served as the capital for ages and it was beyond doubt that Delhi was
going to be the capital of India after independence. August 1947 was a milestone in
Indian history. India gained independence and emerged as a democratic nation on the
world stage. With independence came partition. India was divided into two countries:
India and Pakistan. It was a moment of joy and sorrow. Independence Day was marked
by lawlessness and violence in many parts of both the countries. Due to lack of
communication, a lot of misinformation was spread which became a breeding ground
for communal hatred. The scale of violence was such that common people in remote
areas could only realize that India got independence when communal violence broke
out in those areas.
Effect of the riots at the time of partition in Delhi:
1. Direct Action Day, also known as the Great Calcutta killings, was a communal riot
that took place on August 16, 1946 in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India. Direct Action Day in
Delhi resulted in widespread communal violence between Hindus and Muslims. The
situation was particularly volatile in the walled city area of Delhi, which had a significant
Muslim population. The violence in Delhi continued for several days, resulting in the
loss of many lives and extensive property damage. The situation was so serious that
the British government had to send troops to restore order.
2. The Noakhali riots of 1946, were a series of violent communal clashes between
Hindus and Muslims in the Noakhali district of Bengal (present-day Bangladesh). In
Delhi, news of the Noakhali riots created a sense of fear and anxiety among the
city's Hindu and Muslim communities. The riots had triggered a wave of violence and
forced exodus in Bengal, and people in Delhi were worried that similar violence might
24
erupt in their city. The Congress party, which was in power in Delhi at the time,
condemned the violence in Noakhali and called for an end to communal tension. The
party also set up relief camps to provide assistance to refugees fleeing the riots in
Bengal. While the riots did not directly lead to violence in Delhi, they contributed to a
climate of fear and mistrust that worsened communal tensions across the country.
3. The Rawalpindi riots, also known as the Muslim Massacre of 1947, were a series of
communal riots that occurred in Rawalpindi, a city in the Punjab province of British India
(now in Pakistan). Several hundred people died in the riots, mostly Muslims, and many
others were displaced. The effects of the riots were felt across the region, including
Delhi. The riots created a sense of fear and insecurity among Muslims in India,
many of whom fled their homes in fear of further violence. This led to a large influx of
refugees into Delhi, putting a strain on the resources of the government and local
communities. The influx of refugees also increased communal tension in Delhi, as

Hindus and Sikhs felt threatened by the large number of Muslim refugees. This
tension led to violence in Delhi, resulting in the death of thousands and the
displacement of millions.
4. The Amritsar riots of March 1947, had a significant impact on Delhi, which was then
the capital of British India. The riots erupted after a clash between the Akali Dal and the
Hindu Mahasabha, which quickly escalated into a full-fledged communal riot between
Hindus and Muslims in the city of Amritsar. The violence soon spread to other parts
of Punjab and neighboring regions including Delhi. Many Muslim residents of Delhi fled
the city to escape the violence, while others were killed or injured in communal clashes.
The riots also created widespread fear and insecurity among the people of Delhi,
and the government had to act swiftly to restore law and order. A curfew was imposed,
and the police and army were deployed to prevent further violence.
25
5. The Lahore riots of March 1947, were a significant event in the partition of India
and the creation of Pakistan. While the violence was largely confined to Lahore and its
surrounding areas, it had ramifications across the country, including Delhi. In Delhi, news
of the Lahore riots spread fear and panic among the city's Muslim population.
Many Muslims in Delhi were originally from Pakistan and had family and friends in
Lahore and other affected areas. There were also reports of sporadic violence against
Muslims in Delhi after the Lahore riots. Hindu and Sikh mobs attacked Muslim
neighborhoods and shops, causing many deaths and injuries. This further fueled a
sense of fear and insecurity among the Muslim population of Delhi.
6. The Jalandhar riots of April 1947, were a series of violent clashes between Hindus
and Muslims that occurred in the city of Jalandhar, located in the Indian state of Punjab,
during the lead up to the independence and partition of India. While Delhi, the capital of
India, was not directly affected by the riots, the events in Jalandhar contributed to a
growing sense of tension and fear across the country. Many people in Delhi began
to fear for their safety, and there was a mass exodus of people from one community to
another. Hindus and Sikhs fled Pakistan to India, while Muslims fled India to Pakistan,
resulting in the largest exodus in human history. In Delhi, the influx of refugees
created a major humanitarian crisis, with many living in poor conditions without
adequate food, water or medical care. Government and relief agencies struggled to
provide assistance to the large number of displaced people, resulting in widespread

suffering and death.
7. The Delhi riots of September 1947, also known as the "Partition Riots", were a
series of violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian capital following the
partition of India and Pakistan. The riots had a devastating effect on Delhi, causing
widespread destruction and loss of life. During the riots, thousands were killed, and
many more were injured. Property damage was widespread, with homes, businesses,
26
and places of worship destroyed. The violence was particularly intense in areas with
mixed populations, where Hindus and Muslims had previously lived in harmony. The
riots also had a significant impact on the social fabric of Delhi.
Conclusion
The Delhi riots during Partition were a sad and tragic event that had a profound impact
on the city and its people, as well as the wider history of India and Pakistan.
27
Q 9. Analyse the life and the struggle of women and children in the refugee camp
as depicted by Begum Anees Quidwai's 'Azaadi Ki Chhaon'.
Refugees in India began with the partition of the country in 1947, and by the early
2010s, the number of refugees on the Indian mainland had reached approximately
450,000. The exodus has had a severe impact on the lives of the children in the refugee
camps, leaving them with a lot of struggle in their lives to be homeless again.
Begum Anees Quidwai: Anees Begum Quidwai, who participated with passionate
commitment in the Indian National Movement, was born in 1906 in Barabanki, Uttar
Pradesh. His father was Sheikh Vilayat Ali. Anees Begum married Shafi Ahmed Quidwai.
Both her father Vilayat Ali and her husband were freedom fighters.
Life and Struggle of Women in Refugee Camp:
 After the Second World War millions of people were seen from their homes and
forced to take shelter in different parts of the world. Women in particular suffered
places during this refugee camps.
 In 1947, refugee camps were filled with women who had lost their homes,
families and even countries. These women often faced a lack of basic necessities
such as food, clean water, and shelter. Many also experienced trauma and violence,
including sexual violence and forced marriages.
 Refugee camps were a place of safety and community. She was able to connect
with other women who had experienced similar struggles and make new
connections. However, for others, the refugee camps were a place of isolation and
despair.
28
 Women in refugee camps often had limited access to education and healthcare,
which added to their hardships. Many were also forced to take on additional
responsibilities such as taking care of children and elderly relatives without proper
support or resources.
 Women in refugee camps showed incredible resilience and strength. They
fought for their rights and worked tirelessly to improve their conditions. Many
women formed women's groups and organizations to advocate for their needs and
address issues such as sexual violence and child marriage.
 The lives and struggles of women in the refugee camps in 1947 were complex
and varied. While many faced extreme hardship, others were able to find a sense of
community and support in the face of adversity. Despite the challenges they faced,
these women demonstrated incredible strength and resilience, and their stories serve
as a testament to the power of human endurance and solidarity.
Life and struggle of the children in the refugee camp:
 In 1947, many children around the world were living in refugee camps due to
the aftermath of World War II and various conflicts that displaced families. The
conditions in these camps were often harsh and challenging, and the children faced
many struggles in their daily lives.
 One of the most important challenges for children in refugee camps was the
lack of basic necessities such as food, clean water and shelter. Many camps were
overcrowded, with families living in tents or makeshift shelters that provided little
protection from the elements. This led to a lack of cleanliness and hygiene, resulting
in the spread of diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
 Children living in refugee camps often had limited access to education and
could not attend school regularly, if at all. This not only affected their academic
29
progress but also had long term consequences for their future prospects and
employment opportunities.
 Children in refugee camps also faced emotional and psychological difficulties.

They were often separated from their families, had witnessed or experienced
traumatic events, and lacked the stability and security of a permanent home. This led
to high levels of stress, anxiety and depression, which could have lasting effects on
their mental health.

 Children in refugee camps have shown remarkable resilience and adaptability.
Many formed close relationships with other children at the camp, and through play
and creativity, they found ways to cope with their challenging circumstances.
 More than 70 years later, refugee camps still exist around the world, and
millions of children continue to face similar struggles today. It is essential to
remember their experiences and work towards finding long-term solutions to

address the root causes of displacement and provide support to those affected.
Conclusion
Quidwai 's 'Azaadi Ki Chhaon' provides a powerful account of the impact of political
upheaval on women and children, highlighting the need for greater attention to their
specific needs and vulnerabilities in times of crisis. This book is an important reminder of
the enduring strength and courage of those who have been forced to flee their homes
and start their lives anew.
30
Q 10. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Hazrat-i Delhi
(b) Coronation park
(c) Tombs of Delhi
(d) Firozabad
Answer -
(a) Hazrat-i Delhi
Introduction
"Hazrat-e-Dilli" is an Arabic word which means "the
great and respected person of Delhi". The term is
often used for people who know more about the
history, culture and core ideas of Delhi. The term

Hazrat-e-Delhi was first mentioned for Khwaja
Nizamuddin Auliya, a great saint and Sufi pinnacle of
Islamic religion. He lived during the time of Iltutmish,

the Sultan of Delhi, and was a pioneer in spreading Sufism in Delhi through knowledge
and rules.
Nizamuddin Aulia Biography and History:
Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, belonging to Salbani Islam religion, has a prominent place
among the Sufi saints of the Chishti sect. He was born around 1236 in Badayu. The
biography and history of this famous Sufi saint of the Mughal period is described in
Ain-i-Akbari, in which mentioned that the father of Nizamuddin Auliya, Ahmad

Badayani died when Nizamuddin Auliya’s age was 5.
31
Contribution of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya:
Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya was a Sufi saint of Islam religion, but he was a Sufi of Islam
religion as well as a very good poet and that is why he also composed many Holi and
Faag songs, which are still sung in the rural areas of India. It is sung on auspicious
occasions in the localities. Famous poet Amir Khusro's teacher was also Khwaja
Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya. Khwaja Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya wrote many songs
based on Phag and Holi during his time.
Titles received by Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya:
 Mehboob-e-Ilahi
 Sultan-ul-Mashayak
 Dastgir-i-Dojahan
 Light the world
 Qutub-e-Delhi
Dargah of Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya:
The Dargah of Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya is known all over India under the “Dargah of
Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya” and this Dargah has become a center of faith for various
religions in the present times. Here men have complete freedom to go to the Dargah
and till the tomb of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, but women are only allowed to go to the
Dargah, they cannot go near the tomb.
Death:
Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya died in the year 1325 on 3rd April in Delhi, the capital of
India. After his death, a dargah was built on his grave in Delhi itself, every year lakhs of
people come to visit his dargah. His Dargah is famous all over the world by the name of
Nizamuddin Auliya's Dargah.
32
(b) Coronation park
Introdcution
Coronation Park, located in the Burari area of North
West Delhi, is a reminder of India's colonial past and

British imperialism. The park has a grand marble statue
of George V, which was first erected at the India Gate
when the British held their third and last Delhi Durbar.
The Delhi Durbar meaning the Court of Delhi, was an Indian royal-style public
gathering organized by the British in Coronation Park, Delhi, India, to mark the
succession of an Emperor ad Maharani of India. Also known as the Imperial Court, it

was held three times in 1877, 1903 and 1911.
History of Coronation Park:
Coronation Park is known for its historical importance. This place was built in 1877 when
Queen Victoria of Britain was made the Empress of India. Then it was a site of the
Delhi court. Additionally, the venue was also used to celebrate the accession of King
Edward VII in 1903. When King George V arrived in India in 1911 as the Emperor of
India. At that time this place was also selected for his coronation.
1. The first court (1877): The first Court, also known as the Proclamation Court, was
held on 1 January 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. It was the
earliest debut of Lord Lytton (1876 – 80), the Viceroy of India. Lord and Lady Lytton
were treated to an extravagant event of pomp and ceremony, including a parade on
elephants, in the hall attended by approximately 70,000 people. The Royal House
included royalty from the provinces of India and the most senior British dignitaries.
33
2. Second court (1903): A second court was held at the same venue on January 1,
1903, to celebrate the coronation of King Edward VII. It was an initiative of the Viceroy
of India, Lord Curzon (1899 - 1905), who transformed the dreary and arid land of the
park into a tent city by establishing huge cantonments with colorful tents. This tent city
was supplied with a variety of strategies including water, drainage, sanitation, electricity
and rail communication from various places in the surrounding city to the venue.
Fireworks displays, exhibitions and glamorous dances were held. The court was attended
by over 100,000 people Special stamps were issued on the occasion. Posts, telegraph
and telephone communications were provided.
3. Third court (1911): The third and final court of Delhi was held on 12 December
1911 as a sub-goal of the coronation of George V (the original coronation was held in
London on 22 June 1911). It was the first by Lord Hardinge (1910–16) and was attended
by George V and Queen Mary. The official ceremony ran from December 7 to
December 16, with the ceremony taking place on Tuesday, December 12. The royal
couple arrive at Coronation Park in their coronation attire, the King-Emperor wearing
the Royal Crown of India and receiving homage from local princes. In this court, the
king-emperor announced the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to
Delhi. After the third court, a huge coronation monument was built. Made of sandstone,
it stands on a raised plinth with steps all around it. The memorial has been built at the
exact spot where the three British courthouses were held. The inscriptions (English and
Urdu) on the monument testify to the last court event and the states.
Conclusion
Statues of British monarchs and Raj officials in Delhi's Coronation Park stand as relics of
the colonial past. In addition to a 21-metre-tall sandstone obelisk commemorating
King George V, there are statues of King Edward V and several viceroys and governor-
generals such as Lord Hardinge, Lord Willingdon, Lord Irwin and Lord Chelmsford.
34
(c) Tombs of Delhi
Introduction
Tomb: A tomb is a place where a dead person is
buried. Usually, a tomb is under a tombstone, which

says the name of the person who died and when they
lived. Its construction was another form of Indian

Islamic architecture.
Important Tombs of Delhi:
1. Humayun Tomb
The UNESCO World Heritage Site Humayun's Tomb. One of the best-preserved Mughal
monuments in this mesmerizing architectural marvel. In 1572, Hamida Banu constructed
this monument to honour her late husband, Emperor Humayun. It contains gardens
with water flowing and is designed in both Persian and Indian architecture. The tomb is
composed of yellow and black marble, while the two-story mausoleum is built of red
sandstone. It contains a Persian-style garden called Char-Bagh, separated into four

square paths, and has a geometric layout.
2. Safdarjung Tomb
The Mughals' final tomb is said to be the Tomb of Safdarjung. Isn't it fascinating? Like
most Mughal monuments, this mausoleum is surrounded by lush gardens divided into
four large squares. This historical site was erected in the Mughal architectural style by
Shuja-Ud-Daula, and you must come to see the marble and sandstone tomb, which has
existed for centuries thanks to its large arches, exquisite artistry, and magnificent design.
A park, a library, and other pavilions add to the splendour of the "Safdarjung Ka
Maqbara," as it is known.
35
3. Sikander Lodhi Tomb
Lodi Tomb is a majestic Mughal structure located within the greenery Lodi Garden.
Despite the absence of big chhatris, this tomb has a massive central dome. As the
morning strollers, yoga enthusiasts, and joggers from all over Delhi descend on this
location to hydrate themselves to the lush greenery and make it vibrant and lively.
Lodhi Gardens is among the best picnic areas to spend time with friends and family.
While strolling through the Lodi Garden, you may see several additional tombs,
including Shah Tomb, Sheesh Gumbad, and Bara Gumbad.
4. Isa Khan Tomb
Isa Khan built the tomb personally during his lifetime. He died and was buried in this
tomb a few months later. You must come to visit this octagonal mausoleum which is
encircled by sunken gardens and is part of an octagonal compound. The monument,
bordered by a mosque, is accessed through a large arched gateway. Lattice screens,
glazed tiles, and a broad verandah adorn the tomb. The octagonal tomb's architectural
sophistication is evident in the monument's unusual adornment, which includes glazed

canopied and detailed carvings.
5. Mirza Ghalib Tomb
Mirza Ghalib Tomb is another gem that should be on your Delhi bucket list. The
mausoleum of Hazrat Nizamuddin is next to this one. This tomb is small in comparison
to the other large tombs in Delhi. The famed poet's final resting place is marked by a
large tablet with his words carved on it at the courtyard's entrance. Hundreds of
believers come here every year to pay their respects to the deceased. You must pay a
visit to this magnificent tomb to learn about our glorious past.
36
(d) Firozabad
Introduction
Firozabad was known as Chandwar in ancient times. It
was named after King Chandrasen. An old fort is

present here, this fort belonged to King Chandrasen.
This present name of Firozabad was named after
Firozshah Mansabdar in the year 1566 during the rule
of Akbar. At that time Firoz Shah Mansabdar was one

of the close generals of Akbar. Even today the tomb of
Firoz Shah is present at this place.
Firozabad - Firoz Shah Tughlaq:
Sultan Firoz Sha h Tughluq was a Muslim ruler of the Turkic Empire who ruled the
Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a more established ruler
than his father Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. He built the next city of Delhi - Firozabad or
today's Firoz Shah Kotla. He was a famous builder of the medieval period, who
expanded the city from the old Indraprastha to the ridge and beautified the new capital.
In 1354 AD, he procured two Ashoka pillars made of sandstone from Meerut and
Ambala and installed one of them at the Ridge area and the other at Kotla Firozshah.
3rd century BC Polished Ashoka Pillar made of sandstone of the period 43 m. high and
weighing 23 tons, with inscriptions in Brahmi language. Firoz Shah Tughlaq built the
Khirki Masjid, the mausoleum at Hauz Khas and the Madrasa, which is located in the
Sundar Masjid complex. Kalan Masjid, Chausath Khamba, Begumpur Masjid and its
adjoining Bijay Mandal and Bara Khamba are other important buildings built during the
Tughlaq period. He also got many inns built in the forests of the ridge. Bhuli Bhatiari's
palace, Pir Garib and Malcha Mahal are still present in these sarais.
37
The rich legacy of Firoz Shah's buildings added to the splendor and fame of the
capital. At the same time its opulence, splendor and beauty also created the threat of
encroachers. In December 1398, Delhi faced a terror for two weeks, when Timur Lang
attacked Delhi. This brought an abrupt end to the Tughlaq dynasty.
Features of Firozabad (Firoz Shah Kotla) city:
 Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq of Tughlaq dynasty named the 5th city of Delhi as
Firozabad or Firoz Shah Kotla.
 It was built in the late 14th century near the Yamuna River.
 It is a fortified enclosure with high walls containing palaces, pillared rooms, mosques,
a pigeon tower and a water tank.
 An Ashoka pillar is built on the roof of the palace. Firoz Shah also renovated and
repaired the Qutub Minar, Sultan-i-Garhi mausoleum of Nasiruddin Mahmud and

Hauz Khas.
 He also built a stepwell and a hunting lodge on the ridge in North Delhi.
 One of the many Ashoka Pillars left by the Maurya Emperor, an ancient polished
sandstone topra Ashokan pillar dating to the 3rd century BC has emerged from the
crumbling remains of the palace.
 The obelisk's early inscriptions are mostly in Brahmi script, but the language was
Prakrit, with some Pali and Sanskrit added later.
 Jami Masjid is one of the oldest and largest surviving mosques and monuments still
in use today.
 It was built architecturally over a network of underground chambers made of
quartzite stone and coated with limestone.

 A wide courtyard with cloisters and a prayer hall surround it.

Delhi Through the Ages English_240523_193039

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Delhi Through the Ages English_240523_193039

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Delhi through the Ages

UNIT I - MANY PASTS OF DELHI: Ecology, Archaeology and History

UNIT IV - Delhi in 1857: Revolt And Re-Conquest

UNIT V - Making of The New Imperial Capital : Delhi 1911-1930

UNIT VI - Delhi in 1947: Partition and After

(a) Craft and Artisans

(c) Hazrat-I Delhi

(d) Tombs of Delhi

Discuss various sources for writing History of Delhi.

archaeological evidence. The archaeological evidence of Delhi's past suffers from

1. According to the book 'Ancient History' by Upinder Singh

2. According to the Buddhist texts of Pali language

It is also mentioned as Indrapatta or Indrapattana in Pali-language Buddhist texts, where

1. Lal Kot or ('Red Fort')

3. 'Old Fort' as a history of Indraprastha (Delhi)

Indraprastha of the Mahabharata, in spite of some astonishing pieces of pottery

Mahabharata." Still the historicity of Indraprastha remains on the basis of archaeological

Changes in urban settlements in the context of Mehrauli in the 13th – 14th

by the construction of new roads, bridges and other infrastructure.

 Architectural Developments: This period saw the development of new architectural

rise of new elites and the growth of religious institutions.

the architecture and culture of the city.

including the Qutub Minar and the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.

 Economic Changes: Mehrauli was an important center of trade and commerce

1. Political Changes: The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 by Qutb-ud-din

development of a unique Indo-Islamic culture. This cultural fusion is reflected in the

The planning and structure of Shahjahanabad reflected the might of Mughal

Role of different markets in the economic life of Shahjahanabad:

center of cultural exchange, as it attracted merchants and artisans from different

Planning and Structure of Shahjahanabad as a Power of the Mughal Empire:

Shahjahanabad's markets played an important role in the city's economy, attracting

Q 4. In what genre is the Ghalib a poet of 19th century Delhi?

Explain how socio-political changes in the nineteenth century influenced Ghalib's

If a person's name is taken the most in Urdu poetry, then it is

Mirza Ghalib. Mirza Ghalib was born on 27 December 1797 in

which is written in Ghazal. He wrote most extensively in the mystical-romantic genre of

The impact of socio-political changes on Ghalib's life in the nineteenth century:

5. Urdu as a language of expression: Ghalib played an important role in developing

The Revolt of 1857 in the context of Delhi:

and restore the Mughal Empire to power.

with Zafar as the nominal head.

 Through a combination of British military strategy and political maneuvering

Q 6. Making Delhi a new imperial capital is a political and economic process.

that Delhi be made a governor's province with a council, as it had no representation in

and diverse all-India independence movement. This redefinition allowed colonial

Seven cities of delhi:

1. Qila Rai Pithora

headstrong, tyrannical ruler Tughlaq, in a period of fierce battles, invasions, beheadings

Q 8. What was the impact of riots during partition in Delhi?

Effect of the riots at the time of partition in Delhi:

Hindus and Muslims in the Noakhali district of Bengal (present-day Bangladesh). In

communities. The influx of refugees also increased communal tension in Delhi, as

provide assistance to the large number of displaced people, resulting in widespread

Life and Struggle of Women in Refugee Camp:

places during this refugee camps.

including sexual violence and forced marriages.

 Women in refugee camps showed incredible resilience and strength. They

Life and struggle of the children in the refugee camp:

in the spread of diseases such as cholera and typhoid.

 Children in refugee camps also faced emotional and psychological difficulties.

their mental health.

remember their experiences and work towards finding long-term solutions to

Q 10. Write short notes on the following: