Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ebook download (eBook PDF) Politics An Introduction, Third 3rd Edition all chapter
ebook download (eBook PDF) Politics An Introduction, Third 3rd Edition all chapter
ebook download (eBook PDF) Politics An Introduction, Third 3rd Edition all chapter
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-politics-an-
introduction/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-good-society-an-
introduction-to-comparative-politics-3rd-edition/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/why-politics-matters-an-
introduction-to-political-science-ebook-pdf/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-
documentary-third-edition-3rd-edition/
(Original PDF) Studying Politics An Introduction to
Political Science 5th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-studying-politics-an-
introduction-to-political-science-5th-edition/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-crime-and-criminology-
an-introduction-to-theory-third-canadian-edition/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-an-introduction-to-
government-and-politics-a-conceptual-approach-9th-edition/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-cognitive-science-an-
introduction-to-the-study-of-mind-third-edition/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-globalization-of-
world-politics-an-introduction-to-international-relations-5th/
Contents vii
Conclusion 44
Self-Assessment Questions 44
Weblinks 45
Further Reading 45
Film and Video Clips 45
14 Conclusion 371
Learning Objectives 372
Introduction 372
What Have We Learned? 372
Where Do We Go from Here? 378
Conclusion 380
Self-Assessment Questions 380
Weblinks 380
Further Reading 381
Film and Video Clips 381
Notes 382
Glossary 389
Index 396
Boxes
1.1 Career Paths for Political Studies Graduates 7 5.7 Can Government “Stop”? Lessons from the Clinton Era
1.2 Behaviouralism after World War II 13 and Today 123
1.3 Involvement: Apathy to Action 17 5.8 Does a Cabinet Minister Have to Be Elected? 131
1.4 Citizenship Quiz 20 5.9 The Charter: Individual or Collective Rights? 134
2.1 Institutions and Development 27 6.1 The European Union: A Modern Confederation 142
2.2 The Concept of Nation and Sovereignty 6.2 Scottish Independence 144
in Canada 28 6.3 Switzerland 147
2.3 The Abuse of Power 31 6.4 The United States 147
2.4 The Cult of Personality 32 6.5 The United States of Mexico 148
2.5 Charismatic Leadership 34 6.6 India: Centralized Government in the World’s Largest
2.6 Rising Violent Crime and the Crisis of State Legitimacy Democracy 151
in Central America 38 6.7 Why Ottawa? 153
2.7 Economic Justice and the Welfare State 40 6.8 Fiscal Federalism 157
2.8 Community and the Individual 42 6.9 Natural Resources 159
3.1 Plato (427–347 BCE) 50 7.1 Who Gets to Vote? 170
3.2 Aristotle (384–322 BCE) 51 7.2 Gerrymandering 172
3.3 Deductive and Inductive Methods 52 7.3 Rock the Vote 173
3.4 Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) 53 7.4 The Suffragette Movement 173
3.5 Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) 55 7.5 Negative Campaigning 184
3.6 John Locke (1632–1704) 59 7.6 Campaign Finances and the 2016 US Presidential
3.7 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78) 60 Campaign 185
3.8 Adam Smith (1723–90) 62 8.1 The Symbols of Canada as a Form of Political
3.9 John Stuart Mill (1806–73) 63 Socialization 196
3.10 Karl Marx (1818–83) 67 8.2 How to Remember Canada’s First Prime Minister? 198
3.11 Energy Efficiency 73 8.3 Citizen Kane 201
3.12 John Rawls (1921–2002) 76 8.4 Aló, Presidente: Hugo Chavez and the Control of
4.1 The Problem with Sovereignty 91 Venezuelan Television 202
4.2 Equalization in Canada 94 8.5 Rupert Murdoch and News Corporation 203
4.3 The Welfare State 96 8.6 Civil Society and Globalization 205
4.4 Unwritten Constitutions 100 8.7 International Trade and Public Relations: The NAFTA
4.5 The Constitution Act, 1982 101 Lobby 212
4.6 Democracy Topples Authoritarianism? 105 9.1 What Is “Development”? 222
4.7 Are Governors General Just Ceremonial? 107 9.2 Political Economy 223
5.1 Gun Laws and Levels of Government 114 9.3 One World? 224
5.2 VP or Senator? Joe Lieberman and the 2000 US 9.4 Bretton Woods and Political Order 226
Election 116 9.5 Slavery and the American Civil War 232
5.3 Question Period or Shouting Match? 117 9.6 “Third” Parties in US Politics 234
5.4 When Parties Must Co-operate: Coalition 9.7 Will Turkey Join the EU? 242
Governments 118 9.8 Why Brussels? 244
5.5 The Ultimate Power? The Right to Declare War 120 10.1 The Human Development Index 254
5.6 Constitutionality and Same-Sex Marriage 121 10.2 The Beijing Olympics and Internet Censorship 257
Boxes xvii
10.3 Colombia: The War on Drugs and the FARC 258 11.9 The End of the Soviet Union 304
10.4 AIDS, Maternal Health, and the 11.10 Woodrow Wilson and the Failure of the League of
Developing World 260 Nations 308
10.5 Education, Gender, and the Oportunidades 11.11 Diplomacy Goes Awry: April Glaspie and Saddam
Program 261 Hussein 311
10.6 The Brundtland Commission Report and Sustainable 12.1 Human Security 323
Development 262 12.2 “Anarchy in the UK” 324
10.7 The Politics of Population: Nigeria 264 12.3 Just Wars 327
10.8 The Tiananmen Square Massacre 268 12.4 “Video Game” War, 1991 329
10.9 Taiwan 271 12.5 The Debate on Terror in the United States 332
10.10 Mexico’s Student Movement, Media Bias, and the 2012 12.6 Intervention Failure: Rwanda 333
Elections 275 13.1 International Economic Organizations and Their
10.11 Canada in Afghanistan 283 Functions 348
11.1 Domestic and International Politics: Building a Wall 291 13.2 The US–EU Banana Dispute 354
11.2 The Twitter Effect: Elections in Iran 292 13.3 The Great Crash of 1929 356
11.3 Cliché Alert! The “Global Village” 293 13.4 The Euromarkets 358
11.4 Patriotism or Nationalism? 295 13.5 Foreign Aid and Tied Aid 359
11.5 NATO 298 13.6 The G7 and Multilateral Leadership 361
11.6 Human Migration 299 13.7 The New NAFTA 363
11.7 The Occupy Movement 300 13.8 Brazil and Renewable Energy 365
11.8 Cultural Sensitivity: Torres Strait Islanders and 14.1 From “Me to We”: Marc and Craig Kielburger 374
Australia 302 14.2 The Politics of Climate Change 375
Preface
One of the most difficult tasks for a professor in introducing students to the study of pol-
itics is choosing the right textbook. Every instructor has his or her own preferences about
the material, concepts, themes, and pedagogy contained in a first-year political science
text; therefore, no book could possibly meet every requirement and partiality. Putting
together an introductory text, then, is a delicate endeavour. How might one assemble a
coherent volume that both addresses disparate views on what is to be presented and poses
some fresh and innovative ideas?
This book is an attempt to answer that question. Fundamentally, its intent is to pro-
vide undergraduate students with a comprehensive and thoughtful introduction to the
study of politics. This text incorporates some essential questions that define politics, such
as: Who has power in society, and why? How do individuals and groups participate in pol-
itics and governance? How can we distinguish among so many types of political systems?
Why is conflict so prevalent in the world today? How is wealth distributed, and why does
such inequity exist? In our design of this book, we considered a wide variety of theoretical,
analytical, and empirical ways to answer these questions. We decided that the best method
was to lead you through different approaches, topics, and examples. This text presents you
with a challenge: you may or may not already have views on politics, but by the time you
finish this book and course, you will likely have more questions than before. You might
also think differently and more critically about what you assume you already know! If
that’s the case, this book will have done its job.
Organization
This book is organized to introduce you to the study of politics in a comprehensive and
constructive manner. Chapter 1 presents the fundamental nature of politics and the field
of political studies. We explore some major approaches, concepts, and themes in the study
of politics in this chapter, as well as how politics affects so many aspects of our daily lives.
We also discuss the nature of citizenship and what it means in the specific context of being
Canadian. The substance of this chapter lays the foundations for the rest of the text.
Chapters 2 and 3 examine some of the major terms and areas of political thought in
greater detail. Chapter 2 begins with an exploration of some important political concepts,
including power, government, the state, legitimacy, equality and justice, and sovereign-
ty. You will need a solid understanding of these terms and ideas in order to articulate
your own ideas about politics and governance and to understand relationships between
political actors and institutions. The chapter also addresses identity and how we connect
with and relate to others in society. Chapter 3 follows with an overview of political philoso-
phy and the major schools of thought used in political science, such as liberalism, socialism
and communism, conservatism, environmentalism, feminism, post-colonial thought, na-
tionalism, and fascism. It looks at both traditional and critical political ideologies and the
ideas that have driven the study of politics. The chapter identifies influential thinkers as-
sociated with each of these schools of thought and attempts to plot each perspective on an
ideological spectrum. This chapter refers to ideologies and political philosophy in Canada
and provides an overview of other approaches, such as Confucianism and political Islam.
Preface xix
Chapters 4, 5, and 6 focus on the importance of government and the roles and re-
sponsibilities that governments have in our lives. These chapters begin to unpack the com-
plexity of government organizations and their internal checks and balances, to give you
a more concrete sense of how government works (or doesn’t). In Chapter 4, we examine
the main forms of government throughout history and into the present day. The chapter
deals with systems of government, the nature of government, objectives and activities of
different governments, and points of view regarding the fundamental role that govern-
ment ought to play. In this chapter, we explain the distinctions among liberal democracies,
authoritarian governments, and totalitarian systems. Government in Canada is given spe-
cial attention here. Chapter 5 covers primary structures and roles of government agencies
and institutions. It delves into the important levels of government activity, including the
executive, legislative, judicial, and bureaucratic divisions. The two main types of govern-
ment systems in the world today, parliamentary and presidential, are also compared and
contrasted. Finally, Chapter 6 considers how different political systems are organized in
terms of their responsibilities and decision-making systems. Unitary, federal, confederal,
and devolved political systems are all examined, with special attention to the history and
development of power-sharing in Canada.
Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with the roles played by individuals and groups in
society. Chapter 7 considers decision-making and electoral systems, campaign contribu-
tions, elections and referendums, and political parties. Chapter 8 picks up the theme and
looks at the social and political process of participation. Education, opinion polls, social-
ization, advocacy groups, media, and culture all have abundant effects on how our polit-
ical systems are run and the role we play in them. Together, these two chapters trace the
formulation of ideas and information that influence citizens and the way in which these
ideas are played out on the political stage.
The next section of the book is dedicated to country case studies. This examination
of politics is undertaken in a comparative context, considering the multitude of paths to
development in today’s world and the struggles that countries confront along the way. We
begin in Chapter 9 with a consideration of politics and economics in what are commonly
defined as “developed” countries, including Canada, the United States, South Korea, and
members of the European Union. These cases offer distinct examples of how political and
economic spheres influence governance. Chapter 10 carries this discussion to what we
often call the “developing world,” contemplating some of the significant approaches and
perspectives regarding development and, in particular, how the development process is as
varied as the countries involved. By way of example, the chapter surveys the development
experiences in China, Mexico, India, and Afghanistan, presenting a diverse stance on the
myriad issues facing countries in the developing world. As part of the analysis in these
chapters, we acknowledge the complexity in defining a country as either “developed” or
“developing” and assert that this dichotomy might not be as useful as we once thought it
was. A country might be considered “developed” according to some criteria, but “devel-
oping” in others, which suggests that a tendency towards blanket categorizations might
obscure the truth on the ground in any given country.
The final chapters take on the study of politics on the world stage, using some of the
primary concepts and themes discussed earlier in the book. Chapter 11 examines the state
and sovereignty in a modern world, as well as the nature of and approaches to the interna-
tional system. This chapter scrutinizes some current themes and issues in global politics,
xx Preface
Key Features
Pedagogical Features
Political studies, like any other academic discipline, has its own vocabulary and terminol-
ogy. Marginal definitions, provided in each chapter, emphasize key terms and concepts,
and a full glossary is included at the end of the book. Every chapter contains self-assessment
questions, a list of further readings, and suggested websites. Throughout the chapters,
boxes provide specific examples of important themes, events, and actors. Images, tables,
graphs, and figures illustrate important points without interfering with the text itself.
Finally, an index of all important terms, concepts, themes, events, and individuals is
included at the end of the book.
Theoretical Framework
Most introductory textbooks begin with a survey of significant concepts (e.g., the state,
power, government, legitimacy, etc.) and a review of the philosophical tradition of politi-
cal analysis (Plato’s Republic, Aristotle’s Politics, Hobbes’s Leviathan, and so on). Taking a
comparative theoretical approach (meaning that no specific theory is used as a core focus),
this text shows how the development of theory in political studies flavours the manner in
which we must consider a contemporary and changing political climate, both domestic and
international. The methodology of this text is not intended to be heavy-handed or overly
theoretical; theory is central to the purpose of the book, but the book’s principal goal is to
demonstrate the sensitive and changing nature of philosophical thought in politics.
Acknowledgements
Like any book project, this text is the product of various contributions from many people.
In the very early stages, Oxford University Press sales and editorial representative Alan
Mulder and acquisitions editor Katherine Skene were largely responsible for urging us to
move ahead with a prospectus for a new introductory textbook in political studies. We are
grateful to them for their vision and support.
A number of developmental editors were involved with the production of this
book and its three editions. Peter Chambers deserves recognition for his good humour,
Preface xxi
rofessionalism, and encouragement, which made work on the second edition a true
p
pleasure. Leah-Ann Lymer and Richard Tallman demonstrated endless patience and pro-
fessionalism on the third edition, and their comments and insights on all chapters are
most highly valued.
This book has also benefited from the many useful comments made by several col-
leagues who took on the task of reviewing it in its many stages. We are indebted to them
for their time and suggestions, which have contributed to this final work. We join the
publisher in thanking the following reviewers, along with those who wish to remain anon-
ymous, whose thoughtful remarks have helped to shape this text as well: Todd Alway,
McMaster University; Mona Brash, Camosun College; Terry L. Chapman, Medicine Hat
College; Noemi Gal-Or, Kwantlen Polytechnic University; Logan Masilamani, Simon
Fraser University; Marda Schindeler, Lethbridge College; John Soroski, Grant MacEwan
University; Yasmine Shamsie, Wilfrid Laurier University; Manuel Balan, McGill Univer-
sity; Saira Bano, Mount Royal University; Bruce Foster, Mount Royal University; Donal
Gill, Dawson College and Vanier College; Kevin Ginnell, Douglas College and Simon
Fraser University; Jason Morris, University of Northern British Columbia; Ross Michael
Pink, Kwantlen Polytechnic University; David Pond, University of Toronto; Paul Prosperi,
Langara College; Claudia Schaler, St. Francis Xavier University; Bruce Smardon, York
University; Jeffrey Spring, St. Francis Xavier University; and Andrew Wender, University
of Victoria.
We would be remiss in not thanking our students, who have inspired us to always
question what we think we know and to be open to new perspectives. The improvements
in the second and third editions are in many ways due to them and their aspirations for
excellence.
Some of our associates and research assistants were fundamental in the completion
of parts of this book. We would like to thank Rashide Assad at the Instituto Tecnológico
Autónomo de México (ITAM) for her extremely important help on this project. We also
thank the University of New Brunswick, the University of Manitoba, ITAM, and the Aso-
ciacion Mexicana de Cultura for their support during the writing of this book.
We have discovered that writing a book such as this one takes more than simple au-
thoring. It is the result of efforts both small and large by numerous people, some close
friends and associates, and some colleagues we have not met. The final product is our own,
however, and we alone take responsibility for any errors it may contain.
Features
Thorough Analysis
The text presents a survey of political concepts and ideologies before examining top-
ics such as the importance of government; political systems, participation, and culture;
developed and developing countries; global security; and the international political
economy.
AP Photo/Massoud Hossaini
Canada and around the world. Chapters 9 and 10
now include new case studies of South Korea and
Afghanistan. Afghan President Hamid Karzai shows indelible ink on his finger before he casts his vote in Kabul during the
2014 election. He was not eligible to run for re-election that year because he had just completed his second-
term in office.
intimidation, low voter turnout, and violence. Parliamentary and presidential elections in
the fall of 2019 were complicated by security concerns and allegations of fraud, but Presi-
dent Ghani appeared to have won by a slim majority of votes.
The importance of socio-economic status must also be taken into account. A person’s
belief system and values will be fundamentally influenced by the economic and social
opportunities available to him or her. To give a simplistic example, someone in a high tax
bracket is less likely to be in favour of a progressive taxation system that requires the rich to
pay more income tax than people who make less money.
It is also common for people to adopt political views similar to those of their peers, a
process that is easy to understand when we consider how much time we spend with people
of comparable income levels and backgrounds. Think about your own political views and
how they have been shaped by, or been reactions to, the views of your friends.
A further influence on political socialization comes from one’s geographical region. The
predominant political views of the local society will play an important role in determining
what an individual comes to believe. The importance of community versus the individual,
traditional versus modern values, and identity will all be significant factors. In Canada, the
regional component of political socialization is obvious. A less interventionist political cul-
ture exists in provinces such as Alberta than it does in provinces such as Saskatchewan. We
cannot understand political socialization in Quebec without the elements of language and
identity. In the north of Canada and particularly in the territories, Indigenous cultures and
values play a role in the process.
Currency
The text’s focus on the latest political develop-
11.1 • Domestic and International Politics: Building a Wall
ments illustrates the dynamic nature of the politi- During the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump prom- wall. That said, the effectiveness of the proposed wall at curb-
ised Americans that, if elected, he would build a wall along the ing illegal border crossings remains in question.1
cal landscape. This updated edition includes new 2,000 mile US–Mexico border—and have Mexico pay for it. The
border is patrolled and already had over 600 miles of fencing;
This case represents a good example of domestic and
international politics intersecting. President Trump’s insis-
the wall would expand on the existing structure. President tence on a border wall and the Democrats’ refusal to acquiesce
coverage of populism, the rebirth of protectionist Trump’s rationale for the border wall, with a conservative cost
estimate of $25 billion and as much as a $70 billion price tag
caused significant consequences for government employees,
the national economy, and those living in the country. At the
according to some calculations, is to mitigate illegal migration same time, the debate about immigration and border crossings
nationalism, and the politics of climate change. and drug trafficking. A Pew Research Center poll conducted in
January 2018 showed that 60 per cent of Americans opposed
and the inhumane treatment at the border of asylum seekers,
immigrant families, and children by Trump administration offi-
Trump’s proposal. cials affected America’s global reputation and its relationships
In December of 2018, a partial government shutdown with other countries, particularly Mexico. (See also Box 11.6.)
came into effect when the Senate refused to pass legislation
that included $5 billion for the wall. The shutdown left over
800,000 employees without pay, jammed up government ser-
vices, and dampened the economy. However, President Trump
insisted that he would allow the shutdown to continue until
funding for the wall flowed. Meanwhile, House Speaker Nancy
here is to familiarize you with some of the main concepts, structures, and issues facing those
who study international politics today.
goods but never enough is done to rectify the situation. It leaves one wondering whether
we, as a collective, are truly interested in making the necessary changes to provide for global
equality.
Cast your memory back to the earliest parts of your course, when we explained several
concepts (some new, some familiar). At this point, it should be obvious that we need to
understand the terminology before we can really get into any topic. It is a bit like getting
to know the characters before settling into a book or a movie. Concepts are not exactly the
characters of this book, but we can agree that, like any character, there are multiple angles
we can use to describe or use them. For example, it is unlikely that the person who sits next
to you in class has exactly the same view of, say, power that you do. You may agree on certain