MCQs from polls

1. What does Postmodernism say about the concept of absolute, universal truths?
a) It affirms the existence of absolute truths.
b) It rejects the idea of absolute, universal truths.
c) It believes absolute truths can be discovered through rationality.

2. What aspect of rationality does Postmodernism critique?

a) The need for more rational thinking.
b) The infinite potential of human intellect.
c) The reliance on reason to capture absolute truth.

3. What does Postmodernism emphasise regarding the role of personal experiences in

shaping knowledge?
a) It downplays personal experiences.
b) It ignores the influence of emotions.
c) It emphasises the role of personal perspectives and experiences.

4. According to Postmodernism, why might different people have their own versions of
truth?
a) Due to their shared experiences.
b) Based on a universal standard of truth.
c) Based on their unique experiences and values.

5. What does the concept of “language games” by Ludwig Wittgenstein highlight in

Postmodernism?
a) The simplicity of language.
b) The universality of language.
c) The complexity of how different people use language.

6. How does Postmodernism critique traditional education methods?

a) It advocates for standardized curriculum.
b) It challenges traditional education methods.
c) It encourages uniform assessment.

7. What is a significant feature of a learner-centred approach in Postmodern education?

a) Emphasising standardised curriculum.
b) Focusing on teacher-centred classrooms.
c) Encouraging dialogue and engagement between teachers and students.
8. What does Postmodernism value in cultural contexts?
a) A single, universal set of values.
b) Diverse cultural contexts and the construction of different values within
them.
c) Rejecting cultural diversity.
9. What does Postmodernism encourage as essential components of the learning
process?
a) Strict discipline and order.
b) Play, emotions and exploration.
c) Rigid educational goals.

10. What does Postmodernism advise against regarding educational goals?

a) Imposing rigid educational goals on learners.
b) Setting universal educational goals for all.
c) Focusing on standardised assessments.

11. “Education is the liberation from the power of oppressive ideologies in society”
Which philosophy does this statement belong to?
a) Systems theory
b) Existentialism
c) Phenomenology
d) Critical theory

12. An important benefit from espousing Critical Theory relates to

a) Human beings being more open to what others think and believe.
b) The exposition and clarification of the politics of gender.
c) The establishment of greater clarity and precision in what we mean.
d) A critical examination and reflection on our social and family lives.

13. The essential problem addressed by Postmodernism relates to

a) Confronting ourselves in order to discover the real “us”
b) The need to rethink our belief in science and technology.
c) The acquisition of knowledge from our sensory experiences.
d) The exposing of error in the tireless quest for the truth.

14. Which philosophy emerged as a response to the bewildering world of technology and
virtual reality?
a) Phenomenology
b) Hermeneutics
c) Modernism
d) Postmodernism
15. Which method of enquiry in philosophy is based on the notion that science has and
will continue to benefit the human race?
a) Phenomenology
b) Hermeneutics
c) Modernism
d) Postmodernism

16. Hermeneutics, as a method of philosophical enquiry, relates to:

a) An analysis of the meanings of words and sentences.
b) Adopting a questioning and critical attitude to problems.
c) Exploring the meaning of life with a given community.
d) An understanding and interpretation of signs and symbols.

17. A significant characteristic of Hermeneutics relates to its emphasis on:

a) The importance of listening and observation.
b) A reassessment of the way in which we see ourselves.
c) Establishing truth by verifying our sensory experiences.
d) Questioning the existing social and political systems.

18. Which method of enquiry in philosophy is concerned with the interpretation of signs
and symbols?
a) Phenomenology
b) Modernism
c) Hermeneutics
d) Postmodernism

19. The method of enquiry adopted by Phenomenologists relates to:

a) The analysis of the meaning of words and sentences.
b) Reflecting on ourselves and the world in which we live.
c) The exploration of the communal and social meaning of life.
d) The unmasking of power structures through ideological critique.

20. Which of the following questions would a Phenomenologist ask?

a) Who am I?
b) Who is in power?
c) Who is there?
d) Who is speaking?

21. Which method of enquiry in philosophy concerns itself with the interaction between
human beings and the world in which they live?
a) Postmodernism
b) Modernism
c) Hermeneutics
d) Phenomenology
22. Critical Theory claims that…
a) All forms of power are oppressive.
b) All forms of power are impressive.
c) All forms of power are repressive.
d) All forms of power are desirable.

23. Critical Theory claims that truth is:

a) Available to the senses.
b) Established via experience.
c) Achieved through reasoning.
d) Made and unmade by people.

24. Indigenous African Knowledge systems in education are unique because they:
a) Emphasise a universal culture.
b) Are related to Western forms of knowledge.
c) Are particular to an African culture and society.
d) Are a hegemonic display of power in society.

25. Empiricism as a philosophy of education insist that:

a) Education is only concerned with the transmission of facts and scientific
truths which are universal.
b) Teachers need to recognise the importance of values.
c) Knowledge is local.
d) Mathematical truths are false.

26. Which one of the following is a quality of Empiricism?

a) It accepts only that which can be analysed.
b) It accepts only that which is critical.
c) It places great emphasis on science.
d) It places great emphasis on society.

27. Which of the following statements is applicable to Empiricism?

a) Empiricism regards human beings as spiritual beings.
b) Empiricism emphasises human morals and values.
c) Empiricism takes human emotions into consideration.
d) Empiricism understands how our physical world operates.

28. Which philosophy of education focused on testing and measurement?

a) Postmodernism
b) Phenomenology
c) Empiricism
d) Critical Realism
29. The method of inquiry adopted by Phenomenologists relates to:
a) The analysis of the meaning of words and sentences.
b) Reflecting on ourselves and the world in which we live.
c) The exploration of the communal and social meaning of life.
d) The unmasking of power structures through ideological critique.

30. Phenomenology, more than any other perspective, enables us to:

a) Search for our true place in the universe.
b) Challenge the claims of Western superiority.
c) Regard science as independent of morality.
d) Avoid authoritarianism in the creation of meaning.

31. Who is the educator known for emphasising the need for organic wholeness
between the child, teacher, school and society withing the framework of Systems
Theory?
a) Norbert Weiner
b) John Dewey
c) Ludwig von Bertalanffy
d) Peter Senge

32. Constructivism is the little brother of:

a) Phenomenology
b) Critical Theory
c) Complexity Theory
d) Hermeneutics

33. The danger of ___ when applied to education is that learners and teachers become
no more than subservient parts of a greater entity.
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Systems Theory
c) Complexity Theory
d) Critical Theory

34. Philosophy of education that points out that things are done with a specific goal in
mind when an input-output model of education is adopted is:
a) Critical Theory
b) Systems Theory
c) Postmodernism
d) Hermeneutics
35. Education systems are the foci of attention of:
a) Feminism
b) Systems Theory
c) Phenomenology
d) Postmodernism

36. “To see things as a whole rather than to split it up into parts” Which philosophy does
this statement refer to?
a) Systems Theory
b) Critical Theory
c) Postmodernism
d) Scientific Rationalism

37. What, according to Phenomenology, should education focus on?

a) Encourage rationalism and abstract logical reasoning.
b) Encourage the transmission of factual knowledge.
c) Pay attention to human values.
d) Be concerned with testing educational outcomes objectively.

38. The theory that claims that all of us are, no matter what society we live in, are pawns
in a game of chess.
a) Critical Theory
b) Feminism
c) Phenomenology
d) Scientific Rationalism

39. What is the primary focus of professional philosophy in African thought?

a) Promoting traditional beliefs.
b) Advancing technological innovation.
c) Emphasising individualism.
d) Critical and rational analysis.

40. Where does Indigenous African Knowledge Systems draw its knowledge from?
a) Modern scientific research.
b) Historical events and ancestral wisdom.
c) European textbooks.
d) Online resources.

41. What would a teacher influenced by Empiricism focus on telling the learners?
a) Facts about the world.
b) Cultural traditions and values.
c) Art and literature.
d) Personal opinions.
42. What does Empiricism believe about the knowledge we are born with?
a) We are born with innate knowledge.
b) We are born as blank slates and acquire knowledge through experience.
c) We are born with cultural knowledge.
d) We are born with scientific knowledge.

43. According to Empiricism, how do I know that something is true?

a) By relying on cultural values.
b) By testing and experiencing it personally.
c) By accepting tradition.
d) By trusting authority figures.

44. Empiricism originated from?

a) Ancient Greece.
b) Renaissance Europe.
c) Colonial America.
d) Britain

45. Who is the most prominent proponent of Empiricism?

a) Plato
b) Aristotle
c) John Locke
d) Immanuel Kant

46. What can Empiricism help us to achieve in education?

a) A deeper understanding of abstract concepts.
b) The development of moral and ethical values.
c) The acquisition of practical skills and knowledge.
d) The ability to think more clearly and critically.

47. What does Scientific Rationalism (sometimes called Critical Rationalism) teach us?
a) To unquestionably accept established knowledge.
b) To question what we are told.
c) To memorise facts and figures.
d) To avoid experimentation.

48. What is the aim of Scientific Rationalism?

a) To discourage critical thinking.
b) To identify falsehoods and search for the truth.
c) To promote conformity.
d) To discourage questioning.
49. What does Scientific Rationalism encourage?
a) Bling obedience to authority.
b) Belief without evidence.
c) Open-mindedness, anti-dogmatism, and anti-authoritarianism.
d) Strict adherence to traditional teachings.

50. What is the most useful tool of Scientific Rationalism?

a) Intuition
b) Logic and reason
c) Sensory experience
d) Superstition

51. What does Scientific Rationalism encourage in education?

a) Blind obedience to authority.
b) A focus on tradition and conformity.
c) A problem-solving approach.
d) Memorisation of facts.

52. What is one limitation of Scientific Rationalism?

a) It is highly effective in dealing with moral issues.
b) It is problematic in dealing with moral issues.
c) It encourages moral relativism.
d) It enforces strict moral codes.

53. Scientific Rationalism teaches that:

a) We should accept what we are told.
b) We should always review our knowledge.
c) We should always leave room for error.
d) We should be open-minded.

54. Our ideas depend on experience, mentioned by which philosophy?

a) Empiricism
b) Critical theory
c) African
d) Feminism

55. “Science, mathematics and technology should form the basis of education practice”
Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Postmodern philosophy of education
b) Empirical philosophy of education
c) Critical Rationalism philosophy of education
56. A philosophy that focuses on fallibilism:
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Feminism
c) African
d) Phenomenology

57. It emphasises the fact that science cannot be persuaded in societies ruled by
authoritarian:
a) Empiricism
b) Critical Theory
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) Phenomenology

58. The Greek and Roman expansion into North Africa produced many African
intellectuals such as:
a) Moses the black
b) Alex Khame
c) Segundo Gbadegesin
d) St. Augustine

59. Name two Phenomenological feminists who contributed significantly to the

philosophy of education:
a) Marie Curie and Florence Nightingale
b) Rosa Parks and Malala Yousafzai
c) Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
d) Nel Noddings and Van Manen

60. Which four elements does Systems Theory refer to in their operation?
a) Structure, purpose, function and specialisation.
b) Input, process, output, feedback.
c) Isolation, harmony, efficiency and adaptation.
d) Individual parts, context, goals and relationships.

61. According to Systems Theory, how should we approach a problem?

a) By breaking it down into its separate parts.
b) By focusing on individual components.
c) By allowing people to speak for themselves and set their own goals.
d) By isolating the problem from its environment.
62. From the following statements, identify two that are propagated by Hermeneutics:
a) Hermeneutics affirms the importance of monologue in understanding any
issue.
b) Hermeneutics emphasises the importance of listening and observing.
c) Hermeneutics is anti-authoritarian, encourages individuals to create their
own meaning and understanding.
d) Hermeneutics claims that individual’s death experience influences the way
they understand the world.

63. The method of enquiry that focuses on symbols and how we interpret them is:
a) Hermeneutics
b) Phenomenology
c) Empiricism
d) Critical Rationalism

64. According to Phenomenological philosophy of education, the term education mainly

concerns helping learners to:
a) Achieve certain objective goals.
b) Pay more attention to human values.
c) Learn from experience.
d) Understand our physical world.

65. Hermeneutics works with ___ in its quest for meaning.

a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Phenomenology
c) Critical Rationalism
d) Empiricism

66. __ has largely been regarded as part of disciplines of literary theory and biblical
studies.
a) Phenomenology
b) Empiricism
c) Hermeneutics
d) Postmodernism

67. A school of thought that rejects the notion that only men are real people and women
are less real and less authentic:
a) Liberal Feminism
b) Phenomenological Feminism
c) Radical Feminism
d) African Feminism
68. Which philosophy would make the claim that “the discovery of the real self is
important”?
a) Positivism
b) Empiricism
c) Existentialism
d) Phenomenology

69. The essential problem addressed by Phenomenologists is:

a) How to confront myself in order to discover the real “me”
b) How to confront others in order to discover the real “me”
c) How to discover meaning and think clearly on issues.
d) How to change the world in order to make it a better place.

70. Freedom, empowerment and social transformation are the foci of attention of:
a) Empiricism
b) Feminism
c) Critical Theory
d) Postmodernism

71. An advantage of Critical Rationalism is that it allows us to:

a) Criticise whenever we want to.
b) Criticise those in authority.
c) Criticise human suffering.
d) Criticise subordinate classes.

72. Critical Rationalism sets out to help us:

a) To solve problems.
b) To find life’s meaning.
c) To make quick decisions.
d) To deal with emotions.

73. An open-society is characterised by:

a) Shops being open all night.
b) Problem-solving through debate.
c) Solutions being given by government.
d) Society open to destructive ideas.

74. The essential problem addressed by Critical Rationalism is:

a) The creation of conditions for clarity of thought.
b) The exposition of error in the search for truth.
c) The understanding and discovery of meaning.
d) The placing of minority issues in perspective.
75. The essential problem addressed by Hermeneutics is:
a) The creation of conditions for clarity of thought.
b) The understanding and discovery of meaning.
c) The exposition of error in the search for truth.
d) The placing of minority issues in perspective.

76. It its search for truth, Critical Rationalism tends to focus on:
a) Clarifying the purpose of life within social groups.
b) Identifying the influence of power structures.
c) Identifying error and falsity in human endeavours.
d) Questioning the meaning and significance of grammar.

77. A method of enquiry adopted by Critical Rationalists is:

a) A questioning attitude and the encouragement of open-mindedness.
b) The careful analysis of words and sentences to reveal meaning.
c) A reflection of ourselves, our minds and the world that we live in.
d) The use of ethnic, sage and political methods to reveal the truth.

78. Hermeneutics as a philosophy of education claims that:

a) Education is concerned with a search for meaning and understanding.
b) Teachers must not allow learners to bring their own understanding to the
teaching of a subject.
c) Education must be prescriptive.
d) Teachers must exercise their authority in the classroom and now allow
learners any freedom.

79. If we accept Hermeneutics as our philosophy of education, then which of the

following is correct?
a) We shall not accept the view that there is only “one right answer” to a
problem.
b) We shall pressurise learners to perform in areas such as Mathematics,
Science, computer technology.
c) We shall accept the view that there is only “one right answer” to a problem.
d) We shall not encourage learners to freely express themselves.

80. True OR false: Systems Theory is holistic

True
81. The father of Modern Phenomenology is:
a) Edward Husserl
b) John Dewey
c) Rudolf Steiner
d) Hans-Georg Gadamer

82. Historically in SA, the philosophy of education of fundamental pedagogies which

brought about apartheid, was based on:
a) Hermeneutics
b) Empiricism
c) Postmodernism
d) Phenomenology
83. Which one was not a philosopher of Empiricism?
a) John Locke
b) Yusuf Waghid
c) Richard Peters
d) Harvey Seigel
e) Shaun Gallagher

84. Who are the proponents of Hermeneutics?

a) John Locke, Richard Peters, Yusuf Waghid and Harvey Siegel.
b) Renee Descarted, Karl Popper, Carl Sagan.
c) Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max van Manen and Shaun Gallagher.
d) Hans-Georg Gadamer, Rudolph Steiner, Shaun Gallagher.

85. Which is not a discourse of African Philosophy?

a) Ethnic philosophy
b) Political philosophy
c) Sage/wisdom philosophy
d) Professional philosophy
e) Race philosophy

86. Which of the following is a shortcoming of Phenomenology?

a) It tends to be immorally demanding.
b) It tends to be morally undemanding.
c) It tends to be morally demanding.
d) It tends to be immorally undemanding.

87. Which pair of philosophers worked on Hermeneutics?

a) Jean Baudrillard and Ken Wilber
b) Carl Jang and Martin Heidegger
c) Karl Popper and Carl Sagan
d) John Locke and Richard Peters
88. Which philosopher is a proponent of both Phenomenology and Hermeneutics?
a) Richard Peters
b) Shaun Gallagher
c) Karl Popper
d) Hans-Georg Gadamer

89. Which philosopher was responsible for reviving Hermeneutics in modern times?
a) Shaun Gallagher
b) Rudolph Steiner
c) Hand-Georg Gadamer
d) Max van Manen

90. In modern times, Scientific Rationalism was revived by the work of:
a) John Locke
b) John Dewey
c) Carl Jang
d) Karl Popper

91. Two important proponents of Critical Theory are/were:

a) Kwasi Wiredu and Peter Badunrin
b) Paulo Freira and Peter Mc Laren
c) Carl Jung and Martin Heidegger.
d) Karl Popper and Albert Einstein

92. Which philosopher’s approach is based on the idea that society has developed
through the process of solving problems by means of trial and error?
a) Alber Einstein
b) Hans-Georg Gadamer
c) Rudolph Steiner
d) Karl Popper

93. According to Constructivism:

a) Learning is about the transmission of universal knowledge.
b) Knowledge is the product of our community’s practices and interactions
with the world.
c) Knowledge is absolute.
d) Education is concerned with technological knowledge.

94. Hermeneutics’ little brother is:

a) Constructivism
b) Pragmatism
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) Empiricism
95. Empiricism’s little brother is:
a) Constructivism
b) Pragmatism
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) Hermeneutics

96. __ argues that in education truth is based on what can and what cannot be proved:
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Empiricism
c) Feminism
d) Hermeneutics

97. __ focuses on testing and measurement:

a) Critical Rationalism
b) Empiricism
c) Postmodernism
d) Phenomenology

98. Difference and freedom are the foci of attention of:

a) Critical Rationalism
b) Phenomenology
c) Feminism
d) Postmodernism

99. Educational systems are the foci of attention of:

a) Phenomenology
b) Systems Theory
c) Feminism
d) Postmodernism

100. Who are the proponents or Systems Theory?

a) John Dewey, Norbert Weiner and Peter Senge
b) John Locke, Richard Peters, Yusuf Waghid and Harvey Diegel
c) Rene Descartes, Karl Popper and Carl Sagan
d) Hans-Georg Gadamer, Rudolph Steiner and Shaun Gallagher
e) Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max van Manen and Shaun Gallagher

101. __ claims that education mirrors the human condition.

a) Empiricism
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Critical Theory
d) Phenomenology
102. __ Claims that education should empower us to reflect critically on the
ideological power structure in society that determine the aims and practices of
education.
a) Critical Theory
b) Phenomenology
c) Hermeneutics
d) Postmodernism

103. __ claims that in education there is no one right answer to any human
problem.
a) Empiricism
b) Hermeneutics
c) Critical Theory
d) Scientific Rationalism

104. __ encourages a problem-solving approach to education.

a) Systems Theory
b) Empiricism
c) Critical Theory
d) Scientific Rationalism

105. Which aspect listed below is common to both Hermeneutics and

Postmodernism?
a) Our happiness is linked to our own creativity.
b) Reason may not be a good guide to solving problems.
c) An increased understanding of ourselves and others.
d) A clearer understanding of what it means to be normal.

106. __ argues that education should not be based on rational knowledge and
measuring performance by means of examinations.
a) Feminism
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Postmodernism
d) Hermeneutics

107. The role of the learner is one of interrogation assumptions that underpin
knowledge and theories.
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Systems Theory
c) Phenomenological
d) Postmodernism
108. Which of the following statements is true about Empiricism?
a) It teaches us that knowledge is based on our experience.
b) It teaches us that we are born ignorant and our minds are blank slates.
c) It relies on verification
d) Options 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

109. As a philosophy, Hermeneutics has certain good qualities. Identify three from
the list below:
a) It overcomes injustice.
b) It creates meaning.
c) It helps people to understand each other.
d) It resists scientific arrogance.

110. __ stresses that human values are the foci of attention

a) Critical Realism
b) Postmodernism
c) Phenomenology
d) Empirical

111. Which philosophical method of enquiry focuses specifically on literature, art,

music, poetry and craft?
a) Phenomenology
b) Modernism
c) Postmodernism
d) Hermeneutics

112. A philosophy that tends to ignore human emotions and desires:

a) Postmodernism
b) Hermeneutics
c) African
d) Critical Theory

113. The fostering of a participatory and democratic approach in education:

a) Phenomenology
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Empiricism
d) Postmodernism

114. Challenges the domination of Western thought in education:

a) Feminism
b) Systems Theory
c) African philosophy
d) Hermeneutics
115. __ claims values and culture should be ignored in education:
a) Critical Theory
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Empiricism
d) Systems Theory

116. Why is Empiricism harmful in education?

a) It ignores history and culture.
b) It gives no place to art and music.
c) It states that we can only find truth in what we can experience through our
senses.
d) All of the above.

117. __ maintains that in any form of education, there is an inherent tension

between individual autonomy and the demands placed on the individual by society:
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Critical Theory
c) Critical Realism
d) Empiricism

118. Focuses on the interplay between education and the environment in which it
operates:
a) Empiricism
b) Critical Realism
c) Systems Theory
d) Scientific Rationalism

119. According to Postmodernism, the term education is mainly concerned with

helping learners to:
a) Master the content
b) Improve their natural ability to question and explore.
c) Achieve certain objective goals.
d) Understand our physical world.

120. “Science, Mathematics and Technology should form the basis of education
practices:
a) Critical Rationalism
b) Empirical philosophy
c) Hermeneutics
d) Postmodernism
121. Postmodernism:
a) Encourages learners to regard all ideas across genders as worth examining.
b) Focus on reconstruction.
c) Believes that human knowledge has contingent history.
d) None of the above.

122. The owners of Feminism educators are:

a) Perkins Gilman and Peter McLaren
b) Aedorno and Peter
c) Greene and Jimenez
d) None of the above

123. Which philosopher was particularly concerned with institutions, what they do
and how they work?
a) Michael Foucault
b) Carl Jung
c) Martin Heidegger
d) Ken Wilber
e) Jen Baudrillard

124. Which one of the following questions would Systems Theory ask?
a) How can an individual fit into the whole ecosystem?
b) Why does the system not work?
c) In which way do the individual’s emotions play a role in Scientific research?
d) What is the meaning of my personal life?

125. Which of the following is a shortcoming of Phenomenology?

a) It takes a critical stance on authority.
b) It takes a non-critical stance on authority.
c) It takes a non-critical stance on freedom.
d) It takes a critical stance on autocracy.

126. One of the benefits of espousing an African philosophical perspective relates

to:
a) The identification of those in power and those who do not.
b) The encouragement of human beings to show greater humility.
c) Its capacity allows to question those in power.
d) The discovery of our own hidden, creative and artistic abilities.
127. “Education should be free from dominant ideologies and should allow us to
be free to express ourselves as active participants in our society and communities”
Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Critical Realism philosophy of education
b) Scientific Rationalism philosophy of education
c) Phenomenological philosophy of education
d) Hermeneutics philosophy of education

128. According to Systems Theory philosophy of education, the term education

mainly concerns helping learners to:
a) Provide necessary output in the form of assignments and examinations
(after mastering teacher’s input)
b) Think rationally and critically
c) Understand ourselves
d) Achieve certain objective goals

129. The philosophy of education that points out that things are done with a
special goal in mind when an input-output model of education is adopted:
a) Systems Theory
b) Hermeneutics
c) Critical Theory
d) Postmodernism

130. Systems Theory’s little brother:

a) Pragmatism
b) Constructivism
c) Complexity Theory
d) Critical realism

131. The focus of attention in Systems Theory philosophy of education is:

a) Experience, testing and measurement
b) The operations of systems
c) Understanding and meaning
d) Critical thinking and questioning

132. What can Systems Theory help us to achieve in education?

a) To ignore values and ethics.
b) To place much emphasis on abstract reasoning.
c) To encourage learners to persevere in problem-solving.
d) It encourages scholarship and research
133. Systems Theory is:
a) Unsystematic
b) Holistic
c) An attitude
d) Non-holistic

134. Which philosophy is not systematic but an attitude?

a) Systems Theory
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Critical Realism
d) Empiricism
135. Critical theory started in:
a) Germany
b) Britain
c) Africa
d) Greece

136. What was the name of the group of philosophers who created Critical
Theory?
a) Freire school
b) Frankfurt school
c) Einstein school
d) Dewey school

137. Who led the Frankfurt school?

a) Paulo Freire
b) Peter McLaren
c) Jean Baudrillard
d) Max Horkheimer

138. Critical Theory began in the:

a) 1950s
b) 1990s
c) 1930s
d) 1880s

139. One of the proponents of Critical Theory includes:

a) Albert Einstein
b) Peter McLaren
c) Peter Senge
d) Carl Jung
140. The full name if Critical Theory is:
a) Critical Theory of Society
b) Critical theory of community
c) Critical theory of people
d) Critical Realism

141. Critical Theory in education is also referred to as:

a) Critical theory of society
b) Critical realism
c) Critical rationalism
d) Critical Pedagogy

142. Which philosophy has its roots in the 1930s Nazi Germany?
a) Critical realism
b) Complexity theory
c) Critical Theory
d) Scientific Rationalism

143. Which philosophy of education gives rise to education that rejects any claim
to objective truth in education?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Critical realism
c) Empiricism
d) Critical Theory

144. Freedom, empowerment and social transformation are the foci of attention
of:
a) Critical Theory
b) Hermeneutics
c) Phenomenological
d) Postmodernism

145. Main representative of African political philosophy?

a) Frantz Fanon
b) Amilcar Cabral
c) Kwame Nkrumah
d) All of the above
146. Which philosophy of education maintains that in any form of education there
is an inherent tension between individual autonomy and the demands placed on the
individual by society?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Critical realism
c) Critical Theory
d) Empiricism

147. Which theory claims that democracy is an illusion?

a) Systems Theory
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Critical Theory
d) Postmodernism

148. Consists of the religious and moral beliefs of the continent of Africa, ability of
Africa to criticise its own tradition:
a) Ethnic philosophy
b) Sage philosophy
c) Africa political
d) Pure philosophy

149. Which of the following two characteristics describe critical theory as a

method of enquiry?
a) Critical theory is authoritarian in nature.
b) Critical Theory believes in power structures
c) Critical Theory stresses the importance of personal strengths.
d) Critical theory accepts all people as equal.

150. Which philosophy refutes the view that the only form of knowledge is
mathematical and scientific knowledge?
a) Critical Rationalism
b) African Philosophy
c) Postmodernism
d) Phenomenology

151. Which philosophy rejects absolute and universal truth?

a) Phenomenology
b) Postmodernism
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) Hermeneutics
152. Which philosophy of education respects the uniqueness of learners and
acknowledge that there is diversity in communities?
a) African philosophy of education
b) Feminism philosophy of education
c) Critical Theory philosophy of education
d) Postmodernism philosophy of education

153. Education should be free from dominant ideologies and allow us to be free to
express ourselves as active participants in our society and community?
a) Hermeneutics
b) Critical realism
c) Phenomenological
d) Scientific Rationalism

154. Difference and freedom are the foci of attention of:

a) Critical realism
b) Feminism
c) Postmodernism
d) Phenomenological

155. Education focuses on the socialisation of the learner in the culture of the
community:
a) Feminist philosophy of education
b) Phenomenological philosophy of education
c) Critical theory
d) African philosophy of education

156. Educational systems are the foci of attention of:

a) Systems theory
b) Postmodernism
c) Phenomenology
d) Feminism

157. Which philosophy states that knowledge is constructed and produced in

societies that are ruled by social inequalities?
a) Postmodernism
b) Critical theory
c) Systems theory
d) Scientific rationalism
 158. Main proponent of Scientific Rationalism:
a) Karl Popper
b) Yusef Waghid
c) Richard Peters
d) Harvey Siegel

159. Postmodernism encourages learners:

a) To think critically
b) To pay attention to others instead of own-self
c) To solve problems
d) To accept that the truth is absolute and universal.

160. Main idea of Scientific Rationalism:

a) Measurement
b) Experiment
c) Analysis
d) Debate
Assessment 1 – 2021

QUESTION 1
The earliest forms of African Philosophy can be traced back to …
1 the ancient Greeks
2 the ancient pharaohs
3 the ancient Semites
4 the ancient Hamites

QUESTION 2
The feature that distinguishes African thought from Western thought is the
emphasis that African Philosophy places on
1 the male as the centre of all life
2 the community as the centre of life
3 the individual as the centre of life
4 the tribe as the centre of life

QUESTION 3
African Philosophy, in its search for truth, focuses on concerns relating to
1 questions of meaning and their significance.
2 the empowerment of individuals
3 the establishment of an African identity
4 thinking logically, cohesively and clearly

QUESTION 4
What, according to empiricism, gives us the most reliable form of truth?
1 Knowledge derived from our senses.
2 Knowledge learned at our schools.
3 Knowledge derived through experience.
4 Knowledge derived from spirituality.
QUESTION 5
Which one of the following is a quality of empiricism?
1 It accepts only that which can be analysed.
2 It accepts only that which is critical.
3 It places great emphasis on science.
4 It places great emphasis on society.

QUESTION 6
Which of the following statements is applicable to empiricism?
1 Empiricism regards human beings as spiritual beings.
2 Empiricism emphasises human morals and values.
3 Empiricism takes human emotions into consideration.
4 Empiricism understands how our physical world operates.
QUESTION 7
One of the limitations of scientific rationalism is that
1 it does not enable us to deal with scientific problems.
2 it is problematic in dealing with moral issues.
3 it does not enable us to deal with social problems.
4 it does not encourage dialogue between the sexes.
QUESTION 8
In terms of Karl Popper's theoretical views regarding the search for truth, which of
the following statements holds true?
1 Truth should be searched for by exposing error.
2 Truth is arrived at by the method of trial and error.
3 Truth is equal to those ideas that can be proved right.
4 Truth is discovered by constantly questioning.

QUESTION 9
The method of enquiry adopted by phenomenologists relates to
1 the analysis of the meaning of words and sentences
2 reflecting on ourselves and the world in which we live
3 the exploration of the communal and social meaning of life
4 the unmasking of power structures through ideological critique

QUESTION 10
Phenomenology, more than any other perspective, enables us to
1 search for our true place in the universe
2 challenge the claims of Western superiority.
3 regard science as independent of morality
4 avoid authoritarianism in the creation of meaning.

QUESTION 11
Which of the following is a shortcoming of phenomenology?
1 It tends to be immorally demanding.
2 It tends to be morally undemanding.
3 It tends to be morally demanding.
4 It tends to be immorally undemanding.
QUESTION 12
Which philosophical method of enquiry focuses specifically on literature, art,
music, poetry and craft?
1 Phenomenology
2 Modernism
3 Postmodernism
4 Hermeneutics

QUESTION 13
As a philosophy, hermeneutics has certain good qualities. Identify three from the
list below.
A It overcomes injustice.
B It creates meaning.
C It helps people to understand each other.
D It resists scientific arrogance.
1 a, b and c
2 b, c and d
3 a, b and d
4 a, c and d

QUESTION 14
Which aspect listed below is common to both hermeneutics and postmodernism?
1 Our happiness is linked to our own creativity.
2 Reason may not be a good guide to solving problems.
3 An increased understanding of ourselves and others
4 A clearer understanding of what it means to be normal.

QUESTION 15
Which of the following characteristics applies to systems theory?
1 It works towards a point.
2 It works towards cooperation.
3 It works towards a goal.
4 It works towards unification.

QUESTION 16
What can systems theory help us to achieve in education?
1 To ignore values and ethics
2 To place much emphasis on abstract reasoning
3 To encourage learners to persevere in problem solving.
4 It encourages scholarship and research.
QUESTION 17
Education, from a critical theory perspective, would emphasise
1 a system in which existing social, political, and economic structures are
critically examined and evaluated.
2 a system in which all power is shared by all, regardless of race, gender, sexual
preference, or age.
3 a system in which all learners are free to select their own curriculum and pace at which
they achieve learning.
4 a system in which learners are encouraged to conform to the values of their particular
communities.
QUESTION18
Two important proponents of critical theory are/were .
1 Kwasi Wiredu and Peter Bodunrin
2 Paulo Freire and Peter McLaren
3 Carl Jung and Martin Heidegger
4 Karl Popper and Albert Einstein

QUESTION 19
Which of the following two characteristics describe critical theory as a method of
enquiry?
A Critical theory is authoritarian in nature.
B Critical theory believes in power structures.
C Critical theory stresses the importance of personal strengths.
D Critical theory accepts all people as equal.
1. a and b
2. b and c
3. c and d
4. a and d
QUESTION 20
Which of the following is an important characteristic of feminism?
1 Religious fundamentalism creates social evils for countries.
2 Patriarchal societies are the basis of all social knowledge.
3 Patriarchal fundamentalism is evil in that it marginalises women.
4 Patriarchal fundamentalism is a social evil that we cannot do without.

QUESTION 21
Which of the following issues are of concern to feminism?
A The idea of democracy
B Sexual stereotyping
C Fairness and justice for all
D Rejection of inferiority of women to men
1 a and d
2 b and c
3 c and d
4 b and d
QUESTION 22
Education, from a feminist perspective, would tend to emphasise
1 the moral and social development of each individual for the betterment of society
2 the socialisation of both boys and girls into the traditions of community life
3 a system in which the value systems of the community and all its members are
critically examined and assessed to ensure an equitable distribution of roles and
responsibilities.
4 the cognitive and moral development of girls and young women in the community

QUESTION 23
Which three of the following ideas apply to modernism?
A Science can improve our lives on earth.
B Human beings are rational beings.
C Technology is the saviour of the world.
D Problem solving should be done by following our emotions and rationality.
1 a, b and c
2 a, b and d
3 a, c and d
4 b, c and d
QUESTION 24
Which of the following is an important characteristic of feminism?
1. Human experience is located within the realm of animals.
2. Human experience depends on male domination.
3. Human experience is the basis of all known knowledge.
4. Human experience is seriously affected by male domination.

QUESTION 25
Who of the following would you not associate with postmodernism?
1. Jean-Francois Lyotard
2. Nicholas Burbules
3. Ludwig Wittgenstein
4. Bertrand Russell

Assessment 1 – 2023

1. “Education is not about the teaching of technical competence” Which

philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Critical Rationalism philosophy of education
b) Postmodern philosophy of education
c) Hermeneutics philosophy of education
d) Phenomenological philosophy of education

2. Understanding and interpretation are the foci of attention of:

a) Critical realism
b) Postmodernism
c) Hermeneutics
d) Phenomenology
3. Difference and freedom are the foci of attention of:
a) Phenomenology
b) Postmodernism
c) Feminism
d) Critical Realism

4. The philosophy of education that claims values and culture should be

ignored in education is:
a) Systems Theory
b) Empiricism
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) Critical Theory

5. Which philosophy of education focuses on the learner’s feelings about

his/her body; the influence of culture on learning, social and sexual
violence and trauma, reproduction, and spirituality in the curriculum?
a) Feminism
b) Critical Theory
c) African
d) Phenomenology

6. “Education should respect the learners’ uniqueness as an individual and

acknowledge that there are differences between communities and cultures”
Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Scientific Rationalism philosophy of education
b) Postmodern philosophy of education
c) Critical Realism philosophy of education
d) Phenomenological philosophy of education

7. According to Hermeneutic philosophy of education, the term education

mainly concerns helping learners to:
a) Achieve certain objective goals.
b) Learn from experience.
c) Understand what they learn.
d) Think rationally.

8. According to Empirical philosophy of education, the term education mainly

concerns helping learners to:
a) Learn from experience.
b) Understand our physical world.
c) Evaluate information critically.
d) Discover the meaning to life.

9. According to a Phenomenological philosophy of education, the term

education mainly concerns helping learners to:
a) Pay more attention to human values.
b) Learn from experience.
c) Achieve certain objective goals.
d) Understand our physical world.
10. “Learning is a process that leads to the liberation of women in a patriarchal
dispensation” Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Systems Theory philosophy of education
b) Critical Realism philosophy of education
c) Phenomenological philosophy of education
d) Feminist philosophy of education

11. The philosophy of education that claims that in education there is no one
right answer to any human problem is:
a) Hermeneutics
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Empiricism
d) Critical Theory

12. Which philosophy of education maintains that in any form of education

there is an inherent tension between individual autonomy and the demands
placed on the individual by society?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Critical Theory
c) Empiricism
d) Critical Realism

13. The philosophy of education that argues in education truth is based on

what can and cannot be proved is:
a) Feminism
b) Empiricism
c) Hermeneutics
d) Scientific Rationalism

14. The fostering of a participatory and democratic approach in education is

emphasised by which philosophy of education?
a) Empiricism
b) Postmodernism
c) Phenomenology
d) Scientific Rationalism

15. “Teachers should give learners input in the form of expert knowledge
specifically so that the learners can produce output (in the form of exams
passed and knowledge mastered)” Which philosophy of education makes
this claim?
a) Phenomenological philosophy of education
b) Critical Realism philosophy of education
c) Systems Theory philosophy of education
d) Critical Rationalism philosophy of education

16. Which philosophy of education gives rise to education that promotes

critical thinking because of its questioning approach?
a) Feminist Theory
b) Postmodernism
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) Systems Theory
17. The philosophy of education that gives rise to education that is inclusive
and void of any form of marginalisation, and encourages co-operation?
a) Postmodernism
b) Systems Theory
c) Critical Realism
d) Feminism

18. The claim that women should have the same educational opportunities as
men is emphasised by which philosophy of education?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Phenomenology
c) Feminism
d) Postmodernism

19. Which philosophy of education claims that education should empower us

to reflect critically on the ideological power structures in society that
determine the aims and practices of education?
a) Phenomenology
b) Critical Theory
c) Postmodernism
d) Hermeneutics

20. “Education is concerned with the empowerment and autonomy of the

individual” Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Phenomenological philosophy of education
b) Scientific Rationalism philosophy of education
c) Empirical philosophy of education
d) Critical Theory philosophy of education

21. Which philosophy challenges the domination of Western though in

education?
a) Feminism
b) Systems Theory
c) Hermeneutics
d) African philosophy

22. Which philosophy of education argues that education should enable us to

discover who we really are as human beings?
a) Hermeneutics
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Empiricism
d) Phenomenology

23. The philosophy of education that argues that human values and culture
need to be understood and interpreted in education, and should not be
ignored is?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Hermeneutics
c) Feminism
d) Critical Realism
24. Which philosophy of education claims that education should recognise the
uniqueness and freedom of individuals?
a) Empiricism
b) Hermeneutics
c) Postmodernism
d) Critical Realism

25. According to an African Philosophy of education, education emphasises:

a) The moral development of the children of tribal leaders.
b) Agriculture and entrepreneurship to ensure the survival of the community.
c) The moral and social development of the individual.
d) The socialisation of youth into the traditions of community life.

26. “The role of the learner is one of interrogating assumptions that underpin
knowledge and theories” Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Systems Theory philosophy of education
b) Phenomenological philosophy of education
c) Postmodern philosophy of education
d) Scientific Rationalism philosophy of education

27. “Education should be free from dominant ideologies and should allow us to
be free to express ourselves as active participants in our society and
community” Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Phenomenological philosophy of education
b) Scientific Rationalism philosophy of education
c) Critical Realism philosophy of education
d) Hermeneutics philosophy of education

28. How does Critical Theory view education as a system?

a) Existing social, political and economic structures are critically
examined and evaluated.
b) All power is shared by all, regardless of race, gender, sexual preference or
age.
c) All learners are free to select their own curriculum and pace at which they
achieve learning.
d) Learners are encouraged to conform to the values of their communities.

29. Establishing an African identity and promoting indigenous African

knowledge systems in education are emphasised by which philosophy of
education?
a) Postmodernism
b) Empiricism
c) Scientific Rationalism
d) African philosophy

30. “Education focuses on the socialisation of the learner in the culture of the
community” Which philosophy of education makes this claim?
a) Phenomenological philosophy of education
b) Critical Theory philosophy of education
c) Feminist philosophy of education
d) African philosophy of education
31. Educational systems are the foci of attention of:
a) Feminism
b) Phenomenology
c) Systems Theory
d) Postmodernism

32. Which philosophy of education rejects any form of patriarchal domination

of education?
a) Systems Theory
b) Critical Theory
c) Feminism
d) Empiricism

33. “Science, Mathematics and Technology should form the basis of education
practice”
a) Empirical philosophy of education
b) Postmodern philosophy of education
c) Critical Rationalism philosophy of education
d) Hermeneutics philosophy of education

34. According to Postmodern philosophy of education, the term education

mainly concerns helping learners to:
a) Master the content of subjects.
b) Improve their natural ability to question and explore.
c) Understand our physical world.
d) Achieve certain objective goals.

35. According to a Systems Theory philosophy of education, the term

education mainly concerns helping learners to:
a) Understand themselves.
b) Think rationally and critically.
c) Achieve certain objective goals.
d) Provide the necessary output in the form of assignments and
examinations (after mastering teachers’ input)

36. Which philosophy of education argues that education should not be based
on rational knowledge and the measuring performance by means of
examinations, tests and assignments?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Feminism
c) Postmodernism
d) Hermeneutics

37. The philosophy of education that focuses on the interplay between

education and the environment in which it operates:
a) Systems Theory
b) Empiricism
c) Critical Realism
d) Scientific Rationalism
38. Which philosophy of education emphasises the values of Ubuntu and
communality in the aims and practices of education?
a) African philosophy
b) Critical Theory
c) Systems Theory
d) Critical Realism

39. Which philosophy of education gives rise to an education that rejects any
claim to objective truth in education?
a) Empiricism
b) Scientific Rationalism
c) Critical Realism
d) Critical Theory

40. Which philosophy of education focuses on testing and measuring?

a) Postmodernism
b) Critical Realism
c) Phenomenology
d) Empiricism

41. The philosophy of education that points out that things are done with a
specific goal in mind when an input-output model of education is adopted
is:
a) Hermeneutics
b) Critical Theory
c) Systems Theory
d) Postmodernism

42. Which philosophy of education stresses that human values are the foci of
attention?
a) Phenomenological philosophy of education
b) Empirical philosophy of education
c) Critical Realism philosophy of education
d) Postmodern philosophy of education

43. Which philosophy of education encourages a problem-solving approach to

education?
a) Critical Theory
b) Systems Theory
c) Empiricism
d) Scientific Rationalism

44. According to a Scientific Rationalism philosophy of education, the term

education mainly concerns helping learners to:
a) Solve problems.
b) Discover the meaning of their personal lives.
c) Socialise in their communities.
d) Understand our physical world and its laws.
 45. Which philosophy of education claims that education mirrors the human
condition?
a) Scientific Rationalism
b) Critical Theory
c) Phenomenology
d) Empiricism

Exam prep – e-tutor

1. The main assertion about African philosophy is that:

a) It is a rejection of Western philosophy.
b) It is a rejection of Western education.
c) It is a call for the decolonisation of the curriculum.
d) It is a response of the problems and troubles of Africa.

2. African philosophy can be sub-divided into one of the following:

a) Naturalism
b) Humanism
c) Idealism
d) Realism
e) Ethnic philosophy

3. African philosophy:
a) Puts the individual at the centre of life.
b) Puts Ubuntu at the centre of life.
c) Puts culture at the centre of life.
d) Puts the community at the centre of life.
e) Puts spirituality at the centre of life.

4. The central ethical idea in traditional African thought is:

a) Unity
b) Respect
c) Fairness
d) Ubuntu
e) Care

5. African philosophy has its roots in:

a) Anti-colonialism
b) Communism
c) Buddhism
d) Spoken tradition
e) Spirituality

6. According to Empiricism, everything we know is based on:

a) Science
b) Rationality
c) Critical thinking
d) Sense knowledge
e) Research
7. Empiricism is concerned with establishing the facts by:
a) Making people to be critical thinkers.
b) Emphasising the role of tradition.
c) Encouraging people to ignore art.
d) Scientific testing.
e) Interviewing people.

8. Which of the given options is INCORRECT:

Empiricism is helpful in education in that:
a) It helps us to think more clearly.
b) It forces us to be precise in what we mean.
c) It encourages us to appreciate our values and culture.
d) It gives us the tools we need to test the truth of certain claims.
e) It encourages us to learn from experience.

9. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:

Empiricism can be harmful to education as it:
a) It treats ethics as important.
b) It gives no real place to art, music or poetry.
c) It judges teachers based on the performance of the children.
d) It ignores the fact that some learners have no aptitude for Math or
Science.
e) It encourages a mechanistic view of learning and teaching.

10. Which of the given options is INCORRECT:

In Empiricism, claims about a topic are regarded as true or worth it if:
a) They can actually be able to be seen.
b) Its truth can be determined through experience and facts.
c) It could be recorded scientifically.
d) False statements on the topic have been identified.
e) It can be verified.

11. Which of the given options is INCORRECT:

Scientific Rationalism teaches that:
a) We should accept what we are told.
b) We should always review our knowledge.
c) We should always leave room for error.
d) We should be open-minded.
e) We should speak up our minds.

12. Which of the given options is INCORRECT:

Questioning in Scientific Rationalism implies that:
a) We can and should reject knowledge.
b) We should be certain about things.
c) We should be critically minded.
d) Life cannot be viewed from one perspective.
e) All members of society must participate in societal matters by having a
questioning attitude.
13. Scientific Rationalism emphasises that Science and ____ are essential for
encouraging a questioning attitude and active citizenry.
a) Identification of falsehood
b) Systematic philosophy
c) Democracy
d) A critical mind
e) Open-mindedness

14. What makes it difficult for Scientific Rationalism to become accepted in the
formal schooling system is that:
a) It will demand a lot of resources for it to be implemented in schools.
b) It is not a systematic philosophy like other philosophies.
c) It encourages independent, sceptical thought.
d) It states that we need to be prepared to be mistaken.
e) It appeals to emotions.

15. Which of the given options is INCORRECT:

Scientific Rationalism claims that:
a) All beliefs should be tested.
b) All assumptions are just that, assumptions.
c) Conformity is based on having firstly tested facts.
d) Minorities must also be allowed to speak.
e) People are fallible, prone to making mistakes.

16. Phenomenology is concerned with a description of what is essentially

human, meaning:
a) That it is concerned with life instead of science.
b) It wants us to examine our beliefs closely.
c) It is concerned with the felt experience rather than on a scientific
analysis of experience.
d) It is concerned with human happiness.
e) It wants us to resist other people’s demands and expectations of us.

17. Phenomenology looks at things and ourselves in reality, as they really are,
means:
a) Looking at things without testing them.
b) Looking at ourselves without science.
c) Looking at ourselves without theories or opinions on this reality.
d) Looking at the world objectively.
e) Self-introspecting ourselves.

18. Phenomenology asserts that when coming to our assumptions and beliefs,
we should:
a) Believe in them because they are our assumptions and beliefs.
b) Put them aside for a while.
c) Not let people question our assumptions and beliefs.
d) Not ignore them.
e) Regard them as theories about life.
19. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
Phenomenology helps us achieve in education, means that:
a) Phenomenology can help us to examine our lives closely.
b) It can help us to reject false education value systems (eg. Materialism)
c) It can help us to reject other people’s demands and expectations.
d) It can help us to slow down and lead carefree lives.
e) It can help us to carefully reflect on education as a phenomenon.

20. Phenomenology claims that our biggest challenge it to:

a) Not let people tell us what to feel and see.
b) Resist power structures.
c) Find happiness.
d) Confront ourselves in all our ambiguity and complexity and thus to
get nearer to the “real me”
e) Make us lack the capacity to feel.

21. Hermeneutics is the philosophy of:

a) Criticism
b) Analysis
c) Humanism
d) Interpretation
e) Socialism

22. Hermeneutics acknowledges that ___ has an impact on the way we

understand and experience anything in life.
a) Sense knowledge
b) Science
c) Our culture
d) Being tolerant of others
e) Perception

23. Hermeneutics claims the following about science:

a) It liberates our thinking.
b) It sharpens our interpretation abilities.
c) It helps us to avoid subjectivity.
d) It alone, does not make life worthwhile.
e) It helps us to arrive at the right anwers.

24. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:

When coming to education, Hermeneutics can help us to be:
a) More flexible
b) More understanding of others and their views.
c) More critical of others
d) Able to expand our horizons
e) More creative
25. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
Hermeneutics in education cannot help us to:
a) Analyse our community’s traditions subjectively.
b) Encourage people to think clearly and logically.
c) To critically accept existing power structures.
d) Clearly define problems.
e) Have mastery of a group of subjects.

26. SYSTEMS THEORY

Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
The philosophy of Systems Theory focuses on the following questions:
a) What is the system’s environment or context?
b) How do the similar parts of the system fit together?
c) How does the system operate?
d) What is the aim of the system?

CRITICAL THEORY
Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
Critical Theory can help us to:
a) Realistically assess power.
b) Identify those who have power and those who do not.
c) Identify strong points in existing power relations.
d) Define our own personal power and weakness.

FEMINISM
Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
All forms of Feminism focus on:
a) Sexual stereotyping
b) Creating a bigger place for women in the world.
c) The achievement of legal, social and economic equality between the
sexes.
d) Asserting the view that women are superior to men.

POSTMODERNISM
Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
Postmodernism in a nutshell:
a) Is a response to the success of science in making human life easier
and more rewarding.
b) Rejects the notion of absolute truth.
c) Can be regarded as a humanist response to a world dominated by
technology and bureaucracy.
d) Radically challenges rigid morality and asks us to question notions of
‘duty’

27. Systems Theory is holistic because:

a) It seeks to understand a complex entity in its strands.
b) It seeks to understand a complex entity in its categories.
c) It seeks to understand a complex entity in its entirety.
d) It seeks to understand a complicated entity in separate angles.
28. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:
Systems Theory states that we should approach any problem by asking
ourselves the following questions:
a) Where does the system fit into the total environment?
b) How do the components of the system fit together?
c) What helps the system to work and what prevents it from working more
effectively?
d) Why is it necessary to want to understand a problem by analysing it
comprehensively?
e) What is the goal of the system?

29. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:

Systems Theory helps us achieve in education by:
a) Encouraging clarity and logic in thinking.
b) Actively promoting and interdisciplinary approach to knowledge.
c) Helping learners to not waste time in problem-solving.
d) Helping learners to overcome barriers to learning Mathematics.
e) Helping learners to overcome barriers to learning language.

30. Which one of the given options is INCORRECT:

Systems Theory cannot be helping in education when:
a) It ignores problems that are specific to certain disciplines.
b) It tends to be uncritical of existing systems, including existing educational
systems.
c) It tends to regard education as a means to achieve certain ends
rather than not a value in its own right.
d) It places too much emphasis on abstract reasoning.