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THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
HYDRAULICS AND IRRIGATION

ENGINEERING (Lab Part)
(Lecture#1)
PRESENTED BY:
Engr. Muhammad Hassan Ashfaq
muhammad.hassan@ce.uol.edu.pk
Office: NE-124
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Engr. Muhammad Hassan Ashfaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 1
EXPERIMENT # 01
TO DETERMINE MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT ‘N’ AND CHEZY’S
COEFFICIENT ‘C’ IN A LABORATORY FLUME
OBJECTIVES:
 Physical measurement of n & c.
 To study the variation of n & c as a function of discharge in the flume.
 To investigate the relationship between n & c.
APPARATUS:
 (S-6) glass sided tilting Flume Apparatus
 Point gauge
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RELATED THEORY
 FLUME:
Laboratory Open channel supported above the ground / elevated open channel.
TYPES OF FLUME:
According to shape, Flume may have following types.
o Rectangular Flume
o Trapezoidal Flume
o U Flume
o Parshall Flume Same shape like
venturi-meter
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RELATED THEORY (Contd)..
 S6 (GLASS SIDED) TILTING FLUME APPARATUS:

o A glass sided tilting flume apparatus is fabricated with stainless steel
with manometric flow arrangement and slope adjusting scale which use in
laboratory to perform the various experiments. It is a function of the shape of the
pipe, channel, or river in which the water is flowing. A working cross-section of
300mm wide by 450 mm deep with working lengths of 5m, 7.5, 10m and 15m.
 POINT GAUGE:
o It is used to measure the depth of flowing flow in tilting flume at different points
of section.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FLOW
Wrt Time Wrt Space Wrt Desnity
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow Uniform Flow Non-Uniform Flow Compressible Incompressible
Flow Flow
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Steady Uniform Flow:

Conditions do not change with position or with time in the stream. An example is the
flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity.
 Steady Non Uniform Flow:

Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not change with time. An
example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant velocity at the inlet – velocity will
change as you move along the length of the pipe towards the exit.
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UN STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the same, but will
change with time. An example is a pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump
pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off.
 UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW:

Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with time at
every point. For example waves in a channel.
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 Manning’s Roughness Formula:

The Manning formula states that:
2 1
1
Q  AR S 3 2
n
WHERE,
Q is the flow [L3/T]
A is the cross-sectional area [L2]
n is the Manning coefficient (also called as resistance to flow).
R is the hydraulic radius [L]
S is the slope of the water surface or the linear hydraulic head loss
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 HYDRAULICS RADIUS:
The hydraulic radius is a measure of channel flow efficiency
A
WHERE,
Rh 
P
Rh is the hydraulic radius [L]
A is the cross sectional area of flow = (A= B*y). [L2]
P is Wetted perimeter = B+2y. [L]
 The greater the hydraulic radius, the greater the efficiency of the channel.
 The hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels.

Search and write reasons
in comments part of your
manual
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 CHEZY’S FORMULA:
The Chezy’s formula states that
Q  AC RS
 FLOW RATE (DISCHARGE):
It is the amount of water in m3 passing in one second from a point.

Torricelli’s Theorem
Q  kA 2 gh V  2 gh
Where,
K = roughness coefficient and here its value is 1.2

∆h = h1 – h2 [L]
h1 = head of water in one limb of the pressure tube. (It’s a greater value). [L]
h2 =head of water in other limb of the pressure tube. (It’s a lesser value). [L]
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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘n’ & ‘c’ HOW?

1
6
R
C
n
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11
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Flume width = B = ----------- m Value of k to find the Q = 1.2
Rise of water Average Depth of Wetted Area Hydrauli

in tubes and flow Perimeter of c mean Flow rate Chezy’s
Manning’s
their Y= (Y1+Y2+Y3)/3 flow Radius (m3/sec) Velocity Constant
Channel Constant
difference (m) (m) (m2) (m)
Sr bed
(m)
# slope
1
(S)
A 2
R6
Rh 
1
h1 h2 ∆h Y1 Y2 Y3 Y P  B  2Y A  B.Y Q  kA 2 gh V  Q n  A .R 3 .S 2 C
P A Q
n
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GRAPHS
1) Graph between n and Q

2) Graph between Q and c
3) Graph between n and V
4) Graph between V and c
5) Graph between n and C
Note:
Use proper scale
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THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

HYDRAULICS AND IRRIGATION

 S6 (GLASS SIDED) TILTING FLUME APPARATUS:

Wrt Time Wrt Space Wrt Desnity

 Steady Uniform Flow:

 Steady Non Uniform Flow:

UN STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

 UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW:

 Manning’s Roughness Formula:

 The hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels.

It is the amount of water in m3 passing in one second from a point.

K = roughness coefficient and here its value is 1.2

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘n’ & ‘c’ HOW?

Rise of water Average Depth of Wetted Area Hydrauli

1) Graph between n and Q

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