Basic Concepts

& Issues of
Human
Dominique Jan
Development
Balisacan, RMT
Report #1
Child and Adolescent
Development
 Human development is a branch
of psychology that studies—and
Human strives to optimize—the
elements that help people live
Development healthy and fulfilling lives. This
field aims to understand the
various changes individuals and
their relationships go through as
they continue to learn and grow
 Human development is a lifelong process of physical, behavioral,
cognitive, and emotional growth and change. In the early stages of
life— from babyhood to childhood, childhood to adolescence, and
adolescence to adulthood—enormous changes take place.
Domains of Human Development

Cognitive Domain
or Cognitive Processes
Physical Domain
or Biological Processes
Psychosocial Domain
or Socioemotional Processes
Domains of Development Cognitive Domain
Cognitive development includes mental processes, thinking,
learning, and understanding, and it doesn’t stop in childhood.
Adolescents develop the ability to think logically about the
abstract world. Moral reasoning develops further, as does
practical intelligence—wisdom may develop with experience
over time. Memory abilities and different forms of intelligence
tend to change with age. Brain development and the brain’s
ability to adapt and compensate for losses is significant to
cognitive functions across the lifespan.
Domains of Development Physical Domain
Physical development involves brain development, which
not only enables childhood motor coordination but also
greater coordination between emotions and planning in
adulthood, as our brains are not done developing in
infancy or childhood. Physical development also includes
puberty, sexual health, fertility, menopause, changes in
our senses, and healthy habits with nutrition and
exercise.
Domains of Development Psychosocial Domain
Development in the psychosocial (or socioemotional)
domain involves what’s going on both psychologically and
socially. It involves emotions, personality, self-esteem,
and relationships. Peers become more important for
adolescents, who are exploring new roles and forming
their own identities.
Domains of Development Psychosocial Domain
Dating, romance, cohabitation, marriage, having
children, and finding work or a career are all parts of
the transition into adulthood. Psychosocial development
continues across adulthood with similar (and some
different) developmental issues of family, friends,
parenting, romance, divorce, remarriage, blended
families, caregiving for elders, becoming grandparents
and great grandparents, retirement, new careers,
coping with losses, and death and dying
 Traditional The traditional approach
emphazies extensive

Approach of change from birth to

adolescence, little to no
change in adulthood, and
Development decline in late old age.
 Periods of
Human
Development
Period of Development Pre-Natal Development
Prenatal development involves the development of the embryo and of
the fetus during gestation. Prenatal development starts with
fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and
continues in fetal development until birth. The influences of nature
such as genetics and nurturing, which are environmental factors during
pregnancy that can lead to birth defects are evident.
Period of Development Infancy
Infancy stretches from the first moments of postnatal life to 12 months
and includes developmental milestones. infants learn to develop their
abilities to think, feel, and move. They also learn how to interact with
the people and things around them. Brain development happens at a
remarkable rate, as does physical growth and language development.
Infants have their own temperaments and approaches to play.
Period of Development Toddler
From ages one to three, your child has many developmental milestones.
These milestones are skills like showing greater independence and
recognizing themselves in pictures or a mirror. It's also things like
putting words together, talking in sentences and exploring new objects
and people around them.
Period of Development Early Childhood
the most essential developmental stage of life, during which critical
advances are made in the physical, social, cognitive, emotional, family
environment, and linguistic domains.
Period of Development Middle Childhood
Middle childhood is a stage where children move into expanding roles
and environments. Children begin to spend more time away from their
family and spend more time in school and other activities. As they
experience more of the world around them, children begin to develop
their own identity.
Period of Development Adolescence
Adolescence is the developmental transition to adulthood that includes
rapid changes in the brain and body, often at different rates and is a
time for healthy exploration of identity and learning independence. It
can also be a stressful or challenging for teens because of these rapid
changes.
Human Development Adolescence
Adolescence is the developmental transition to adulthood that includes
rapid changes in the brain and body, often at different rates and is a
time for healthy exploration of identity and learning independence. It
can also be a stressful or challenging for teens because of these rapid
changes. It is also a time of cognitive change as the adolescent begins to
think of new possibilities and to consider abstract concepts such as
love, fear, and freedom.
Period of Development Early Adulthood
In early adulthood, an individual is
concerned with developing the ability to
share intimacy, seeking to form
relationships and find intimate love. It is
a time when we are at our physiological
peak but are most at risk for involvement
in violent crimes and substance abuse. It
is a time of focusing on the future and
putting a lot of energy into making
choices that will help one earn the status
of a full adult in the eyes of others
Period of Development Middle Adulthood
It is a period in which physiological aging that began earlier
becomes more noticeable and a period at which many people are
at their peak of productivity in love and work. It may be a period
of gaining expertise in certain fields and being able to
understand problems and find solutions with greater efficiency
than before.
Period of Development Late Adulthood
The period of late adulthood, which
starts around age 65, is
characterized by great changes
and ongoing personal development.
Older adults face profound
physical, cognitive, and social
changes, and many figure out
strategies for adjusting to them
and successfully cope with old age.
 Life Span The life-span approach
emphasizes developmental

Approach of change during adulthood as

well as childhood

Development
Life Span Development
Development is Lifelong
No age period dominates development
Researchers increasingly study the
experiences and psychological orientations of
adults at different points in their development
Life Span Development
Development is Multidimensional
It is divided into biological, cognitive, and
socioemotional dimension
Development is Multidirectional
Some dimensions or components of a dimension
can increase or decrease in growth
Life Span Development
Development is Contextual
It examines how people develop, influence, and
shape their social settings–families,
communities, educational institutions, and the
workplace–across their lifespan.
Life Span Development
Development is Contextual
It examines how people develop, influence, and
shape their social settings–families,
communities, educational institutions, and the
workplace–across their lifespan.
Erikson’s Stages of
Development
Erik Erikson was an ego
psychologist who developed
one of the most popular and
influential theories of
development.
Stages of Development Stage 1: Trust Vs. Mistrust
The trust vs. mistrust stage is the first stage of psychologist Erik
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at
birth and lasts until a child is around 18 months old.

According to Erikson, this is the most important period of a child's

life, as it shapes their view of the world as well as their overall
personality.

Erikson believed that early patterns of trust influence a child's

social and emotional development. If a child successfully develops
trust, they will feel safe and secure in the world. According to his
theory, a parent essentially shapes their child's perception and
future relationships
Stages of Development Stage 1: Trust Vs. Mistrust
Stages of Development Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage wherein it
occurs between the age of 18 months and around age 2 or 3 years.
According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on
developing a greater sense of self-control.

it is important for young children to begin developing a sense of

personal independence and control. As they learn to do things for
themselves, they establish a sense of control over themselves as well
as some basic confidence in their own abilities.
Stages of Development Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Shame is defined as a "self-conscious" emotion that
results when a person feels there is something
dishonorable about themselves or their conduct. A
person who experiences shame may hide parts of
themselves from social relationships; they may also
engage in avoidant or defensive behavior.

Self-doubt is linked with low self esteem levels, as well as

greater nervousness in regard to performance. Parents
who tend to excessively control their children may
unknowingly contribute to greater levels of self doubt in
their children.
Stages of Development Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Stages of Development Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt
This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of 3
and 5. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to
assert their power and control over the world through directing play
and other social interactions.

Within the context of Erikson's theory, initiative is "a truly free

sense of enterprise, manifested at the societal level in a society’s
economic structure and endeavour.

Kids who develop initiative are eager to try new activities and
experiences without excessive fear of failure. They learn what they
can and cannot control. When they do make mistakes, they don't
feel guilty; they understand that they just need to try again
Stages of Development Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt
Stages of Development Stage 4: Industry Vs Inferiority
The fourth stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and 11.
During the stage of industry vs. inferiority, a child is learning new skills.
When they productively navigate this stage, they feel useful and
develop a sense of self-worth. However, if they aren't supported in
learning new skills, they may develop a sense of worthlessness or
inferiority.

Industry refers to hard work. During stage four, a child is learning

various emotional and social skills. It's important that their parents or
caregivers support them as they face new challenges and make attempts
to navigate these challenges on their own.

In order for a child to feel industrious, they need to feel that they are
capable and competent. Without the opportunities to develop new skills,
they may end up feeling inadequate or that they just don't measure up.
Stages of Development Stage 4: Industry Vs Inferiority
Stages of Development Stage 5: Identity vs Confusion
This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately
12 and 18. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and
develop a sense of self.

Identity vs. role confusion is a stage characterized by asking "Who am I,"

and learning more about your own goals, values, and beliefs.

According to Erikson, people progress through a series of stages as they

grow and change throughout life. During each stage, everyone faces a
developmental conflict that must be resolved to successfully develop
the primary virtue of that stage. Erikson was interested in how social
interaction and relationships affect development and growth.
Stages of Development Stage 5: Identity vs Confusion
As they transition from childhood to adulthood, teens may begin to feel
confused or insecure about themselves and how they fit into society. As
they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with
different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is
important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a
sense of direction in life.

Erikson defines identity as a “fundamental organizing principal which

develops constantly throughout the lifespan.”

Identity involves the experiences, relationships, beliefs, values, and

memories that make up a person's subjective sense of self. This helps
create a continuous self-image that remains fairly constant even as new
aspects of the self are developed or strengthened over time.
Stages of Development Stage 5: Identity vs Confusion
Stages of Development Stage 6: Intimacy and Isolation
The intimacy vs. isolation stage takes place during young
adulthood between the ages of approximately 19 and 40. The
major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming
intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success at
this stage leads to fulfilling relationships. Struggling at this
stage, on the other hand, can result in feelings of loneliness
and isolation.

Erikson believed that it was vital to develop close, committed

relationships with other people. As people enter adulthood,
these emotionally intimate relationships play a critical role in
a person's emotional well-being.
Stages of Development Stage 6: Intimacy and Isolation
Erikson described intimate relationships as those characterized by
closeness, honesty, and love. Romantic and sexual relationships can
be an important part of this stage of life, but intimacy is more about
having close, loving relationships. It includes romantic partners, but
it can also encompass close, enduring friendships with people
outside of your family.

Intimacy requires being able to share parts of yourself with others,

as well as the ability to listen to and support other people. These
relationships are reciprocal—you are sharing parts of yourself, and
others are sharing with you.
Stages of Development Stage 6: Intimacy and Isolation
When this happens successfully, you gain the support, intimacy, and
companionship of another person. But sometimes things don't go so
smoothly. You might experience rejection or other responses that cause
you to withdraw. It might harm your confidence and self-esteem, making
you warier of putting yourself out there again in the future.

Isolation can be because of a lot of reasons that can include neglect,

abuse, divorce. No matter what the cause, it can have a detrimental
impact on your life. It may lead to feelings of loneliness and even
depression.
Stages of Development Stage 6: Intimacy and Isolation
Stages of Development Stage 7: Generavity vs Stagnation
This stage takes place during middle adulthood, between the
approximate ages of 40 and 65. During this stage, middle-aged adults
strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by
parenting children or fostering positive changes that benefit others.
Contributing to society and doing things to promote future generations
are important needs at the generativity vs. stagnation stage of
development.

It's important to note that life events at this stage tend to be less age-
specific than they are during early- and late-stage life. The major
events that contribute to this stage (such as marriage, work, and child-
rearing) can occur at any point during the broad span of middle
adulthood.
Stages of Development Stage 7: Generavity vs Stagnation
Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world by caring for
others as well as through creating and accomplishing things that make
the world a better place. Some characteristics developed on this stage
includes developing relationship with family and making commitments
which are mostly realized when raising children.

Stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to contribute. Stagnant

individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community or
with society as a whole. Those who fail to attain the generativity skill feel
unproductive in and uninvolved with the world.
Stages of Development Stage 7: Generavity vs Stagnation
Stages of Development Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair
This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death.
Psychologists, counselors, and nurses today use the concepts of
Erikson's stages when providing care for aging patients

Erikson’s theory suggests that people pass through eight distinctive

developmental stages as they grow and change through life. While many
other theories tend to focus purely on childhood events, Erikson was one
of the few theorists to look at development across the entire course of
the lifespan. He was also one of the first to view the aging process itself
as part of human development.
Stages of Development Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair
Integrity vs. despair involves a retrospective look back and life and
either feeling satisfied that life was well-lived (integrity) or regretting
choices and missed opportunities (despair). In order to understand this
stage, it is important to first understand what Erikson meant by
integrity and despair.

Integrity, also known as ego integrity, refers to a person's ability to look

back on their life with a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment.

Despair, according to Erikson, refers to looking back on life with feelings

of regret, shame, or disappointment
Stages of Development Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair
The integrity versus despair stage begins as the aging adult begins to
tackle the problem of his or her mortality. The onset of this stage is
often triggered by life events such as retirement, the loss of a spouse,
the loss of friends and acquaintances, facing a terminal illness, and
other changes to major roles in life.

During the integrity versus despair stage, people reflect back on the life
they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a
life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.
Stages of Development Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair
 Issues on Nature vs Nurture
Continuity vs
Human Discontinuity
Development Stability vs Change
Issues of Development Nature vs Nurture
Nature refers largely to our genetics. It includes the genes we
are born with and other hereditary factors that can impact how
our personality is formed and influence the way that we develop
from childhood through adulthood.

Nurture encompasses the environmental factors that impact

who we are. This includes our early childhood experiences, the
way we were raised, our social relationships, and the
surrounding culture.
Issues of Development Nature vs Nurture
The nature vs. nurture debate centers on the contributions of
genetics and environmental factors to human development.
Some philosophers, such as Plato and Descartes, suggested that
certain factors are inborn or occur naturally regardless of
environmental influences.

Advocates of this point of view believe that all of our

characteristics and behaviors are the result of evolution. They
contend that genetic traits are handed down from parents to
their children and influence the individual differences that
make each person unique.
Issues of Development Continuity vs Discontinuity
The development of a person throughout his life is closely
related to concepts such as continuity (quality) and
discontinuity (quantity)

The difference between continuous and discontinuous

development is that continuous development views development
as a slow and continuous process. In contrast, discontinuous
development focuses on how our genetic predispositions
progress human development through distinct stages.
Issues of Development Continuity vs Discontinuity

Continuity is interpreted as the succession of the processes of

human development and the formation of individual
characteristics. For example, the development of behavior that
appears discrete or disordered at the execution level occurs
through processes that are themselves continuous and ordered.
A clear example is the gradual mastery of the native language,
which happens unconsciously.
Issues of Development Continuity vs Discontinuity

Alternatively, discontinuity characterizes the quantitative

changes generated by the peculiarities of the personality’s
inclusion in new historical conditions. Thus, specific features of
mental development correspond to each particular age period.
For example, in mastering culture by a person, his or her
primitive instincts fade into the background. At a specific stage
of development, a person stops crawling and begins to walk.
Issues of Development Stability vs Change
Stability implies personality traits present during infancy
endure throughout the lifespan. It emphasizes the importance
of early experiences on future development, suggesting that
early childhood experiences play a significant role in
determining adult personality traits and behaviors.

For example, a child who is cheerful and outgoing will likely grow
into an adult with similar personality traits. Stability theorists
believe that change is relatively difficult once initial
personality traits have been established.
Issues of Development Stability vs Change
In contrast, change theorists argue that family interactions,
school experiences, and acculturation modify personalities.
It implies that our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are
malleable and can be influenced by experiences and
environments over time. This perspective suggests that it is
equally likely for an introverted child to become an extroverted
adult, depending on various factors such as life experiences,
education, or trauma.
 Research enables teachers
Research in to come up with informed
decision on what to teach
and how to teach. This
Child & involves decisions related
to educational policies,
curriculum and effective
Adolescent teaching-learning process
 Case Study
It provides information about an individual’s fears, hopes, fantasies,
Types of Research

traumatic experiences, upbringing, family relationship, health, and

anything that helps a psychologist understand a person’s development.

Correlational Study
It determines association. The more strongly two events are
correlated, the more we can predict one from the other.
 Naturalistic Observation
A research design that focuses on children’s experiences and let
Types of Research

researcher observe them in natural setting.

Longitudinal
This research design studies and follows through a single group over a
period of time and allows to record and monitor development trends.
Cross Sectional
A research in which individuals change or about the stability of their
characteristics allows to record and monitor development trends.
 Sequential
It is a combined cross sectional and longitudinal
Types of Research

research to learn the lifespan development

Action Research
It is a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by
individuals working with others in teams or as a part of a community
of practice to improve the way they address issues and solve
problems. It is appropriate in a particular setting when the purpose of
the study is to create changes and gain information and processes on
outcomes of strategies used.
 Sequential
It is a combined cross sectional and longitudinal
Types of Research

research to learn the lifespan development

Action Research
It is a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by
individuals working with others in teams or as a part of a community
of practice to improve the way they address issues and solve
problems. It is appropriate in a particular setting when the purpose of
the study is to create changes and gain information and processes on
outcomes of strategies used.
Data Gathering Techniques
Standardized Test
Prepared test that assess individuals’ performance in different
domains. It is administered in a consistent manner.

Interview Questionnaires
Involves asking participants to provide information about themselves
based on questionnaires given by researchers.
Life History Records
Information about a lifetime chronology of events and activities. It
involve combination of data records, on education, work, family, and
residence.
 Provide a general
Ethical framework within
which particular
ethical dilemmas may
Principles be analyzed.
 Ethical Standard of the American
Educational Research Association
Education researchers are honest, fair, and respectful of others in
their professional activities—in research, teaching, practice, and
service. Education researchers do not knowingly act in ways that
jeopardize the welfare of others.
 Ethical Standard for Research with
Children - Society for Research in
Child Development
It regards scientific integrity, transparency, and openness as
essential for the conduct of research and its application to practice
and policy. These values apply to research conduct, to the teaching
of scientific methods, and to the translation of science into practice
and policy.
 Standards for the American
Psychological Association
Concerning Research
Essential pieces of the APA Code of Ethics include the purpose of
informed consent and patient confidentiality. Psychologists are
required to obtain informed consent from their clients. Informed
consent is the act of getting permission to treat a client or have them
participate in a study after carefully explaining it.
 national Association for the
Education and Young Children
1. Research procedures must never harm children, physically or
pedagogically
2. Children and their families have the right for full information
about the research, in which they may participate, including
possible risks and benefits
3. Children’s quuestion about the research should be answered in
truthful manner and in ways that they can understand
4. There should be respect to privacy. Information obtained through
research with children should be maintained confidential.
Thank
You