DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

AND MANAGEMENT

hapter One
Framed Structure Construction
1.1Introduction To Modern Construction
It is a construction technology relating to recent times or the present modern history. It is about
better products and processes. It aims to improve business efficiency, quality, customer
satisfaction, environmental performance, sustainability and the predictability of delivery
timescales. Modern construction technology is more broadly based than a particular focus on
product. It engage people to seek improvement, through better processes, in the delivery and
performance of construction.

The modern construction systems can be categorized as:

1. Mechanization of construction works at Site (Industrialized Formwork Systems)

2. Mechanization of Construction at Factory (Industrialized Building Systems or

Industrialized/Prefab Buildings)

3. Combined systems

In general, the construction method can be classified into following categories:

1. Conventional method
 2. Non-conventional method

• Cast-in situ Method

• Composite Method, and

• Fully prefabricated Method

Last three methods can be grouped to non-conventional category and known as the Modern
Construction Systems
Construction Methods

Conventional Non Conventional

Fully Prefabricate Composite Cast in-situ

On site Off site

Load Bearing
Precast Concrete Sandwich Panel Steel Frame
Block

Frame Panel Box

Figure 1: Showing the methods in construction.

Why Modern? - The reason why we need to be modern in our way of construction is
because it belongs to the present (and not olden) time.
Why Advance? – The reason why we need to be advanced it because these type of
construction method is highly developed, super complex and systematic.
Why Industrial? - The reason why we need to be industrial is that it is devolved in
Industrial Age and because of manufacturing/production and industrial approach.

1.2 Frame Structures

Frame is a structure used to resist vertical forces (for example gravity loading) and lateral forces
(for example wind, and earthquakes).
What is framed structure?

 Framed structure is structure that is made stable by a skeleton that is able to stand by itself as
a rigid structure without depending on floors or walls to resist deformation. Or
 Framed structures are structures having the combination of beam, column and slab to resist
the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually used to overcome the large moments
developing due to the applied loading.
MEMBERS FOR FRAMING

Requirement: (the main requirement for some material to be used for framing purpose is its
strength in both tension and compression).The following can be the best example and are
commonly used.

1. Engineered Wood (Timber)

2. Steel

3. Reinforced concrete

Advantages of Frame Structures

 Ease in construction.
 It is very easy to teach the labor at the construction site.
 Can be constructed rapidly.
 Frame structures have economical designs.
Limitation of Frame Structures

 Restriction in span length, usually up to 4o feet is limited in concrete structure.

FRAMES

RIGID BRACED PIN ENDED FIX EDED GABBLED PORTAL

FRAMES FRAMES FRAMES FRAMES FRAMES FRAMES

1. RIGID FRAME
The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. Rigid frame structures can be defined as
the structures in which beams & columns are made monolithically and act collectively to resist
the moments which are generating due to applied load. They can effectively resist rotations more
effectively.

It is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by

mostly rigid connections which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its members
can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
This type of frame structures resists the shear, moment and torsion more effectively than any
other type of frame structures. That's why this frame system is used in world's most astonishing
building Burj Al-Arab in Dubai.

Figure 2: Showing free body diagram of a typical rigid frame structure.

The two common assumptions as to the behavior of a building frame are:
(1) Its beams are free to rotate at their connections or
(2) Its members are so connected that the angles they make with each other do not change under
load.
Frame works with connections of intermediate stiffness will be intermediate between these two
extremes. Frame works with connections of intermediate stiffness are commonly called semi
rigid frames.
Advantages of rigid frames

 Feature positive and negative bending moments throughout the structure due to
interaction of walls, beams and slabs.
2. Braced frames
In this frame system, bracing are usually provided between beams and columns to increase their
resistance against the lateral forces and sideways forces due to applied load. Bracing is usually
done by placing the diagonal members between the beams and columns.

This frame system provides more efficient resistance against the earthquake and wind forces.
This frame system is more effective than rigid frame system.
Advantages of braced frame

 Stabilize the frame against earthquakes and strong winds.

 More efficient than a rigid frames.

Figure 3: Showing a free body diagram of a typical braced frame.

3. Pin ended frame

A pinned ended rigid frame system usually has pins as their support conditions. This frame
system is considered to be non-rigid if its support conditions are removed and will be considered
rigid if retains its original shape when supports are removed.
 Figure 4: Showing a free body diagram of a typical pin ended frame.

4. Fix ended frame

Fix ended frame is a frame in which one or more than one members are fully constrained. In this
type of frame systems end conditions are usually fixed.

Figure 5: Showing a free body diagram of a typical fix ended frame.

5. Gabbled frame
Gabled frame structures usually have the peak at their top. These frames systems are in use
where there are possibilities of heavy rain and snow.
Figure 6: Showing a free body diagram of a typical gabbled frame.

6. Portal frame
The members are usually made up of curved laminates & the members are thickened in the
region of the knee or eaves joint to allow for the large moment.

Figure 7: Showing a free body diagram of a typical portal frame.

1.2.1 TIMBER FRAMING

Timber is also known as a post and beam. As the name suggests timber framing is construction
method using timber frame as the primary structural support for the building. Timber Framing is
a centuries old construction method of creating timber framed structures jointed together with
wooden pegged mortises and tenon joints.
 Figure 8: Showing a mortise and tenon joint in timber framing.

BENEFITS OF TIMBER FRAMING

 Fast, efficient and cost effective

 Flexible to add further extensions.
 Environmentally friendly.
 Hand crafted.
 Unique character.
 Buildings with an organic, natural, earthly charm.

TYPES OF TIMBER FRAMES

1. CLOSED TIMBER FRAME
CLOSED TIMBER FRAME Has form of a triangle, the horizontal member of the triangle (tie-
beam) which is jointed in to two angled members called the principal rafters?

Purpose: the main purpose of the closed timber frame is to deflect the loads on the roof to the
wall post who then direct the load to the foundations.

The main purpose of the horizontal member, the tie-beams is to prevent the walls from being
pushed apart by the load of the roof.

1. A) QUEEN POSTS TRUSS

 The queen posts truss has the shape of a triangle with two curved members running from
the principle rafters to the tie-beam.

Figure 9: Showing a queen post truss in timber framing.

Kingpost truss

The king post truss has a triangular shape with vertical member (kingpost) in the center running
from the tie beam to the ridge. It is mainly used to make frames with larger spans. The kingpost
prevents the tie beam from sagging.
 Figure 10: Showing a mortise and tenon joint in timber framing.

2. OPEN TIMBER FRAMING

The closed trusses can be sub divided into two types the queen posts truss and the

1. Arch brace truss,

2. Sling braces truss and

3. Hammer

4. Crucks

1. Arch brace truss

Arch brace truss is made up of two principal rafters connected with a collar. Underneath the collar
there are two curved full braces jointed into the collar and rafters. It is used to create a curved
ceilings as are often seen in churches or some churches.
Figure 11: Showing an arch brace in timber framing.

2. Sling braces truss

Sling braces truss has two angled curved members that run from the horizontal wall post up to
the collar. As with the interrupted tie beam truss this truss also has two interrupted tie that are
jointed to the sling braces to stop the rafters and walls from spreading.

Figure 12: Showing a sling brace in timber framing.

3. Hammer-beam truss

The hammer-beam truss is an open truss that is constructed by omitting the middle part of the tie
beam. This type of frame resembles triangles that are stacked on top of each other. By omitting
the middle section of the tie beam you create a horizontal thrust that needs to be absorbed by
either buttresses on the outside of a masonry wall or a steel rod connecting the two pieces of tie
beam. Hammer-beam trusses where used in prestigious buildings like great halls and barns so as
to create great spaces.

Figure 13: Showing a hammer beam in timber framing.

4. Cruck frames

Crucks are made from curved trees that usually are cut in half to from two identical cruck blades.

Figure 13: Showing a crunk frame in timber framing.

Engineered Woods Used In Timber Framing

1. Oak
2. Douglas-Fir, Larch, Pine
3. Sweet Chestnut
4. Glulam/laminated wood
STEEL FRAMING
Steel frame usually refers to a building technique with a " skeleton frame" of
vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the
floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame.

The development of this technique made the construction of the skyscraper possible. Mostly done
using mild steel.

BENEFITS OF STEEL FRAMING

 Excellent design flexibility (allows longer span).

 Resist wind and earthquake loads.
 Bend without cracking.
 Immense strength.
 Super-quick to build at site.
 Wide ready-made structural sections
 Wide range of joining methods.
LIMITATION OF STEEL FRAMING

 Quickly loses its strength in a fire .Practically at 500 degrees Celsius (930 degrees F),it
loses almost half of its strength),
 Corrosion in humid or marine environments.
Alternatives in using steel frame

1. High rise buildings (strength, low weight, and speed of construction).

2. Industrial buildings (large span spaces @ low cost).

3. Warehouse buildings

4. Residential buildings

5. Temporary Structures (quick to set up and remove).

TYPES OF STEEL FRAMING

1. CONVENTIONAL STEEL FRAMING

In these type of steel framing the members of steel will be cut to the correct lengths, and then
welded together to make the final structure.
The conventional steel framing is done entirely at the construction site, (labor-intensive), or
partially in a workshop, (better working conditions & reduce time).

2. BOLTED STEEL FRAME

Bolted Steel Frame is produced, finished and painted steel components, which are then shipped
to the site and simply bolted in place.

3. STICK FRAMING
Stick Framing Most commonly used to build steel framed homes today, and involves assembling
the floors and walls using individual studs and joists on the construction site.

4. COLD FORMED STEEL FRAMING

Using thin sheets of galvanized steel by cold forming into steel studs for use as a structural or
non-structural building material.

5. PANELIZATION FRAMING
Panelization framing is assembling components of the house (walls, floors, roofs) in a controlled
manufacturing environment. Steel framing is particularly suited for panelization because it is
precision manufactured to meet exacting tolerances, and its light weight allows for easier
handling of assembled components.
MEMBERS IN STEEL FRAMES

1. Stud Members
 It Includes wall studs, joists and rafters because they are all of the same shape.
2. Track

 It is the top and bottom “plates” of a steel wall or the rim of floors and rafters.
3. U-channel

 It can be used for bridging, blocking and customized for cabinet backing.
4. Furring channel

 It is used as purlins, bridging, backing, and for subassembly sound separation.

5. L-headers

 These are brake-metal shaped members that can be doubled and used as headers.