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Contents vii
7–3 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for 9–5 Testing the Difference Between Two
Proportions 390 Variances 528
Confidence Intervals 391 Summary 539
Sample Size for Proportions 393
7–4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and
Standard Deviations 399
CHAPTER 10
Summary 406
Correlation and
CHAPTER 8 Regression 549
CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 11
Testing the Difference Other Chi-Square
Between Two Means, Tests 609
Two Proportions, and
Two Variances 487
Introduction 610
Introduction 488 11–1 Test for Goodness of Fit 610
9–1 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Test of Normality (Optional) 616
Using the z Test 488
11–2 Tests Using Contingency Tables 624
9–2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of
Test for Independence 624
Independent Samples: Using the t Test 499
Test for Homogeneity of Proportions 630
9–3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means:
Dependent Samples 507 Summary 640
9–4 Testing the Difference Between
Proportions 519
viii Contents
CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 14
Analysis of Variance 647 Sampling and
Simulation 741
Approach Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach was written as an aid in the beginning sta-
tistics course to students whose mathematical background is limited to basic algebra. The
book follows a nontheoretical approach without formal proofs, explaining concepts intu-
itively and supporting them with abundant examples. The applications span a broad range
of topics certain to appeal to the interests of students of diverse backgrounds, and they in-
clude problems in business, sports, health, architecture, education, entertainment, politi-
cal science, psychology, history, criminal justice, the environment, transportation, physi-
cal sciences, demographics, eating habits, and travel and leisure.
About This While a number of important changes have been made in the ninth edition, the learning
system remains untouched and provides students with a useful framework in which to
Book learn and apply concepts. Some of the retained features include the following:
• Over 1800 exercises are located at the end of major sections within each chapter.
• Hypothesis-Testing Summaries are found at the end of Chapter 9 (z, t, x2, and
F tests for testing means, proportions, and variances), Chapter 12 (correlation,
chi-square, and ANOVA), and Chapter 13 (nonparametric tests) to show students
the different types of hypotheses and the types of tests to use.
• A Data Bank listing various attributes (educational level, cholesterol level, gender,
etc.) for 100 people and several additional data sets using real data are included and
referenced in various exercises and projects throughout the book.
• An updated reference card containing the formulas and the z, t, x2, and PPMC
tables is included with this textbook.
• End-of-chapter Summaries, Important Terms, and Important Formulas give stu-
dents a concise summary of the chapter topics and provide a good source for quiz or
test preparation.
• Review Exercises are found at the end of each chapter.
• Special sections called Data Analysis require students to work
with a data set to perform various statistical tests or procedures
and then summarize the results. The data are included in the Data
Bank in Appendix B and can be downloaded from the book’s
website at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
• Chapter Quizzes, found at the end of each chapter, include
multiple-choice, true/false, and completion questions along with
exercises to test students’ knowledge and comprehension of
chapter content.
• The Appendixes provide students with extensive reference tables,
a glossary, and answers to all quiz questions and odd-numbered
exercises. New to this edition, the additional Online Appendixes
include algebra review, an outline for report writing, Bayes’
theorem, and an alternative method for using the standard normal
distribution. These can be found at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
• The Applying the Concepts feature is included in all sections
and gives students an opportunity to think about the new concepts
and apply them to examples and scenarios similar to those found
in newspapers, magazines, and radio and television news
programs.
ix
x Preface
Chapter 13 Boxed definitions and listed assumptions for the nonparametric tests
Added a new Procedure Table for finding and testing the significance of
the Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
Added a new Procedure Table for the runs test
Acknowledgments
It is important to acknowledge the many people whose contributions have gone into the
Ninth Edition of Elementary Statistics. Very special thanks are due to Jackie Miller of the
University of Michigan for her provision of the Index of Applications, her exhaustive accu-
racy check of the page proofs, and her general availability and advice concerning all matters
statistical. The Technology Step by Step sections were provided by Gerry Moultine of
Northwood University (MINITAB), John Thomas of College of Lake County (Excel), and
William Vezko of Saint Johns River State College-Orange Park (TI-84 Plus).
I would also like to thank Diane P. Cope for providing the new exercises; Kelly
Jackson for writing the new Data Projects; Lisa Collette, developmental copyeditor, for
her thoughtful suggestions; Phyllis Barnidge for her error checking; and Sally Robinson
for error checking, adding technology-accurate answers to Appendix E, and writing the
Solutions Manuals.
Finally, at McGraw-Hill Education, thanks to Ryan Blankenship, Managing Director;
Holly Rhodes, Brand Manager; Ashley Zellmer McFadden, Developmental Editor; Alex
Gay, Marketing Director; Rob Brieler, Director of Digital Content; and Vicki Krug,
Content Project Manager.
—Allan G. Bluman
Special thanks for their advice and recommendations for the Ninth Edition go to:
7
Confidence Intervals
and Sample Size
STATISTICS TODAY
Stress and the College Student
Each chapter begins with an outline, a A recent poll conducted by the mtvU/Associated Press found that
OUTLINE
85% of college students reported that they experience stress daily.
list of learning objectives, and a feature The study said, “It is clear that being stressed is a fact of life on col-
Introduction
7–1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When
titled Statistics Today; in which a real-life lege campuses today.” s Is Known
7–2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When
problem shows students the relevance of The study also reports that 74% of students’ stress comes from
s Is Unknown
school work, 71% from grades, and 62% from financial woes. The 7–3
the material. This problem is solved near report stated that 2240 undergraduate students were selected and
Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for
Proportions
the end of the chapter using statistical that the poll has a margin of error of ⫾3.0%. 7–4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and
Standard Deviations
techniques presented in the chapter. In this chapter you will learn how to make a true estimate of a Summary
parameter, what is meant by the margin of error, and whether or not
the sample size was large enough to represent all college students. OBJECTIVES
See Statistics Today—Revisited at the end of this chapter for After completing this chapter, you should be able to
more details. 1 Find the confidence interval for the mean
when s is known.
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I N D E X O F A P P L I C AT I O N S
CHAPTER 1 U.S. Population by Age, 93 Law and Order: Criminal Justice The Sciences
Wealthy People, 42 Car Thefts in a Large City, 85 Bear Kills, 65
The Nature of Probability Causes of Accidental Deaths in The Value of Pi, 53
Education and Testing
and Statistics the United States, 90
Classroom Technology, 101 Transportation
Education and Testing College Completions, 102 Concealed Weapons Licenses, 93 Activities While Driving, 102
Attendance and Grades, 5 College Spending for First-Year How Your Identity Can Be Stolen, Colors of Automobiles, 91
Is Higher Education “Going Students, 76 41, 104 Fuel Economy for General Motors
Digital”?, 1, 35 Do Students Need Summer Identity Thefts, 106 Vehicles, 88
Piano Lessons Improve Math Development?, 65 Murders in the United States, 81 MPGs for SUVs, 49
Ability, 37 Grading of Schools, 91 Police Calls, 77, 82 Railroad Crossing Accidents, 66
Medicine, Clinical Studies, High School Dropout Rate, 102 Violent Crimes, 91
Travel and Leisure
and Experiments Making the Grade, 67 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Museum Visitors, 103
Beneficial Bacteria, 25 Math and Reading Achievement Behavior
Public Libraries, 103
Caffeine and Health, 25 Scores, 92 Cost of a 30-second Super Bowl Reasons We Travel, 91
Smoking and Criminal Math SAT Scores, 68 Commercial, 89
Behavior, 37 Number of College Faculty, 66 How People Get Their News, 101
Thyme and Antioxidants, 35 Percentage of People Who Online Ad Spending, 91 CHAPTER 3
The Worst Day for Weight Completed 4 or More Years of Spending of College Data Description
Loss, 13 College, 53 Freshmen, 103
Super Bowl Viewer’s Buildings and Structures
Psychology and Human Behavior Teacher Strikes, 92, 107
Expenditures, 91 Prices of Homes, 141
Anger and Snap Judgments, 37 Entertainment Suspension Bridges, 145
Valentine’s Day Spending, 91
Hostile Children Fight Roller Coaster Mania, 91 Tallest Buildings, 179
Unemployment, 38 Songs on CDs, 103 Medicine, Clinical Studies,
and Experiments Business, Management, and Work
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Unclaimed Expired Prizes, 53
Blood Glucose Levels, 67 Average Earnings of Workers, 179
ACL Tears in Collegiate Soccer Environmental Sciences, the Average Weekly Earnings, 160
BUN Count, 101
Players, 37 Earth, and Space
Outpatient Cardiograms, 84 Bank Failures, 119
Air Pollution, 66 Commissions Earned, 124
Surveys and Culture Pain Relief, 103
Average Wind Speeds, 53 Costs to Train Employees, 179
American Culture and Drug Patients at a Medical Care
Coal Consumption, 106 Employee Salaries, 129
Abuse, 17 Facility, 92
Consumption of Natural Employee Years of Service, 182
Transportation Waiting Times, 67
Gas, 53 Executive Bonuses, 124
Fatal Transportation Injuries, 10 Cost of Utilities, 66 Public Health and Nutrition
Foreign Workers, 123
World’s Busiest Airports, 37 Energy Consumption, 91 Calories in Salad Dressings, 92
Hourly Compensation for
Length of Major Rivers, 92 Calories of Nuts, 102
Production Workers, 124
Named Storms, 83 Cereal Calories, 67
CHAPTER 2 Hours Worked, 180
Record High Temperatures, 47, Protein Grams in Fast Food, 67
Labor Charges, 179
Frequency Distributions 57, 58, 59 Needless Deaths of
Missing Work, 145
and Graphs Recycled Trash, 106 Children, 106
Net Worth of Corporations, 124
Space Launches, 102 U.S. Health Dollar, 92
Buildings and Structures Salaries of Personnel, 118
Selling Real Estate, 65 The Great Lakes, 107 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness The Noisy Workplace, 171
Stories in Tall Buildings, 86 Wind Speed, 101 50 Home Run Club, 92 Top-Paid CEOs, 123
Stories in the World’s Tallest Food and Dining Ages of Football Players, 91 Travel Allowances, 141
Buildings, 52 Cost of Milk, 93 Calories Burned While Unemployment Benefits, 143
Eating at Fast Food Exercising, 91
Business, Management, Demographics and Population
Restaurants, 52 Favorite Sport, 52 Characteristics
and Work
Super Bowl Snack Foods, 80 Men’s World Hockey Ages of Accountants, 145
Career Changes, 103
Worldwide Sales of Fast Foods, 90 Champions, 101 Ages of Consumers, 146
Charity Donations, 52
Miles Run per Week, 61 Ages of the Top 50 Wealthiest
Commuting Times, 92 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Public Policy, and Voting NFL Payrolls, 53 People, 114
Elderly in the U.S. Labor Force, 79
How Much Paper Money is in NFL Salaries, 66 Ages of U.S. Astronaut
Patents, 93
Circulation Today?, 85 Peyton Manning’s Colts Candidates, 144
Trip Reimbursements, 93
Salaries of Governors, 52 Career, 103 Ages of U.S. Residents, 183
Demographics and Population Super Bowl Scores, 66
Characteristics History Net Worth of Wealthy
Counties, Divisions, or Parishes Ages of Declaration of Surveys and Culture People, 178
for 50 States, 66 Independence Signers, 52 Ages of Dogs, 52 Percentage of College-Educated
Distribution of Blood Types, 43 Ages of Presidents at Pet Care, 102 Population over 25, 124
Never Married Adults in the Inauguration, 51 Pet Population, 90 Percentage of Foreign-Born
United States, 76 Ages of the Vice Presidents at the Technology People, 124
Percent of Cigarette Smokers in Time of Their Death, 102 Energy Used by Plasma TVs, 52 Economics and Investment
the United States, 78 JFK Assassination, 53 Trust in Internet Information, 52 Investment Earnings, 178
xvi
Index of Applications xvii
Defective Transistors, 242 Country Club Activities, 224 Pizza Deliveries, 273 Survey of High School
Flashlight Batteries, 223 Travel over the Thanksgiving Pizza for Breakfast, 305 Seniors, 285
Garage Door Openers, 234 Holiday, 194 Unsanitary Restaurants, 282 Survey on Internet Awareness, 285
World-Class Orchestras, 245 Government, Taxes, Politics, Technology
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Behavior Public Policy, and Voting Computer Assistance, 306
Commercials, 226 CHAPTER 5 Accuracy Count of Votes, 306 Computer Literacy Test, 305
Customer Purchases, 225 Federal Government Employee Guidance Missile System, 284
Door-to-Door Sales, 208 Discrete Probability E-mail Use, 285 Internet Access via Cell
Gift Baskets, 224 Distributions Poverty and the Federal Phone, 305
Shopping Mall Promotion, 198 Business, Management, Government, 285 Telephones per Household, 307
Ties, 221 and Work Social Security Recipients, 284 The Sciences
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Employed Women, 307 History Colors of Flowers, 299
and Experiments Job Applications, 299 Rockets and Targets, 297 Elm Trees, 307
Autism, 225 Job Elimination, 285 Mendel’s Theory, 298
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Chronic Sinusitis, 249 Union Workers, 284
Calls for a Fire Company, 307 Transportation
Doctor Specialties, 224 Work Versus Conscience, 300
Emergency Calls, 304 Arrivals at an Airport, 305
Effectiveness of a Vaccine, 248 Demographics and Population Study of Robberies, 298 Carpooling, 307
Hospital Stays for Knee Characteristics U.S. Police Chiefs and the Death Driver’s Exam, 307
Replacements, 195 Alcohol Abstainers, 308 Penalty, 305 Driving to Work Alone, 284
Heart Disease, 224 American and Foreign-Born Driving While Intoxicated, 280
Citizens, 284 Manufacturing and Product
Medical Patients, 208 Emissions Inspection
Development
Medical Tests on Emergency Blood Types, 296, 300, 308 Failures, 299
Defective Calculators, 299
Patients, 208 Left-Handed People, 293 Traffic Accidents, 272
Defective Compressor Tanks, 295
Medical Treatment, 200 Likelihood of Twins, 282 Truck Inspection Violations, 298
Defective Computer
Medication Effectiveness, 225 Today’s Marriages, 283
Keyboards, 299 Travel and Leisure
Multiple Births, 207 Unmarried Women, 305
Defective DVDs, 272, 306 Amusement Park Game, 299
Which Pain Reliever Is Best?, 206 Economics and Investment Defective Electronics, 299 Boating Accidents, 306
Psychology and Human Behavior Benford’s Law, 272 Quality Control Check, 307 Bowling Team Uniforms, 307
Would You Bet Your Life?, House Insurance, 295 Christmas Lights, 306
Income Tax Errors, 307 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
185, 250 Destination Weddings, 284
Behavior
Life Insurance, 273 Leisure Activities, 290
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Car Sales, 306
Fitness Center Members, 247 Education and Testing CD Purchases, 307 Lost Luggage in Airlines, 306
Health Club Membership, 248 College Education and Business Cellular Phone Sales, 272 Outdoor Regatta, 305
Leisure Time Exercise, 225 World Success, 284 Color of Raincoats, 308 Watching Fireworks, 285
Dropping College Courses, 263 Company Mailings, 299
Surveys and Culture High School Dropouts, 284 Credit Cards, 304
Student Survey, 208 Lessons Outside of School, 300 CHAPTER 6
Survey on Stress, 214 Internet Purchases, 285
Meeting Attendance, 307 Mail Ordering, 299 The Normal Distribution
Survey on Women in the People Who Have Some College
Military, 219 Number of Credit Cards, 272 Buildings and Structures
Education, 284 Reusable Grocery Bags, 298 New Home Prices, 339
Technology Students Using the Math Lab, 273 Selling Carpet, 299 New Home Sizes, 339
Software Selection, 247 Teachers and Summer Suit Sales, 272 Parking Lot Construction, 361
Text Messages via Cell Vacation, 300 Tie Purchases, 304 Prices of Homes, 362
Phones, 223 Entertainment
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Business, Management,
Transportation Chuck-a-Luck, 308 and Experiments and Work
Automobile Insurance, 223 Coins, Births, and Other Flu Shots, 305 Health Insurance Through
Automobile License Plate, 249 Random (?) Events, 262 Pooling Blood Samples, 257, 306 Work, 360
Automobile Sales, 222 Gambler’s Fallacy, 275 Jobs for Registered Nurses, 338
Lottery Numbers, 308 Psychology and Human Behavior
Carry-on Items, 249 Multiple-Job Holders, 363
Lottery Prizes, 273 Calls for a Crisis Hotline, 307
Driving While Intoxicated, 205 Retirement Income, 363
Fatal Accidents, 225 On Hold for Talk Radio, 269 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Salaries for Actuaries, 362
License Plates, 250 Roulette, 273 Baseball World Series, 260 Working Weekends, 349
Licensed Drivers in the United Winning the Lottery, 273 Shooting an Arrow, 299 Unemployment, 365
States, 208 Environmental Sciences, the Sports Score Hot Line Calls, 307
Demographics and Population
Motor Vehicle Producers, 247 Earth, and Space Surveys and Culture Characteristics
On-Time Airplane Arrivals, 225 Alternate Sources of Fuel, 285 Survey on Answering Machine Ages of Proofreaders, 353
Railroad Memorial License Household Wood Burning, 305 Ownership, 285 Amount of Laundry Washed Each
Plates, 229 Radiation Exposure, 271 Survey on Bathing Pets, 285 Year, 353
Rural Speed Limits, 199 Food and Dining Survey on Concern for Heights of People, 365
Seat Belt Use, 222 Coffee Shop Customers, 291 Criminals, 284 Life Expectancies, 353
Types of Vehicles, 226 Hors d’Oeuvres Selection, 299 Survey on Doctor Visits, 279 Membership in an Organiza-
Travel and Leisure Items Donated to a Food Survey on Employment, 279 tion, 365
Bowling and Club Bank, 306 Survey on Fear of Being Home Per Capita Income of Delaware
Membership, 251 M&M’s Color Distribution, 298 Alone at Night, 280 Residents, 353
Index of Applications xix
Population of College Cities, 360 Government, Taxes, Politics, Monthly Spending for Paging and High School Graduates Who Take
Residences of U.S. Citizens, 360 Public Policy, and Voting Messaging Services, 362 the SAT, 396
U.S. Population, 363 Cigarette Taxes, 340 Telephone Answering Hours Spent Studying, 410
Medicare Hospital Insurance, 353 Devices, 360 National Accounting
Economics and Investment
Social Security Payments, 340 Examination, 380
Home Ownership, 360 The Sciences
Unemployment Benefits, 352 Number of Faculty, 379
Home Values, 353 Newborn Elephant Weights, 338
Voter Preference, 360 Private Schools, 395
Itemized Charitable Ragweed Allergies, 357
Law and Order: Criminal Justice SAT Scores, 405
Contributions, 339 Transportation
Larceny Thefts, 363 Spending for Postage at a
Monthly Mortgage Payments, 338 Ages of Amtrak Passenger
Police Academy Acceptance Community College, 407
Education and Testing Cars, 339 Students per Teacher in U.S.
Exams, 339
College Costs, 352 Ages of Registered Vehicles, 348 Public Schools, 387
Police Academy
Doctoral Student Salaries, 338 Commute Time to Work, 338 Students Who Major in
Qualifications, 333
Elementary School Teachers, 361 Commuter Train Passengers, 362 Business, 396
Population in U.S. Jails, 337
Enrollment in Personal Finance Miles Driven Annually, 338 Undergraduate GPAs, 380
Course, 363 Manufacturing and Product Passengers on a Bus, 365
Development Price of Gasoline, 338 Entertainment
Exam Scores, 340
Breaking Strength of Steel Reading While Driving, 356 Lengths of Children’s Animated
Female Americans Who Have
Cable, 353 Used Car Prices, 339 Films, 407, 408
Completed 4 Years of
Portable CD Player Lifetimes, 363 Perry Como Fans, 395
College, 360 Travel and Leisure
Repair Cost for Microwave Playing Video Games, 379
GMAT Scores, 366 Cost of Overseas Trip, 352
Ovens, 365 Television Viewing, 380
High School Competency Test, 339 Mountain Climbing Safety, 359
Wristwatch Lifetimes, 339 Environmental Sciences,
Private Four-Year College Number of Branches of the
Enrollment, 363 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer the Earth, and Space
50 Top Libraries, 322
Professors’ Salaries, 338, 339 Behavior Depth of a River, 377
Thickness of Library Books, 365
Reading Improvement Credit Card Debt, 338 High Temperatures for May, 387
Program, 339 Mail Order, 360 Lawn Weeds, 392
CHAPTER 7
Salary of Full Professors, 338 Product Marketing, 339 Length of Growing Seasons, 380
SAT Scores, 338, 340, 352 Technology Inventories, 335 Confidence Intervals and Named Storms, 403
School Enrollment, 360 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Sample Size Number of Farms, 380
Smart People, 337 and Experiments Thunderstorm Speeds, 387
Buildings and Structures
Teachers’ Salaries, 337 Lengths of Hospital Stays, 339 Travel to Outer Space, 396
Home Fires Started by
Teachers’ Salaries in Liters of Blood in Adults, 329 Unhealthy Days in Cities, 388
Candles, 385
Connecticut, 352 Normal Ranges for Vital Home Security Systems, 396 Food and Dining
Teachers’ Salaries in North Statistics, 311, 364 Cost of Pizzas, 380
Business, Management,
Dakota, 352 Per Capita Spending on Health and Work
Fast-Food Bills for Drive-Thru
TIMSS Test, 353 Care, 362 Dog Bites to Postal Workers, 407 Customers, 379
Years to Complete a Graduate Serum Cholesterol Levels, 352 Number of Jobs, 379 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Program, 365 Systolic Blood Pressure, 334, 353 Work Interruptions, 396 Public Policy, and Voting
Entertainment Public Health and Nutrition Money Spent on Road Repairs, 410
Demographics and Population
Admission Charge for Calories in Fast-Food Characteristics
Parking Meter Revenues, 388
Movies, 337 Sandwiches, 366 Ages of Insurance Presidential Travel, 408
Box Office Revenues, 340 Chocolate Bar Calories, 338 Representatives, 410 State Gasoline Taxes, 387
Drive-in Movies, 340 Cholesterol Content, 353 Marriages in the United Women Representatives in State
Hours That Children Watch People Who Smoke, 360 States, 408 Legislature, 387
Television, 347 Sodium in Frozen Food, 363 Number of Homeless History
Movie Ticket Prices, 352 Youth Smoking, 360 Individuals, 404 Ages of Presidents at Time of
Slot Machines, 363 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Unmarried Americans, 396 Death, 403
Environmental Sciences, the Batting Averages, 358 Widows, 396 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Earth, and Space Number of Baseball Games Economics and Investment Burglaries, 410
Amount of Rain in a City, 365 Played, 336 Credit Union Assets, 376 Gun Control, 397
Annual Precipitation, 353 Number of Runs Made, 340 Home Ownership Rates, 405 Manufacturing and Product
Average Precipitation, 363 Surveys and Culture NYSE Stock Prices, 388 Development
Electric Bills, 365 Sleep Survey, 365 Stock Prices, 404 Baseball Diameters, 408
Glass Garbage Generation, 352 Calculator Battery Lifetimes, 405
Technology Education and Testing
Heights of Active Volcanoes, 363 How Many Kleenexes Should Be
Amount of Electricity Used by a Adult Education Activities, 408
Monthly Newspaper in a Box?, 378
PC, 331 Age of College Students, 404
Recycling, 330 Lifetimes of Snowmobiles, 408
Cell Phone Lifetimes, 352 Child Care Programs, 408
Paper Use, 338 Lifetimes of Wristwatches, 404
Computer Ownership, 365 Cost of Texts, 409
Temperatures for Dallas, 340 MPG for Lawn Mowers, 408
Cost of iPod Repair, 362 Covering College Costs, 392
Water Use, 352 Nicotine Content, 402
Cost of Personal Computers, 339 Credit Card Use by College
Food and Dining Household Computers, 360 Students, 398 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Bottled Drinking Water, 339 Household Online Day Care Tuition, 380 Behavior
Lemonade Consumption, 365 Connection, 365 Educational Television, 396 Costs for a 30-Second Spot on
Confectionary Products, 363 Internet Users, 340 Freshmen’s GPA, 379 Cable Television, 388
xx Index of Applications
Days It Takes to Sell an Aveo, 373 New Car Lease Fees, 404 Times of Videos, 482 Alcohol and Tobacco Use by High
Number of Customers, 374 Truck Safety Check, 410 Trifecta Winnings, 481 School Students, 481
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Weights of Minivans, 409 Environmental Sciences, the Calories in Pancake Syrup, 470
and Experiments Travel and Leisure Earth, and Space Carbohydrates in Fast Foods, 469
Birth Weights of Infants, 380 Novel Pages, 410 Farm Sizes, 437 Chocolate Chip Cookie
Contracting Influenza, 395 Overseas Travel, 396 Heights of Volcanoes, 470 Calories, 449
Cost of Knee Replacement Vacation Days, 407 High Temperatures in Eggs and Your Health, 425
Surgery, 404 Vacation Sites, 408 January, 470 High-Potassium Foods, 469
Doctor Visit Costs, 409 Natural Gas Heat, 458 Nicotine Content of
Emergency Room Accidents, 410 Pollution By-Products, 484 Cigarettes, 448, 466
Hospital Noise Levels, 380, 388 CHAPTER 8 Recycling, 458 Obese Young People, 454
Infant Growth, 385 Hypothesis Testing Tornado Deaths, 470 Quitting Smoking, 457
Patients Treated in Hospital Warming and Ice Melt, 435 Sodium Amounts in Food, 470
Buildings and Structures Vitamin C in Fruits and
Emergency Rooms, 410 Water Consumption, 450
Cost of Building a Home, 435 Vegetables, 470
Wind Speed, 432
Psychology and Human Behavior Heights of Tall Buildings, 449 Youth Smoking, 458
Stress and the College Student, Home Security Systems, 481 Food and Dining
369, 408 Monthly Home Rent, 481 Chewing Gum Use, 483 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Soft Drink Consumption, 436 Burning Calories by Playing
Public Health and Nutrition Business, Management,
Tennis, 437
Calories in a Standard Size Candy and Work Government, Taxes, Politics,
Public Policy, and Voting
Exercise to Reduce Stress, 458
Bar, 405 Copy Machine Use, 436
Ages of U.S. Senators, 436 Fans of Professional Baseball, 458
Calories in Candy Bars, 387 Hourly Wage, 437
Free School Lunches, 481 Football Injuries, 458
Carbohydrate Grams in Commer- Men Aged 65 and Over in the
IRS Audits, 478 Games Played by NBA Scoring
cial Subs, 379 Labor Force, 481
Replacing $1 Bills with $1 Leaders, 482
Carbohydrates in Yogurt, 404 Number of Jobs, 450
Coins, 455 Golf Scores, 470
Carbon Monoxide Deaths, 404 Revenue of Large Businesses, 435
Salaries of Government Heights of NBA Players, 436
Daily Cholesterol Intake, 405 Sick Days, 437
Employees, 436 Joggers’ Oxygen Uptake, 447
Diet Habits, 396 Starting Salary for Nurse
Step to It with Pedometers, 428
Fruit Consumption, 396 Practitioners, 444 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Obesity, 396 Working at Home, 479 Ages of Robbery Victims, 484 Surveys and Culture
Skipping Lunch, 410 Burglaries, 458 Breakfast Survey, 484
Demographics and Population
Sport Drink Decision, 386 Characteristics Car Thefts, 434 Caffeinated Beverage Survey, 484
Ages of Professional Women, 483 Federal Prison Populations, 481 Survey on Vitamin Usage, 484
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Average Family Size, 450 Female Gun Owners, 454 Technology
Dance Company Students, 387
First-Time Marriages, 484 Prison Sentences, 436 Cell Phone Bills, 450
Indy 500 Qualifier Speeds, 388
Heights of 1-Year-Olds, 436 Prison Time, 479 Cell Phone Call Lengths, 450
Surveys and Culture Heights of Models, 483 Speeding Ticket Costs, 436 Facebook Friends, 435
Belief in Haunted Places, 395 Speeding Tickets, 437 Internet Visits, 450
Economics and Investment
Does Success Bring Stolen Aircraft, 469 MP3 Ownership, 481
Home Closing Costs, 483
Happiness?, 394 Radio Ownership, 484
Stocks and Mutual Fund Manufacturing and Product
Pet Owners, 408 Time Online, 480
Ownership, 457 Development
Political Survey, 410 Transferring Phone Calls, 469
Breaking Strength of Cable, 437
Shopping Survey, 407 Education and Testing
Manufactured Machine Parts, 470 The Sciences
Survey on Politics, 397 College Room and Board
Soda Bottle Content, 469 Hog Weights, 475
Costs, 470
Technology Strength of Wrapping Cord, 484 Plant Leaf Lengths, 482
Cost of College Tuition, 432
Digital Camera Prices, 387 Sugar Packaging, 474 Seed Germination Times, 484
Debt of College Graduates, 480
Direct Satellite Television, 396 Weights on Men’s Soccer Strawberry Seeds, 449
Doctoral Students’ Salaries, 458
Home Broadband Internet Shoes, 481 Whooping Crane Eggs, 481
Exam Grades, 470
Access, 396 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
How Much Better is Better on the Transportation
Home Computers, 394 Behavior
SAT?, 413, 482 Car Inspection Times, 468
Social Networking Sites, 387 Attorney Advertisements, 456
Intelligence Tests, 427 Commute Time to Work, 450
Television Set Ownership, 410 Consumer Protection Agency
Math SAT Test, 464 Experience of Taxi Drivers, 484
The Sciences Nonparental Care, 435 Complaints, 478
First-Class Airline
Isotopes, 407 SAT Tests, 429 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Passengers, 459
Transportation Student Expenditures, 436 and Experiments Fuel Consumption, 481
Automobile Pollution, 410 Teaching Assistants’ Cost of Braces, 449 Improper Driving, 457
Chicago Commuters, 388 Stipends, 450 Cost of Rehabilitation, 430 Interstate Speeds, 470
Distance Traveled to Work, 387 Undergraduate Enrollment, 458 Doctor Visits, 450 One-Way Airfares, 478
Driving to Work, 391 Entertainment Female Physicians, 458 Operating Costs of an
Fuel Efficiency of Cars and Cost of a Movie Ticket, 450 First-Time Births, 478 Automobile, 436
Trucks, 379 Cost of Making a Movie, 449 Hospital Infections, 444 Stopping Distances, 436
Manual Transmission Movie Admission Prices, 481 Outpatient Surgery, 465 Testing Gas Mileage Claims, 468
Automobiles, 395 Moviegoers, 435, 458 Time Until Indigestion Relief, 481 Tire Inflation, 482
Monthly Gasoline Expendi- Television Set Ownership, 458 Public Health and Nutrition Transmission Service, 437
tures, 380 Television Viewing by Teens, 449 After-School Snacks, 458 Travel Times to Work, 480
Index of Applications xxi
Travel and Leisure Literacy Scores, 496 Pulse Rates of Identical Business, Management, and
Borrowing Library Books, 458 Mathematical Skills, 543 Twins, 516 Work
Hotel Rooms, 483 Medical School Enrollments, 504 Sleeping Brain, Not at Rest, 545 Typing Speed and Word
Newspaper Reading Times, 479 Out-of-State Tuitions, 504 Vaccination Rates in Nursing Processing, 603
Number of Words in a Novel, 449 Reading Program, 536 Homes, 487, 521, 542 Demographics and Population
Pages in Romance Novels, 484 Reducing Errors in Grammar, 516 Weights of Newborn Characteristics
Retention Test Scores, 515 Infants, 500 Age and Cavities, 605
Teachers’ Salaries, 495, 503, Psychology and Human Behavior Age and Net Worth, 574
CHAPTER 9 536, 541 Age and Wealth, 553, 558
Bullying, 527
Testing the Difference Testing After Review, 541 Mistakes in a Song, 516 Age, GPA, and Income, 598
Between Two Means, Tuition Costs for Medical Problem-Solving Ability, 496 Life Expectancies, 565, 573
School, 536
Two Proportions, and Undergraduate Financial Aid, 526
Self-Esteem Scores, 496 Economics and Investment
Two Variances Smoking and Education, 524 Oil and Gas Prices, 564, 572
Women Science Majors, 495 Toy Assembly Test, 516
Buildings and Structures Education and Testing
Entertainment
Ages of Homes, 504 Public Health and Nutrition Absences and Final Grades, 552,
Hours Spent Watching Calories in Ice Cream, 536 557, 569, 574
Apartment Rental Fees, 543 Television, 503
Heights of Tall Buildings, 536 Carbohydrates in Candy, 503, 536 Alumni Contributions, 564, 573
Television Watching, 496 Cholesterol Levels, 512, 543 Aspects of Students’ Academic
Heights of World Famous
Cathedrals, 541 Environmental Sciences, Heart Rates of Smokers, 532 Behavior, 598
the Earth, and Space Hypertension, 525 Class Size and Grades, 565, 573
Home Prices, 495, 497
Air Quality, 515 Faculty and Students, 565, 573
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Business, Management, and Average Temperatures, 541 Batting Averages, 505 Home Smart Home, 593
Work High and Low Temperatures, 541 College Sports Offerings, 492 Literacy Rates, 565, 573
Animal Bites of Postal Lengths of Major Rivers, 494 Golf Scores, 516 More Math Means More
Workers, 525 Winter Temperatures, 536 Heights of Basketball Players, 544 Money, 597
Interview Errors, 526
Food and Dining Hockey’s Highest Scorers, 504 SAT Scores, 574
Male and Female Workers, 522
Prices of Low-Calorie Foods, 543 Home Runs, 493 State Board Scores, 595, 596, 597
Medical Supply Sales, 526
Senior Workers, 526 Soft Drinks in School, 541 Miniature Golf Scores, 504 Entertainment
Too Long on the Telephone, 502 Government, Taxes, Politics, NFL Salaries, 504 Commercial Movie Releases,
Public Policy, and Voting PGA Golf Scores, 516 564, 572
Demographics and Population
Money Spent on Road Repair, 544 Surveys and Culture Television Viewers, 574
Characteristics
Ages of Gamblers, 503 Monthly Social Security Desire to Be Rich, 525 Environmental Sciences, the
Ages of Hospital Patients, 537 Benefits, 495 Dog Ownership, 525 Earth, and Space
County Size in Indiana and Partisan Support of Salary Sleep Report, 516 Coal Production, 574
Iowa, 536 Increase Bill, 525 Smoking Survey, 526 Deaths from Lightning, 603
Family Incomes, 543 Tax-Exempt Properties, 503 Survey on Inevitability of Energy Consumption, 565, 573
Heights of 9-Year-Olds, 495 Manufacturing and Product War, 525 Farm Acreage, 574
Male Head of Household, 544 Development Technology Forest Fires and Acres Burned,
Married People, 526 Battery Voltage, 496 Cell Phones, 541 564, 573
Never Married People, 526 Noise Levels of Power Food and Dining
The Sciences
Per Capita Income, 495 Mowers, 532 Special Occasion Cakes, 598
Egg Production, 543
Population and Area, 536 Weights of Running Shoes,
Wolf Pack Pups, 535 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Salaries of Chemists, 543 503, 536
Transportation Public Policy, and Voting
Economics and Investment Weights of Vacuum Cleaners, 503
Airline On-Time Arrivals, 526 State Debt and Per Capita Tax,
Bank Deposits, 510 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer 564, 573
Airport Passengers, 533
Daily Stock Prices, 537 Behavior
Automatic Transmissions, 534 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Education and Testing Coupon Use, 526
Commuting Times, 495 Can Temperature Predict Crime?,
ACT Scores, 495 Credit Card Debt, 496
Commuting Times for College 549, 604
Ages of College Students, 496 Paint Prices, 542
Students, 496 Crimes, 564, 572
Average Earnings for College Store Sales, 497
Gasoline Prices, 504 Manufacturing and Product
Graduates, 497, 541 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Seat Belt Use, 525 Development
College Education, 526 and Experiments
Travel and Leisure Copy Machine Maintenance
Cyber School Enrollment, 504 Can Video Games Save
Bestseller Books, 503 Costs, 587
Exam Scores at Private and Public Lives?, 514
Driving for Pleasure, 540 Medicine, Clinical Studies, and
Schools, 497 Hospital Stays for Maternity
Jet Ski Accidents, 543 Experiments
Factory Worker Literacy Patients, 504
Leisure Time, 491, 525 Coffee Not Disease Culprit, 563
Rates, 543 Hospital Volunteers, 541
Museum Attendance, 537 Father’s and Son’s Weights, 574
High School Graduation Is More Expensive Better?, 523
Rates, 526 Length of Hospital Stays, 495 Fireworks and Injuries, 574
Improving Study Habits, 515 Noise Levels in Hospitals, 503, Medical Specialties and
CHAPTER 10 Gender, 603
Lay Teachers in Religious 535, 541
Schools, 541 Obstacle Course Times, 516 Correlation and Regression Prescription Drug Prices, 605
Lecture versus Computer-Assisted Only the Timid Die Young, 544 Buildings and Structures Public Health and Nutrition
Instruction, 525 Overweight Dogs, 516 Tall Buildings, 565, 573 Age, Cholesterol, and Sodium, 598
xxii Index of Applications
Carbohydrates and Kilocalories, Food and Dining Types of Automobiles Prices of Body Soap, 683
565, 573 Consumption of Takeout Purchased, 620 Tire Prices, 656
Fat and Cholesterol, 605 Foods, 643 Ways to Get to Work, 643 Medicine, Clinical Studies, and
Fruit Nutrients, 598 Favorite Ice Cream Flavor, 643 Travel and Leisure Experiments
Protein and Diastolic Blood Fruit Soda Flavor Preference, 612 Recreational Reading and Diets and Exercise Programs, 684
Pressure, 603 Genetically Modified Food, 619 Gender, 635 Effects of Different Types of
Water and Carbohydrates, Restaurants and Types of Meals Thanksgiving Travel, 636 Diets, 681
565, 573 Purchased, 633 Travel Accident Fatalities, 641 Emergency Room Visits, 664
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Skittles Color Distribution, 618 Tricking Knee Pain, 662
Bowling Scores, 565, 573 Types of Pizza Purchased, 644
Psychology and Human Behavior
NHL Assists and Total Points, Government, Taxes, Politics, CHAPTER 12 Adult Children of Alcoholics, 684
565, 573 Public Policy, and Voting
Analysis of Variance Colors That Make You Smarter,
Touchdowns and QB Ratings, 603 Congressional Representa- 655, 664
tives, 634 Buildings and Structures
Triples and Home Runs, 565, 573
Tax Credit Refunds, 644 Home Building Times, 675 Public Health and Nutrition
Transportation Lengths of Various Types of Calories in Fast-Food
Car Rental Companies, 552, Law and Order: Criminal Justice Sandwiches, 658
Bridges, 680
556, 568 Firearm Deaths, 615, 620 Carbohydrates in Cereals, 681
Gun Sale Denials, 641 Business, Management,
Driver’s Age and Accidents, Carbohydrates in Juices, 681
and Work
603, 605 Violent Crimes, 634 Fiber Content of Foods, 665
Weekly Unemployment
Stopping Distances, 562, 572 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Grams of Fat per Serving of
Benefits, 665
Travel and Leisure Behavior Pizza, 681
Grocery Lists, 636 Demographics and Population
Passengers and Airline Fares, 603 Healthy Eating, 656
Characteristics
Music Sales, 619 Iron Content of Foods and
Ages of Late-Night TV Talk Show
CHAPTER 11 Pennant Colors Purchased, 644 Drinks, 681
Viewers, 683
Types of Shopping Bags Sodium Content of Foods, 656
Other Chi-Square Tests Used, 619 Education and Testing
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Business, Management, and Work Alumni Gift Solicitation, 684
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Weight Gain of Athletes, 656
Displaced Workers, 641 Experiments Annual Child Care Costs, 657
Average Debt of College Technology
Employment of High School Cardiovascular Procedures, 642
Females, 641 Graduates, 658 Cell Phone Bills, 657
Effectiveness of a New Drug, 635
Employment Satisfaction, 644 Expenditures per Pupil, 657, 665 Weights of Digital Cameras, 665
Fathers in the Delivery Room, 636
Job Loss Reasons, 643 Hospitals and Infections, 627 Number of Pupils in a Class, 658 The Sciences
Mothers Working Outside the Organ Transplantation, 634 Review Preparation for Increasing Plant Growth, 674
Home, 635 Paying for Prescriptions, 620 Statistics, 681
Transportation
Workforce Distribution, 635 Risk of Injury, 641 Soap Bubble Experiments (and
Employees at Toll Road
Math), 674
Demographics and Population Psychology and Human Behavior Interchanges, 653
Student Loans, 656
Characteristics Combatting Midday Gasoline Consumption, 669
Education Level and Health Entertainment Gasoline Prices, 683
Drowsiness, 619
Insurance, 620 Does Color Affect Your Television Viewing Time, 657 Hybrid Vehicles, 656
Ethnicity and Movie Appetite?, 637 Environmental Sciences, the Miles per Gallon, 652
Admissions, 634 Happiness and Income, 631 Earth, and Space
Health Insurance Coverage, 642 Air Pollution, 683
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness CHAPTER 13
Population and Age, 634 Number of State Parks, 680
Women in the Military, 634 Injuries on Monkey Bars, 636
Sports Preferences of Males and
Temperatures in January, 681 Nonparametric Statistics
Economics and Investment Females, 629 Government, Taxes, Politics, Buildings and Structures
Pension Investments, 641 Types of Pitches Thrown, 641 Public Policy, and Voting Home Prices, 737
Education and Testing Youth Physical Fitness, 635 Voters in Presidential Property Assessments, 711
Ages of Head Start Program Elections, 683
Surveys and Culture Business, Management,
Students, 620 Participation in a Market Research Law and Order: Criminal Justice and Work
Assessment of Mathematics Survey, 635 Eyewitness Testimony, 647, 682 Annual Incomes for Men, 698
Students, 620 School Incidents Involving Police Employee Absences, 730
College Degree Recipients, 620 Technology Calls, 681 Family Income, 699
Education Level of Adults, 614 Internet Users, 620
Manufacturing and Product Job Offers for Chemical
Student Majors at Colleges, 634 Satellite Dishes in Restricted
Development Engineers, 716
Study Groups and Professors, 635 Areas, 633
Durability of Paint, 675 Weekly Earnings of
Volunteer Practices of The Sciences Environmentally Friendly Air Women, 698
Students, 636 Endangered or Threatened Freshener, 675 Demographics and Population
Entertainment Species, 634 Types of Outdoor Paint, 675 Characteristics
Record CDs Sold, 635 Statistics and Heredity, Ages of Drug Program
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
State Lottery Numbers, 621 609, 642 Behavior Participants, 725
Television Viewing, 643 Transportation Age and Sales, 676 Age of Foreign-Born
Environmental Sciences, the On-Time Performance by Automobile Sales Residents, 695
Earth, and Space Airlines, 619 Techniques, 673 Ages at First Marriage for
Tornadoes, 641 Truck Colors, 620 Microwave Oven Prices, 657 Women, 698
Index of Applications xxiii
Birth Registry, 738 Food and Dining Medication and Reaction Beach Temperatures for
Gender of Train Passengers, 725 Lunch Costs, 735 Times, 737 July, 735
Price of Pizza, 734 Pain Medication, 711 Fiction or Nonfiction
Economics and Investment
Teaspoon Size, 699 Patients at a Medical Books, 736
Bank Branches and Deposits, 720
Government, Taxes, Politics, Center, 694
Education and Testing Speed of Pain Relievers, 706
Public Policy, and Voting CHAPTER 14
Class Size and Average Weight Loss Through Diet, 711
Tolls for Bridge, 738
Grade, 729
Unemployment Benefits, 716 Public Health and Nutrition
Sampling and Simulation
Cyber School Enrollments, 729
Amounts of Caffeine in Demographics and Population
Exam Scores, 699, 736 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Beverages, 717 Characteristics
Expenditures for Pupils, 716 Lengths of Prison Sentences, 705
Calories and Cholesterol in Foreign-Born Residents, 765
Funding and Enrollment for Head Local Crimes, 716
Fast-Food Sandwiches, 729 Stay-at-Home Parents, 765
Start Students, 738 Motor Vehicle Thefts and
Burglaries, 729 Calories in Cereals, 716 Education and Testing
Homework Exercises and Exam
Number of Crimes per Week, 717 Prices of Vitamin/Mineral Is That Your Final Answer?, 750
Scores, 735
Shoplifting Incidents, 709 Supplements, 717 Overview of U.S. Public
Hours Worked by Student
Speeding Tickets, 730 School Lunch, 704 Schools, 752
Employees, 735
Sodium Content of Fast-Food
Legal Costs for School Manufacturing and Product Entertainment
Sandwiches, 737
Districts, 712 Development Television Set Ownership, 765
Sodium Content of Microwave
Manuscript Pages and Breaking Strengths of Ropes, 735 Let’s Make A Deal, 741, 769
Dinners, 716
References, 735 Lifetime of Truck Tires, 734 Environmental Sciences, the
Mathematics Achievement Test Lifetimes of Batteries, 737 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Earth, and Space
Scores, 728 Lifetimes of Handheld Video Bowling Scores, 712 Record High Temperatures by
Mathematics Literacy Scores, 716 Games, 705 Game Attendance, 698 State, 753
Medical School Enrollments, 706 Output of Motors, 738 Hunting Accidents, 706 Should We Be Afraid of
Number of Faculty for Proprietary Routine Maintenance and Olympic Medals, 738 Lightning?, 747
Schools, 699 Defective Parts, 700 Skiing Conditions, 730 Wind Speed of Hurricanes, 767
Student Participation in a Blood Too Much or Too Little?, 689, 736 Speed Skating Times, 705
Food and Dining
Drive, 706 Times to Complete an Obstacle
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Smoking Bans and Profits, 759
Students’ Opinions on Lengthen- Course, 703
Behavior Government, Taxes, Politics,
ing the School Year, 699 Winning Baseball Games, 705
Book Publishing, 729 Public Policy, and Voting
Technology Proficiency Test, 705 The Sciences
Grocery Store Repricing, 734 Electoral Votes, 753
Entertainment Paper or Plastic Bags, 736 Maximum Speeds of
Unemployment Rates and
Concert Seating, 730 Printer Costs, 717 Animals, 717
Benefits, 767
Daily Lottery Numbers, Textbook Costs, 737 Natural Gas Costs, 699
Weights of Turkeys, 737 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
729, 738
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and State Governors on Capital
Motion Picture Releases and Experiments Transportation
Punishment, 744
Gross Revenue, 729 Accidents or Illnesses, 730 Fuel Efficiency of
On-Demand Movie Rentals, 730 Automobiles, 735 Medicine, Clinical Studies,
Cavities in Fourth-Grade and Experiments
Television Viewers, 699, 700 Students, 729 Glasses or Contact Lenses for
Driving, 730 Snoring, 761
Environmental Sciences, the Diet Medication and Weight, 699
Earth, and Space Drug Prices, 711, 712, 729, 738 Stopping Distances of Public Health and Nutrition
Clean Air, 698 Drug Side Effects, 692 Automobiles, 705 The White or Wheat Bread
Deaths Due to Severe Ear Infections in Swimmers, 696 Subway and Commuter Rail Debate, 751
Weather, 699 Effects of a Pill on Appetite, 699 Passengers, 728 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Heights of Waterfalls, 715 Hospital Infections, 714, 718 Travel and Leisure Basketball Foul Shots, 765
Record High Temperatures, 735 Hospitals and Nursing Amusement Park Admission Clay Pigeon Shooting, 765
Tall Trees, 728 Homes, 729 Price, 729 Playing Basketball, 765
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Der große Paßhasser konnte nicht mehr bis zum Lager gehen,
sondern war jenseits des Passes zurückgelassen worden. Um zu
versuchen, ob wir ihn nicht doch noch retten könnten, blieben wir
einen Tag in diesem greulichen Lager in 5076 Meter Höhe.
Tscherdon und Turdu Bai ritten am Morgen hin, kamen aber mit der
Nachricht wieder, daß das Tier dem Tode geweiht sei. Sie hatten es
dazu gebracht, sich zu erheben und einige Schritte zu gehen, dann
aber war es auf die Seite gefallen, und da es nicht dazu vermocht
werden konnte, aufzustehen, hatten sie es totgestochen.
Den ganzen Tag goß es. Ich hatte +2 Grad in der Jurte und
konnte nichts weiter tun, als mit Pelzen zugedeckt lesen. Man muß
sich sehr genau überlegen, wohin man empfindliche Sachen legen
kann, denn durch das Dach tropfte das Wasser, und ich hatte an
beiden Seiten des Bettes ein paar kleine Seen, die abgeleitet
werden mußten. Überall ist es naß und ungemütlich; man sehnt sich
von einem solchen Platze fort, einerlei wohin, denn schlimmer kann
es nicht werden. Tscherdon und Turdu Bai waren vom Regen
überfallen worden, als sie bei dem Kamele waren. Sie saßen fünf
Stunden bei ihm, unter ihren Mänteln zusammengekauert, und ihre
Pferde waren bis an den Bauch gelbbraun; nach dem frischen
Regen waren sie doppelt so tief wie gestern eingesunken.
Der 14. August brach endlich mit Sonnenschein an. Die
Temperatur war in der Nacht auf −3,2 Grad heruntergegangen, so
daß der Boden am Morgen steinhart gefroren war und eine dünne
Eiskruste die in unseren Spuren entstandenen Pfützen bedeckte,
aber die Freude währte nicht lange, denn schon am Vormittag war
alles wieder naß und weich.
Der heutige Tag brachte uns über diese greuliche Bergkette
hinüber, die uns so viel Mühe gekostet hatte. Von ihrem leichten,
hügeligen Passe aus sah man wieder ein Längental, das im Süden
von einem neuen, ansehnlichen Rücken begrenzt wurde. Weiter
aufwärts im Tale, nach Südwesten zu, schimmerte der Boden grün;
dorthin lenkten wir unsere Schritte, denn der Weide bedurften wir
jetzt am allermeisten.
Sobald wir den Platz erreicht hatten und uns endlich auf
trockenem sandigem Boden befanden, wurde Halt gemacht; es war
ein Vergnügen, die Tiere in dem dünnen Grase wieder aufleben zu
sehen. Alles, was Bettstücke und Decken hieß, wurde auf dem
Sande ausgebreitet, um im Sonnenbrande zu trocknen (Abb. 130);
die Jurte und das Zelt trockneten am besten, wenn sie in
gewöhnlicher Weise aufgeschlagen wurden.
A m 17. August brachen wir auf, um die nächste, von Osten nach
Westen gehende Bergkette zu überschreiten. Der Anstieg
macht sich unseren müden Tieren bald recht fühlbar. So, wie wir jetzt
zogen, waren wir gezwungen, unnötigerweise über drei Pässe
zweiter Ordnung zu gehen, ehe wir den Hauptpaß erreichten. Hinten
im Westen erhebt sich der mächtige Gebirgsstock mit den
Gletschern und den ewigen Schneefeldern im Osten erscheint ein
Tafelberg, dessen Kammlinie so gerade ist, als sei sie mit einem
Lineale gezogen worden; wahrscheinlich war der Berg mit dem
porösen Tuff, der in diesen Gegenden allgemein vorkommt, bedeckt.
Vom Passe führte ein zwischen roten Hügeln eingeschnittenes Tal
langsam nach Süden. Sein Bach mündet schließlich in einen wohl
10 Kubikmeter Wasser führenden Fluß vom nächsten Gletscher. In
der Nähe des Zusammenflusses hatte sich die Karawane auf einem
mageren Rasenplatze, wo der sandige Boden wenigstens trocken
war, im Lager Nr. 28 niedergelassen (Abb. 132).
Jetzt hatten wir nur noch zwei Schafe, von denen hier eines dem
Hunger geopfert werden mußte. Das letzte blökte ängstlich und
suchte vergeblich seinen toten Kameraden. Schlimmer war, daß
Aldat, als er auf eine Orongoantilope schoß, seine Flinte ruinierte;
eine hinten am Laufe befindliche Stahlschraube wurde losgesprengt
und hätte ihn beinahe ins Gesicht getroffen. Zum Glück fand er die
Schraube wieder; sie wurde nun mit Stahldraht und einem
Lederriemen in ihrer Lage so festgemacht, daß die Flinte im Notfalle
benutzt werden konnte.
Als wir am Tage darauf gerade aufbrechen wollten und die Tiere
schon zum Beladen bereitstanden, verdunkelte sich der Himmel in
beunruhigender Weise, weshalb wir es für das klügste hielten, noch
eine Weile zu warten; wir wären in ein paar Minuten durch und durch
naß geworden. So warteten wir denn einen Regenguß nach dem
anderen ab, und auf diese Weise ging der Tag hin. Um 2 Uhr klärte
es sich auf, aber nun war es zum Aufbrechen zu spät. Statt dessen
begab ich mich mit dem großen photographischen Apparat nach der
nächsten Gletscherzunge und wollte mich gerade anschicken, ein
paar Aufnahmen zu machen, als der Himmel wieder seine
freigebigen Schleusen öffnete. Gleichzeitig näherte sich von Süden
her, schwarz wie die Nacht, ein Hagelsturm, der sich wie eine dicke
Masse über die Erde hinwälzte und ihre Oberfläche hinter sich weiß
färbte.
Es war uns einerlei, wohin uns unser Weg das Flußtal abwärts
führte, die Hauptsache war, daß wir niedrigere Gegenden mit Weide
erreichten. Wir folgten dem Flußlaufe über 30 Kilometer weit,
lagerten aber eine ziemliche Strecke von seinem Westufer entfernt.
Zu Anfang des Marsches hatten die Leute einen recht
ungewöhnlichen Fund gemacht, nämlich ein Stück eines alten
Muhammedanerhemdes, ein Tauende und ein Holz mit Kerben, wie
es beim Beladen der Tiere gebraucht wird. Ob diese Sachen von
einer mongolischen Pilgerkarawane oder von Hauptmann Wellbys
Reise herstammten, ließ sich nicht feststellen; letzteres ist jedoch
nicht unwahrscheinlich. Wellby und Malcolm reisten 1896
gleichzeitig mit mir durch Nordtibet, von Westen nach Osten, von
Ladak nach Zaidam und wählten das Längental, welches meiner
Route nach Süden hin zunächst liegt. Sie machten eine
denkwürdige, schöne Reise. Ein paar Jahre darauf fiel Wellby im
südafrikanischen Kriege, in dem auch Malcolm schwer verwundet
wurde.
Der größere Teil des Tages wurde von einigermaßen gutem
Wetter begünstigt; die Regenschauer fielen in solchen Pausen, daß
wir dazwischen wieder trocken wurden, doch kaum war dies
geschehen, so goß es wieder vom Himmel herunter, daß das
Wasser von den Lasten rieselte und unsere Anzüge vor Nässe
glänzten. Jolldasch fing ein ganz kleines Wölflein, einen wütenden,
kleinen Teufel, der gebunden mitgenommen wurde und die
verzweifeltsten Versuche zur Wiedererlangung seiner Freiheit
machte.
Am 20. August war der Boden im großen ganzen so eben, daß
sich keine Rinnsale oder Erosionsfurchen bilden, sondern sich das
Wasser in zahllosen kleinen, trüben Lachen ansammelt. Die
Grasvegetation wird allmählich besser, als wir sie bisher in Nordtibet
gesehen haben, und hier und dort wächst üppiger wilder Lauch. Die
Kamele fressen diese Pflanze mit Begierde, und auch in unseren
Suppen schmeckte sie gut.
Nach Süden hin ist das Land bis ins Unendliche offen, und keine
mächtigen Bergketten stellten sich uns mehr in den Weg. Am
Horizont zeigten sich allerdings Bergkämme, aber sie sahen ganz
unschuldig aus. Das Land hatte Plateaucharakter angenommen, und
wir wanderten über unabsehbare Hochebenen hin. An dem Ufer
eines Tümpels weideten drei große schwarze Yake. Sie setzten uns
in schwerem Galopp nach, wahrscheinlich in dem Glauben, daß wir
zu ihren alten Bekannten gehörten. Als sie nur noch 200 Schritt
entfernt waren, erkannten sie ihren Irrtum und kehrten in langsamem
Trabe um. Im Südosten erblickten wir einen ungeheueren See, an
dessen Nordwestufer die Weide ziemlich gut war, weshalb wir das
Lager Nr. 30 dort aufschlugen.
Der 21. August wurde zur Ruhe und zu astronomischer
Observation bestimmt. Das Wetter war herrlich, wirklich warm, und
Fliegen summten wieder in der Luft. Wir hatten die Zelte unweit des
Ufers auf sandigen Hügeln, die das Regenwasser aufsaugen und
davon nicht schlammig werden, aufgeschlagen. Der Strand selbst
war flach und kiesig, und ein 50 Zentimeter hoher Kieswall zeigte,
wie weit die Wellen zu dringen pflegten. Das Wasser war bittersalzig,
aber in der Nähe gab es glücklicherweise eine süße Quelle. An
Feuerung litten wir keinen Mangel, denn hier wuchsen
Jappkakstauden in ziemlicher Menge; einige Männer brachten ganze
Arme voll davon ins Lager. Ihnen war unheimlich zumute, denn sie
hatten ganz seltsame Klagelaute gehört und glaubten, es seien
Menschenstimmen gewesen. Doch Aldat, der von der Jagd
zurückkam, erklärte, es seien Wölfe. Außer sich warf er seine Flinte
hin, die ihm noch nie so schlechte Dienste geleistet. Er hatte einen
Kulan und einen Yak verwundet, aber beide hatten die Flucht
ergriffen. Gestern hatte er eine Orongoantilope angeschossen,
deren Skelett wir später auf dem Marsche fanden; das Fleisch und
die Eingeweide waren von Wölfen gefressen worden. Es fing an Zeit
zu werden, daß Aldat uns etwas Fleisch verschaffte, denn wir lebten
jetzt meistens von Reis und Brot. Ein paar Konservendosen hatte ich
noch, und Tscherdon bewirtete mich täglich mit einer vortrefflichen
Suppe von grünen Erbsen, wildem Lauche und Liebigs
Fleischextrakt, der mir auf dieser Reise große Dienste leistete.
Jetzt wurde folgende Verabredung getroffen. Am 22. August
sollte Kutschuk mich schräg über den See nach einem ziemlich
bedeutenden Gipfel, der sich im Südosten zeigte, hinrudern.
Gleichzeitig sollte die Karawane nach Westen und Süden um den
See herummarschieren und am Ufer vor dem erwähnten Gipfel Halt
machen. Da ich fürchtete, daß es ihnen vielleicht unmöglich sein
möchte, auf diesem Wege hinzugelangen, ließ ich Mollah Schah auf
Rekognoszierung dorthin reiten. Er kam am Abend wieder und
versicherte, daß keine Hindernisse vorlägen. Im Westen hatte er
einen zweiten, ebenso großen See gesehen, in den sich
wahrscheinlich das Schmelzwasser des Gletscherstockes ergoß. Die
Sache lag also klar, und ich hielt es für selbstverständlich, daß die
Karawane vor uns an dem verabredeten Platze eintreffen würde, da
Tiefenlotungen und andere Beobachtungen naturgemäß ziemlich
viel Zeit kosteten. Tscherdon wurde daher ermahnt, bei der Ankunft
ein Feuer anzuzünden, das uns abends als Leuchtfeuer dienen
sollte und nach welchem wir, wenn es nötig wäre, unseren Kurs
rechtzeitig ändern könnten.
Warm und klar brach der Tag an; nur einige leichte Wölkchen
segelten an dem türkisblauen Himmel, und spiegelblank lag der See.
Während die Karawane beladen wurde, brachten wir das Boot am
Ufer in Ordnung. Segel, Ruder und Rettungsbojen wurden
mitgenommen, im übrigen nur die notwendigen Instrumente. Wir
fuhren eine gute Weile vor der Karawane ab, sahen aber nachher
ihre lange Reihe am Ufer entlang schreiten.
Mit der Uferlinie beginnt die zusammenhängende Salzkruste, die
den ganzen Seeboden bedeckt und hier anfänglich 2–4 Zentimeter
dick war. Sie bricht unter unseren nackten Füßen. Wir mußten das
Boot nämlich erst 1½ Kilometer in den See hineinziehen, ehe es
schwamm, und in dieser Entfernung vom Strande betrug die Tiefe
noch kaum 50 Zentimeter. Jetzt steuerten wir erst nach einer kleinen
Insel in Ostsüdosten. Kutschuk brauchte nicht zu rudern, sondern
schob das Boot vorwärts; das Ruder scharrte wie auf Stein, wenn es
die allmählich immer fester werdende Salzkruste berührte.
Dieser umfangreiche See ist nur ein kolossaler Salztümpel ohne
Spur von Leben. Keine Schwimmvögel, keine Wassertiere, keine
Algen waren zu sehen. Auch der Uferstreifen ist, soweit der
Wellenschlag reicht, unfruchtbar; nur auf den sandigen Hügeln,
welche die Wasserfläche um einige Meter überragen, wächst Gras.
Wir landeten an der kleinen, birnförmigen Insel, deren größte
Höhe 5 Meter über dem Wasserspiegel nicht übersteigt. Sie liegt wie
eine Semmel im See und hat vortreffliches, geschütztes und
unberührtes Weideland. Das Gerippe eines Vogels war das einzige
Lebenszeichen, das wir finden konnten. Die Aussicht aber ist
großartig und orientierend. Nach Westen und Osten erstreckt sich
völlig offenes Land, auf dem bis an den Rand des Horizontes auch
nicht der kleinste Berggipfel sichtbar ist. Im Nordwesten glänzt das
mächtige Firnmassiv, vor dessen Gletscherzungen wir vor ein paar
Tagen lagerten. Im Süden erscheinen flache, weich abgerundete
Landrücken und im Norden die sich hie und da bis zu Schneebergen
erhebende größere Kette, die wir zuletzt überschritten hatten.
Darauf steuerten wir nach Südosten in der Richtung des
vereinbarten Sammelplatzes. Nur in einem Ringe um die Insel
herum lag Kies auf plastischem blauem Ton, dann aber setzte die
Salzkruste wieder ein. Die Tiefe nahm ein wenig zu, so daß
Kutschuk das Boot nicht mehr mit dem Ruder weiterstoßen konnte,
sondern rudern mußte.
Die Tiefenverhältnisse in diesem See waren höchst unerwartet.
Der Boden ist beinahe ganz eben, und die größte Tiefe betrug nur
2,33 Meter. Der See liegt also wie eine papierdünne Wasserschicht
über der Salzkruste und ist nur halb so tief wie die Kara-koschun-
Sümpfe. Die Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Lotungsstellen
beliefen sich auf einen oder ein paar Zentimeter. Ich hatte eine
mehrere hundert Meter lange Lotleine mit Bleigewicht
mitgenommen, doch meistens genügte das 2,13 Meter lange, in
Dezimeter und Zentimeter eingeteilte Ruder.
Gerade im Osten schien sich der See bis ins Unendliche zu
erstrecken, einer Meeresbucht vergleichbar; dies beruhte aber auf
einer durch Luftspiegelung hervorgerufenen Sinnestäuschung.
Es war ein wunderbarer, in Wahrheit höchst außergewöhnlicher
Tag, den wir auf diesem Salzsee zubrachten. Das Wetter war
prächtig; kein Lüftchen regte sich, und der Himmel spiegelte sich
deutlich im Wasser wieder. Nur um die Randgebirge herum lag ein
Kranz von dichteren weißen Wolken. Die Sonne, ein seltener Gast in
diesen Gegenden, wärmte ordentlich; man freute sich, wieder etwas
vom Sommer zu sehen, und träumte von den entflohenen
Annehmlichkeiten dieser Jahreszeit. Es war schon wohltuend, das
Gesicht in der Strahlenflut baden zu können und nach all der Nässe
und Kälte in der Nachbarschaft des Arka-tag einmal wirklich das
Gefühl des Trockenseins zu haben, aber ohne die giftigen Insekten,
die tiefer unten die treuen Sommerbegleiter der Sonne bilden. Um
uns herum ist es so still wie im Grab; keine Fliege summt in der Luft,
kein Fisch plätschert im Wasser, das leblos daliegt wie eine
chemische Lösung, überall war es still und friedlich wie an einem
Sonntage. Die vor kurzem noch so unruhigen Geister der Luft und
des Wetters hatten sich einen freien Tag gemacht, wahrscheinlich
nur, um sich zu neuem wildem Streitgetümmel auszuruhen.
Die Landschaft hat in dieser reinen, verdünnten Luft einen ganz
ungewöhnlichen, leichten Ton. Man könnte sie mit einer Braut in
weißer und hellblauer Seide vergleichen; es ist das duftigste
Aquarell in den zartesten Farben, denn alles ist ätherisch und
durchsichtig wie eine Luftspiegelung oder ein Traum. Nur unmittelbar
beim Boote schimmert das Wasser grün, sonst ist es hellblau vom
Widerscheine des Himmels.
Welch herrliche Art, nach dem nächsten Lagerplatze zu
gelangen, verglichen mit dem Reiten mit der schwerfälligen, müden
Karawane! Ich saß im Vorderteile des Bootes so bequem wie in
einem Lehnstuhl und machte meine Beobachtungen und
Aufzeichnungen wie vor einigen Monaten auf der Fähre. Der Kurs
war ein für allemal gegeben, und ein Blick nach dem Berggipfel
genügte zur Kontrolle der Richtung. Die Geschwindigkeit wurde alle
fünf, die Tiefe alle zehn Minuten gemessen, und Kutschuk sang und
summte zu den Ruderschlägen allerlei Weisen. Er ruderte das Boot
mit einem Ruder, das bald an der Backbord-, bald an der
Steuerbordreling senkrecht ins Wasser getaucht wurde. Mast und
Segel waren in der Mitte des Bootes querüber festgebunden, um uns
nicht im Wege zu sein. Mäntel hatten wir nicht mitgenommen; hätte
ich mich erwärmen müssen, so würde ich mit dem zweiten Ruder
geholfen haben, nun aber freute ich mich untätig meines Daseins,
aller Hagelschauer uneingedenk. Die Temperatur stieg auf 14 Grad
und betrug im Wasser 17,1 Grad; es war ordentlich warm.
Das Wasser ist so salzig, daß die ins Boot fallenden Tropfen wie
Stearin erstarren. Nachdem das Wasser verdunstet ist, bleibt eine
kreideweiße dünne Glocke zurück, die jedoch gewöhnlich einfällt.
Das Lotungsruder wird so weiß, als wäre es angestrichen, unsere
Hände werden weiß und rauh, unsere Kleider von Spritzern
weißgetüpfelt, und der Strommesser glitzert mit tausend Facetten.
Die Ränder und der Boden des Bootes sehen aus, als wäre es
kürzlich zu einem Mehltransport benutzt worden.
Während der ersten Stunden sahen wir die Karawane am
Westufer entlang schreiten, und ich beobachtete mit dem Fernglase
ihren gewöhnlichen ruhigen Gang und ihre Marschordnung. Sie
beschrieb einen Bogen, während wir in gerader Linie nach dem
Sammelplatze ruderten. Zuerst entfernten wir uns demnach
voneinander, darauf verschwand die Karawane hinter den
Uferhügeln, mußte aber bald am südlichen Ufer wieder auftauchen,
und dann würden wir uns einander wieder nähern und schließlich an
demselben Punkte zusammentreffen. Aber sie erschien nicht wieder.
War sie vielleicht auf schwankenden Boden gestoßen und mußte
einen Umweg machen, sammelten am Ende die Leute unterwegs
noch Brennholz oder war gar Wildbret geschossen worden, das erst
abgehäutet, zerlegt und eingepackt werden mußte?
Kilometer auf Kilometer blieb die Tiefe 1,88 Meter. Stunde auf
Stunde schien sich der Abstand zwischen uns und dem Südufer
nicht zu verringern. Aber, wie gewöhnlich, verging die Zeit auf dem
Wasser schnell. Am Nachmittag bedeckte sich der Himmel mit
leichten, dünnen Wolken, und die blaue Wasserfläche nahm eine
marmorierte Schattierung an. Das Boot schoß in gerader Linie nach
Südosten, und das Wasser plätscherte um das Ruder; dies war der
einzige Laut, der die Stille auf diesem tibetischen „Toten Meere“,
dessen Spiegel 4765 Meter über dem Weltmeere liegt, unterbrach.
Um 4 Uhr guckte die Sonne wieder hervor. Unter der sinkenden
Sonne schien sich der See am weitesten nach Westen
auszudehnen; es ist die Strahlenbrechung, die diese
Sinnestäuschung hervorruft. Die Karawane war nicht zu sehen, aber
die Entfernung war auch bedeutend, und sie mochte wohl hinter
einigen Uferhügeln marschieren.
Gegen Abend sah der vor kurzem noch so klare, blanke
Wasserspiegel beim Südufer mattgeschliffen aus. Ein brausendes
Geräusch ließ sich immer deutlicher vernehmen und wurde von
Kutschuk für das Rauschen eines in der Nähe mündenden Flusses
gehalten. Bald wurde uns jedoch klar, daß das Brausen von einem
sich erhebenden Winde herrührte, in dessen Bahn wir bald
hineingerieten. Der Wind kam von Osten; es ruderte sich schwer,
und als er stärker wurde, hißten wir Segel und änderten den Kurs in
Südwest ab. Mit reißender Fahrt und in hohem Seegange strichen
wir nach dem Ufer hin, wo sich die Brandung weißschäumend und
donnernd über scharfkantige Kiesel wälzte, die das Segeltuchboot
aufzuschlitzen drohten. Das Segel wurde rechtzeitig gerefft,
Kutschuk sprang ins Wasser, ich half mit dem Ruder, und so
brachten wir das Fahrzeug unverletzt an Land und zogen es hoch
am Ufer hinauf.
Bevor die Dämmerung in Dunkelheit überging, eilten wir nach
den nächsten Hügeln hinauf, um nach der Karawane auszuspähen.
Doch von Menschen und Tieren war keine Spur zu entdecken! Die
ganze Gegend lag schweigend und ausgestorben, beinahe
unheimlich vor uns, und mir war zumute wie beim Eintreten in eine
Klosterruine, in der seit tausend Jahren niemand gewesen ist.
Während Kutschuk Jappkakbüschel sammelte, ging ich weiter in die
Hügel hinein, wurde aber von ein paar Buchten und Lagunen
aufgehalten, deren nur von einer außerordentlich dünnen
Wasserschicht bedecktes Salz wie Eis glänzte. Ein Kulanschädel
lag, verwittert und gebleicht, an einem Abhange, und in dem losen
Erdreiche stand eine Bärenspur eingedrückt. Ich lauschte und rief,
aber die Karawane war und blieb verschwunden.