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FOR STUDENTS

Effective, efficient studying.

Connect helps you be more productive with your study time and get better grades using tools like
SmartBook 2.0, which highlights key concepts and creates a personalized study plan. Connect sets you
up for success, so you walk into class with confidence and walk out with better grades.

Study anytime, anywhere. “I really liked this

Download the free ReadAnywhere app and access your app—it made it easy
online eBook or SmartBook 2.0 assignments when it’s
to study when you
convenient, even if you’re offline. And since the app
don't have your text-
book in front of you.”
automatically syncs with your eBook and SmartBook 2.0
assignments in Connect, all of your work is available
every time you open it. Find out more at
www.mheducation.com/readanywhere - Jordan Cunningham,
Eastern Washington University

No surprises.
The Connect Calendar and Reports tools keep you on track with the
work you need to get done and your assignment scores. Life gets busy;
Connect tools help you keep learning through it all.

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Learning for everyone.

McGraw-Hill works directly with Accessibility Services
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of all students. Please contact your Accessibility
Services office and ask them to email
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WHAT’S NEW IN SOC

Helping Students Succeed with Connect®
®

McGraw-Hill Connect® is an integrated educational platform that includes assignable and assessable quizzes,
exercises, and interactive activities, all associated with learning objectives for SOC 2020. Videos, interactive
assessments, links to news articles about current issues with accompanying questions (“NewsFlash”), and scenario-
based activities engage students and add real-world perspective to the introductory sociology course. In addition,
printable, exportable reports show how well each student or course section is performing on each course segment.
Here are some of the media-rich activities that will help your students succeed in the introductory sociology course:

In Their Shoes. In Their Shoes develops

students‘ sociological imagination by walking
them through the situation, challenges, and
crises in the character’s life. Covering topics
such as “Deviance and Social Control,” “Racial
and Ethnic Inequality,” and “Socialization
and the Life Course” students explore and
navigate life choices.

Peathegee Inc/Blend Images LLC

Yellow Dog Productions/Digital Vision/Getty Images
PeopleImages.com/Digital Vision/Getty Images

Applying the Perspectives. In Applying the Perspectives, students examine a problem—global inequality,
gender stratification, or family and intimate relationships—from three sociological perspectives and apply their
critical thinking skills to align theories with the appropriate perspective.

Concept Clips. Concept Clips are animations

designed to engage students and walk them
through some of the more complex concepts
in the course and conclude with assessment
questions to demonstrate their understanding.
Topics include research variables, functions of
religion, and power and authority.

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 Final PDF to printer

Put students first with Connect’s intuitive mobile interface, which gives students and instructors flexible,
convenient, anytime-anywhere access to all components of the Connect platform. It provides seamless
integration of learning tools and places the most important priorities up front in a new “to-do” list with a
calendar view across all Connect courses. Enjoy on-the-go access with the new mobile interface designed
for optimal use of tablet functionality.

Provide a Smarter Text and Better Value with SmartBook

Available within Connect, SmartBook® makes study time as productive and efficient as
possible by identifying and closing knowledge gaps. SmartBook identifies what an individual student knows and
doesn’t know based on the student’s confidence level, responses to questions, and other factors. It then provides
focused help through targeted learning resources (including videos, animations, and other interactive activities).
SmartBook builds an optimal, personalized learning path for each student, so students spend less time on
concepts they already understand and more time on those they don’t. As a student engages with SmartBook,
the reading experience continuously adapts by highlighting the most impactful content a student needs to
learn at that moment in time. This ensures that every minute spent with SmartBook is returned to the student
as the most value-added minute possible. The result? More confidence, better grades, and greater success.
New to this edition, SmartBook is now optimized for phones and tablets and accessible for students with
disabilities using interactive features.

Prepare Students for Higher-Level Thinking

Aimed at the higher level of Bloom’s taxonomy, Power of Process for Sociology helps students improve
critical thinking skills and allows instructors to assess these skills efficiently and effectively in an online
environment. Available through Connect, pre-loaded readings are available for instructors to assign. Using a
scaffolded framework such as understanding, synthesizing, and analyzing, Power of Process moves students
toward higher-level thinking and analysis.

Also at the higher level of Bloom’s, McGraw-Hill’s Application-Based Activities are highly interactive, automatically
graded, online learn-by-doing exercises that provide students a safe space to apply their knowledge and problem-
solving skills to real-world scenarios. Each scenario addresses key concepts and skills that students must use
to work through and solve course-specific problems, resulting in improved critical thinking and development of
relevant workplace skills. Twenty-one Application-Based Activities are new to this edition of SOC.

x   •   SOC 2020

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A Revision Informed by Student Data
From the start, Connect Sociology has collected data anonymously on students’ performance on specific
learning objectives. These aggregated data, displayed in the form of heat maps, graphically identify
challenging “hot spots” in the text, helping guide the revision of both core content and assessment activities
for the Sixth Edition. This student-directed revision is reflected primarily in Chapters 9, 11, 13, and 15.
Chapter Changes
The following is a list of chapter-by-chapter content changes:
Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination
• New opening vignette on rural life and
inequality based on Sarah Smarsh’s memoir
Heartland
• Updated the data on unemployment as an
example of a public issue versus private
troubles
• Revised the discussion of the sociological
imagination to reinforce it usefulness when
making decisions about the future
• Updated the CEO-to-average-worker pay ratio
data
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Lady
Bird and Black Panther
• Updated the film gender wage gap example
with Claire Foy’s experience on The Queen
• Updated data on gender wage gap and race/
ethnicity wealth gap
• Revised the discussion of free agency in the
NBA to update information and clarify its
significance
• Revised the discussion of Comte to clarify
three significant contributions he made to early
sociology
• Classified Martineau’s contributions into three
specific areas for the sake of clarity
• Updated graphs and map presenting suicide
data
• Added new information about the increasing
rates of suicide and the resulting public health
concern
• Updated the Going Global feature on the World
Happiness Report
• Revised the Three Sociological Perspectives
table to increase clarity
• Revised the definition of personal sociology
• Replaced the existing Personal Sociology
feature with new text
• Updated the Sociology Degrees Conferred in
the United States graph
• Revised the discussion of Applied Sociology
to include a reference to the Obama
administration’s Social and Behavioral Sciences
Team
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Chapter 2: Sociological Research
• Revised the Finding Information infographic
• New Did You Know? feature on polling
projections and the 2016 presidential election
• Revised the section on common sense to more
clearly identify four of its limitations
• Added a consideration of the danger of
common sense including a reference to
Lazarsfeld’s example of the limits of “obvious”
explanations for human behavior
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on degree
attainment percentages
• Updated the Degree Attainment and Income
graph to include new data and a third column
representing those whose highest degree
attainment is some college/associate’s degree
• Updated the Presidential Approval Ratings
graph with new data
• Updated the Going Global: Research Abroad
feature on the annual Afghanistan national
survey with new data
• Updated data on popular baby names as a sign
of cultural shifts
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include
Science Fair and Monrovia, Indiana
Chapter 3: Culture
• Updated the opening vignette Improv
Everywhere and breaking norms to include
the most recent No Pants Subway Ride event
and other updated missions from Improv
Everywhere
• Moved the introduction of the three-step
model of the social construction of reality from
Chapter 5 to Chapter 3 in order to set the stage
for the next three chapters as corresponding to
the three stages of that model
• Added social construction of reality as a key term
• Edited the PopSoc feature on Columbusing for
greater clarity
• Updated section on diffusion regarding the
number of McDonald’s and Starbucks locations
around the world
What’s New in SOC   •   xi
07/29/19 03:21 PM

• New Did You Know? feature on the invention of
the steam engine
• Updated data from Ethnologue on the number
of living, endangered languages, and extinct
languages
• Updated the Going Global feature on the
region of origin of the world’s living languages
and contrasted that with the number of
speakers
• Updated examples of new words for 2018
added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate
Dictionary
• Revised the discussion on invented languages
for the sake of clarity and to emphasize the
three different eras
• Updated the PopSOC feature on Dothraki
and the increasing popularity of the name
Khaleesi
• Revised the discussion of the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis for greater clarity
• Revised and updated data and graph regarding
the values of first-year college students using
data from the annual HERI survey
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on U.S. culture
feature to include Sorry to Bother You, If Beale
Street Could Talk, En el Séptimo Día (On the
Seventh Day), and The Rider
• Revised the discussion of sanctions to clarify
the distinction between internal and external
policing
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on cultures
outside the United States to include the
films Roma and Shoplifters
• Revised the discussion of subcultures to
include a consideration of divisions between
Republicans and Democrats in the United
States
• Edited the discussion of ethnocentrism
Chapter 4: Socialization
• Added a discussion linking this chapter to the
three-step model of world construction which
was introduced in Chapter 3
• Updated the discussion of Dani’s story in the
Extreme Childhood Isolation section
• Revised and streamlined the discussion of
Mead’s theory on I, Me, significant other, and
generalized other
• Revised the definition of Mead’s generalized
other
• New J. K. Rowling feature quote on the
importance of agency
• Added a new subsection on W. I. Thomas in the
Sociological Approaches to the Self section
• New graph showing average media use time
per week by age groups
xii   •   SOC 2020
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• Updated the SOCthink to focus on smartphone
use among young adults
• Updated the Telephones and Cell Phones by
Country per 100 People graph
• Updated data on mobile phone ownership in
Africa and added the term leapfrogging
• Updated data on the number of jobs held
between 18 and 50
• Revised the 5 Movies feature on socialization
to include the films Eighth Grade, Welcome to
Marwen, and Three Identical Strangers
• Updated data on U.S. and global life
expectancy
• New graph on living arrangements by age for
those 65 and older
• Updated data on Social Security and poverty
for those over 65
• Revised the 5 Movies feature on aging to
include Beginners and Our Souls at Night
Chapter 5: Social Structure and
Interaction
• Revised the Social Interaction section to
establish the connection of the material in
this chapter to the three-step model of world
construction, which is now introduced in
Chapter 3 rather than here
• Revised the definition of secondary groups
• Revised the discussion of primary and
secondary groups for greater clarity
• Added a new discussion on college
student friendship networks based on Janice
McCabe’s research highlighting three types:
tight-knitters, compartmentalizers, and
samplers
• Updated the Going Global feature on Internet
access and social networking use in various
countries around the world
• Revised the discussion of images under
Postmodern Life to increase clarity
• Updated the Going Global feature on U.S.
favorability ratings around the world
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include The
Greatest Showman, District 9, and The Green
Book
• Updated the Pop Quiz feature
Chapter 6: Deviance
• Revised and updated the chapter opening
on mass shootings to include the Marjory
Stoneman Douglas high school shooting in
Parkland, Florida, and the Las Vegas concert
shooting
• Updated and revised the Binge Drinking on
Campus graphs
07/29/19 03:21 PM

• Updated data on the correctional population in
the United States including updating the U.S.
Incarceration Rates graph
• Moved the discussion of marijuana to the Crime
section where it was also discussed
• Updated data on piracy as a form of deviance
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on deviance
to include The Purge, Liar, Liar, and I Am Not
a Witch
• Updated data on cosmetic surgery by both
women and men in the United States
• Revised the discussion of crime for the sake of
greater clarity and accessibility
• Updated the data on trends in crime including
the crime clock
• Updated the FBI Uniform Crime Reports Data
table with latest UCR data on crime rates and
trends along with clearance rates
• Revised the definition of victimization surveys
• Updated data and graph on victimization
survey data showing percentage of crimes
reported to police
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on crime to include
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri,
Charm City, and The Shawshank Redemption
• Revised the definition of white-collar crime and
streamlined the discussion of the topic
• Revised the discussion of victimless crimes
• Updated the Marijuana Laws by State map
• Updated and moved the Marijuana Legislation
graph to the victimless crimes discussion
• New PopSOC on films dealing with Wall Street
• Updated Going Global graph on international
incarceration rates
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on drug
arrests in the United States
• Added broken window hypothesis as a new
key term
• Added a new featured quote from Dostoevsky
and prisons
• Updated data on death penalty cases, DNA
exonerations, and race in the United States
• Updated map with latest data on executions in
the United States
• Updated the gender discussion to include
changes internationally regarding the loophole
in which rapists can avoid prosecution by
marrying their victims
Chapter 7: Families
• Updated the chapter opening on online dating
apps/sites including Jessica Carbino, Bumble’s
in-house sociologist
• Updated Did You Know? feature on U.S.
marriage rate compared to Las Vegas and
Hawaii
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• Revised the substantive definition of families
• Revised the definition of extended families
• Updated and streamlined the discussion of
family types, marriage types, and kinship
patterns under the substantive definition
of families
• Updated the U.S. Households by Family Type
graph
• Updated data on the number and ratio of stay-
at-home moms to stay-at-home dads
• Updated graph showing median age for first
marriage for women and men from 1890 to
2018
• Updated data on age differences between
marital partners
• Updated data, table, and graph on interracial
marriage
• Revised the definition of homogamy
• Revised the discussion of parenting and social
class
• Made concerted cultivation and
accomplishment of natural growth key terms
• Updated the Living Arrangements of Children
graph on the percentage of children living with
two parents versus one parent by race and
ethnicity and over time
• Revised and expanded the discussion on
parenting, race, and ethnicity
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Instant
Family, Leave No Trace, and Mudbound
• Reorganized and retitled sections for better
flow including Dating, Mating, and Parenting
and Modern Families
• Added a new section covering birth rates
and average number of children including
a discussion of the impact education and
geographic region have on age prior to the
section on parenting
• Updated data on international adoption by U.S.
parents including overall numbers, top three
source nations, and median cost of adoptions
from China
• Updated data on the number of children in
foster care and awaiting adoption
• Updated data on dual-income families
• Updated data on attitudes regarding same-sex
marriage
• Updated the Approval of Same-Sex Marriage
by Age graphs showing differences by
generations
• Updated data on single-parent families
• Updated data on stepfamilies
• Updated data on multigenerational families
• New graph showing percentage of
multigenerational families over time
• Revised the definition of cohabitation to make
it more inclusive
What’s New in SOC   •   xiii
07/29/19 03:21 PM

• Updated data on cohabitation
• Updated data on remaining single
• Updated data on remaining child-free
• Updated data on divorce
• Updated the Trends in Marriage and Divorce in
the United States graph to reflect recent rate
changes
Chapter 8: Education and Religion
• Revised the chapter opening to focus on two
students from the Bronx who struggle to make
education work as a pathway to opportunity
• Revised the Education in Society section
to highlight the importance of principle
and practice when it comes to assessing
educational outcomes
• Revised the Education in Society section to
include a number of subsections, including
Education and Opportunity, Educational
Attainment, Community Colleges, Teaching as
a Profession, and Homeschooling (these last
three were moved from another section)
• Updated data on community college
enrollments
• Updated the Net Price Cost of College graph
showing the net price (tuition, fees, room, and
board minus grants) cost of two-year and four-
year colleges over time
• Updated the Average Salaries for Teachers map
• Revised the Teaching as a Profession section to
also address adjunct/contingent professors
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on college
enrollment rates
• Updated the Educational Attainment in the
United States graph showing high school and
college completion rates from 1910 to 2017
• Revised the Going Global: Educational
Attainment of 25- to 34-Year-Olds graph
to include percentages for three levels of
educational attainment: less than upper-
secondary, secondary, and tertiary
• Streamlined the discussion of functions of
education, added soft skills to the heading
and discussion, and completely reworked the
Cultural Innovation subsection
• Updated data in the Child Care subsection on
the percentage increase of three- to five-year-old
children in preschool and kindergarten over time
• Updated the Education Pays graph on the
relationship between education level and
income for 25- to 34-year-olds
• New feature quote from Malcolm X on
education
• Updated data for Did You Know? feature
regarding family income level and likelihood of
going directly to college after high school
xiv   •   SOC 2020
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• Restructured the Sociological Perspectives on
Education section including the addition of a
new interactionist perspective subsection
• Revised the discussion of the correspondence
principle and hidden curriculum and made
them part of their own subsection
• Updated Did You Know? regarding Harvard’s
acceptance rate
• Updated data on student loan debt
• Updated the College Majors by Gender,
Percent Female graph to show the percentage
of female bachelor’s degree recipients for a
variety of majors
• Revised 5 Movies feature on education to
include Dead Poets Society, Night School, and
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
• Updated SOCthink on women’s participation
levels in high school and college athletics
• Revised the discussion of a substantive
definition to enhance clarity
• Revised the discussion of the functional
definition of religion to highlight three
functions: encouraging social integration,
enforcing existing beliefs and practices, and
providing a sense of meaning and purpose
• Added a new subheading for functional
equivalents of religion and revised the
discussion for greater clarity
• Updated the Major World Religions graph and
table with current data
• Revised 5 Movies feature on religion to include
First Reformed and Noah
• Updated the data on women clergy and
theological students
Chapter 9: Economy and Politics
• Revised the structure of the chapter to improve
flow and create a better narrative
• Updated the chapter opening regarding Trump
voters’ continued support for him
• Revised the introductions to capitalism and
socialism to improve clarity
• New Did You Know? feature on attitudes toward
capitalism and socialism in the United States
• Revised the discussion of mixed economies
including more information about China
• Updated the International Economic Growth,
1980–2017 graph
• Streamlined the discussion of the Great
Recession to make it part of the mixed
economy discussion
• Revised the discussion of the three economic
sectors to make it more accessible
• Added a new subsection Economic
Globalization to include the economic
accomplishments of capitalism and placed the
07/29/19 03:21 PM

discussion of the more recent challenges of
deindustrialization, outsourcing, and offshoring
here
• Created a new 5 Movies feature focusing solely
on the economy and added The Big Short and
The Price of Everything
• Introduced polity as a key term in place
of political system to describe that social
institution
• Added a new Did You Know? feature on the
most admired man and woman in America to
go along with charismatic authority
• Added a new 5 Movies feature focusing only on
politics, and added RBG, The Post, and Cold War
• Created a new subsection focusing on the
relationship between capitalism and democracy
including an enhanced discussion of Okun’s
tension between equality and efficiency and
Marshall’s discussion of social rights
• Updated the Public Trust in Government graph
• Added a discussion on voter identification
• Updated the What’s Your Party? graph on
political party identification
• Updated data on voter participation, including a
consideration of the 2018 midterm elections
• Updated the Voter Turnout Worldwide graph
• Updated the Reasons for Not Voting graph
• Updated the (Under)Representation in
Congress graph to reflect the 2018 midterm
results for the 116th Congress
• Added a discussion about the increasing
diversity of Congress due to the 2018 midterms
• Updated the Women in National Legislatures
graph
• Updated the U.S. Public Opinion on Defense
Chapter 11: Global Inequality
Spending graph
• Updated data on terrorist attacks in 2017
• Updated and revised the Pop Quiz to reflect
the new structure and content
Chapter 10: Social Class
• Updated data on human trafficking in the
United States
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on the
Global Slavery Index
• Revised the discussion on income to clarify
the varieties of ways sociologists explore
income inequality including the importance
of the distinction between median and mode,
changes in relative income shares by quintile
over time, changes in absolute income over
time by quintiles, and the Gini index
• Updated median and mean income in the
United States
• Updated data on quintile distribution including
the Percentage Share of Total Income graphs
wit75311_fm_i-xxvi xv
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• Updated Average Household Income by
Quintile graph with the latest data
• Updated Gini index data for income
• Added a new Average Hourly Income,
1964–2018 graph showing both constant and
current dollars
• Updated data on wealth distribution and added
the Gini index for wealth
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on
consumer expenditures by the top quintile
• Updated the Child Poverty Rates around the
World graph
• Updated data for table Who Are the Poor in the
United States? percentage of population overall
versus percentage of poverty population
• Updated the People below Poverty Level
map showing variation in poverty levels by
state
• Updated data on percentage of health care
spending provided by government for select
nations
• Revised the discussion on the importance of
parents’ resources when it comes to children’s
mobility
• Updated the Education Pays graph of the
relationship between education and income
for full-time, year-round workers
• Revised and updated the Did You Know?
feature on the highest-paid CEOs
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on Social Class
to include The Florida Project and Generation
Wealth
• Added a new feature quote on wealth
• Renamed the opening section Global
Interdependence and revised the discussion
in that section to emphasize that theme as a
bridge to why people should be interested and
concerned
• Provided new examples of global production
chains
• Updated the Going Global feature showing
Human Development Index scores for a variety
of nations
• Renamed the second section Sociological
Perspective on Globalization to clarify the
purpose of the section
• Revised the discussion of modernization theory
and clarified its connection to the functionalist
perspective
• Revised the discussion of dependency
theory and world systems analysis and clarified
their connection to the conflict perspective
• Clarified how the discussion of multinational
corporations fit into the sociological theories
What’s New in SOC   •   xv
07/29/19 03:21 PM

• Updated Going Global feature contrasting
corporate revenue of the top 10 multinational
corporations to the GDP of comparably sized
nations
• Renamed the third section Economic Inequality
around the World
• Split up the discussion of income and wealth
into separate subsections and streamlined
the discussion of both to avoid overwhelming
students with too much detail
• Moved the discussion and map of gross
national income to this section instead of
appearing earlier
• Updated data on income inequality
• Updated the Quintile Distribution of Income
graph showing percentage of income earned
by the top and bottom quintiles
• Updated data on wealth inequality
• Updated and revised the Global Wealth
Distribution graph
• Updated the Wealth Concentration graph
• Updated data on poverty around the world
• Updated the Living on Less Than $1.90 a Day
graph regarding extreme poverty
• Updated the Share of Global Poor graph
showing the distribution based on region
• Streamlined the discussion of the Millennial and
Sustainable Development Goals
• Revised the Did You Know? feature about what
women garment workers in Bangladesh earn
compared to CEOs of garment companies
• Updated the discussion of Mexico as a case
study, including providing historical context for
Mexico
• Revised the discussion of Mexico’s income,
wealth, and poverty data to bring it into
alignment with the previous section and added
more data regarding each
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on the
number of undocumented workers entering
Mexico
• Revised the discussion of indigenous people in
Mexico with additional context and data
• Updated data on the status of women in
Mexico
• Updated data for the Borderlands map showing
apprehensions and remittances
• Revised the discussion regarding emigration to
the United States from Mexico with additional
information and context
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on Global
Inequality to include Icebox, On Her Shoulders,
and Capernaum
• Connected the discussion of human rights to
the earlier points about interdependence
• Updated the Human Trafficking Report table
showing tiers for countries
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• New example of Yemen as a challenging
context for human rights abuses
• Updated information on Doctors Without
Borders to include statistics on various
procedures performed
• Updated the Pop Quiz
Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality
• Updated the chapter opening on Sheryl
Sandberg and LeanIn.org with new data
• Revised the structure to include separate
sections on sex, gender, and the gender
spectrum; moved the discussion of transgender
to the beginning of the section and added the
discussion about gender binary versus gender
spectrum to the end of the section
• Updated data on gender representation in
children’s books
• Updated data on stay-at-home moms and dads
• Updated data on educational participation and
attainment for women
• Updated data on Americans’ attitudes
regarding abortion
• Created a new subsection highlighting
intersectionality
• Added a new photo with caption tying the
#MeToo movement to intersectionality
• Updated the U.S. Attitudes about
Homosexuality graph
• Updated data on sexual orientation hate crime
statistics
• Updated data on teens’ age at first sexual
intercourse experience and added information
on the nature of their relationship with their first
partner and reasons for those not having had
sex
• Updated data on international contraception
use rates
• Updated the Labor Force Participation Rates
graph for men and women
• Updated the Women’s Representation
in U.S. Occupations table showing
underrepresentation and overrepresentation in
occupations
• Updated data for men and women on median
income for full-time, year-round workers
• Updated data on occupational segregation and
its relationship to the wage gap
• Updated the Gender Wage Gap by Education
table
• Updated data on the gender wage gap by age
• Updated discussion on housework to include
its impact on relationship satisfaction and
sexual intimacy
• Updated data on women’s representation in
government after the 2018 midterm elections
07/29/19 03:21 PM

• Updated the 5 Movies on gender and sexuality
to include Love, Simon, What Men Want, and
Transformer
• Updated the criminal victimization rates on rape
and sexual violence
• Updated the data on high school girls’
experience of violence and physical coercion
Chapter 13: Race and Ethnicity
• Completed an overhaul of the chapter to place
greater emphasis on the sociological analysis
of race and ethnicity, including more historical
context regarding the social construction of
race and highlighting the consequences of
these constructs
• Updated the opening vignette addressing
cases of police killings of African American
males
• New section highlighting race as a social
construct growing out of particular historical
contexts from Linnaeus’s racial categorization,
through the era of racial pseudoscience, to the
post–WWII reconsideration of race as a social
construct from both a social and biological
perspective
• Revised the definition of race
• Revised the definition of ethnicity
• Updated statistics in the Racial and Ethnic
Groups in the United States table including
both numbers and percentage of population
• New PopSOC feature on the work of Brazilian
artist Angélica Dass matching Pantone color
codes to skin tone to highlight the gradational
nature of human variation
• Added a discussion of the role the Plessy v.
Ferguson case to show its significance in the
maintenance of systemic racial inequality
• Added a new PopSOC feature on Denmark’s
“Do It for Denmark” campaign designed to
increase birthrates in the country
• Added a discussion of the eugenics movement
in the United States
• Added a Did You Know? feature linking a
Frederick Douglass quote regarding the
biology of race from the 1850s to the civil rights
movement claims 100 years later
• Added a discussion of the UNESCO statement
after World War II, led by anthropologist Ashley
Montague, advocating the use of ethnicity in
place of race
• Added a discussion on the Most Recent
Common Ancestor research which shows the
degree of shared human ancestry
• Revised the Sociological Perspectives section
to include a more fully developed discussion of
the role theories can play in our understanding
wit75311_fm_i-xxvi xvii
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of issues related to race and ethnicity and also
made the links to the three perspectives more
explicit
• Added a discussion of Roth’s multidimensional
typology to highlight the complexity of race in
practice
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Get
Out, The Hate U Give, and Crazy Rich Asians
• Added passing as a key term to highlight the
multidimensionality of race
• Added a discussion of transracial adoption to
highlight the multidimensionality of race
• Added a discussion on the function of racial
distinction as a foundation for group solidarity
• Revised the definition of contact hypothesis
• Modified the definition of affirmative action
• Updated the PopSOC feature on racial and
ethnic representation in films
• Updated the Median Income by Race, Ethnicity,
and Gender graph
• Revised the definition of institutional
discrimination
• Revised the discussion of racism, including a
new definition, to highlight the fact that racism
involves more than just how people think and
linked it to systemic patterns of inequality
• Updated the Hate Crime Offenses graphic
• New PopSOC feature on Colin Kaepernick’s
NFL protest regarding racial injustice
• Streamlined and reorganized the discussion on
patterns of intergroup relations
• Updated the Racial and Ethnic Groups in the
United States graph
• Streamlined the discussion of various racial and
ethnic groups in the United States to highlight
the consequences of difference and updated
data for all groups on income, education,
poverty, and so on along with emphasizing
degrees of difference within each race/ethnicity
category
• Updated the Poverty by Race and Ethnicity
graph
• Updated the discussion on African Americans
to highlight distinctions within this community,
including more recent immigrants from Africa
and the Caribbean
• Updated the Age Variation by Race and
Ethnicity graph
• Updated the Major Hispanic Groups in the
United States graph
• Updated data on immigration, including
the Legal Immigration to the United States
graph
• Updated the discussion of immigration policies
• Moved the discussion of privilege to the end of
the chapter
• Updated the Pop Quiz
What’s New in SOC   •   xvii
07/29/19 03:21 PM

Chapter 14: Population, Health, and
Environment
• Updated data for the United States, world,
and select nations for total fertility rate and
replacement fertility rate
• Updated the Total Fertility Rates graph showing
changes in the average number of births per
woman over time for various countries
• Updated data for the United States, world,
and select nations for crude death rate, infant
mortality rate, and life expectancy
• Updated the Life Expectancy graph showing
changes in average number of years a
newborn is expected to live over time for
various countries
• Updated the Global Migration, 1950–2015 map
• Updated the U.S. Foreign-Born Population
graph
• Updated data on source country and state
residence of foreign-born population in the
United States
• Updated data on immigration categories
including lawful permanent resident,
naturalization, refugee/asylum, and apprehension.
• Updated World Population Growth graph with
new projections
• Updated the Afghanistan and United States
Population Pyramid graphic
• Updated data on availability of skilled health
care professionals per 10,000 people in the
United States versus select nations
• Updated data for the Infant Mortality Rates in
Selected Countries graph
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on health and
medicine to include The Big Sick, Unrest, and
Head Full of Honey
Chapter 15: Social Change
• Updated data on prevalence and incidence of
HIV and AIDS in the United States
• Updated the HIV Prevalence and Mortality
graph on cases around the world
• Updated the Percentage of People without
Health Insurance graph for people in the United
States for both income and race/ethnicity
• Updated the Infant Mortality Rates in the United
States graph showing rates by race/ethnicity
• Updated life expectancy by race and gender
• Updated the Smoking Rates by Gender graph
showing smoking percentages for men and
women over time
• Updated data on prevalence of Alzheimer’s
disease
• Updated the Health Insurance Rates by Age
graph
• Updated the Availability of Physicians by State
graph
xviii   •   SOC 2020
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• Updated data on health care expenditures,
including the Total Health Care Expenditures
graph
• Updated data on Medicare and Medicaid
recipients
• Updated the current state of the Affordable
Care Act
• Updated the U.S. Uninsured Rate, 1997–2018
graph
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on bottled
water consumption in the United States
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on the
amount of Brazilian rain forest lost each year
• Updated the Public Perception of
Environmental Issues graph
• Updated data on air pollution deaths
• Updated the 5 Movies on the Environment
feature to include Anthropocene and Rodents
of Unusual Size
• Updated data on access to safe drinking water
and modern sanitation facilities
• Updated the Global Temperature graph
showing the recorded history of average global
temperature per year
• Updated the CO2 Emissions per Capita graph
with data for select nations
• Updated the Threatened and Endangered
Species graph
• Updated the environmental issues survey
results for whether or not they should be a top
priority for Congress
• Updated the Perceptions of Global Climate
Change among select nations graph
• Updated U.S. policy regarding the Paris
Agreement regarding climate change
• Made substantial revisions to the structure and
content throughout
• New opening vignette on student social
movements and standing up for change
• Moved the discussion of social movements to
the beginning of the chapter and revised how it
gets presented
• Revised the definition of social movements
• Added a discussion of crowd theory that
emphasizes emotions and the roles of leaders
• Revised the definition of resource mobilization
along with the discussion of the theory
including a consideration of the importance
of mobilizing media resources and using
technology to do so
• New discussion of the role emotions play
in people’s participation based on recent
sociology of emotions theories
07/29/19 03:21 PM

• New feature quote from Anna Lappe
• Revised the structure of the discussion of social
change based on three parts: material, social,
and cultural resources
• Updated the Social Change in the USA table to
include recent data
• Streamlined the discussion on technology to fit
it into the context of social change
• Updated the Internet Use and Penetration by
World Region graph
• Updated the cloning milestones to include
monkeys
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• New section on social networks and social change
with an emphasis on the importance of diversity
• New section on cultural resources and social
change with an emphasis on the importance of
expanding knowledge
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include
BlacKkKlansman and An Inconvenient Sequel:
Truth to Power
• New Personal Sociology feature on living in the
past, present, and future
• Revised and updated the Pop Quiz to match
the new structure and content
What’s New in SOC   •   xix
07/29/19 03:21 PM
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Table of Contents
1 > The Sociological
Imagination 1
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 2
The Sociological Imagination 2
The Significance of Place 4
A Hamburger Is a Miracle 5
Defining Sociology 6

SOCIOLOGY’S ROOTS 8
A Science of Society 8
Theory and Research 9

FIVE BIG QUESTIONS 12

How Is Social Order Maintained? 12
How do Power and Inequality Shape
Outcomes? 13 Manny Carabel/Getty Images

How Does Interaction Shape Our Worlds? 14

How Does Group Membership Influence
Opportunity? 14 MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS 32
How Should Sociologists Respond? 15 Surveys 32
Observation 35
THREE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 15
Experiments 35
SOCIOLOGY IS A VERB 17 Use of Existing Sources 37
Personal Sociology 17
RESEARCH ETHICS 40
Academic Sociology 18
Confidentiality 40
Applied and Clinical Sociology 19
Research Funding 40
Value Neutrality 41
2 > Sociological Research 23 Feminist Methodology 42

SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 24
Sociology and Common Sense 24
Sociology and the Scientific Method 26

STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS 26

Defining the Problem 26
Reviewing the Literature 27
Formulating the Hypothesis 28
Collecting and Analyzing Data 29
Developing the Conclusion 30
In Summary: The Research Process 31

James Kirkikis/Shutterstock

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3 > Culture 46
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
CONSTRUCTING CULTURE 48
Cultural Universals 49
Innovation 50
Diffusion 51
THREE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Material Culture 52
Cognitive Culture 53
Normative Culture 59
CULTURAL VARIATION 61
Aspects of Cultural Variation
Dominant Ideology 64
Understanding Others 65
4 > Socialization 69
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION 70
Internalizing Culture 70
The Impact of Isolation 71
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION 73
Sociological Approaches to the Self
Us Versus Them 76
AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION 78
Family 78
School 79
Peer Groups 80
Mass Media 81
The Workplace 84
Religion and the
State 84
SOCIALIZATION
THROUGHOUT THE LIFE
COURSE 85
The Life Course 85
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
Role Transitions During the Life Course 88
AGING AND SOCIETY 89
Adjusting to Retirement 89
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47
51
©Emmanuele Contini/NurPhoto/Getty Images
PERSPECTIVES ON AGING 90
Disengagement Theory 90
Activity Theory 91
61
Ageism and Discrimination 92
Death and Dying 93
5 > Social Structure
and Interaction 97
SOCIAL INTERACTION 98
Self and Society 98
Positions and Power 99
73 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE 99
Statuses and Roles 99
Groups 103
Social Networks 106
Social Institutions 109
TRADITIONAL, MODERN, AND
POSTMODERN SOCIAL STRUCTURES 111
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 111
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 111
Technology and Society 112
Marco Secchi/Awakening/ Postmodern Life 114
Corbis/Getty Images
BUREAUCRACY 115
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy 115
Bureaucratization as a Way of Life 118
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture 119
87
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
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Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images
6 > Deviance 124
SOCIAL CONTROL 125
Conformity and Obedience 125
Informal and Formal Social Control 127
Law and Society 128
DEVIANCE 129
What Behavior Is Deviant? 129
Deviance and Social Stigma 130
CRIME 131
Official Crime Reports 131
White-Collar Crime 133
Victimless Crimes 134
Organized Crime 135
International Crime 135
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND
DEVIANCE 137
Functions of Crime and Deviance 137
Interpersonal Interaction and Defining
Deviance 139
Conflict, Power, and Criminality 142
7 > Families 147
DEFINING FAMILY 148
Substance: What a Family Is 148
Functions: What Families Do 150
Conflict: Who Rules? 152
MARRIAGE, MATING, AND PARENTING
Marriage Trends 154
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Courtship and Mate
Selection 154
Parenthood
Patterns and
Practices 157
MODERN
FAMILIES 160
Dual-Income
Families 161
Same-Sex
Marriage 161
Single-Parent Yu Chun Christopher Wong/
S3studio/Getty Images
Families 162
Stepfamilies 163
Multigenerational Families 164
Cohabitation 164
Remaining Single 165
Remaining Child-Free 165
DIVORCE 166
Statistical Trends in Divorce 166
Factors Associated with Divorce 166
Impact of Divorce on Children 167
8 > Education and Religion 171
EDUCATION IN SOCIETY 172
Education and Opportunity 172
Educational Attainment 172
Community Colleges 174
Teaching as a Profession 174
Home Schooling 175
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
EDUCATION 176
Functions of Education 176
Education and the Conflict Perspective 178
Education and Interaction 180
154
Ilene MacDonald/Alamy Stock Photo
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DEFINING RELIGION 182

Substance: What Religion Is 182
Function: What Religions Do 183
Functional Equivalents of Religion 184

COMPONENTS OF RELIGION 185

Beliefs 185
Rituals 186
Experience 186
Community 187

RELIGIONS AROUND THE WORLD 189

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RELIGION 191

Integration and the Functionalist Perspective 191
Religion and Social Change 192
Conflict and Social Control 194 Spencer Platt/Getty Images

9 > Economy and Politics 198

 AR AND PEACE
W
War 216
216

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 199 Terrorism 218

Capitalism 199 Peace 218
Socialism 200
Mixed Economies 201
10 > Social Class 222
ECONOMIC
CHANGE 202 LIFE CHANCES 223
Economic Sectors Systems of Stratification 223
and Technological Social Mobility 226
Innovation 202
SOCIAL CLASS IN THE UNITED STATES 227
Economic
Globalization 203 Income and Wealth 228
Poverty 232
POLITICAL SYSTEMS 205
The American Dream 235
Monarchy 205 Bill Sikes/AP Images

Oligarchy 206 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON

STRATIFICATION 238
Dictatorship and Totalitarianism 206
Marx and Material Resources 238
Democracy 206
Weber and Social Resources 239
POWER AND AUTHORITY 208 Bourdieu and Cultural Resources 241
Power 208 Material, Social, and Cultural Resources 242
Types of Authority 208
Balancing Economic and
Political Power 210
11 > Global Inequality 246
The Power Structure in the GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE 247
United States 211
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED GLOBALIZATION 248
STATES 213 Modernization and the Functionalist
Voter Identification and Participation 213 Perspective 249
Race and Gender in Politics 215 Structural Inequality and the Conflict Perspective 250

Table of Contents   •   xxiii

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Viviane Moos/Corbis Historical/Getty Images
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AROUND THE WORLD 255
Income 255
Wealth 256
Poverty 257
Social Stratification in Mexico 258
UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS 262
Defining Human Rights 262
Principle and Practice 264
Human Rights Activism 264
12 > Gender and Sexuality
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER
Sex 269
Gender 271
Reimagining Sex and Gender 274
The Gender Spectrum 276
Allison Shelley/Getty Images
xxiv   •   SOC 2020
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WORKING FOR CHANGE: WOMEN’S
MOVEMENTS 276
The First Wave 277
The Second Wave 277
The Third Wave 278
Intersectionality 279
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUALITY 280
Sexuality and Identity 280
Sexuality in Action 282
GENDER AND INEQUALITY 284
Sexism and Discrimination 284
Women in the United States 285
Women Around the World 289
Kim Kim Foster/The State/MCT/Getty Images
13 > Race and Ethnicity 294
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE AND
268 ETHNICITY 295
The Roots of Racial Classification 296
269 The Era of Pseudoscientific Racism 298
Rejecting Racial Pseudoscience 299
S OCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RACE AND
ETHNICITY 302
The Interactionist Perspective: Race as
Multidimensional 302
The Functionalist Perspective: How Racial
Categorization Works 305
The Conflict Perspective: Racial Inequality 306
THE CONSEQUENCES OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC
DIFFERENCE 308
Prejudice And Discrimination 308
Racism 309
Patterns of Intergroup Relations 313
Inequality Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the
United States 317
Immigration 324
Privilege 327
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15 > Social Change 364

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 365
Early Social Science Crowd Theory 366
Relative Deprivation 366
Rational Action and Resource Mobilization 367
The Power of Compassion 368
Michael Nigro/Pacific Press/LightRocket/Getty Images ASSESSING SOCIAL CHANGE 369

14 > Population, Health, and

Material Culture and Change 370
Cognitive Culture and Change 373
Environment 332 Normative Culture and Change 375

POPULATION 333 SOCIOLOGY IS A VERB 376

Birth 334 Personal Sociology 377
Death 335 Public Sociology: Tools for Change 377
Migration 335 Practicing Sociology 378
Demographic Transition 337

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH

AND ILLNESS 340
Culture, Society, and Health 340
Illness and Social Order 342
Power, Resources, and Health 343
Negotiating Cures 345

HEALTH AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF

PLACE 346
Social Class 347
Race And Ethnicity 348
Gender 349
Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Age 350

HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES 351 Glossary 383

A Historical View 351 References 393
The Role of Government 352 Name Index 434
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 353 Subject Index 437
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE
ENVIRONMENT 354
Human Ecology 354
Power, Resources, and the Environment 355
Environmental Justice 356

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 357

Air Pollution 357
Water Pollution 358
Global Climate Change 358
The Global Response 359

Table of Contents   •   xxv

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
spot of grease where it was not wanted would spoil the effect aimed
at; and they should be boiled hard.
To simply colour the eggs they need only be dipped in water, then
placed in a decoction of logwood for the various shades of purple; of
cochineal for red, or boiled with onion peelings, or in an onion, for
amber, or coloured with spinach juice for green. But superior to these
simple colourings are Judson’s dyes, which may be obtained of any
colour, and can be used as paints on the shells as well as dyes.
The eggs are dipped in water before being put in the dye, to make
them take the colour evenly. If it is desired to keep part of the shell
white—for instance, to have a name or motto in white on a red
ground—proceed thus: When the egg is warm after boiling take a
small piece of mutton suet, which, being hard, you can cut to a point
almost like a pencil. With this draw or write what you wish on the
warm egg, which you can then place in the dye. The part greased
will not take the colour, but when dry the fat is easily removed, and
the white design can be left or filled in with another colour, or with a
little gold or silver paint. A pretty way is to grease a delicate piece of
moss, a fine fern leaf, or a skeleton leaf, to roll either round a warm
egg so as to leave a greasy print on it, and then put it in the colour;
but great care must be taken in handling the work not to blur the
design. An egg spotted with grease then put in a yellow dye, the
grease removed, and then a pale blue dye used, produces an effect
that would puzzle a naturalist. Brown and blue dyes answer, used in
the same way.
Eggs may be also simply treated by having small leaves or little bits
of moss bound on to them with various coloured wools, or ribbons
(not fast-coloured ones), before they are boiled, the wool or ribbons
being removed when they are dry again; the effect is often very
good, but there is great doubt about the results in this way of
colouring.
A neater and much better way than greasing the design, for those
who do not mind the trouble, is to dye the egg all over, and then to
scratch out the motto, or whatever is required white, with a penknife.
This is, of course, a much more difficult process, and requires great
care.
Eggs dyed pale blue, and a little cloud and sea with a tiny boat
painted on them, or dyed yellow and turned into a little sunset
picture, with a tree added, are very pretty. They can be done in oil or
water colours.
I have seen cupids and like subjects painted on them, but they are
quite unsuited for Easter eggs, which are not, and should not be
used as, adjuncts of Valentine’s day.
For more elaborate work, the eggs, having been boiled hard, can be
painted over with gold size, and then covered with gold, or any metal
leaf, which maybe again painted on with oil paints, or by using a
medium and body colours, with water colours.
A gilt egg, with a white lily on it, or a silvered one with a daffodil,
looks very pretty; violets and primroses, emblems of spring, are also
appropriate, while eggs with butterflies or small birds bearing
mottoes painted on them, are much appreciated by children. When
painted in water colours, the eggs can easily be varnished. On
Easter day I once saw the breakfast eggs which the cook had boiled,
some with red and some with blue dye in the water, sent to table in a
nest of green moss lined with a little white wool; the eggs were only
cooked the usual time, and were greatly relished by the younger
members of the family.
I would recommend the use of Easter eggs to those girls who take
Sunday-school classes; they are very good mediums for giving
precepts or words of advice; a judiciously chosen motto or text may
often do a great deal in helping a child or person to correct a fault,
and a motto is more attractive on an ornamental egg than in a book.
I remember a little German book called “Ostereier” (Easter eggs), in
which a charming account is given of an Easter festival, when motto
eggs were distributed to a number of children. Some of the rhymes
given are very pretty; they lose in translation, but are such as
“Goodness, not gold, wins love and trust,” “For meat and drink the
giver thank,” “A good conscience makes a soft pillow.”
Such sentences as these do for quite small children, but a short
verse from a hymn or a text can easily be written on an egg. They
look very well coloured pale blue or mottled green and blue, as
directed above, and the words written on after with red, or blue ink of
a darker colour, and a little ornamentation round. For school-children
water colours should not be used in painting the eggs, for the warm
and often moist hands of the recipients of these little gifts would
smear the paint.
We must now come to another kind of egg I have found much
appreciated, as it is eatable, though imitation only. It is prepared
thus: Procure some half egg shells which you can colour or not, as
you please, but you must cut the edges as smooth as you can with a
pair of small, sharp scissors; next take one pound of ground almonds
(they can be bought ready prepared), mix with the beaten whites of
three, or if small, four eggs, add a teaspoonful of orange flower
water, or a little more, if needed, make into a paste, and stir in one
pound of fine sifted loaf sugar, and work with a wooden spoon into a
smooth paste; next shake a little icing sugar into the half shells, and
fill them with the almond paste, scoop a piece out of the centre of
each half, and as you put the two halves together insert a preserved
apricot (dried) without a stone; if the apricots are too large use half
ones, but whether large or small they must be pressed into suitable
shapes before they are used, as they have to represent the yolks of
the eggs.
When the parts are joined together, a strip of tissue paper should be
fastened round the junction with white of egg, and then a ribbon or
ornamental paper put round and the shells decorated with a little
water colour paint. If preferred, the shells can be used as moulds
only, and removed as soon as the paste is dry, but if this is to be
done the two edges of the almond paste must be moistened with
white of egg before they are put together, or they would come apart
when the shells were removed.
The almond eggs must be put in a warm, dry place as soon as
made; a very cool oven will do to dry them.
If you remove the shells, cover the almond paste with icing sugar
that has been well worked with a little white of egg and lemon juice;
this is not an easy operation, but if the sugar is well worked before
using, it will cover the paste more neatly than if used quickly; if
sufficient smoothness is attained the sugar can be decorated
afterwards with some harmless colouring, such as saffron or
cochineal.
To make sugar eggs, mix one ounce of raw arrowroot with one
pound of icing sugar, add the beaten whites of three or four eggs,
according to size, and a teaspoonful of lemon juice; work the mixture
well; use the egg shells as moulds and proceed as with almond
paste, putting anything that is liked in the centre, and joining the
halves together with white of egg; dry thoroughly, in some place not
warm enough to melt the sugar, before you remove the shells. It is
easier to take the halves off if they are slightly oiled before the sugar
is sifted into them.
 NOTES FOR APRIL.
It is very interesting in the spring to watch the gradual development
of a frog from the egg, through the tadpole stage of its existence, till
at last it assumes its final form.
The old frogs emerge from their winter hiding places in the mud,
early in the spring, and during March their eggs may be found
floating on almost every stagnant pond. A group of these eggs in
their early stages of development looks like a mass of clear white
jelly, containing numbers of black specks, each of which is really the
germ of the future tadpole.
In order to watch the development, a group of the eggs should be
taken and put in a shallow vessel of water, which, if kept in the
house, should have a bell-glass, or some other covering over it, to
keep out the dust.
The jelly-like mass which envelopes the future tadpole is so clear
that all its changes can be easily watched. First the head appears,
then a flat tail, and in course of time the nostrils, mouth, and large
eyes, till at length the completed tadpole bursts open its gelatinous
covering, and apparently not in the least embarrassed by its new
surroundings, begins swimming briskly about, looking for something
to eat. The time occupied in hatching varies in different countries,
according to the climate, from four days to a month. In England the
tadpole does not often appear till towards the end of April.
The following stages are even more interesting, especially for those
who can take advantage of the transparency of the parts to watch
the circulation of the blood through a microscope.
The body of the tadpole gradually gets broader, while the tail gets
thinner and thinner, till it finally disappears altogether; but before that
happens its place has been taken by two hind legs, which first
appear under the skin and then gradually push their way through.
The fore legs next appear, and so on through all the stages of
development, till in a longer or shorter time, according to the amount
of warmth, light, and food it can obtain, the complete frog appears.
But woe betide the unfortunate tadpole which, first of the shoal,
attains to the dignity of possessing limbs, for so ferocious are the
later ones, and so jealous of their precocious little brother, that they
almost always fall upon him, and, not content with killing, never rest
till every morsel of him is eaten. And unless several of the tadpoles
assume their final change about the same time, this proceeding is
repeated till their numbers are very considerably diminished, or, as
sometimes happens, till only one survivor is left, who, having helped
to eat all his brethren, instead of meeting with his deserts, is allowed
to live on in peace, till some day in the course of his walks abroad,
he, in his turn, is snapped up as a delicate morsel by some hungry
snake or waterfowl.
Insects and flowers are much more closely connected with one
another than we sometimes think.
Not only do many insects depend upon flowers for their food, but
many flowers also depend upon the visits of insects to carry their
pollen from one flower to another and so continue the life of their
species.
There are some flowers, however, whose pollen is carried by the
wind instead of by insects, and which are therefore an exception to
this general rule. These, not needing to attract insects, are small and
insignificant, with neither scent nor honey, but with a very large
quantity of pollen. They generally flower early in spring, before the
leaves are out, as these would catch the pollen as it is blown along
by the wind, and prevent it reaching the flowers for which it is
intended. Notice, for example, the flower of the oak, elm, ash, and
Scotch fir.
April is a busy month in the garden. Auriculas and polyanthuses in
bloom should be watered often, and shaded if the sun is very bright,
and sheltered when the weather is cold; tulips also must be
sheltered from severe cold, though they may safely be encouraged
to grow now.
Seeds of perennials and biennials for flowering next year should be
sown now, such as wallflowers, carnations, and pinks. Heartsease
for autumn flowering should also be sown, and cuttings taken from
old plants. Hardy annuals should be sown not later than the middle
of April. Give them good soil, and do not cover the seeds too deeply
with earth (some of the smallest kinds should only be sprinkled on
the top), and when they begin to shoot up thin out the young plants
vigorously; amateur gardeners almost always leave them too close
together, but the more room they have the better and stronger they
will grow.
If there is no greenhouse, or “heat,” half hardy annuals may be sown
out in the open garden towards the end of April, and if diligently
cared for they will grow well and thrive.
After a warm day, evergreens are benefited by syringing. Ivy that is
wished to grow close should be clipped all over; and grass should be
cut about once a week, and often rolled. It should not be allowed to
get long before cutting the first time, or it will be troublesome to get
into order again.
April is the month in which we welcome most of our spring bird
visitors. The nightingale and cuckoo have already come and begun
their song; the swallow and house-martin will arrive about the middle
of the month, and are soon busy making new nests, or patching up
old ones. The whitethroat appears towards the end of the month.
During the April showers the whole air seems full of song. Walking
through woods ringing with bird music, we are once more reminded
of the problem which so puzzled Daines Barrington. “Do the birds all
sing in one key? And if not, why do the songs harmonise instead of
producing unpleasant discords?” Perhaps it is the distance which
lends enchantment and softens the discords. No doubt if all the
songsters were in one room, the result would not be quite so happy.
Many eggs, larvæ and cocoons of butterflies and moths may be
found this month among heaps of dry leaves, on low bushes, or
trunks of trees. Grasses and rushes shelter several of the early
species, which are already flying about, and some rare insects may
be found now which cannot be obtained later in the season.
 THE ROMANCE OF THE BANK OF
ENGLAND.
OR,

THE OLD LADY OF THREADNEEDLE

STREET.
By EMMA BREWER.

CHAPTER VI.
It is a true saying, that when mothers begin to talk of their children
they never know when to stop; and the children, who might
otherwise have found favour, are thereby made to appear as
uninteresting and vexatious bores.
I will try to avoid falling into this error, and only tell you enough to
enable you to understand the peculiarities of mine.
You may have noticed how great a variety exists in the characters
and dispositions of the members of every large family, and will not be
surprised to hear that the same individuality of character shows itself
in the family of Funds and Stocks.
In introducing you to the steadiest and most reliable of my children, I
feel that I am putting you in the way of deriving real advantage. If,
however, you prefer the less worthy, the more daring and
speculative, I shall feel that no blame attaches to me.
Have you ever remarked, in your round of visits among your friends,
that it is almost possible to tell the character of host and hostess by
the people you meet there, and even by the servants who wait upon
you—all seem to take the tone of the house? I notice this specially
among my children. For example, my “Three per Cent. Consols” and
my “New Three’s,” whom I select as specially suited to be your
friends, have the most courteous, kindly, sober and religious class of
visitors; on the faces of all, old and young, clergy and laity, there is
an expression of repose and security and “well-to-doism” which is
charming; while, on the other hand, the faces and manners of those
who visit some of my other children are so wild, so haggard, so
restless, that you cannot help wishing that some good fairy would
give them a soothing syrup, or else insist on their choosing safer
friends; but if you ever pay me a visit, and use your eyes, you will
see more of this than, as a mother, I can tell you.
Against one thing, however, I am, as your friend, bound to warn you.
Listen to no one who proposes to let you have money at a very
cheap rate, while at the same time he offers to pay you large interest
on it. More I cannot say at present.
Closely connected with me, and in my neighbourhood, stands a most
mysterious building, known as the Stock Exchange. Its chief
entrance is in Capel-court, Bartholomew-lane.
None may pass within its portals but those specially privileged, still I
may tell you something about it without breaking through any of the
barriers which the inhabitants have set up between the public and
themselves.
This Stock Exchange is an association of about two thousand
persons, all men, of course, who meet together in Capel-court, and
who agree to be governed by a committee of thirty, chosen from
among themselves.
To the outside world, all the members are known by the name of
“stockbrokers,” but inside the mysterious building they divide
themselves into two classes—“stockjobbers” and “stockbrokers.”
Whether they be one or the other, their lives, occupations, fortunes
and reputations are bound up with the Stocks and Funds. They live
for them and they live on them. They determine their value, they
study every shade of temper exhibited by the family, they decide
their rise and fall, they are their interpreters and mouthpieces, they
act also as their bodyguard: none can approach but through them.
These two classes, jobbers and brokers, have a distinct work, which
I will try to make clear to you.
To start with, the stockjobber does not deal with the public, but the
stockbroker does.
You see stocks and shares are marketable commodities; you can
buy them, sell them, or transfer them, and the stockjobber is, as it
were, the wholesale merchant, and the stockbroker the retail dealer.
Let me explain. If you required twenty yards of black silk, you would
probably go to Marshall and Snelgrove or to Peter Robinson for it.
You certainly would not think of going to a wholesale house in the
City for it; and if you did, the article would not be supplied to you in
this way—it is contrary to the etiquette of trade.
Just in the same manner, if you wanted to buy some stock, you
would go to a stockbroker for it, and not to a stockjobber—the
stockbroker occupying the same position as Marshall and Snelgrove,
while the stockjobber stands in the place of the wholesale house in
the City.
The stockjobber, or wholesale merchant, is always ready both to buy
and sell with the broker. If you give an order to the latter, he darts
into the Stock Exchange, and without disclosing the nature of his
order to the jobber, inquires of him the price of the particular stock
which you wish to deal in. The jobber names two prices: one at
which he is prepared to buy (the lowest price, of course), the other at
which he is willing to sell (the highest price).
Thus, if the price of Consols was given by him as 100¼ to 100½, it
would mean that if you wanted him to take some stock of you he
would give you £100 5s. for each £100 of stock; and that if you
desired to buy some stock of him, you must pay him £100 10s. for
each £100.
These prices are the limits which the jobber sets himself. He is often
ready to give more or to sell for less than the prices he at first
names, according to what is known as the state of the market.
The profits of the jobber and the broker are not of the same kind; the
jobber makes his money out of the difference between the price at
which he buys the stock of you and sells it to someone else.
The broker charges you a small percentage on the cost of the stock
by way of commission for his services in the matter; this does not
include stamp duty or fee, but otherwise he undertakes any
incidental service which may be necessary to give you the full
proprietorship of the stock.
Stockjobbers, or wholesale stock merchants, are, as you see, very
necessary, for brokers could not at all times accommodate their
customers; it might be that one would want to sell at a moment when
there was no one to buy; as it is, however, all is made easy by the
jobbers, who are at all times ready both to buy and sell, and to
almost any amount.
It does sometimes happen that they promise to sell more than they
possess, and then they have to borrow and pay for the use of it on
their clearing day, which takes place once a month for Consols and
similar securities, and once a fortnight for other stocks within the
Exchange. It would never do for members of the Stock Exchange to
fall short of their obligations.
The mystery that has always hung about this building has greatly
increased since it has been in combination with the Exchange
Telegraph Company of London, with all its scientific developments
and its electric currents. Between this bureau and the Stock
Exchange ghostly, silent messages pass the livelong day concerning
the health, the value, the rise and the fall of the various stocks and
funds, and in a few seconds these mysterious messages are wafted
through the length and breadth of the land.
I am a curious, inquisitive old lady, and as there were many points in
these mysterious proceedings I could not understand, I went to the
bureau a short time back, and begged Mr. Wilfred King, the
courteous and clever secretary of the company, to make them clear
to me.
I was very interested in what he said about the rapidity with which
the messages are transmitted. He assured me that the result of the
last Derby was known all over London before the horses had had
time to stop after they had passed the winning-post; and, again, that
during the last Parliamentary session the debates, by means of this
company, were known at the Crystal Palace before they reached the
smoking-room of the House of Commons.
As I stood watching the clever instrument pouring out silently and
persistently its yards of tape messages, I asked as a favour that Mr.
King would cut off a piece, that I might show it to you. You will see
that the language is conveyed by means of simple lines, over which
he was so kind as to write the letters so represented—

[1]

The following little sketch will give you some idea of the instrument
and its working:—
I should like you to know more of this wonderful place; but it belongs
to my life only inasmuch as it carries my messages so silently and
rapidly that people hundreds of miles away can do business with me
in the same hour, and the result is that many thousands of pounds
pass through my hands in a day, which might otherwise have
remained idle.
You will possibly feel surprised to hear that on an average six
millions of pounds[2] are daily passed in London, without a single
coin being used, and without any inconvenience or fatigue; whereas
such a sum as this, if paid in gold or silver, would necessitate the
carrying backward and forward over many miles some hundred tons
weight.
Like many other gigantic transactions, it is brought about in an
insignificant building in a court leading out of Lombard-street, and
therefore close to my residence.
It is not a mysterious place like the Stock Exchange, but its power of
working is so wonderful as to be quite beyond the power of woman
to take in.
It transfers more money in one week than the whole quantity of gold
coin in the kingdom amounts to; and not the least wonderful thing
about it is that the entire work is performed by about thirty well
trained clerks, in the most exact, regular, and simple manner.
The place I am speaking of is the Bankers’ Clearing House—not to
be confounded with that in the Stock Exchange. It was established in
1775 by bankers who desired a central place where they might
conduct their clearing, or balancing, and their needs led them to the
invention of a simple and ingenious method of economising the use
of money. Almost all their payments are in the form of cheques upon
bankers.
The system of clearing is quite as important in money matters as
division of labour is in manufactures, and deserves a much more
thorough explanation than I can give here; and my only excuse for
mentioning it at all is to show you how wonderfully different my
position is now, strengthened as it is by the development of science,
knowledge, and experience, from what it was in my early days.
While my transactions have increased a thousandfold, money,
labour, and time have in an equal degree been economised.
I thought myself very rich formerly with a fortune of £1,200,000, and I
considered that I and my household had a great deal to do in the
management of it, and the work which fell to my lot. Dear me! I can
call back the picture of even a hundred and twenty years ago. My
own house was so small that passers-by could scarcely recognise it;
the population of London was only half a million, and there was but
one bridge over the Thames connecting my side of the City with
Southwark; and as to that mysterious building, the Stock Exchange,
it did not exist. You know, also, for I have told you, that my directors
only employed fifty-four secretaries and clerks, and that their united
salaries did not exceed £4,350. The contrast between then and now
is marvellous even to me.
Only look at it. The proprietors’ capital is now fourteen millions and a
half instead of £1,200,000; I am the Banker of the Government; I
receive the Public Revenue; I pay the National Debt; I receive and
register transfers of stock from one public creditor to another, and I
make the quarterly payment of the dividends. I have undertaken also
the management of the Indian Debt, as well as the Funded Debt of
the Metropolitan Board of Works. What do you think of that for a
woman old as I am in years? You must own that, notwithstanding my
age, I am young and vigorous in thought, in action, and in
organisation, otherwise how could I get through my work as I do?
 “GHOSTLY, SILENT MESSAGES.”
My profits, too, are, when compared with those in my young days,
enormous. You wanted to know, if I remember rightly, how I lived,
and how I obtained the money to pay you your dividends; and
whether, in this respect, I was worthy of your trust.
Well, I will tell you a few of the ways in which I make money. I obtain
large sums by discounting Exchequer Bills; then there is the interest
upon the capital stock in the hands of the Government; I receive,
also, an allowance for managing the Public Debt. Up to 1786 I used
to get £562 10s. for every million; it was then reduced to £450 a
million; and since 1808 I get £300 per million up to 600 millions, and
£150 per million beyond—a nice little sum for you to work out.
A further source of income is interest on loans, on mortgages, profit
on purchase of bullion, and many other small matters. I am careful,
you see, not to have all my eggs in one basket.
For help in all this work I employ between eight and nine hundred
officers and servants, whose salaries exceed £210,000 a year.
I think I am a good mistress. I am sure I do my best to take care of
all my people, and I am acquainted with every one of them, even
with those who perform what is called menial service (I don’t like that
word; every service is honourable, if well performed); but I do
confess that I am extremely strict and particular and I am intolerant
of mistakes, from whatever cause they arise, because they dim the
lustre of my honour.
I think on the whole I have reason to be proud of my servants.
Indeed, I have a firm belief that no lady in the land is served better or
more faithfully.
I think you will like to hear a little about the way I manage my people.
First of all, I make every increase of salary to depend upon
punctuality in the morning, knowing as I do its importance. I am
equally particular that those living within the house shall keep good
hours at night.
Then I do not mind giving occasional leave of absence, if urgently
required; but I don’t allow anyone to take what is called “French
leave” without paying a fine for each day’s absence.
When my people get too old for service, I like to feel that they will not
suffer want; so I give them a pension in proportion to the salary they
are receiving at the time they retire. I spend about £40,000 in this
way—a spending which has nothing but pleasure in it for me.
I started a library some time ago for the younger members of my
household, by giving them a large room and £500 for books. It has
since been kept going by themselves, each subscriber paying eight
shillings a year. Between three and eight on certain days in the week
you may see numbers of them making their way thither for reading
and recreation. Those who prefer it may have books to take home.
One of my representatives is always present during these hours, just
to show our interest in their recreation.
The kind feeling, however, is not at all one-sided, as I have had
frequent opportunities of judging. Times of trouble, panic, and
sickness never fail to show me the love and devotion of my people,
and that they have not hesitated to sacrifice their lives for my safety
is a matter of history.
During the hours of the night, when I take my well-earned sleep, I am
watched over by my faithful servants, who take it in turn, two at the
time, to keep watch, in which loving duty they are assisted by a
company of Foot Guards.
So you see on the whole I am a happy woman, a very busy one, and
I think a safe one for you to trust.
(To be continued.)
OUR TOUR IN NORTH ITALY.
By TWO LONDON BACHELORS.
 ST. GIORGIO, MAGGIORE.
Our longing expectations were fulfilled, and we were vouchsafed a
lovely evening for our entrance into Venice. By the time the train
reached Mæstre all traces of the storm had disappeared, the sky
was dark blue, and glittered with innumerable stars and a full moon
—just such an ideal night as one would choose for getting one’s first
impressions of the most poetical city in the world.
From Padua to Mæstre there is nothing remarkable; the same
seemingly eternal plain has to be traversed; but as the train draws
near to the last-named city one begins to realise that one is really
approaching the Queen of the Adriatic.
At Mæstre we began to feel the sea breezes, and as the train rushed
on to St. Giuliana we caught glimpses of the far-off lights of Venice
reflected in the water. And now commences the vast bridge which
takes the train over the lagune. This bridge is between three and four
miles in length, and contains 222 arches.
Our excitement was great when we reached the lagune, and the
train seemed actually rushing through the water.
At first the buildings of the distant city looked like huge black rocks,
though the hundreds of lights reflected in the water told one of the
approach to habitation. But as we drew near, the churches, towers,
campanili, and palaces became almost distinguishable, telling out
black against the starlit sky, and seemingly rising from the middle of
the sea—an exquisitely poetical scene, with which no one could be
disappointed.
Of course, we can understand that approaching Venice by day is
quite another matter. Then the shallowness of the lagune (the water
is sometimes not more than three feet deep) is realised; then all the
ruin, shabby detail, bad restoration, and bizarre Gothic work of the
city are seen at a glance. The beautiful moonlight night, however,
told us of none of these defects, but emphasised the strange poetry
of this singular city, with its wonderful history and associations, built
in the middle of the sea.
The approach to Venice by gondola in former times must have been
even more romantic, as the puffing and the screeching of a steam-
engine brings one’s mind back to the nineteenth century. Though, at
the same time, rushing across the lagune in a railway-train at night
produces a somewhat remarkable sensation.
The train took about nine minutes to cross the bridge, and then
glided quietly into the railway station at Venice. There were only
about half a dozen passengers besides ourselves, and there was