ASIAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Online Class

Class 10

{Chapter Highlights}

⇉THE HUMAN EYE:

→Power of Accommodation:
The ciliary muscles can change the curvature of the eye lens and thus
change its focal length. When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes
thin. Thus, its focal length increases. This enables us to see distant
objects clearly. When we are looking at objects closer to the eye, the
ciliary muscles contract. This increases the curvature of the eye lens and
hence eye lens becomes thicker. Consequently, the focal length of the
eye lens decreases. This enables us to see nearby objects clearly.
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length for viewing near or far
objects is called accommodation of eye.
The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly by
us without strain, is called the least distance of distinct vision. It is
also called the near point of the eye. For a young adult with normal
vision, the near point is about 25 cm.
The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects clearly is called the
far point of the eye. It is infinity for a normal eye.

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→DEFECTS OF VISION AND THEIR CORRECTION

(i) Myopia/near-sightedness

Problem-A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but
cannot see distant objects distinctly. A person with this defect has the far
point nearer than infinity.
Reason- In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front
of the retina and not at the retina itself. This defect may arise due to
(i) excessive curvature of the eye lens, or (ii) elongation of the eyeball.
Solution-This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable
power.

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(ii) Hypermetropia/far-sightedness

Problem- A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly

but cannot see nearby objects distinctly. The near point, for the person,
is farther away from the normal near point (25 cm).
Reason- This is because the light rays from a closeby object are
focussed at a point behind the retina as shown in figure. This defect
arises either because (i) the focal length of the eye lens is too long, or (ii)
the eyeball has become too small.
Solution- This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of
appropriate power.

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(iii) Presbyopia - The loss of the eye's ability to change focus to see
near objects. Symptoms include difficulty reading small print, having to
hold reading material farther away, headaches, and eyestrain
Reason- It is conventionally said to be due to the lens becoming less
elastic with time. Presbyopia is associated with aging.
Solution- Treatment is typically with eyeglasses. The eyeglasses used
have higher focusing power in the lower portion of the lens.
(iv) Cataract - Sometimes, the crystalline lens of people at old age
becomes milky and cloudy. This condition is called cataract.
Reason- This causes partial or complete loss of vision.
Solution- It is possible to restore vision through a cataract surgery.

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⇉ REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

PE – Incident ray, ∠i – Angle of incidence

EF – Refracted ray, ∠r – Angle of refraction
FS – Emergent ray, ∠e – Angle of emergence
∠A – Angle of the prism, ∠D – Angle of deviation

⇉ DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

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Formation of Rainbow:
It is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in
the atmosphere. A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to
that of the Sun. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract
and disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally
refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop.

⇉ ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION

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→ Twinkling of stars

Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-sized sources of
light so the light coming from them is considered to be coming
through fairly narrow line. As the path of rays of light coming from the
star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates
and the amount of light entering in our eye also vary, this effects make
the star twinkle.
Whereas, the planets are relatively closer to us so their size is not as
tiny as the stars compared. We can think that the planets are
collection of many dot stars (refer to the 3rd figure below). So when the
light enters in our eye after atmospheric refraction then the net effect of
the twinkling gone. Hence the planets don’t twinkle.
(* note that planets and stars will not twinkle from mars, space)

For better understanding Refer to this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZxByKelZLA

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→ Advance sunrise and delayed sunset

Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset The sunrise is advanced due to

atmospheric refraction of sunlight. An observer on the earth sees the
sun two minutes before the sun reaches the horizon. A ray of sunlight
entering the earth’s atmosphere follows a curved path due to
atmosphere refraction before reaching the earth. This happens due to a
gradual variation in the refractive index of the atmosphere. For the
observer on the earth, the apparent position of the sun is slightly
higher than the actual position. Hence, the sun is seen before the sun
reaches the horizon. Increased atmospheric refraction of sunlight occurs
also at the sunset. In this case, the observer on the earth continues to
see the setting sun for two minutes after the sun has dipped below the
horizon, thus delaying the sunset. The advanced sunrise and delayed
sunset increases the duration of day by four minutes.

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⇉ SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light rays get deviated from its
straight path on striking an obstacle like dust or gas molecules, water vapours etc.
Scattering of light gives rise to many spectacular phenomena such as Tyndall effect
and the “red hues of sunrise and sunset”. The colours we see in the sky are due to
scattering of light.

→ Tyndall Effect

The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid or in a very fine

suspension.

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Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by

all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered more than
the other colours because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is
why we see a blue sky most of the time.
Why not violet?
If shorter wavelengths are scattered most strongly, then why the sky
does not appear violet, the colour with the shortest visible
wavelength. The spectrum of light emission from the sun is not constant
at all wavelengths, and additionally is absorbed by the high atmosphere,
so there is less violet in the light. Our eyes are also less sensitive to
violet.

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→ Colour of the Sun at Sunrise and Sunset

During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a larger part of the
atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. Therefore, light
other than red is mostly scattered away. Most of the red light, which is
the least scattered, enters our eyes. Hence, the sun and the sky appear
red.

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