Shivani Rana

Chapter 2: Self and Personality

Dual Status of Self

Self as Subject Self as Object

Kinds of Self

Personal Self Social Self/

Familial Self

Cognitive & Behavioural aspect of Self

Obs. of Behaviour
Self Self Self Efficacy: Self
Concept Esteem Bandura Regulation Self Instruction

Self Reinforcement

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Culture & Self

Indian / Western /
Collectivistic Individualistic

Approaches to study Personality

Type Approach Trait Approach

Type Approach

Charak Samhita Sheldon Carl Jung Friedman &

1. Endomorphic 1. Introverts Rosenman
2. Mesomorphic 2. Extraverts 1. Type A
3. Ectomorphic 2. Type B

Morris
Tri Doshas Tri Gunas 1. Type C
1. Vata 1. Sattva 2. Type D
2. Pitta 2. Rajas
3. Kapha 3. Tamas

Hippocrates
1. Sanguine
2. Phlegmatic
3. Melancholic
4. Choleric

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Trait Approach

Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell H.J Eysenck Paul & Costa

1. Cardinal Traits 1. Source Traits 1. Neuroticism Vs O- Openness to experiences
2. Central Traits 2. Surface Traits Emotional Stability C- Conscientiousness
3. Secondary 2. Introversion Vs E- Extraversion
Traits Used Factor Extraversion A- Agreeableness
Analysis 3. Psychoticism Vs N- Neuroticism
Sociability
Developed 16 PF
Developed EPQ

Psychodynamic OR Psychoanalytic
Approach
Sigmund Freud

Level Of Structure Of Defense Psychosexual

Consciousness Personality Mechanism Stages

1. Conscious 1. Id 1. Repression 1. Oral (Mouth)

2. Preconscious 2. Ego 2. Projection 2. Anal (Anus)
3. Unconscious 3. Superego 3. Reaction 3. Phallic (genitals)
Formation Oedipus &
4. Rationalisation Electra Complex
5. Regression 4. Latency
6. Denial 5. Genital

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Post- Freudian Approaches

OR
Neo analytic

Carl Jung: Karen Horney: Alfred Adler: Erich Fromm: Erik Erikson:
Analytical Optimism Individual Human Search for
Psychology Psychology Concerns identity
• Archetypes • Disturbed
• Collective Interpersonal • Personal • Social Beings • Identity
Unconscious Relationships Goals • Justice, Crisis
• Unity & • Basic Anxiety • Inferiority Freedom &
harmony Complex truth

Humanistic Approach

Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

• Self Actualisation
• Fully functioning person
• Client centred Therapy
• Unconditional positive regards
• Congruence & Incongruence
• Ideal & Real self

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Psychometric
Test
Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
• Hathaway & Mckinley
• Psychiatric Diagnosis
• 567 statements (T/F)
• 10 Sub-scales
Social Desirability
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Assessment of
Personality
Self report Projective Behavioural
Techniques Analysis
Self report Measure: Allport
Eysenck Personality 16 Personality Factor
Questionnaire (EPQ) Questionnaire (16PF)
• H.J Eysenck • Raymond Cattell
• Three Dimensions • Factor Analysis
• Introversion- Extraversion • Most popular &
• Neutroticism- Emotional widely used.
Stability
• Psychoticism- Sociability
Self Report Disadvantages
Acquiescence
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Projective Techniques

The Rorschach Inkblot Rosenzweig’s picture Draw a Person Test (DPT)

Test (RIBT) frustration test • Subject is asked to
• Hermann Rorschach • Rosenzweig draw a person.
• 10 Cards (5 B/W, 2 red • To assess • Then, draw the
ink & 3 Pastel colors) aggression majorly opposite sex of first
• 2 phases: Performance among children drawn.
proper & inquiry. • Make stories around
the drawings.

Thematic Apperception
Sentence completion
Test (TAT)
test
• Morgan & Murray
• reflects attitude,
• 30 black & white and 1
motivation and
Blank card
conflicts.
• Subject forms story in
three tenses.

Behavioural Analysis

Interview method Nomination Behavioural Rating

1. Structured interview • Peer assessment • used in educational &
2. Unstructured • helps in industrial setting
interview understanding • Limitations: Halo
personality & effect, Middle &
behavioural qualities Extreme category bias

Observation method
1. Naturalistic Situational test
2. Participant • Situational stress test.
• tells how a person behaves
in stressful situations

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