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THE ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE EFFECT AS AN IMPACT

MODIFIER ON POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) / ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-
STYRENE (PVC/ABS) BLENDS

Article · June 2021

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Fatma Zohra Benabid Foued Zouai

Ferhat Abbas University of Setif Ferhat Abbas University of Setif
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 Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(1) 2021:36-41
ISSN: 2550-1917

1 THE ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE EFFECT AS

2 AN IMPACT MODIFIER ON POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) /
3 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (PVC/ABS) BLENDS
4 PROPERTIES
5
6 FATMA ZOHRA BENABID* AND FOUED ZOUAI
7
8 LMPMP, Faculté de Technologie, Université Sétif-1, Algérie
9 *e-mail address: fzbenabid@yahoo.fr
10
11
12 ABSTRACT
13 PVC/ABS blends show a very important commercial consideration due to the
14 complementarities of the properties of the base polymers, such as a good resistance to
15 impact strength and a dimensional stability at high temperatures. The aim of this study
16 is to investigate the behavior of these blends by performing a thermal and mechanical
17 characterization of samples prepared using a plastograph. The torque at equilibrium
18 portion obtained from the plastograms was plotted versus different temperatures. The
19 intersection of the curves of the two polymers represents an optimum processing
20 temperature. The obtained results showed a phase inversion between the two polymers
21 and a synergism effect on the mechanical properties. However, the maximum impact
22 strength was obtained at 75 (wt %) of ABS. Finally an increase of the ABS
23 concentration in the blend decreased its hardness.
24
25 Key words: Blends, PVC, ABS, impact modifier, properties.
26
27
28 INTRODUCTION
29 Polymer blending is one of the most important ways for the development of new
30 polymeric materials. The main goal of combining two or more polymers is to obtain a
31 material with high performances and lower cost. The obtained materials present many
32 advantages in the plastics industry.
33 Nowadays, poly(vinyl chloride) becomes very attractive for buildings and
34 construction market [1-5], its application fields are wide and include floors coverings,
35 window frames, pipes; but its low thermal stability, its low impact strength and the fact
36 to be inclined to occasional brittleness make necessary to blend it with other polymers
37 [6-8]. In order to enhance the material properties and to overcome these problems, this
38 polymer must be blended with rubbery materials like ABS.
39 Usually, polymer blends exhibit properties that are superior to any one of the
40 component polymers alone. The most relevant properties of PVC/ABS blends are its
41 high impact strength and its excellent thermal stability.
42 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) is one of most largely used engineering
43 plastics due to its excellent properties such as mechanical, thermal, electrical and
44 chemical ones. This polymer can be used for outstanding surface finishing, high impact
45 resistance, and metal plating [9].
46 Maiti et al. [10] studied the polyblend of PVC/ ABS. They discovered that this
47 polyblend possesses advantages like the tensile strength and rigidity of PVC and impact
48 strength of ABS. TGA analysis revealed an improvement in thermal stability of
49 PVC/ABS blends over that of PVC.

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 Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(1) 2021:36-41
ISSN: 2550-1917

50 Jin et al. [11] studied the compatibility enhancement of ABS/PVC blends. They
51 found that when a compatibilizer, SAN 25 was added into the blend, the compatibility
52 was enhanced and about twofold increase of impact strength was observed.
53 Bensemra and Bedda [12] studied the properties of PVC/ABS blends. They
54 concluded that addition of plasticizer, di(ethyl-2hexyl) phthalate into the blends has
55 greatly improved the impact properties where the higher the PVC content, the higher
56 the impact value.
57 Baijun Liu et al. [13] studied the Effect of the matrix plasticization behavior on
58 mechanical properties of PVC/ABS blends. They found that the notched Izod impact
59 test results indicated that the amount of polybutadiene (PB) rubber needed for the
60 brittle-ductile transition (BDT) increases together with the molecular weight of PVC
61 when milled at 165°C. Increasing the operation temperature and adding the plasticizer
62 dioctyl phthalate (DOP) could change the matrix plasticizing extent and the BDT.
63 In this study, PVC/ABS blends were elaborated in order to investigate the effect
64 of adding ABS as an impact modifier into PVC. Various samples of PVC/ABS at blend
65 composition of 100/0, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, 50/50, 35/65, 25/75, 15/85 and 0/100 were
66 used.
67 The different formulations were prepared using a plastograph. The use of this
68 technique is needed for a well comprehension of the behavior of the blends during their
69 process. The effect of many factors which influence the process and the evaluation of
70 the degree of compatibility are studied using the tensile test, hardness….
71
72
73 EXPERIMENTAL
74
75 Materials
76
77 Table 1 Materials used in this study
Compound Commercial name Source
PVC 4000 M ENIP-SKIKDA (Algeria)
ABS TERLURAN 877 T BASF (Germany)
Dicarboxylic acid ester Primary Lubricant BASF (Germany)
(G60)
non-polar hydrocarbon Secondary Lubricant BASF (Germany)
wax (Cire Gs)
Thermal stabilizer Primary Stabilizer BASF (Germany)
Thermal stabilizer Secondary Stabilizer BASF (Germany)
78
79 Blend Preparation
80 The used polymers were the PVC (4000 M) produced by ENIP-Skikda in Algeria and
81 the ABS (Terluran 877 T) provided from BASF in Germany. First rigid PVC (PVC +
82 Stabilizers + Lubricants) was prepared in a dry mixer then blends of PVC/ABS Blends
83 of variable composition from 0 to 100 wt. % were prepared using the plastograph-
84 Brabender (OHG-Duisburg-Germany) (see Figure1). The ABS which was dried at 75
85 °C during 24 hours, was introduced first to avoid equipment degradation. Finally the
86 PVC was incorporated after pre-melting of ABS. Melt mixing was performed at 190 °C
87 for 6 min at a rotation speed of 20 rpm. The blends were then pressed in a hydraulic
88 press at 205 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 200 bar.

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 Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(1) 2021:36-41
ISSN: 2550-1917

89
90 Fig. 1 Plastograph-Brabender (OHG-Duisburg-Germany)
91
92
93 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
94 The curve in Fig. 2 shows that the strength at break of the blends is greater than that of
95 the homopolymers (PVC, ABS). The blend having 10-30wt. % of ABS content showed
96 high values. A synergism effect was observed for the strength at break of the blends.

55

50

45
 (MPa)

40

35

30

25

0 20 40 60 80 100

ABS loading (% )
97
98 Fig. 2 Strength at break of PVC/ABS blends as a function of ABS content

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ISSN: 2550-1917

99 The modules of elasticity of the blends (Fig. 3) are lower than that of the based polymers
100 (antagonism effect). This result is due to the existence of separation phase sites which
101 increase the deformation of the blends (at constant strength).

2,9

2,8

2,7

2,6
Modulus.103

2,5

2,4

2,3

2,2

2,1

2,0

0 20 40 60 80 100

Filler loading (% )
102
103 Fig. 3 Modulus of elasticity of PVC/ABS blends as a function of ABS content
104
105 The impact strength of the blends, for the notched samples, increases as a function of
106 the ABS content (Fig. 4). This is due to the fact that the PVC is more glassy than the
107 Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) of the ABS; so it is more sensitive to the notch effect.
108 Moreover, the butadiene rubber phase (BR) of the ABS increases the impact resistance
109 of the blends.
110 At 75 % of the ABS content, a synergism effect was observed. This result is due
111 to the high electrostatic force interactions between α hydrogen of the PVC and the free
112 electron of Nitrogen (C≡ N).
113 The values of the hardness test (Fig. 5) show that the hardness of the blends
114 decreases as function of the ABS content. The presence of the rubber phase (BR)
115 increases the chains flexibility. The highest value of the hardness was observed for an
116 ABS content of 50 wt. % although the ABS Tg is greater than that of the PVC.
117

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 Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(1) 2021:36-41
ISSN: 2550-1917

30

25
ak. 10 (J/m )
2

20
-3

15

10

5
0 20 40 60 80 100

ABS loading (% )
118
119 Fig. 4 Impact strength of PVC/ABS blends as a function of ABS content

79

0s
78
15s

77
Hardness (???)

76

75

74

73

0 20 40 60 80 100

ABS loading (% )
120
121 Fig. 5 Hardness Shore D of PVC/ABS blends as a function of ABS content
122
123
124

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 Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(1) 2021:36-41
ISSN: 2550-1917

125 CONCLUSION
126 From the obtained results, it can be concluded that:
127 - The mechanical tests show the existence of a synergism effect in the blends
128 properties.
129 - The highest value of the impact strength was observed at 75 wt. % of ABS
130 content.
131 - The hardness of the blends decreases as a function of the ABS content.
132
133
134 REFERENCES
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