ebook download Integral Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar - eBook PDF all chapter

Integral Calculus for JEE Main and
Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar -

eBook PDF
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/integral-calculus-for-jee-main-and-advanced-3e-e
book-pdf/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced (3rd

edition) Vinay Kumar - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/differential-calculus-for-jee-
main-and-advanced-3rd-edition-ebook-pdf/
Integral Calculus 3D Geometry and Vector Booster with

Problems and Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced 1st
Edition - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/integral-calculus-3d-geometry-
and-vector-booster-with-problems-and-solutions-for-jee-main-and-
advanced-ebook-pdf/
Algebra Booster for JEE Main and Advanced Rejaul

Makshud McGraw Hill 3e Edition Rejaul Makshud - eBook
PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/algebra-booster-for-jee-main-
and-advanced-rejaul-makshud-mcgraw-hill-ebook-pdf/
Comprehensive Trigonometry for IIT JEE, Main and

Advanced 1st Edition - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/comprehensive-trigonometry-for-
iit-jee-main-and-advanced-ebook-pdf/
Solutions to Calculus for JEE (Advanced), 3rd edition
G. Tewani - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/solutions-to-calculus-for-jee-
advanced-3rd-edition-ebook-pdf/
Differential Calculus Booster with Problems and

Solutions for IIT JEE Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud
McGraw Hill 1st edition- eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/differential-calculus-booster-
with-problems-and-solutions-for-iit-jee-main-and-advanced-rejaul-
makshud-mcgraw-hill-ebook-pdf/
Fundamentals Of Organic Chemistry Volume I: For Jee

Main And Advanced - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/fundamentals-of-organic-
chemistry-for-the-jee-vol-i-main-and-advanced-ebook-pdf/
Problems and Solutions in Organic Chemistry for JEE

(Main and Advanced) 3rd Edition Surendra K. Mishra -
eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/problems-and-solutions-in-
organic-chemistry-for-jee-main-and-advanced-ebook-pdf/
Physics for JEE Main - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/physics-for-jee-main-ebook-pdf/
Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Join Us on Telegram for More Such Books
https://telegram.me/unacademyplusdiscounts
Join us from the above link or search ''unacademyplusdiscounts'' in Telegram

Prelims.indd 1 3/17/2020 7:31:10 PM
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Vinay Kumar (VKR) graduated from IIT Delhi in Mechanical Engineering. Presently, he
is Director of VKR Classes, Kota, Rajasthan.
Prelims.indd 2 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

Third Edition
Vinay Kumar
B. Tech., IIT Delhi
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
Prelims.indd 3 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai -600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
Integral Calculus for JEE Main & Advanced, 3e
Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
No Part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and
executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7101348 24 23 22 21 20
ISBN (13) : 978-93-531646-0-7

ISBN (10) : 93-5316-460-5
Information contained in this work has been obtained McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither, McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw
Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
should be sought.
Designer: Creative Designer

Cover Image Source: DAL
Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in
Write to us at: info.india@mheducation.com
CIN: U80302TN2010PTC111532
Toll Free Number: 18001035875
Prelims.indd 4 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

PREFACE
This book is meant for students who aspire to join the Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs) and various other engineering
institutes through the JEE Main and Advanced examinations. The content has been devised to cover the syllabi of JEE and
other engineering entrance examinations on the topic Integral Calculus. The book will serve as a text book as well as practice
problem book for these competitive examinations.
As a tutor with more than thirteen years of teaching this topic in the coaching institutes of Kota, I have realised the need
for a comprehensive textbook in this subject.
I am grateful to McGraw-Hill for providing me an opportunity to translate my years of teaching experience into a compre-
hensive textbook on this subject.
This book will help to develop a deep understanding of Integral Calculus through concise theory and problem solving. The
detailed table of contents will enable teachers and students to easily access their topics of interest.
Each chapter is divided into several segments. Each segment contains theory with illustrative examples. It is followed by
Concept Problems and Practice Problems, which will help students assess the basic concepts. At the end of the theory portion,
a collection of Target Problems have been given to develop mastery over the chapter. Solutions to Objective Exercises, Review
Exercises and Target Exercises have been provided.
The problems for JEE Advanced have been clearly indicated in each chapter.
The collection of objective type questions will help in a thorough revision of the chapter. The Review Exercises contain
problems of a moderate level while the Target Exercises will assess the students’ ability to solve tougher problems. For teach-
ers, this book could be quite helpful as it provides numerous problems graded by difficulty level which can be given to students
as assignments.
I am thankful to all teachers who have motivated me and have given their valuable recommendations. I thank my family
for their whole-hearted support in writing this book. I specially thank Mr. Devendra Kumar and Mr. S. Suman for their co-
operation in bringing this book.
Suggestions for improvement are always welcomed and shall be gratefully acknowledged.
Vinay Kumar
Prelims.indd 5 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

Prelims.indd 6 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

CONTENT
About the Author ii

Prefacev
CHAPTER 1 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 1.1 – 1.195
1.1 Introduction 1.1

1.2 Elementary Integrals 1.3
1.3 Integration by Transformation 1.9
1.4 Integration by Substitution 1.14
1.5 Integrals Involving sine and cosine 1.23
1.6 Rationalization by Trigonometric Substitution 1.31
1.7 Integrals of the Form 1.34
1.10 Integration of Trigonome 1.48
1.11 Integration by Parts 1.56
1.12 Special Integrals 1.63
1.13 Multiple Integration by Parts 1.66
1.14 Integration by Reduction Formulae 1.70
1.15 Integration of Rational Functions Using Partial Fractions 1.76
1.16 Special Methods for Integration of Rational Functions 1.87
1.17 Integration of Irrational Functions 1.92
dx
1.18 Integrals of the Type ∫ 1.97
P Q
1.19 Integration of a Binomial Differential 1.102
1.20 Euler’s Substitu Tion 1.104
1.21 Method of Undetermined Coefficients 1.107
1.22 Non-Elementary Integrals 1.110
Things to Remember 1.123
Objective Exercises 1.127
Previous Year’s Questions (JEE Advanced) 1.142
Previous Year’s Questions (JEE Main Papers) 1.144
Answer 1.148
Hints & Solution 1.164
CHAPTER 2 DEFINITE INTEGRATION 2.1 – 2.211

2.2 Definite Integral as a Limit of Sum 2.4
2.3 Rules of Definite Integration 2.11
Prelims.indd 7 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

viii Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
2.4 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2.16

2.5 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2.23
2.6 Integrability 2.35
2.7 Improper Integral 2.45
2.8 Substitution in Definite Integrals 2.54
2.9 Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals 2.62
2.10 Reduction Formula 2.67
2.11 Evaluation of Limit of Sum Using Newtonleibnitz Formula 2.71
2.12 Leibnitz Rule for Differentiation of Integrals 2.78
2.13 Properties of Definite Integral 2.81
2.14 Additional Properties 2.105
2.15 Estimation of Definite Integrals 2.107
2.16 Determination of Function 2.115
2.17 Wallis’ Formula 2.119
2.18 Limit Under the Sign of Integral 2.122
2.19 Differentiation Under the Sign of Integral 2.124
2.20 Integration of Infinite Series 2.127
2.21 Approximation of Definite Integrals 2.130
Answer 2.172
CHAPTER 3 AREA UNDER THE CURVE 3.1 – 3.112
3.1 Curve Sketching 3.1

3.2 Area of a Curvilinear Trapezoid 3.6
3.3 Area Bounded by a Function Which Changes Sign 3.9
3.4 Area of a Region Between Two Nonintersecting Graphs 3.11
3.5 Area of a Region Between Two Intersecting Graphs 3.15
3.6 Area by Horizontal Strips 3.18
3.7 Area of a Region Between Several Graphs 3.22
3.8. Determination of Parameters 3.26
3.9 Shifting of Origin 3.30
3.10 Area Bounded by a Closed Curve 3.32
3.11 Areas of Curves Given by Parametric Equations 3.36
3.12 Areas of Curves Given by Polar Equations 3.38
3.13 Areas of Regions Given by Inequalities 3.40
Answer 3.73
Prelims.indd 8 3/17/2020 7:31:12 PM

Content ix
CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4.1 – 1.117

4.2 Formation of a Differential Equation 4.3
4.3 Solution of a Differential Equation 4.6
4.4 First Order and First Degree Differential Equations 4.10
4.5 Reducible to Variable Separable 4.14
4.6 Homogeneous Differential Equations 4.20
4.7 Linear Differential Equations 4.26
4.8 Solution by Inspection 4.23
4.9 First Order Higher Degree Differential Equation 4.36
4.10 Higher Order Differential Equation 4.40
4.11 Integral Equation 4.43
4.12 Problems in Trajectories 4.45
4.13 Applications of Differential Equation 4.47
Answer 4.83
Prelims.indd 9 3/17/2020 7:31:12 PM


CHAPTER
1
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION Definition

Integral calculus is to find a function of a single variable when A function F(x) is called the antiderivative (primitive) of the
its derivative f(x) and one of its values are known. The function f(x) on the interval [a, b] if at all points of the interval
process of determining the function has two steps. The first F'(x) = f(x).
is to find a formula that gives us all the functions that could Find the antiderivative of the function f(x) = x2.
possibly have f as a derivative. These functions are the so- From the definition of an antiderivative it follows that
called antiderivatives of f, and the formula that gives them x3  x3  
the function f(x)= is an antiderivative, since   = x2.
all is called the indefinite integral of f. The second step is 3  3 
to use the known function value to select the particular It is easy to see that if for the given function f(x) there exists an
antiderivative we want from the indefinite integral. antiderivative, then this antiderivative is not the only one. In
A physicist who knows the velocity of a particle might wish to the foregoing example, we could take the following functions
know its position at a given time. Suppose an engineer who as antiderivatives:
can measure the variable rate at which water is leaking from a x3 x3
tank wants to know the amount leaked over a certain time F(x) =  1, F(x) = – 7 or,,
3 3
period. In each case, the problem is to find a function F whose
derivative is a known function f. If such a function F exists, it x3
generally, F(x) = +C
is called an antiderivative of f. 3
There are two distinct ways in which we may approach the (where C is an arbitrary constant), since

problem of integration. In the first way we regard integration
 x3
 3  C  x
2
as the reverse of differentiation; this is the approach via the
indefinite integral. In the second way we regard integration as
the limit of an algebraic summation; this is the approach via
the definite integral. For the moment we shall consider only On the other hand, it may be proved that functions of the form
the first and we begin with the formal definition. x3
Indefinite integration is the process which is the inverse of  C exhaust all antiderivatives of the function x2. This is a
3
differentiation, and the objective can be stated as follows : given consequence of the following theorem. The example shows
a function y = f(x) of a single real variable x, there is a definite that a function has infinitely many antiderivatives. We are going
process whereby we can find (if it exists) the function F(x) to show how to find all antiderivatives of a given function,
such that knowing one of them.
dF(x) Constant Difference Theorem
 f(x)
dx
If F1(x) and F2(x) are two antiderivatives of a function f(x) on
an interval [a, b], then the difference between them is a constant.
Binder1.pdf 1 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

1.2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
Proof By virtue of the definition of an anti-derivative we Thus, an indefinite integral is a family of functions y =
F(x) + C
F1 (x)  f(x) (one antiderivative for each value of the constant C).
have  ...(1)
F2 (x)  f(x) The symbol  for the integral was introduced by Leibnitz.
for any value of x on the interval [a, b]. This elongated S stood for a "sum" in his notation.
Let us put F1(x) – F2(x) =g(x) ...(2) The graph of an antiderivative of a function f(x) is called an
Then by (1) we have integral curve of the function y = f(x). It is obvious that any
F1 ( x ) – F2 ( x ) = f(x) – f(x) = 0 integral curve can be obtained by a translation (parallel
or g(x) = [F1(x) – F2(x)]' = 0 displacement) of any other integral curve in the vertical
for any value of x on the interval [a, b]. direction.
But from g(x) = 0 it follows that g(x) is a constant. From the geometrical point of view, an indefinite integral is a
Indeed, let us apply the Lagrange's theorem to the function collection (family) of curves, each of which is obtained by
g(x), which, obviously, is continuous and differentiable on the translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards
interval [a, b]. No matter what the point x on the interval [a, b], (that is, along the y-axis).
we have, by virtue of the Lagrange's theorem, g(x) – g(a) = (x
– a) g(c) where a < c < x.
Since g(c) = 0,
g(x) – g(a) = 0
or, g(x) = g(a) ...(3)
Thus, the function g(x) at any point x of the interval
[a, b] retains the value g(a), and this means that the function
g(x) is constant on [a, b]. Denoting the constant g(a) by C, we
get from (2) and (3),
F1(x) – F2(x) = C.
Thus, if for the function F1 and F2 there exists an interval [a, b]
such that F1'(x) = F2'(x) in [a, b], then there exists a number C Existence of Antiderivative
such that F1(x) = F2(x) + C in [a, b]. A natural question arises : do antiderivatives (and, hence,
From this theorem it follows that if for a given function f(x) indefinite integrals) exist for every function f(x)?
some one antiderivative F(x) is found, then any other
antiderivative of f(x) has the form F(x) + C, where C is an The answer is no.
arbitrary constant. Let us find an antiderivative of a continuous function
For example, if F '(x) = 6x2 + 2x, then
 x 1 , 0  x 1
F(x) = 2x3 + x2 + C, f(x) =  , on the interval [0, 2].
3  x , 1 x  2
2
for some number C. There are no other antiderivatives of
6x2 + 2x. On integrating both the formulae we get
If F '(x) = 4x – 3 and F(1) = 3,
thenF(x) = 2x2 – 3x + C, for some number C.  x2
Since, F(1) = 2 – 3 + C = 3, we have C = 4.  2  x  C1 , 0  x 1
Thus F(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 4, 
F(x) =  x3
and there is just one function F satisfying the given conditions. 3x   C2 , 1 x  2
 3
The equation F '(x) = 4x – 3 is an example of a differential
equation, and the condition F(1) = 3 is called a boundary To ensure that F '(1) = f(1) = 2, we first make F(x) continuous:
condition of F. F(1–) = F(1+)
Given F ' and a boundary condition on F, there is a unique 1 1
antiderivative F of F ' satisfying the given boundary condition.  + 1 + C1 = 3 – + C2
2 3
This function F is called the solution of the given differential
equation. 3 8
 C1 + = + C2
2 3
Definition
7
If the function F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the  C1 = + C2
6
expression F(x) + C is the indefinite integral of the function
f(x) and is denoted by the symbol f(x) dx. It is the set of all  x2 7
antiderivatives of f(x). Thus, by definition  2  x  6  C2 , 0  x 1
f(x) dx = F(x) + C, 
Now, F(x) =  x3
if F(x) = f(x). 3x   C2 , 1 x  2
Here, the function f(x) is called the integrand, f(x) dx is the  3
element of integration (the expression under the integral sign), We further observe that F (1+) = F (1–).
the variable x the variable of integration, and  is the integral Thus, we obtain the antiderivative F(x) of the function f(x).
sign.
Binder1.pdf 2 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 1.3
Let us note, however, without proof, that if a function f(x) is This chapter is devoted to working out methods by means of
continuous on an interval [a, b], then this function has an which we can find antiderivatives (and indefinite integrals) for
antiderivative (and, hence, there is also an indefinite integral). certain classes of elementary functions.
Now, let us find an antiderivative of a discontinuous function Though the derivative of an elementary function is
1
f(x) = 2 .
always an elementary function, the antiderivative of the
x elementary function may not prove to be representable by a
1 finite number of elementary functions. We shall return to this
F(x) = – 1 is an antiderivative of f(x) = 2 on (– , 0) question at the end of the chapter.
x x
and on (0, ). However, it is not an an antiderivative on [–1, 1]
since the interval includes 0 where F(x) does not exist. 1.2 ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS
We adopt the convention that when a formula for a general
indefinite integral is given, it is valid only on an interval. Thus,
Rules of integration
we write
Assume that f and g are functions with antiderivatives f(x) and
1 1  g(x) dx. Then the following hold :
 x 2
dx   + C
x (a) kf(x) dx = k  f(x) dx for any constant k.
with the understanding that it is valid on the interval (0, ) (b) (f(x) + g(x)) dx =  f(x) dx +  g(x) dx,
or on the interval (– , 0). This is true despite the fact that the (c) (f(x) – g(x)) dx =  f(x) dx +  g(x) dx.
general antiderivative of the function f(x) = 1/x2, x  0, is Proof
(a) It is only required to show that the derivative of k f(x)dx
 1
  x  C1 if x  0 is cf(x). The differentiation shows :
F(x) =  1 . d
 
k  f (x) dx  k
d
  f (x) dx 
   C if x  0 dx dx
= kf (x)
 x 2
A constant moves past the derivative symbol.
Example 1: Prove that y = sgn x does not have an (b) We show that the derivative of f(x) +  g(x) dx is
antiderivative on any interval which contains 0.
 1 , x  0
f(x) + g(x) :
d
dx
  f (x) dx   g(x) dx 

0 , x0
Solution: y = sgn (x) = 
1 , x0

d
dx 
= 
f (x) dx 
d
dx 
  
g(x) dx = f (x) + g (x).
Here we present two antiderivatives : (c) The proof of property (c) is similar to that of property (b).
The last two parts of theorem extend to any finite
  x  c1 , x0
f(x) =  x  c , number of functions. For instance,
 x0
 (f (x) – g(x)  h(x)) dx
2
x  c , x  0
g(x) =  =  f (x) dx–  g(x) dx +  h(x) dx.
 xc , x0
f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0, if c1  c2. g(x) is continuous at x
= 0. None of these functions are differentiable at
x = 0 i.e. we are unable to ensure that f '(0) or g'(0) is 0. Hence,
y = sgn x does not have an antiderivative on any interval which (i) We have  (1  x)dx   1dx   xdx = (x + C 1 ) +
contains 0. However, the function has an antiderivative (either  x2  2
 C2  = x + x + C + C
 2
f or g) on any interval which does not contain 0.

  2 1 2
Indefinite Integration
Here, we have two arbitrary constants when one will suffice.
The finding of an antiderivative of a given function f(x) is called This kind of problem is caused by introducing constants of
indefinite integration of the function f(x). integration too soon and can be avoided by inserting the
Thus, the problem of indefinite integration is to find the function constant of integration in the final result, rather than in
F(x) whose derivative is the given function f(x) i.e. given the intermediate computations.
x e
dF(x) 2 x
equation  f (x) , we have to find the function F(x). (ii) dx = x2 ex – 2(xex – ex + C)
dx
The process of integration is not so simple. Although rules = x2ex – 2xex + 2ex – 2C = (x2 – 2x + 2) ex + C
may be given which cover this operation with various types of where C = 2C
simple functions, indefinite integration is a tentative process, When arbitrary constants are algebraically combined with
and indefinite integrals are found by trial. other numbers, the final algebraic expression is just as
arbitrary.
Binder1.pdf 3 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

(iii) Note the following representations : We have some additional results which will be established
later :
(a)
d
dx
  f (x)dx   f (x) 1
(xiv)  tan x dx = ln sec |x| + C
(b) d  f (x)dx  f (x) dx a
1
(xv)  cot x dx = ln sin|x|+ C
(c)  f '(x)dx  f(x)  C a
(d)  df (x)  f (x)  C (xvi)  sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C
 x
Elementary formulae = ln tan  +C
4 2
We begin by listing a number of standard forms, that is to say
formulae for integrals which we shall be free to quote once we = – ln |sec x – tan x| + C
have listed them. Each formula is of the the type (xvii)  cosec x dx = n |cosec x  cot x| + c
 f (x)dx  F(x) x
and its validity can be etablished by showing that = n tan +c
2
d F( x )  f ( x ) =  n |cosec x + cot x|
dx Here, we must analyse carefully the formula
These formulae should be known and quoted, without proof, 1
whenever needed.  x dx   n x C
(i)  dx = kx + C, where k is a constant We have two cases :
(i) Let x > 0, then |x| = x and the formula attains the form
x n 1
 x dx =
n
(ii) + C, where n ¹ 1 dx
n 1  x
 nx  C
1 1
(iii)  x dx = ln |x| + C Differentiating, we get (nx + C)' = .
x
ax dx
(iv)  a dx = x  C , where a > 0 (ii) Let x < 0, then |x| = –x and the formula has the form 
n a x
= n(–x) + C
 e dx = e + C
x x
(v)
1 1
Differentiating, we have (n(–x) + C)' = 
(vi)  sin x dx = – cos x + C x x
d 1
(vii)  cos x dx = sin x + C Since ln x is real when x > 0 and (n x) = ,
dx x
(viii)  sec x dx = tan x + C
2
1
so  x dx  ln x  C is defined for x > 0.
(ix)  cosec x dx = – cot x + C
2
d 1 1
When x < 0, i.e. – x > 0, n(–x) =  . Therefore
(x)  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C dx x x
1
(xi)  cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + C when x < 0,  x dx  ln( x)  C .
1 Hence, both these results will be included if we write
(xi)  1  x2
dx = sin–1 x + C
1
 x dx   n x C.
1
(xii)  dx = tan–1 x + C In the formula and examples where integrals of this type occurs,
1  x2 i.e., where the value of an integral involves the logarithm of a
1 function and the function may become negative for some values
(xiii) x x2  1
dx = sec–1 | x | + C of the variable of the function, the absolute value sign enclosing
the function should be given, but it has generally been omitted,
though it is always understood to be present and it should be
supplied by the students.
Binder1.pdf 4 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Direct integration log 2 x

2 2 2
log 4 x 1/ 2 log 2 x
(ii) dx = 2 dx = dx
Direct integration is such a method of computing integrals in
which they are reduced to the elementary formulae by applying x 3/ 2
2 
log 2 x
to them the principal properties of indefinite integrals. = dx = x dx = +C
3/ 2
For example :
2 3/ 2
dx   2log4 x dx 
x C
 x  3  ln | x  3 |  C 3
Example 4: Evaluate  e x ln a  ea ln x  ea ln a dx
48x
 3 .4 dx   (3.16) x dx   48x dx  C e
x 2x x ln a
Solution:  ea ln x  ea ln a dx
n48
ln a x a a
 4x dx =
5 4 6
x +C=
2 6
x + C.
= e  e ln x  eln a dx
6 3
 (a  x  a ) dx
x a a
Example 1: Evaluate =
 a dx +  x dx +  a dx
x a a
 x 3  5x 2  4  7  2  dx =
 
x

x
ax x a 1
 x 3  5x 2  4  7  2  dx = + + aa. x + C.
Solution:    ln a a 1
x x
Extension of elementary formulae
7 2
= x
3
dx +  5x dx –  4dx +
2
 dx +  dx
x x If  f (x)dx  F(x) and a, b are constants, then
x x dx – 4 .  1 . dx
3 2
= dx + 5 .
1
1  f (ax  b)dx  a F(ax  b) ...(1)
+ 7.  dx + 2.  x 1/ 2 dx
x We prove (1) by observing that, when y = ax + b,
x4 x3 x  1/ 2
1 d 1 d dy 1
= +5 – 4x + 7 ln | x | + 2  1/ 2  + C F(y)  F(y). = f(y). a = f(ax + b).
4 3   a dx a dy dx a
x4 5 For example:
= + x3 – 4x + 7 ln | x | + 4 x + C
4 3 (ax  b) n 1
2 3x x (i)  (ax + b) n dx =
a (n  1)
+ C, n  1
Example 2: Evaluate  5 x dx
1
2 x  3x (ii)  sin(5x  2)dx   5 cos(5x  2) + C
Solution:  5x
dx
1
 sec (3x  5)dx  tan(3x  5)  C
2
 2x 3x    2    3   dx
x x (iii)
=   5x  5x  dx =  

 
5
  
5 
3
(iv)  sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx

(2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x
=  +C
ln 2 / 5 ln 3 / 5 1
= sec (ax + b) + C
Example 3: Evaluate a
(v) cos 7x + sin (2x – 6)) dx
5
loge x
(i) dx
1
= 1 sin 7x – cos (2x – 6) + C
 2 4 dx
log x
(ii) 7 2
dx 1
(vi)   ln 2x  1  C
Solution: 2x  1 2
dx    1 
x 1 2x 1 1 
x loge 5  1 (vii)  dx    dx
2x  1 2 2x  1 2  2x  1
 5 e dx =  x e dx =
log x log 5
(i) +C
 
log e 5  1 1 1
= x  ln 2x  1 + C
2 2
Binder1.pdf 5 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

In this example, we break the function up into parts like 1 and From the standard result we obtain,
1  1 sec –1 x  C , xa
whose integrals we know from the list of elementary 1  a a
2x  1
 x x 2  a 2 dx =  1 –1 x

integrals. – sec a  C , x  a
 a
dx dx 1 dx
(viii)  25  4x 2    25 2
 
4  5 2
4 x  x2
 4   2
2 / 3
1 1 x 1 2x 1
= 4
. tan 1  C 
5 5 10
tan 1
5
C 
2 x x2 1
dx = sec–1 x 2 / 3
2
2 2
 5  2    
dx dx 1 1 bx =  
(ix)  a 2  b 2 x 2   a 2  (bx) 2  ab tan a + C 6 3 6
This is a wrong result since the integral of a negative function
must be negative. This happened because the antiderivative
dx dx dx
 1  9x
  used in the calculation is wrong.
9   x2 
2
(x) 1 1
3  x2 2 / 3
1
9  9  x x2 1
dx = – sec–1 x 2 / 3
2
2
1 dx 1 x 1
=  sin 1  C  sin 1 3x  C
3  1 2 3 1 3  5 2   
 x2 =     .
 3 3 6 3 6
Alternatively, we have
dx 1 1 | x |
dx 1 x x a2 2

a
sec
a
C
(i)  x2 is a 'convenient form' for  x 2 dx and such symbols Thus,
 2
are commonly used. Strictly, the first symbol has no  2 dx   
meaning save as a shorthand for the second symbol; as the 2 / 3
x x 12
 sec 1 | x |
2 / 3
  
4 6 12
.
definition shows, there can be no question here of 'dividing
dx by x2'. Determination of function
(ii) In the chapter of indefinite integration, the simplification of
square root functions are done without much consideration Example 5: Let f be a polynomial function such that
to the sign of the expressions. However, this must be taken for all real x, f(x2 + 1) = x4 + 5x2 + 3 then find the primitive of
seriously in the chapter of definite integration. f (x) w.r.t. x.
For example, Solution: f (x2 + 1) = (x2 + 1)2 + 3x2 + 2
= (x2 + 1)2 + 3(x2 + 1) – 1
 1  sin 2x dx
We replace x2 + 1 by x
 f (x) = x2 + 3x – 1
=  (sin x  cos x) 2 dx Now we integrate f(x) w.r.t. x :
=  (sin x + cos x) dx
 f (x)dx   (x  3x  1) dx
2
= – cos x + sin x + C
A more elegant way of handling the situation is illustrated below: x 3 3x 2
=  xC
 1  sin 2x dx =  (sin x  cos x) dx2
3 2
 3 
Example 6: Given f ''(x) = cos x, f'   = e and
=  sin x  cos x dx f(0) = 1, then find f (x).
2
= sgn (sin x + cos x) ·  (sinx + cos x) dx Solution: f''(x) = cos x
= sgn (sin x + cos x) · {– cos x + sin x} + C. Integrating w.r.t. x :
1 f(x) = sin x + C1
(iii) We notice that the integral of
| x | x2  a2
,  3 
Now, f '   = e
2
sec 1   + C. But we would like to
1 x  e = – 1 + C  C1 = e + 1
where a > 0 is  a
a f ' (x) = sin x + e + 1
1 Integrating again w.r.t. x :
know the integral of . f (x) = – cos x + (e + 1)x + C2
x x  a2
2
Binder1.pdf 6 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

f (0) = 1  1 = – 1 + C2  C2 = 2 The root of this equation is x = 2. The value of the function y =
 f (x) = (e + 1)x – cos x + 2 x2 at the point x = 2 is equal to 4. Consequently, among all the
Example 7: A curve y = f (x) such that f ''(x) = 4x at antiderivatives of the functions y = x + 2,
each point (x, y) on it and crosses the x-axis at 1 2
i.e. the function F(x) = x + 2x + C,
(–2, 0) at an angle of 45°. Find the value of f (1). 2
Solution: f ''(x) = 4x f '(x) = 2x2 + c we must find that whose graph passes through the point P(2,
f ' (–2) = tan 45° = 1 = 8 + c  c=–7 4). The constant C can be found from the condition F(2) = 4 :
Now f ' (x) = 2x2 – 7 1
 . 4 + 2.2 + C = 4  C = – 2.
2  2
 f (x) = x  7x  d 1
3  F(x) = x2 + 2x – 2.
16 2
Since, f (–2) = 0 – + 14 + d = 0 Example 9: Deduce the expansion for tan–1x from the
3
26 1
 d=– formula = 1 – x2 + x4 – x5 + ... when x < 1,
3 1  x2
1 Solution:We have
 f (x) = [2x3 – 21x – 26]
3 1
45 = 1 – x2 + x4 – x5 + .....
And, thus f (1) = – = – 15. 1  x2
3 Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
Example 8: Find the antiderivatives of the function y dx x3 x 5 x 7
= x + 2 which touch the curve y = x2. tan–1x = 
1  x2
 x –
3

5
–
7
 ...
Solution: Since the function y = x + 2 is a derivative of
No constant is added since tan–1x vanishes with x.
any of its antiderivatives, it follows, that the equation for finding
the abscissa of the point of tangency has the form 2x = x + 2.
A
1. Find an antiderivative of the function : (b) Find an equation for the integral curve that
(i) f(x) = 1 – 4x + 9x2 passes through the point (0, 1).
(ii) f(x) = x x + x – 5 5. Prove that the following functions donot have an
antiderivative on any interval which contains 0.
(iii) f(x)  4 x 1  x  1, x  0  x 2, x0
(i) y =  x, x  0 (ii) y =  1, x0
(iv) f(x) = (x/2 – 7) . 3  
6. Find the function satisfying the given equation and the
1 3 boundary conditions.
2. (a) Show that F(x) = (3x + 4)2 and G(x)= x2 + 4x
6 2 (i) F'(x) = 3(x + 2)3, F(0) = 0
differ by a constant by showing that they (ii) s"(t) = 8, s'(0) = 7, s(–1) = –3
are antiderivatives of the same function. (iii) f '(x) = x2 + 5, f(0) = –1.
(b) Find the constant C such that F(x) – G(x) = C by 7. If f ''(x) = 10 and f ' (1) = 6 and f (1) = 4 then find
evaluating F(x) and G(x) at a particular value f (–1).
8. Evaluate the following integrals :
of x.
e2x  1
(c) Check your answer in part (b) by simplifying
the expression F(x) – G(x) algebraically.
(i)  2x . ex dx (ii)  ex
dx
 
ax  b px  q
3. Let F and G be defined piecewise as (iii) e dx (iv) a dx
 x, x 0  x  2, x  0 9. Evaluate the following integrals :
F(x) = x, x0
and G(x) =   x  3, x  0
 e dx e
  n x  n x 2
(i) (ii) dx
(a) Show that F an d G have the sa me
(iii)  n  e  dx
1
derivative.

m ln x
x (iv) e dx
(b) Show that G(x)  F(x) + C for any constant C.
(c) Do parts (a ) a nd (b ) vio lat e t he constant
a  (2 + 3 )
mx
difference theorem ? Explain. (i) .b nx dx (ii)
x x 2
dx
4. (a) Graph so me rep resentativ e inte gral c urves e 3x
 e5x
(iii)  (iv)  e
n 2 n x
of the function f(x) = ex/2. dx dx
e x
 e x
Binder1.pdf 7 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

11. Evaluate the following integrals : 14. Evaluate the following integrals :
dx

dx dx
(i) 
2· x
n
(ii) (ax + b) dx (i) 
x 25x 2  2
(ii)
(x  1) x 2  2x
dx
dx

(iii) 3  2 x (iv)
(1+ x)3
dx (iii) 
(2x  1) (2x  1)2  4
x
x dx 2x  1
(i) 
a  bx dx (ii) x  2 dx 
cos 1 
x
1
x 2
x4

 
2  dx
(iii) 
1  x2
dx (iv)
1  x2 
dx (i) 2  x
sin 1  
dx
(ii)
 x2 
 3  4 
13. Evaluate the following integrals :  2
(i)  cos xº dx (ii)  sec (ax  b) dx
2
1
(iii)  cot x dx
2
1  cos x
(iv)  1  cos x dx
(iii)  3  (2  3x) 2
dx
A
16. Integrate the following functions : (c) f(sin x) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1.
1 2  5x 2 3  2x 4 1  1 for 0  x  1,
(i) 3 sin 3  5 cos 5  1  2x  (d) f(ln x) =  , f(0) = 0.
(3x  1  x for x  1,
23. Use the following information to graph the function f over
7 2
(ii) (7–4x)3 +  4cosec2 (4x  3)  the closed interval [– 2, 5].
(3  7x) 16  9x2 (a) The graph of f is made of closed line segments
17. Show that joined end to end.
dx 1  x  (b) The graph starts at the point (– 2, 1).
I=  4sin x  5cos x  41
n | tan    |  C
 2 2 (c) The derivative of f is shown below:
5 Y
where  = tan–1 .
4 y= f (x)
18. Prove that 1
–2 0 1 3 5 X
1  x 2m 1 1 1
 1 x 2
dx  x  x 3  x 5  ... 
3 5 2m  1
x 2m 1 .
–2
19. Given the continuous periodic function f(x), 24. Is there a function f such that f(0) = – 2, f(1) = 1, and f(x)
x  R. Can we assert that the antiderivative of that function = 0 for all x? If so, how many such functions are there?
is a periodic function ? 25. Find all functions f(x) such that f(x) = 2 sin 3x.
26. A function g, defined for all positive real numbers,
xx

20. Show that | x |dx =
2
+C satisfies the following two conditions:
g(1) = 1 and g(x2) = x3 for all x > 0.
21. Find all the antiderivatives of the function Compute g(4).
f(x) = 3/x whose graphs touch the curve y = x3. 27. Find a polynomial P of degree  5 with P(0) = 1, P(1) =
22. In each case, find a function f satisfying the given 2, P(0) = P(0) = P(1) = P(1) = 0.
conditions. 28. Find a function f such that f(x) = x + cos x and such
(a) f(x2) = 1/x for x > 0, f(1) = 1. that f(0) = 1 and f (0) = 2.
(b) f(sin2 x) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1.
Binder1.pdf 8 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1.3 INTEGRATION BY find an appropriate transformation of the integrand, thus

reducing the given integral to a standard form.
TRANSFORMATION The student must not, however, take for granted that whenever
one or other of the transformations is applicable, it furnishes
Standard methods of integration the simplest method of integration. The most suitable
transformation in each case can only be arrived at after
The different methods of integration all aim at reducing a given
considerable practice and familiarity with the results introduced
integral to one of the fundamental or known integrals. There
by such transformations.
are several methods of integration :
(i) Method of Transformation, i.e., it is useful to properly 5(x  3) 2
transform the integrand and then take advantage of the
Example 1: Evaluate I =  x x
dx
basic table of integration formulae.
5x 2  30x  45
(ii) Method of Substitution, i.e., a change of the independent
variable helps in computing a large number of indefinite
Solution: I =  x x
dx
integrals. dx
= 5  x dx  30  45  x 3 / 2 dx
1/ 2
(iii) Integration by parts
In some cases, when the integrand is a rational fraction it x
may be broken into Partial Fractions by the rules of 2
algebra, and then each part may be integrated by one of  5. x 3 / 2  30.2 x  45( 2x 1/ 2 )  C
3
the above methods.
10 3 / 2
In some cases of irrational functions, the method of Integration  x  60 x  90 x 1 / 2  C .
by Rationalization is adopted, which is a special case of (ii) 3
above.
x4
In some cases, integration by the method of Successive Example 2: Evaluate  x 2  1dx
Reduction is resorted to, which really falls under case (iv) It
may be noted that the classes of integrals which are reducible x4 x4 1 1
to one or other of the fundamental forms by the above processes Solution:  x 2  1dx =  x2  1
dx
are very limited, and that the large majority of the expressions,
under proper restrictions, can only be integrated by the aid of x4 1 1
infinite series, and in some cases when the integrand involves =  x2  1 +
x2  1
dx
expressions under a radical sign containing powers of x beyond
1
the second, the investigation of such integrals has necessitated
the introduction of higher classes of transcedental function such
=  (x
2
 1) dx +  x2  1 dx
as elliptic functions, etc.
x3
In fact, integration is, on the whole, a more difficult operation = – x + tan–1 x + C
than differentiation. We know that elementary functions are 3
differentiated according to definite rules and formulae but x2  3
integration involves, so to say, an "individual" approach to every Example 3: Evaluate  x 6 (x 2  1)
dx
function. Differential calculus gives general rules for
differentiation, but integral calculus gives no such (x 2  1)  2
corresponding general rules for performing the inverse Solution:  x 6 (x 2  1) dx
operation. In fact, so simple an integral in appearance as
1 2
sin x   x6 dx +  x 6 (x 2  1) dx
 x cos xdx, or 
x
dx
1 (x 6  1)  x 6
cannot be worked out that is, there is no elementary function =  x6
dx + 2  x 6 (x 2  1)
dx
whose derivative is x cos x, or (sin x)/x, though the integrals
1 x4  x2  1 1
exist. There is quite a large number of integrals of these types. =  x6 dx + 2  x6
dx – 2  x 2  1 dx
Method of Transformation 1  1 1 1 1
= dx + 2   2  4  6  dx – 2  dx
x 6  x x x  1 x2
In the method of transformation, we find the integrals by
manipulation i.e. by simplifying and converting the given 1  1  1  1 
5 + 2 
 x 3x 3 5x 5  – 2 tan x + C.
= –1
integrand into standard integrands. It requires experience to 5x
Binder1.pdf 9 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1 1  x4 1
Example 4: Evaluate   ( 
x3/ 4 1  x
+ sec x tan x dx. =
1
2
 ( sin x + cos x) dx – 2 2
1 1  x4
Solution: Let I = (x 3/ 4

1 x
+ sec x tan x dx

1

dx
sin  x  
I =  x -3/4 dx +  (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ) dx +  sec x tan x dx ,  4
[ (1 – xn) / (1 – x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .... + xn – 1] 1 1  x 
I = 4x1/4 + x + (x2/2) + (x3/3) + (x4/4) + sec x + C. = ( – cos x + sin x) – ln tan    + C
2 2 2  2 4
1  sin x
Example 5: Evaluate I =  dx. sin 2x
1  cos x
Example 9: Evaluate  sin 5x sin 3x dx
1  sin x
Solution: Here I =  dx
1  cos x sin 2x sin(5x  3x)
1
1  2 sin x cos x
1 Solution:  sin 5x sin 3x dx =  sin 5x sin 3x dx
2 2
=  2 1 dx sin 5x cos 3x  cos 5x sin 3x
2sin x
2 =  sin 5x sin 3x dx
1 1 1
=  (cot 3x – cot 5x) dx
=
2  2
x dx +  cos
cosec2
2
x dx
= 1/3 ln |sin 3x| – 1/5 ln |sin 5x| + C.
1 1
= –cot x + 2 ln (sin x) + C. sin x
2 2
dx
Example 10: Evaluate  cos 3x dx
Example 6: Evaluate I =  3 cos x  sin x 2 sin x cos x
sin x
Solution: We have Solution:  cos3 x dx =  2 cos x cos3 x dx
dx dx
I =  3 cos x  sin x

 3  sin(3x  x)
2
1
cos x  sin x  =  2 cos x cos 3x dx
 2 2 
1 dx 1  1  sin 3x cos x  cos 3x sin x
=
2
  cosec  x  3  dx =  dx
sin  x  
1 2 2 cos x cos 3x
 3 
1
=
1 1 
ln tan  x  (  / 6)  + C. = 2  (tan 3x – tan x) dx
2 2
1  sin  1 1
Example 7: Evaluate  d = ln sec 3x  ln sec x + C.
cos  6 2
Solution: We break the integrand into two summands
1  sin   1  sin   d Integrals of the form
 d =  
cos   cos  cos  
=  (sec  – tan ) d  cos ax cos bx dx ,  sin ax sin bx dx
= ln |sec  + tan | + ln |cos | + C.
Since ln A + ln B = ln AB, the answer can be simplified to ln
 sin ax cos bx dx , in which a b.
We use the addition formulae to change products to sums or
(|sec  + tan | |cos |) + C.
differences, which can be integrated easily.
But sec  cos  = 1 and tan  cos  = sin . The answer becomes
For example :
even simpler :
1
1  sin   cos x cos 2 x dx = 2  2 cos x cos 2x dx
 cos 
d = ln (1 + sin ) + C.
1
2 
dx = (cos 3x  cos x) dx
Example 8: Evaluate 
sec x  cos ecx 1  sin 3x sin x 
=    +C
dx 1 2 sin x cos x 2  3 1 
Solution:  =  dx
sec x  cos ecx 2 sin x  cos x
1 (sin x  cos x) 2  1
 sin mx sin nxdx
=  dx
2 sin x  cos x
Binder1.pdf 10 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1 1
2 
=  cos(m  n)xdx   cos(m  n)xdx  Solution: cos4x = { (1 + cos 2x)}2
 2
 sin(m  n)x sin(m  n)x 1
= {1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x}
 2(m  n)  2(m  n) if m 2  n 2 4
=  1 1
   x  sin 2nx  if m n = [1 + 2 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x)]
  2 4n  4 2
3 1 1
1 = + cos 2x + cos 4x
 2  
sinmxcosnxdx   sin(m  n)xdx  sin(m  n)xdx

8 2 8
3 1 1
 cos(m  n)x

cos(m  n)x
if m 2  n 2
 cos4 x dx =  (
8
+ cos 2x + cos 4x) dx
2 8
 2(m  n) 2(m  n)
=  3 1 1
  cos 2nx = x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C.
if m   n 8 4 32
 4n
Example 13: Evaluate  sin6x dx .
1
 cos mx cos nxdx  2  cos(m  n)xdx   cos(m  n)xdx  Solution: To evaluate  sin6x dx we should first
 sin(m  n)x sin(m  n)x expressed sin6 x as a sum of sines/cosines of multiples of x and
 2(m  n)  2(m  n) if m  n 2 2
then integrate each term of the sum to obtain the result.

=
 x  sin 2nx if m2  n 2 Since sin2 x =
1
(1 – cos 2x),
2 4n 2
Example 11: Evaluate  sin 8x sin 3x dx 1
therefore sin6 x = (1 – cos 2x)3,
8
1
Solution: We have sin 8x sin 3x = (cos 5x – cos 11x), 1
2 = [1 – 3 cos 2x + 3 cos2 2x – cos 3 2x] ...(1)
8
and so  sin 8x sin 3x dx 1
Writing cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x),
1 2
2
= (cos 5x  cos 11x) dx
1
cos3 2x = (cos 6x + 3 cos 2x),
1 1 4
= sin 5x – sin 11x + C. (1) becomes
10 22
1 3
If a question has one of the functions like sin2x, sin 6 x = [1 – 3 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x)
8 2
cos x, sin x or cos3x, then we replace them by
2 3 1
– (cos 6x + 3 cos 2x)},
4
1  cos x 1  cos 2x 3sin x  sin 3x 3cos x  cos 3x
, , , 1
2 2 4 4 = [10 – 15 cos 2x + 6 cos 4x – cos 6x] ...(2)
respectively. The idea is to first express the function in terms of 32
multiple angles as above and then integrate it. From (2) we have  sin 6 xdx
Also tan2x and cot2x should be replaced by sec2x – 1 and
cosec2x – 1 respectively. 1 15 3 1
 [10 x – sin 2 x + sin 4 x  sin 6 x]  C ...(3)
For example : 32 2 2 6
If the exponents are not too big, this method works well.
 cos2x dx =  (1 + cos 2x) dx Example 14: Evaluate I =  sin 3 x cos3 x dx
x 1
=  sin 2x + C, 1
2 4
8 
1 Solution: I= (2sin x cos x)3 dx
 sin2x dx =  (1 – cos 2x) dx
2 1
x 1  sin
3
= 2x dx
=  sin 2x + C. 8
2 4
1 3sin 2x  sin 6x
1
 sin3xdx =  4 (3sin x–sin x)dx
=
8  4
dx
1
3
= cos x +
1
cos3x + C.
=
32  (3 sin 2x  sin 6x) dx
4 12
1  3
 cos 2 x  cos 6 x  + C.
1
Example 12: Evaluate  cos4x dx . =
32  2 6 
Binder1.pdf 11 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

dx 1
Example 15: Evaluate  sin(x  )sin(x ) =
2 
(cos x  sin x  1) dx
1
1 sin[(x   )  (x  )] =  sin x  cos x  x  + C.
sin(   )  sin(x   ) sin(x  )
Solution: I dx 2
Example 18: Integrate the function
1 sin(x) cos(x)  cos(x )sin(x)
=
sin()  sin(x  )sin(x )
dx 5cos3 x  2sin 3 x
+ (1  sin 2 x)
2sin 2 x cos2 x
1 1  2 sin x 1  cos 2x
sin(   ) 
 [cot(x  )  cot(x   )]dx 
+ w. r. t. x.
cos2 x 1  cos 2x
1
sin(   ) 
 (ln sin(x  )  ln sin(x   ) ]  C . Solution: The given function may be written as
5cos x  2sin 3 x
3
1 sin(x  )  (cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x)

 ln C . 2sin 2 x cos2 x
sin(   ) sin(x   )
1 2sin x 2sin 2 x
+  

Example 16: Evaluate tan(x – ) · tan (x + ) · tan 2x dx cos2 x cos2 x 2 cos2 x
5
Solution: tan 2x = tan (x    x  ) = cosec x cot x + sec x tan x + cos x + sin x
2
tan(x   )  tan(x –  ) + sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + 2 (sec2 x – 1)
= 5
1  tan(x   )·(x –  ) = cosec x cot x + 3 sec x tan x + cos x + sin x
2
or, tan 2x – tan 2x · tan (x + ) tan (x – )
= tan (x + ) + tan (x + ) + 3 sec2 x – 2.
 tan (x + ) tan (x + ) tan 2x Now integrating, we get
= tan 2x – tan (x + ) – tan (x – )
5
 2  sec x tan x dx
 I= [tan 2x – tan (x + ) – tan (x – )] dx I= cosec x cot x dx + 3
=
1
2
ln |sec 2x| – ln sec |(x + )|   
+ cos xdx + sin xdx + 3 sec2 x dx – 2 dx 
– ln sec |(x – )| + C 5
= – cosec x + 3 sec x + sin x – cos x
= ln | sec 2 x · cos (x + ) · cos(x – )| + C. 2
+ 3 tan x – 2x + C.
Example 17: Evaluate
cos 5x  cos 4 x
dx
Example 19: Evaluate
1  2 cos 3x dx .
 tan x  cot x  sec x  cosec x cos 5x  cos 4 x
Solution:  1  2 cos 3x
dx
dx
Solution: I=  tan x  cot x  sec x  cosec x sin 3x(cos 5x  cos 4x)
  sin 3x  2 cos 3x sin 3x dx
sin x cos x dx
=  1  sin x  cos x 3x 3x 9x x
2 sin cos . 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2 dx
=
sin xdx
 sec x  tan x  1
  sin 3x  sin 6x
Multiplying and dividing by (1+ tan x – sec x), we get 3x 3x 9x x
sin
cos cos cos
sin x(1  tan x  sec x) 2 2 2 2
=  (1  tan x)2  sec2 x dk 4  9x 3x
dx
 2 cos sin
2 2
sin x(1  tan x  sec x)
=  2 tan x
dk

3x x
  2 cos cos dx   (cos 2 x  cos x) dx
2 2
1
=
2 
cos x (1 + tan x – sec x) dx 
 
sin 2x
 sin x   C .
 2 
Binder1.pdf 12 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

B
(1  x)  sec
2 2
(i) x cosec2 x dx
(i)  dx

x 1  x2  (ii)  cot
2
x cos 2 x dx
x4  x2  1
 tan
2
 (iii) x sin 2 x dx
 
(ii) dx
2 1 x 2

(iv) (cot x  cos x ) dx
2 2
3 2
x  4 x  5x  2
(iii)  x 2  2x  1
dx 6. Evaluate the following integrals :
dx dx
(i)  (ii) 
81 x  41x 1  cos x 1  sin x
(iv)  dx dx cos x  cos 2x
2.
2x
Evaluate the following integrals :
(iii) 
1  sin 3x
(iv) 
1  cos x
dx
 cos
3
(i) x dx
1  cos 2 x 1  tan 2 x
(i)  dx (ii)  dx
(ii)  sin4x dx 1  cos 2x 1  tan 2 x
sin 6 x  cos 6 x 1  tan 2 x cos 2 x
(iii)  sin 2 x . cos 2 x
dx (iii) 
1  cot 2 x
dx (iv)  dx
cos 2 x sin 2 x
a sin3 x  b cos3 x 8. Evaluate the following integrals :
(iv) sin x cos x 2 2 (i) 
cos 5x  cos 4 x
dx
1  2 cos 3x
cos x  sin x
3 3
(ii) 
(i)  cos 2x cos 3x dx cos x  sin x
dx
cos 2x  2 sin x 2
 cos x sin 4x dx .
2
(ii) (iii)  dx
cos 2 x
(iii)  sin 2x . cos2 x dx cos ecx  tan x  sin 2 x
2
x 21 (iv)  dx
sin x
(iv)  4 cos 2 ·cos x ·sin 2
x dx
(i)  (3 sin x cos 2 x – sin 3 x) dx
(i)  1  sin x
sin  sin (x  )  sin 2  x   
cos 4 x  sin 4 x (ii)   
2
  dx

(ii)  1  cos 4x
dx
sin 2   
   sin 2    dx
9 x 7 x
(iii)   
 8 4  8 4 
(iii)  sin x sin 2 x sin 3x dx
3 
(iv)  sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx (iv)  cot 4   2x  cos 4x dx.
B
10. Evaluate the following integrals : sin x
dx
(iv) 
cos 2 x
(1 – 3 sin3x) dx
(i)  11. Evaluate the following integrals :
25  4 x 2
dx
(ii)  x 4  x 4  2
x 1 x (i)  x3
dx
x 2
 sin 2 x sec2 x  (ii) 
dx
dx
(iii)  1 x 2
dx 2x  3  2x  3
1-13.pdf 1 3/17/2020 8:55:20 PM

 
x  1 x2  x  14. Evaluate the following integrals :
(iii)  dx 5cos3 x  3sin 3 x
x x x x (i)  sin x cos
2 2
x
dx
 1  x 2 2 x 2  x 
 (cos x  sin
6 6
(iv) 
 1/2
x  x
1/2
 
x3/2 x1/2  x 1/2
 dx

(ii) x) dx
x
 sin
3
12. Evaluate the following integrals : (iii) x cos dx
2
2 x3  3x2  4 x  5 dx
(i)  2x  1
dx
(iv)  3 cos x  sin x
 x 6  64 x2 4x2 (2x  1) 
(ii)   1
 4  2x  x
2
.
4  4x 1  x 2
 
1  2 x  dx
sin 3 x  cos 3 x
2 (i)  sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
 x 1   x 1 x 1 
(iii)  
 2

2
 
x   x 1
  dx
x 1  sin 2x  sin 5x  sin 3x
(ii)  cos x  1  2 sin 2 2x
dx
2
1 x 1
(iv)  1  x  1/ 1  x
dx.
(iii)
cos x  sin x
 cos x  sin x (2  2 sin 2x)dx
 cot 2 2x  1 
(i) 
( x  1)(x 2  x )
dx.
(iv) 
 2 cot 2x
 cos8x cot 4x  dx

x x x x
1  x 2 1  1 x 1 x  cos x dx
(ii)  x


  dx
1  x  1  x 
(i)  1  cos x
dx (ii)  sin x sin(x  )
1  x 2 x1
x 4  5x 3  15x  9  9 (iii)  {1  cot(x  )cot(x  } dx

x 6  3x 4 x4
(iii)  3 dx 17. Let f(0) = 0 and f '(x) = 1 for – 1 < x < 1,
( x  4 x  3x  12 ) / x 5
2
(1  x 2 )
3 6
x  2  x2 1 x 2  x2 (1  a 2 )  a (1  x 2 ) }.
(iv)
 3
1 x2
dx show that f(x) + f(a) = f{x
 I =  f{(u)} '(u) du.

1.4 INTEGRATION BY
Thus, in the integral  f(x)dx, we put x = (u) in the
SUBSTITUTION
expression f(x) and also we replace dx by '(u) du and then we
The method of substitution is one of the basic methods for proceed with the integration with u as the new variable. After
calculating indefinite integrals. Even when we integrate by some evaluating the integral we need to replace u by the equivalent
other method, we often resort to substitution in the intermediate expression in x.
states of calculation. The success of integration depends largely dx
on how appropriate the substitution is for simplifying the given Note that though from x = (u) we can write = '(u) in
du
integral. Essentially, the study of methods of integration reduces making our substitution in the given integral, we generally use
to finding out what kind of substitution has to be performed for it in the differential form dx = '(u) du. It really means that
a given element of integration. when x and u are connected by the relation x = (u), I being the
Substitution – change of variable function of x whose differential coefficient with respect to x is
f(x), it is, when expressed in terms of u, identical with the
Let I =  f(x) dx, and let x = (u). function whose differential coefficient with respect to u is
f{(u)} '(u) which later, by a proper choice of (u), may
dI dx possibly be of a standard form, and therefore easy to find out.
Then, by definition, = f(x) and = '(u).
dx du
Sometimes it is found convenient to make the
dI dI dx
Now,  = f '(x) '(u) = f{(u)} '(u). substitution in the form g(x) = u where corresponding
du dx du differential form will be g'(x) dx = du.
Binder1.pdf 14 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

Let g be a function whose range is an interval I, and let f be a

function that is continuous on I. If g is differentiable on its sin 3 x
= sin x + +C
domain and F is an antiderivative of f on I, then 3
dx
f(g(x))g(x) dx = F(g(x)) + C. Example 4: Evaluate x 4x 2  5
If u = g(x), then du = g(x) and du
dx
f(u)du = F(u) + C. Solution:
x 4x 2  5
  u 2
2
u  a2
Steps for substitution 2
(i) Choose a substitution u = g(x). Usually, it is best to choose where a = 5
the inner part of a composite function, such as a quantity Put u  2x, x  u / 2, dx  du / 2 ,
raised to a power.
du
(ii) Compute du = g(x) dx.
(iii) Rewrite the integral in terms of the variable u. = u u2  a2
(iv) Evaluate the resulting integral in terms of u.
1 1 u
(v) Replace u by g(x) to obtain an antiderivative in terms = sec +C
of x. a a
The main challenge in using substitution is to think of an
sec 1 
1 2| x|
appropriate substitution. One should try to choose u to be some =  +C
5  5 
function in the integrand whose differential also occurs (except
for a constant factor). If that is not possible, try choosing u to x
be some complicated part of the integrand. Finding the right Example 5: Evaluate  4  x3
dx .
substitution is a bit of an art. It is not unusual to guess a wrong
substitution; if the first guess does not work, try another x x dx
substitution. Solution: I=  4  x3
dx =  4  x3
Example 1: Find  x3 cos (x4 + 2) dx. Here integral of x is
2 3/2
x and 4 – x3 = 4 – (x3/2)2
Solution: We make the substitution u = + 2 because x4 3
its differential is du = 4x3 dx, which, apart from the constant 2
factor 4, occurs in the integral. Thus, using x3 dx = du/4, we Put x3/2 = t  x dx  dt
3
have
2 dt 2 1  x 3/2 
 3  4  t2 = 3
x3 cos (x4 + 2) dx I sin  C.
 2 
1 1
=  cos u .
du =
4 
cos u du 10x 9  10x ln10
4 Example 6: Evaluate  10x  x10 dx
1 1
= sin u + C = sin (x4 + 2) + C Solution: Put 10x + x10 = t
4 4  (10x ln10 + 10 x9) dx = dt
(n x)2 1
Example 2: Evaluate  x
dx I=  t dt  ln t = ln |10 x
+ x10| + C.
(n x)2 x x (1  (ln x)dx

Solution:  x
dx Example 7: Evaluate  ( x x  1)
.
Put nx = t Solution: Put = t xx

1  x2(1 + ln x) dx = dt
 dx = dt dt
x I= 
t 1
= ln (t + 1)
t .   =
dx t3 (n x)3
  = ln(xx + 1) + C.
2 2
I= t dt = +C= + C.
 x  3 3
d( x 2  1)
Example 3: Evaluate  (1  sin
2
x)cos x dx Example 8: Evaluate  x2  2
Solution: Put sinx = t cosx dx = dt d( x 2  1)
t3
Solution: I= x2  2
 (1  t 2 ) dt = t +
3
+C We know d(x2 + 1) = 2x dx
Binder1.pdf 15 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

2 xdx i.e. when power of x is in the denominator, then decrease the

 I=  x2  2
power by one and multiply the denominator by the decreased
power with sign changed.
Put x2 + 2 = t2  2x dx = 2t dt
1
2 t dt Here , I = +C
I=  t
= 2t + C  6 sin 6 x
4x
 I = 2 x 2  2 + C. Example 11: Evaluate
(1  2x 2 )2dx
Alternative : 2
 u  du 
4x 
d(x  1)
2
d(x 2  1)
 
2 2
  
I=  x 22
=  (x 2  1)  1
Solution:
(1  2x 2 )2
dx (1 2x ) ( 4x)dx
1
u ( 1)
 
= 2 (x  1)  1 + C
2
1
  (1  2x 2 )1  C = + C.
[considering x2 + 1 as the variable of integration] 2x2  1
=2 x 2  2 + C. x 2 dx
3
Example 12: Find
3  (x
 2)5
.
x 2 dx 1 d( 4  3x ) 1 3
 4  3x 3  9  3 = n 4  3x  C Solution: Let u be the value in the parenthesis, that is,
4  3x 9
let u = x3 – 2. Then du = 3x2 dx. so by substitution :
Deduction 1 x 2 dx du / 3 1 5
 3
(x  2) 5

u5 
3
u du 
The General Poser Rule for integration
1 u 4 1 3
n [ f ( x )]n 1 =
3 4
+C=– (x – 2)–4 + C.
 [ f ( x )] f ' ( x )dx 
n 1
+ C , n  –1. 12
In other words it means that if we are to integrate any function Deduction 2

of x raised to the power n and multiplied by the derivative of
f '(x)
that function, then we shall apply the above power formula on
that function.
I=  f (x) dx  ln | f (x) |  C
Proof We prove this as follows :
n Put f(x) = z.
I =  [f (x )] f ' (x )dx  f '(x) dx = dz.
Put f(x) = t  f(x) dx = dt dz
n 1 [ f ( x)] n 1  I   ln | z |  ln | f (x) |  C
I =  t dt  t z
n
 +C
n 1 n 1 Hence, if the integrand be a fraction such that its numerator is
the differential coefficient of the denominator, then the integral
5 2 tan 6 x
For example,  tan x sec xdx  +C is equal to
6 ln |(denominator)| + C.
Example 9: Evaluate  (x
2
+ 1)2 (2x) dx. x 2 dx
For example, consider I =  .
7  x3
Solution: Letting g(x) = x2 + 1, you obtain Here the derivative of the denominator (7 + x3) is 3x2.
g(x) = 2x and f(g(x)) = [g(x)]2. 1 3x 2 dx 1
From this, we can recognize that the integrand follows the  I=  = n7 + x3+ C
3 7  x3 3
f(g(x)) g(x) pattern. Thus, we write
cos x  sin x
[g( x )]2
 g ( x) 1 2 3
Also,
 sin x  cos x dx  ln | (sin x  cos x) |  C
 (x 2  1)2 (2x) dx = 3 (x + 1) + C. 2ax  b
cos x  ax  bx  c
2
dx  ln | (ax 2  bx  c) |  C
Example 10: Evaluate I =  7 dx
sin x dx
Solution: Here power formula is applicable on sin x as Example 13: Find
1  ex 
its derivative i.e. cosx is present in the numerator. But you should Solution: We write the integrand as follows :
note the form of power formula which will be 1 ex  1  ex
   
1 1 1  ex ex  1  ex  ex  1
 x n dx   (n  1)x n 1 , –x –x
u = e + 1, du = –e dx
Binder1.pdf 16 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

dx e  x dx du d(cos x) dz

1 e x
 x
e 1  
u    1  cos 2
x
 
1 z2
, where z = cos x
= –ln|u| + C = –ln (e–x + 1) + C 1 1  z 1 1  cos x
Remember, e–x + 1 > 0 for all x, so  ln  ln +C
ln |e–x + 1| = ln(e–x + 1). 2 1  z 2 1  cos x
It should be noted that the different forms in which the integral
Example 14: Integrate  2 sin x dx . of cosec x is obtained by different methods can be easily shown
5  3 cos x
to be identical by elementary trigonometry.
Solution: I =  2   3 sin x dx We have,
3 5  3 cos x 1
2 sin 2 x
Now, since the numerator of the integrand is the differential 1 1  cos x 1 2 1 1
ln  ln  ln tan 2 x
coefficient of the denominator, 2 1  cos x 2 2 cos 2 1 x 2 2
2 2
I = – ln|(5 + 3 cos x)| + C. 1
3  ln tan x .
With the help of the deduction 2, we can prove some of the 2
standard results mentioned earlier.  x
(iv)  sec x dx = ln tan    + C
(i)  tan x dx = ln|sec x| + C 4 2
Proof : = ln |(sec x + tan x)| + C.
Put cos x = z , then – sin x dx = dz. Proof:
dx dx
 I
sin x
 cos x dx   
dx
  ln z+ C  sec x dx   
sin    x 
cos x 1
z
= – ln cos x + C = ln|sec x| + C. 2 
dx
Alternative : =   x  x
sec x tan x 2sin    cos   
 tan x dx  
sec x
dx  ln | sec x |  C  4 2  4 2
1 2 x
sec    dx
(ii)  cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C 2 4 2
Proof: =   x
By substituting sin x = z, this result follows. tan   
4 2
Alternative :
 x
cos x = ln tan    + C
 cot x dx   sin x dx  ln | sin x |  C 4 2
Alternative 1 :
x secx(secx  tan x)
(iii)  cos ec x dx  ln tan 2 +C  secxdx   secx  tan x dx= ln|(sec x + tan x)| + C
Proof: since the numerator is the derivative of the denominator.
dx dx While this is the shortest method, it does seem artificial. The
 cos ec x dx   sin x   1 1
next method may seem a little less contrived.
2 sin x cos x Alternative 2 :
2 2 cos x cos x
1
We multiply the numerator and denominator by sec2 x to get
 sec x dx 
cos x2 
dx = 
1  sin 2 x
dx
2 The substitution z = sin x and dz = cos x dx transforms this last
numerator as the differential coefficient of the denominator. integral into the integral of a rational function :
1 21 dz 1  1 1 
= 2
sec x x
2 dx = ln tan + C.  1 z 2
  
2  1  z 1  z 
dz
 1 2
tan x 1
2 = [ln 1 + z – ln1 – z] + C
2
Alternative 1 :
cosec x(cos ecx  cot x) 1 1 z
 cos ec x dx   cosec x  cot x dx = ln
2 1 z
+ C.
= ln|(cosec x – cotx)| + C
Alternative 2 : 1 1 z 1 1  sin x
Since z = sin x, ln = ln .
dx sin x 2 1 z 2 1  sin x

cos ec x dx 
sin x
  sin 2 x
dx 
Binder1.pdf 17 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Amores: elegías
amatorias
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Amores: elegías amatorias
Author: Ovid
Release date: May 7, 2022 [eBook #68015]
Language: Spanish
Original publication: Spain: Librerías de Juan Mariana y Sanz, editor,

1878
Credits: Ramón Pajares Box and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (Biblioteca Nacional de
España.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMORES:

ELEGÍAS AMATORIAS ***
OVIDIO.
LOS AMORES.
AMORES.
ELEGÍAS AMATORIAS
DE
OVIDIO,
por primera vez publicadas en lengua castellana.
Traduccion hecha sobre el original latino por dos

literatos valencianos.
VALENCIA; 1878.
Librerías de Juan Mariana y Sanz, editor,

librero de la Universidad y Ayuntamiento,
Bajada de S. Francisco,
núm. 11.
Lonja de la Seda,
núm. 7.
Esta obra es propiedad de su
editor Sr. Mariana y Sanz, y todos
los ejemplares llevarán su sello
para los efectos de la Ley.
Valencia 1878.—Imp. de M.
Alufre, Quevedo, 17.
EPÍGRAMA
DE P. OVIDIO NASON,
SOBRE SUS AMORES.
Nosotros que éramos poco há en número de cinco libros, somos

ahora solo tres: Ovidio, nuestro padre, así lo ha preferido. Si no
experimentais gusto alguno al leernos, la disminucion de dos libros
aliviará vuestro enfado.
LOS TRADUCTORES.
No hay español medianamente instruido, siquiera no posea la

lengua del Lacio, que no conozca á Ovidio por sus célebres
Metamórfosis, vertidas al castellano desde antiguo por Antonio
Perez Sigler, Felipe Mey y otros; vulgar se ha hecho ya el
conocimiento del mismo eminente poeta por su famoso Arte de
amar, cuya última edicion española ha publicado recientemente el
editor del presente libro; á quien registre nuestras bibliotecas no ha
de ser difícil saborear en la propia lengua de Castilla la traduccion
que D. Sebastian de Albarado tituló Heroyda Ovidiana y hasta las
Epístolas amatorias, causa, segun se dice, de la desgracia y
destierro de su autor, que tiempo há fueron traducidas por Diego
Megía; pero los Amores, obra la más expontáneamente producida
por el génio poético del voluptuoso Ovidio, los Amores, que reflejan
fielmente la manera más íntima de ser y de pensar, no solo de su
autor, sino de la juventud romana de su época; los Amores, que
marcan el grado de la corrupcion de costumbres de la corte de
Augusto, digna, por más de un concepto, de profundo estudio; esos
Amores son poco conocidos en el mundo literario, y jamás hasta
ahora, que sepamos, han sido traducidos á la lengua castellana.
¿Es menguado, acaso, el mérito de las elegías amorosas del
autor de las Metamórfosis?
De ningun modo: Ovidio habia nacido poeta; y á pesar suyo, á
pesar de la promesa de no componer más versos, hecha á su padre
al pedirle perdon, diciendo: «Parce mihi, nunquam versificabo,
pater!», los versos, como el anterior, brotaban naturalmente de su
mente, como el agua desbordada de manantial fecundo, hasta el
punto de confesar él mismo: «Quid quid tentabam scribere, versus
erat.» Poeta por naturaleza, entre todos los géneros de poesía, el
que mejor se adaptaba á su génio é inclinaciones, era sin duda el
amoroso.
En vano se propone escribir un poema en doce cantos, para
celebrar al jigante de cien manos Gyges, hijo del cielo y de la tierra;
su musa es el amor: «hoc quoque jussit amor!»
Ahora bien; ¿dónde más en su centro pudo encontrarse el génio
poético de Ovidio que al cantar sus propios amores?
Corina, la bella Corina, semejante á Lais y á Semíramis, y
principal objeto de las elegías amorosas de Ovidio, es á este poeta
lo que Delia á Tibulo, lo que Lesbia á Catullo, lo que Cynthia á
Propercio, lo que Lycoris á Galo, lo que Lydia, Gliceria, Cloris,
Phyllida, Licia, Phillis, Neera, Tyndaris y Pyrrhe al voluble Horacio[1].
Del mismo modo á Ovidio, que públicamente ama á Corina,
tampoco le son indiferentes la camarera Cypassis, la peinadora
Nape y otras que no nombra, pero que tambien le inspiran bellos
versos como protectoras de sus intrigas amorosas, á cuya sombra
se ocultan.
Al desaparecer estos pasajeros amores, no queda en el pecho del
poeta otro afecto más íntimo que el recuerdo de la amistad
consagrado á su inolvidable compañero Tibulo, á cuya sentida
muerte dedica una de sus más bellas elegías de este libro, en la que
evoca los queridos nombres de Calvo, Catullo y Galo, cantores del
amor, cuyos nombres figuran juntamente en el Eliseo.
Solo otra de las elegías iguala tal vez á esta en fuerza de
conviccion y de sentimiento, y es la XV del libro I, dirigida contra los
detractores de la poesía.
La poesía, la amistad, el amor, hé aquí la trilogia que comprende
toda la vida de Ovidio; tales son la delicia, el consuelo y la
necesidad de su alma. ¿Dónde, pues, ha podido reflejarse mejor
esta, que en las elegías dedicadas á sus más íntimos afectos?
Leyendo las Metamórfosis se puede apreciar la erudicion
mitológica, el ingénio para elegir, la facultad para poetizar de Ovidio;
en Arte de amar hace gala de su aptitud didáctica; pero para
conocer á Ovidio como poeta y como hombre, es necesario leer sus
Amores.
Verdad es que nada tienen de honestos tales Amores, que no
serian dignos de leerse, á no estar engalanados con toda la mágia
de la poesía y de la originalidad. En efecto, los Amores de Ovidio,
que no tienen la tristeza de Tibulo, ni el buen humor y sencillez de
Horacio; que están lejos de los arrebatos de Catulo, y aun más lejos
del insulso platonismo de la mayor parte de los poetas eróticos, son
la expresion del placer y de la voluptuosidad en toda su desnudez,
pero presentada con el decoro del arte.
Si es digna de condenarse á perecer esta clásica obra, cuya
traduccion presentamos, no deben por igual razon quedar en pié las
clásicas estátuas de Vénus, que tambien con toda su desnudez,
pero con el decoro del arte, nos legó la antigüedad, como
representacion de la voluptuosidad, del placer y de la belleza, si es
que otra cosa no representa la infiel esposa de Vulcano y lasciva
amante de Adónis.
NOTAS AL PIE:
[1] Ello, no obstante, dice de él el Sr. Alarcon en su

discurso de recepcion por la Real Academia Española, que
fué constantemente moral y muchas veces moralista en sus
inmortales versos.
LIBRO PRIMERO.
ELEGIA PRIMERA.
ARGUMENTO.
Por qué el poeta pasa de los versos heróicos á los eróticos.

Las armas y las encarnizadas batallas me preparaba á cantar en
forma heróica. Los versos eran todos de igual medida, pero dicen
que se echó á reir Cupido y acortó un pié. ¿Quién, niño cruel, te ha
dado tal derecho sobre la poesía? De las musas, y no tuyo, somos
cortejo los vates. ¿Qué se diria si Vénus se cubriese con las armas
de Minerva ó si esta atizase tu hacha para avivar su llama? ¿Quién
hallaria conforme que Céres reinase en las frondosas selvas y la
vírgen del Carcax presidiese el cultivo de los campos? ¿Apolo, el de
los rubios cabellos, será armado de aguda lanza mientras que Marte
hará vibrar las cuerdas de la lira Aonia? Demasiado grande y
demasiado poderoso, ¡oh muchacho! es tu imperio; ¿por qué aun
quieres extenderlo más? ¿Es todo tuyo? ¿son tuyos el monte
Helicon y el valle de Tempe? ¿Tambien ha de ser tuya la lira de
Apolo? El primer verso principiaba rotundamente mi nuevo poema,
cuando el Amor acorta repentinamente mi brio. Para inspirarme
versos más ligeros, no tengo ni un jóven ó una jóven de blondos
cabellos, que me den pié.
Apenas me habia quejado, cuando desligando su carcax, sacó
flechas destinadas á herirme y despues de tender fuertemente sobre
la rodilla su flexible arco: «Recibe, dijo, oh vate, asunto que
cantar.»—¡Infeliz de mí! el niño acertó la puntería. Me abrasó, y en
mi pecho, hasta ahora vacío, reina el Amor. Comencé mi obra con
seis piés y acabé con cinco. Adios, sangrientas guerras; adios, ritmo
bélico. Ciñe tu rubia cabeza con el verde mirto, Musa mia, que no
tienes que modular más que once piés en cada dos versos.
ELEGIA SEGUNDA.
ARGUMENTO.
Descríbese el triunfo del amor.

¿Podrá haber quien me diga por qué me parece tan duro mi
lecho, por qué mi cubrecama no puede permanecer sobre él, por
qué esta tan larga noche ha pasado sin poder yo conciliar el sueño,
y por qué, aun echado, me duelen todos los huesos? Comprendo
que así sucediera, si algun amor viniese á tentarme. ¿Por dónde
traidoramente se desliza y callado me hiere con sus artificios? Sí,
eso es: agudas flechas han penetrado mi corazon, que fiero, el amor
trata como pais conquistado. ¿Me daré por vencido, ó, luchando,
daré pábulo á esta súbita llama? Cedamos: leve se hace la carga
cuando se la sabe llevar. Crecen las llamas cuando se las combate
soplando, y se extinguen cuando nadie las toca. Más golpes llevan
los bueyes que repelen el yugo, que los habituados á llevarlo. El
caballo indómito es duramente regido, y ménos siente el freno el
que está pronto á marchar al combate. Así tambien el Amor apremia
más cruelmente á los rebeldes que á los que se conforman á
prestarle vasallaje.
¡Yo lo confieso, soy tu nueva presa, Cupido! somos los vencidos
que extendemos las manos ante tu poder. No hay necesidad de
guerra; paz y perdon te imploramos. Pero no mereces alabanza en
vencer con tus armas á un hombre inerme. Corónale de mirto, unce
las palomas de tu madre; el mismo Marte te dará el carro que te
conviene, y sobre ese carro, en medio de las aclamaciones del
pueblo, te erigirás triunfador, y guiarás con arte las uncidas aves.
Seguiránte jóvenes cautivos y cautivas niñas. Esta será la pompa de
tu magnífico triunfo, y yo mismo, postrer víctima, estaré allí con mi
reciente herida, y, esclavo sumiso, arrastraré mi nueva cadena. La
Moralidad será conducida con las manos atadas tras la espalda, lo
mismo que el Pudor y cuanto es obstáculo á las armas del Amor.
Todos te temerán y, extendiendo hácia tí sus brazos, entonará el
pueblo con grandes voces «¡Victoria!» Las caricias serán tus
compañeras, y la ilusion y la locura tu inseparable escolta. Con este
ejército somete los hombres y los dioses. Alegre tu Madre te
aplaudirá triunfador, desde lo alto del Olimpo, y esparcirá rosas
sobre tu frente. Tus alas y tus cabellos se adornarán con piedras
preciosas, y resplandeciente como el oro, serás conducido por las
doradas ruedas de tu carro. Tambien entonces, si mal no te
conozco, inflamarás no pocos corazones; tambien entonces abrirás
á tu paso muchas heridas. Tus flechas, aunque lo quisieras, no
pueden estar quietas, tu férvida llama quema aun en medio del
agua.
Tal era Baco cuando triunfó del pais donde corre el Ganges: tú
eres conducido por aves, él lo fué por tigres; así, pues, que forme yo
parte de tu sacra comitiva; no quieras perder el derecho del
vencedor. Contempla la feliz conquista de tu pariente César: con la
misma mano con que los vence proteje á los vencidos.
ELEGIA TERCERA.
ARGUMENTO.
Se recomienda á su querida por las excelencias de la poesía, la

pureza de sus costumbres y la fidelidad á toda prueba, que
ofrece.
Mi plegaria es justa: que la niña que há poco me han robado, ó
me ame, ó haga por que le ame toda mi vida. ¡Ah, demasiado he
ambicionado! que solamente me permita amarla. Ojalá Venus oyera
mis súplicas. Acepta un amante que te servirá por largos años,
acepta un amante que sabe amar con fidelidad eterna.
Si no me recomiendan ilustres apellidos de antigua familia; si mi
abuelo era solo un caballero particular, y si las tierras de mi casa no
se remueven con innumerables arados y mis padres restringen mi
escaso gasto, recomiéndenme no solamente Apolo y sus nueve
compañeras y el inventor de la viña, sino tambien el Amor que me
entrega á tí, y la fidelidad á que nadie me hará faltar; mis
costumbres sin tacha, mi inocente sencillez, y mi rubicundo pudor.
No me gustan todas: no soy burlador de Amores. Tú sola, si me
correspondes con la misma fidelidad, serás siempre mi perene
cuidado. Ojalá pase junto á tí los años que la Parca me deje, y
muera con sentimiento tuyo.
Dame feliz tema para mis versos y serán dignos de quien los
inspira. A la poesía deben su celebridad la ninfa Io, asustada de sus
cuernos; y aquella á quien el adúltero sedujo, trasformado en
Cisne[2], y la que robada por un fingido toro se cogió á sus largos
cuernos con virgínea mano[3]. Nosotros tambien seremos cantados
por todo el mundo, y siempre citarán unidos tu nombre y el mio.
NOTAS AL PIE:
[2] Leda.
[3] Europa.
ELEGIA CUARTA.
ARGUMENTO.
Antes de cenar con su querida le indica las señas con que

podrán manifestarse su mútuo amor á presencia del marido.
Tu marido ha de cenar con nosotros; ¡así sea esta su última cena!
¿mientras tanto solo contemplaré á mi amada como convidado? ¿El
derecho de estar junto á ella será de otro? ¿Recostada con él darás
nuevo calor á su seno? ¿Cuando guste, pasará su mano sobre tu
cuello? No atiendas á la que tras el festin de su boda[4] puso en
guerra á los deformes Centauros. Yo no habito las selvas, ni soy
medio caballo como ellos, pero me parece que apenas podré
contenerme. Aprende lo que tienes que hacer y no dejes que se
lleven mis palabras ni el Euro ni el tibio Noto.
Llega ántes que tu marido; no preveo aun así qué puede hacerse,
pero vé primero. Cuando se acerque á la mesa, irás con aire
modesto á ponerte á su lado; procurando el oculto contacto de
nuestros piés. Observa lo que te indiquen mis señas y el lenguaje de
mis ojos. Mira y devuelve del mismo modo las furtivas señas. Sin
voz le hablarán mis cejas y leerás palabras trazadas con los dedos.
Cuando te ocurra la idea de nuestros placeres, toca con el tierno
índice tus sonrosadas mejillas. Si quieres darme alguna secreta
queja, suspenda el extremo de tu oreja tu blanda mano. Cuando te
plazca, sol mio, lo que yo haga ó diga, haz rodar tu sortija al rededor
de tus dedos. Pon las manos sobre la mesa del modo como cuando
suplicantes piden para tu marido todos los males que merece.
Cuando él te escancie el vino, haz que se lo beba, y pide despues
por lo bajo al criado que te sirva el que prefieras. Yo tomaré el
primero la copa que tú dejes y beberé en ella por la misma parte por
donde tú hayas bebido. Si por casualidad te ofrece el vino libado
ántes por él, rehúsalo. No permitas que oprima tu cuello con
indignas caricias, ni reposes tu cabeza sobre su rudo pecho; sobre
todo, guárdate de darle besos. Si se los das, yo me declararé
públicamente tu amante, diciendo «son mios;» y se los disputaré
con mis manos.
Estas caricias, sin embargo, las veré; pero las que me ocultará la
cubierta de la mesa serán mi mayor tormento. No juntes, pues, ni
tus piernas, ni tus rodillas á las de tu marido, ni roces con tu
delicado pié, su pié grosero.
Temo, infeliz, muchos males, porque muchos males hice, y me
atormento con el temor de mi mismo ejemplo. Muchas veces mi
querida y yo hemos estimulado bajo los vestidos que nos cubrian, el
momento del dulce placer. Tú no harás eso; pero, para ahuyentar
toda duda, desnuda tus espaldas del manto que las cubre. Ruega
contínuamente á tu marido que beba, pero sin acompañar las
súplicas con besos; y mientras beba, añádele furtivamente si
puedes vino puro, y si se deja caer por efecto del sueño y del vino,
nos aconsejarán el sitio y las circunstancias.
Cuando te levantes y todos nos levantemos para irnos á casa, no
olvides introducirte en medio de la comitiva; allí me encontrarás ó
allí te encontraré, y entonces tienta de mí lo que puedas.
¡Infeliz de mí! Te he enseñado lo que debe aprovechar para pocas
horas, pues la noche manda separarme de mi compañera. Su
marido se encerrará con ella toda la noche, y yo, bañado de
lágrimas, no podré seguirle sino hasta la puerta. Le dará besos,
despues se tomará algo más que besos, y le darás como un deber,
lo que á mí me concedes furtivamente; pero no te prestes, esto te es
posible, sino de mala gana y como á la fuerza. Callen las caricias, y
séale Vénus avara. Si de algo sirven mis votos, él no hallará placer
alguno; á lo menos tú no lo recibas de él. Por lo demás,
cualesquiera que sean los sucesos esta noche, niégame mañana
porfiadamente haberle concedido cosa alguna.
NOTAS AL PIE:
[4] Hippodamia

ebook download Integral Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar - eBook PDF all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

ebook download Integral Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar - eBook PDF all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ebook download Integral Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar - eBook PDF all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Integral Calculus for JEE Main and

Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar -

Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced (3rd

Integral Calculus 3D Geometry and Vector Booster with

Algebra Booster for JEE Main and Advanced Rejaul

Comprehensive Trigonometry for IIT JEE, Main and

Differential Calculus Booster with Problems and

Fundamentals Of Organic Chemistry Volume I: For Jee

Problems and Solutions in Organic Chemistry for JEE

Physics for JEE Main - eBook PDF

Join Us on Telegram for More Such Books

Join us from the above link or search ''unacademyplusdiscounts'' in Telegram

Prelims.indd 2 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Prelims.indd 3 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

Integral Calculus for JEE Main & Advanced, 3e

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

ISBN (13) : 978-93-531646-0-7

Designer: Creative Designer

Prelims.indd 4 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

Prelims.indd 5 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

Join Us on Telegram for More Such Books

Join us from the above link or search ''unacademyplusdiscounts'' in Telegram

About the Author ii

CHAPTER 1 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 1.1 – 1.195

1.1 Introduction 1.1

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITE INTEGRATION 2.1 – 2.211

2.1 Introduction 2.1

Prelims.indd 7 3/17/2020 7:31:11 PM

2.4 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2.16

CHAPTER 3 AREA UNDER THE CURVE 3.1 – 3.112

3.1 Curve Sketching 3.1

Prelims.indd 8 3/17/2020 7:31:12 PM

CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4.1 – 1.117

4.1 Introduction 4.1

Prelims.indd 9 3/17/2020 7:31:12 PM

Join Us on Telegram for More Such Books

Join us from the above link or search ''unacademyplusdiscounts'' in Telegram

1.1 INTRODUCTION Definition

Binder1.pdf 1 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Binder1.pdf 2 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Binder1.pdf 3 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Binder1.pdf 4 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Direct integration log 2 x

(iv)  sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx

Binder1.pdf 5 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Binder1.pdf 6 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Binder1.pdf 7 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

Binder1.pdf 8 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1.3 INTEGRATION BY find an appropriate transformation of the integrand, thus

Binder1.pdf 9 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

Binder1.pdf 10 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

then integrate each term of the sum to obtain the result.

Binder1.pdf 11 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1 sin(x  )  (cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x)

Binder1.pdf 12 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1-13.pdf 1 3/17/2020 8:55:20 PM

x 4  5x 3  15x  9  9 (iii)  {1  cot(x  )cot(x  } dx

About the Author ii