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ebook download (Original PDF) International Students and Scholars in the United States: Coming from Abroad 2013 Edition all chapter
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Figu r es a n d Ta bl es
Figures
1.1 International student enrollments in the
United States, 2001/02–2010/11 6
1.2 Country of origin of international students in
the United States, 2010/11 8
1.3 International scholars in the United States,
2001/02–2010/11 9
3.1 Chinese students in the United States by
academic level, 2001–2011 53
5.1 German scholars in the United States, 2001–2011 91
6.1 Total number of international scholars in the
United States, 1996/97–2010/11 113
Tables
2.1 Motivations for studying abroad 29
2.2 Main sources of funding for studies in the
United States 33
2.3 Perceived benefits of studying outside the
United Kingdom 34
4.1 Initial motivations for coming to the United States
to study 72
4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the United States 75
4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the home country 76
6.1 Full-time instructional faculty in degree-granting
institutions by selected faculty status, gender, and
race/ethnicity 114
8.1 Comparison of teacher- and learner-centered
pedagogical approaches 152
11.1 Correlation between student attitudes and exposure
to foreign languages and NNIs (significance of χ2) 210
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For e wor d
Works Cited
Crane, D. 1972. Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific
Communities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kobayashi, A . 2012. “Can Geography Overcome Racism?” AAG Newsletter
47(5): 3.
Li, W., and W. Yu. 2012. “Racialized Assimilation? Globalization, Trans-
national Connections, and US Immigration.” In Race, Ethnicity, and Place
in a Changing America, 2nd edition, edited by J. Frazier, E. Tettey-Fio,
and N. Henry, 33–44. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Welch, A ., and Z. Zhen. 2008. “Higher Education and Global Talent Flows:
Brain Drain, Overseas Chinese Intellectuals, and Diasporic Knowledge
Networks.” Higher Education Policy 21: 519–37.
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1
I n t roduc t ion
I nternational A cademics in
the United S tates
In the United States’ early years international educational exchanges
were not always considered positive as the large number of students
going to Europe served as a reminder that European institutions were
superior to American universities. By 1900 the quality and reputation
of American universities was improving, however, and the United
States began to attract foreign students looking for a good education
and research opportunities (Bevis and Lucas 2007). By the 1920s,
the paradigm shift was complete, as international exchanges began to
be actively promoted. A milestone was the opening of the Institute
of International Education (IIE) as a clearinghouse for international
exchanges in the United States in 1919. The IIE published lists of
foreign scholarship opportunities, organized exchanges of professors,
assisted in the creation of a student visa, and established more uni-
form evaluation of academic credentials from other education sys-
tems (Bevis and Lucas 2007). Today the IIE continues to be active in
promoting and documenting international academic exchanges, and
publishes annual Open Doors reports—the most important source of
data on international students and scholars in the United States.
The most recent Open Doors report shows that 723,277 interna-
tional students studied at US institutions in the 2010/11 academic
year, numbers having increased on an annual basis with very few
exceptions since the 1950s (Institute of International Education
2011a). Since the mid-twentieth century, the migration of students
I n t r oduc t ion 5
750,000
700,000
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
/
/
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
China
22%
Other
35%
India
14%
South Korea
10%
Taiwan Canada
3% 4%
Turkey
2%
Mexico
2% Japan
Vietnam 3%
2% Saudi Arabia
3%
Figure 1.2 Country of origin of international students in the United States, 2010/11
Source : Institute of International Education (2011a)
90,000
Spain
80,000
UK
70,000
Italy
60,000 France
50,000 Canada
40,000 Japan
30,000 Germany
South Korea
20,000
India
10,000
China
0
2
1
/0
/0
/0
/0
/0
/0
/0
/0
/1
/1
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Figure 1.3 International scholars in the United States, 2001/02–2010/11
Source : Institute of International Education (2011b)
KAPINA JÖNKÖPINGISSÄ.
*****
Jönköpingin tori täyteen ahdettuna ihmisiä. Lähinnä raatihuoneen
portaita viisi kuusi haarniskoitua ratsumiestä, kypäreillään
sulkatöyhdöt tai muita merkkejä. Ne ovat vapaasukuisia
Länsigöötanmaalta, valtiohovimestarin Tuure Jönsinpojan ystäviä. Ja
heidän seurassaan on nuori herra Arvi Niilonpoika, joka
aamunkoitossa oli ratsain ajanut kaupunkiin niiden talonpoikain
etupäässä, jotka olivat linnaa rynnäköimässä.
*****
*****
— Ikuinen kiitos!
— Ei kannata kiittää.