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Article: https://bit.ly/JazeIssue1 Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1): (2023) 101 – 111 ISSN: 2992–4952

Energy Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects

Ahmad Abdulsalam Abdallah1 and Odetokun Blessing Odeleke2

1
Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse
2
Federal University, Dutsin-ma, Katsina State

Abstract
This research examines the challenges and projections of energy security
Keywords in Nigeria. The objective is to identify the challenges and prospects of
Energy energy security in Nigeria. The method of the research is theoretical, and
Security
Renewable energy several literatures were revised. This study is vital to policy makers to
Energy sector adopt efficient and competent energy security policies for Nigeria. It is
Nigeria recommended that there should be deliberate efforts by government to
encourage energy independence by setting new fuel economy standards
JEL Classification
Q48, Q47, Q55, Q35, Q40
in the country, renewable energy sources should be adopted like solar
system, wind, biomass, and diversifying the economy should also be a
Corresponding author major agenda which also encourage public and private to invest in the
Ahmad Abdulsalam Abdalla energy sector to aid effectiveness and efficiency in the energy sector and
ahmadabdallahnaif@yahoo.com this will also help in reducing the oil prices.
Phone N0: +2348140159627

1. Introduction primary energy consumption worldwide is from

Energy is crucial for socio-economic development
and has positive impacts on poverty eradication,
quality of life, and national security. Ramchandra
and Boucar (2011) relate energy to climate, public
health, and security, emphasizing its importance to
an economy. Energy affects various aspects of
human life, such as nutrition, health, education,
technology, transportation, and communication
(Oyedepo, 2013). Eleri (1993) recognizes energy
as the mainstay of great economies, highlighting
the growth of an economy's function of reliable,
affordable, and adequate energy supply. Highly
industrialized economies depend heavily on
energy availability and efficient usage. Awwad
and Mohammed (2007) postulate that 80% of
fossil fuels and hydrocarbons like coal, natural gas,
and petroleum.
The World Energy Assessment notes
significant global development in the last 50 years
and emphasizes the importance of energy security,
which entails continuous, affordable, and
sufficient energy availability. Energy has been
important since ancient times for tasks such as
warming, mining, and food preparation. The
assessment also warns that energy insecurity can
disrupt production and negatively impact
consumer welfare.
Energy resources are divided into renewable
and non-renewable, both of which are present in
Nigeria. The country's economy has long
102 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
depended on its oil and gas sector, but this
overreliance has caused current and future threats
to the nation. Despite its rich energy resources,
Nigeria faces issues such as power supply
problems, corruption, environmental degradation,
and fuel supply issues, leading to energy insecurity
and problems like social crises and communal
clashes.
It is however important for nations like Nigeria
to explore the energy sector as it holds a lot of
potential for the economy if efficiently managed to
encourage a technology-driven development of the
nation. The objective of this research is to identify
the challenges and prospects of energy security in
Nigeria.
2. Literature review
2.1 The concept of Energy
Energy is very important as it has a larger influence
on productivity in sectors like agriculture,
commerce, industry, technology, education, health
and majorly in various human activities. Oyedepo
(2014) claims that energy consumption per capita
is a significant factor in assessing a nation's
standard of living. He notes that energy has played
a vital role in increasing productivity and
advancing world civilization, leading to a rise in
energy demand. Energy is the ability to do work
and cannot be created or destroyed, according to
Guggenheim (1985). However, the capacity of
energy to perform work can be depleted and
destroyed through irreversibility. Energy is present
in various forms such as petroleum, natural gas,
fossil fuels, and coal, with hydrocarbons and fossil
fuels constituting 80% of primary energy usage
globally, as noted by Awwad and Mohammed
(2007).
According to Oppewal (2011), energy security
can be defined from both the demand and supply
sides, and its meaning varies internationally and in
domestic contexts. Orazulike (2012) defines
energy security as a situation where a country and
its citizens have long-term access to energy
resources at reasonable prices with minimal risk.
Indra (2016) defines energy security as the link
between the availability of natural resources for
energy consumption and a nation's national
security. On the other hand, the International
Energy Agency (IEA) defines energy security as
the uninterrupted availability of energy resources
at affordable prices.
2.2 Theoretical framework
2.2.1 The Elite theory
The issue of energy security in Nigeria can be best
explained by the elite theory, which describes the
influence of a minority group over economic and
public policies. The theory recognizes the power
imbalance between the elites, who have greater
control and decision-making power, and the
majority who have less power. According to Dye
(1981), the elites have more information about
public policy and therefore influence economic
policy more than the masses. The theory highlights
several features, including the division of society
into two groups, with the elites having more power
to allocate values and decide on public policies.
The voice of the masses does not necessarily affect
economic policy, but the voice of the elites does,
and there are higher barriers to entry for non-elites
to attain elite status. Energy security in Nigeria has
been the focus of numerous studies aimed at
promoting sustainable development, as its
negative effects on the economy can be significant
if not properly managed.
2.3 Empirical review
Energy security has been a topic of debate in
Nigeria for several years due to the challenges
faced by the country in providing reliable and
sustainable energy to its growing population. The
issue has attracted the attention of researchers,
policymakers, and stakeholders, who have sought
to understand the root causes of the problem and
propose viable solutions to address it.
A study by Oyedepo (2016) noted that
Nigeria's energy security is threatened by several
factors, including inadequate infrastructure, policy
inconsistency, corruption, and a lack of investment
in renewable energy. The author argued that
103 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
addressing these challenges is crucial to improving
energy security in the country. Similarly, a study
by Ogundipe and Alege (2017) highlighted the
significant role of renewable energy in enhancing
energy security in Nigeria. The authors noted that
renewable energy has the potential to reduce the
country's dependence on fossil fuels, improve
access to electricity in rural areas, and mitigate the
impact of climate change. However, they also
acknowledged that the development of renewable
energy in Nigeria is still at a nascent stage and
requires significant investment and policy support.
On the other hand, some researchers have argued
that energy security in Nigeria is not only about the
availability of energy but also the affordability of
energy for the masses. For instance, a study by
Ekeocha et al. (2018) noted that the high cost of
energy in Nigeria is a significant barrier to energy
access for low-income households, thereby
exacerbating energy poverty in the country.
Contrastingly, a study by Amadi (2019)
argued that Nigeria's energy security is largely
dependent on the political will of the government
to implement effective policies and ensure
sustainable energy development. The author noted
that the lack of political will has hindered the
growth of the energy sector in Nigeria and has
resulted in the country's overdependence on fossil
fuels.
Moreover, a study by Adeleke and Oyebisi
(2021) highlighted the role of public-private
partnerships in enhancing energy security in
Nigeria. The authors argued that such partnerships
could leverage the strengths of both sectors to
address the challenges facing the energy sector and
improve access to energy for the masses.
In conclusion, the literature review has
highlighted the raging arguments on energy
security in Nigeria. The challenges facing the
country's energy sector are multifaceted, and
addressing them requires a holistic approach that
considers all the key factors. It is clear from the
literature that the issue of energy security in
Nigeria is a problem worthy of research, and
further studies are needed to identify viable
solutions that can address the challenges and
improve energy access for the masses.
2.4 Overview of Nigerian Economy
Nigeria is a nation that has an estimated population
of a figure close to 200 million people in 2018, the
nation has Abuja as its capital city while also
sharing borders with Benin republic, Cameroon,
Niger and Chat republic on the west, east, north
and north respectively. (Anon, 2017) The economy
has a greater potential to be the best economy in
Africa as it is recognized worldwide for its
resources advantage and population advantage,
despite these potentials and more, there has been
several issues of socio-economic growth failure
which can be traced to several factors including the
poor condition of the energy sector. Emodi and
Dauda (2015) and NERC (2017) estimated the grid
supply potential of the country stood at
12,522MW, this has an effect on the operational
activities which results in poor maintenance,
irregular supply of primary fuel among other
dampening effects. Despite the grid reaching its
highest peak of 5,375MW in February 2019, it is
still not adequate considering the continuous and
massive demand for energy in Nigeria, (Mbah,
2019). Anon (2016) analyzed that despite the
unfavorable condition, less than 50% of the
Nigerian population is being supplied with the grid
with 41.1% as rural supply and 86% in urban
supply and about 4% of Nigerians has access to
clean energy for domestic usage in a nation with
almost 49.6% urban population. The demand for
energy in Nigeria is high as it currently stands at
20,000 MW and there are potentials for increase to
90,000 MW in 2021. (Salau, 2016).
 104 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111

Table 1: Nigeria’s
conventional energy
Source: Enete &
Alabi, (2011)

Table 1 shows Nigeria’s conventional energy
resources which include crude oil, natural gas,
Coal, Tar sands and hydropower with their
respective reserves and unit in billion tonnes with
Tar sand representing the largest percentage of
conventional energy in Nigeria at 28.4% and as
expected, crude oil and natural gas has a 21% and
24% total conventional energy respectively while
the Hydropower has 13.1% and Coal and lignite
has 12.7% of the total conventional energy in
Nigeria.
Table 2 shows Nigeria’s non-conventional
energy resources which include fuel wood,
animal wastes, crop residue, small scale hydro
power, solar radiation and wind with their
respective reserves with the majority of them
having a lifespan of over 100 years.

Table 2: Nigeria’s non-

conventional energy
resources
Source: Enete and Alabi,
(2011)

3. Energy Situation in Nigeria hydroelectric power, and biomass. As a result, the

Nigeria is one of the leading energy giants in
Africa due to its abundant natural resources such
as crude oil, natural gas, lignite, bitumen, tar sands,
country has been able to generate significant
revenue from energy exports and the development
of local industries.
According to Sambo (2008), Nigeria's crude
oil reserves are estimated to be the sixth largest
worldwide, with an estimated 36.2 million barrels
105 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
of oil and 5,000 billion cubic meters of gas
reserves. These resources are mainly located in the
Niger-Delta, Gulf of Guinea, and other parts of the
country.
However, despite the abundance of energy
resources in Nigeria, the country has faced
significant challenges in the management and
distribution of energy resources, resulting in a
supply-demand gap. Okafor and Joe-Uzuegbu
(2010) note that inadequate development and
inefficiency in the energy sector have contributed
to the epileptic supply of energy resources over the
years.
The energy situation in rural areas is
particularly dire, with more than 70% of rural
dwellers relying on fuel wood (firewood) as their
primary source of energy. This has led to
deforestation and desertification of the arid zone,
as well as erosion in the southern zone, where
firewood is used for both domestic and
commercial purposes. The rate of deforestation in
Nigeria is estimated to be almost 350,000 hectares
per year, which is equivalent to 3.6% of the current
area of forests and woodlands (Report of the Inter-
Ministerial Committee on Combating
Deforestation and Desertification, 2010).
The lack of access to electricity and petroleum
products in rural areas exacerbates the problem,
with the prices of petroleum products like kerosene
and petrol often exceeding 200% of the official
pump price in the country. The bad road network
in rural areas also makes it difficult to transport and
distribute energy resources to these areas. As a
result, many rural dwellers are forced to rely on
firewood for their energy needs, further
exacerbating the environmental challenges. While
Nigeria is a leading energy giant in Africa with
abundant natural resources, the country needs to
address the challenges in the management and
distribution of energy resources to ensure
sustainable development, especially in rural areas
where access to energy is limited.
In Nigeria, the NNPC controlled gas and
petroleum prices while the Power Holdings
Company of Nigeria managed electricity.
Subsidies on energy resources have been reduced
and removed in order to improve efficiency,
resulting in higher prices. Privatization of the
electricity sector was implemented to increase
effectiveness, efficiency and rural electrification.
(Famuyide et al, 2011; Sambo, 2009)
However, electricity is imperative as it aid basic
development activities like education, health
services, pipe-borne water, communication, etc.
and its absence and inconsistency has affected the
economic potentials of the nation as the nation is
highly blessed with energy resources which
include wind, biomass, sola, hydropower, etc.
(Sambo, 2005)
 106 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111

Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing

energy resources distribution and
socio-economic zones.
Source: GENI1, 2017

Figure 2: Pattern of Electricity

Consumption in Nigeria
Source: Central bank of Nigeria
Statistical Bulletin

According to Sambo (2009), energy

consumption in Nigeria can be divided into five
categories: transport, commercial, agriculture,
household, and industrial sectors. Among them,
the household sector accounts for the largest
share of energy consumption, at around 65%,
primarily due to the low level of development in
other sectors. Energy is mainly used for cooking,
lighting, heating, and powering electrical
appliances in households, with cooking
accounting for 91% of household energy usage,
lighting for 6%, and other uses for 3%. However,
the electricity sector in Nigeria has been plagued
with inefficiencies, as identified by the Central
Bank of Nigeria (2000). These issues include
frequent breakdowns due to outdated and
overloaded equipment, equipment vandalization,
inefficient billing and collection systems,
inadequate funding, and a lack of routine
maintenance, among others.
 107 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
Table 3: Electric power
capacity in Nigeria
Source: Energy Commission
of Nigeria (2006).
Table 3 shows the various energy resources
capacity in Nigeria with hydro and gas resources
having the highest demand with supply projections
for 2030.
4. Energy Security Challenges in Nigeria
Despite being a major player in the global oil
industry, Nigeria's energy sector is plagued with
inefficiencies and setbacks, according to
Orazulike's (2012) study. These issues affect the
energy security of the nation, and Orazulike
investigates the individual challenges faced by
different energy resources in Nigeria. One of these
resources, diesel, is troubled by the inefficiency of
both the Power Holding Company of Nigeria
(PHCN) and National Electric Power Authority
(NEPA) in supplying electricity to individuals and
businesses. This has led citizens to rely on diesel
as an alternative source of power, but the high
demand for diesel has made its availability and
pricing a major issue in Nigeria. Petrol, which is
the most controversial energy resource in Nigeria,
has also been plagued with inefficiency as its
security is controlled by a group of elites known as
cabals, who make decisions regarding petrol based
on their own interests.
The challenges facing Nigeria's energy sector are
numerous and complex. Despite being a major
player in the global oil industry, Nigeria's energy
security is hampered by inefficiencies and
corruption across various sectors. Orazulike
(2012) highlighted the challenges faced by
different energy resources in Nigeria. Diesel, for
instance, is relied upon by individuals and
businesses as an alternative source of electricity
due to the inefficiency of the country's power
distribution companies. This heavy reliance on
diesel has led to an increase in demand for the
resource, but its availability and pricing remain
major issues in the country.
Petrol, Nigeria's most controversial energy
resource, is also marred by inefficiencies and
corruption. The security of petrol as a resource is
in the hands of a small group of elites who make
decisions regarding its distribution in their own
interests, rather than the interests of the general
public. The natural gas sector has similarly been
affected by availability and affordability issues
that discourage average citizens from demanding
Liquefied Natural Gas. Kerosene supply has been
controlled by major middlemen and unlicensed
personnel in the petroleum sector, resulting in
increased prices for consumers.
Other challenges include corruption
tendencies that hinder the implementation of
effective policies, insecurity, and external forces
108 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
that negatively impact energy security. Nigeria's
mono-cultural system has encouraged a heavy
dependency on oil and gas, with the country's
budget tied closely to fluctuations in oil prices.
Environmental pollution in the energy zone has
also led to social unrest in the oil regions, with
political effects manifesting in the form of
vandalism, kidnapping, trade unionism, and cartels
in oil and gas.
The inefficiency of the nation's refinery
capacity has further compounded these issues. The
refineries available are underutilized, which means
there is a looming threat of resource importation,
even for Nigeria's own resources. This situation
has led to fuel shortages, parallel market activities,
and increased prices. Adenikinju (2010) noted that
this has put the nation in a state of economic dis-
equilibrium, with the energy sector being a
significant contributor to the overall instability of
the Nigerian economy.
5. Prospects of Energy Security in Nigeria
Nigeria faces several challenges in its energy
sector, but there are also numerous opportunities
for growth and development. According to GIZ
(2015), 75 million Nigerians still lack access to
electricity and those with access often rely on
alternative sources due to frequent power outages.
However, the market for renewable energy is
growing rapidly, with a 36% increase in off-grid
solar product demand, which has the potential to
generate $10 billion annually and provide $6
billion in savings for residences and businesses, as
reported by REA (2017). The Nigerian Rural
Electrification Agency plans to deploy 10,000
mini-grids, which will cover 30% of the forecasted
electricity demand in Nigeria.
Traditional energy sources such as kerosene
pose health hazards to users, causing about 30% of
burn cases in Nigerian hospitals and pollution
affecting over 136 million Nigerians, as reported
by Oladele and Olabanji (2018). The adoption of
solar energy systems could alleviate these health
concerns and improve healthcare access,
particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, shifting
towards renewable energy sources would allow
fossil fuels to be allocated for industrial purposes.
(Off Grid Nigeria, 2017)
Despite the challenges faced by energy
security in Nigeria, there are opportunities for
entrepreneurship and economic growth in the
sector. The lack of access to reliable energy has left
many Nigerians living in poverty, particularly
women. Improving the efficiency and
effectiveness of energy supply can help to improve
the standard of living and avoid the hazards
associated with traditional energy sources. Small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can benefit
from improved energy supply, which will help
them thrive and create employment opportunities.
Nigeria has a large number of micro, small, and
medium-sized enterprises that account for a
significant proportion of jobs, and energy security
can help reduce the cost of doing business and
create more jobs. Energy security can also
contribute to climate change mitigation and
sustainability efforts in Nigeria. By avoiding 6.4
million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions
annually, energy management can help reduce
carbon emissions by 20% by 2030. (UNEP, 2013)
Industrial energy efficiency is an area that
presents significant opportunities for Nigeria's
economic development. Energy savings remain a
major issue in the country, with electricity and heat
being the primary forms of energy carriers. To
address this challenge, there is a need for energy
audits and surveys to be conducted to determine
the most cost-effective forms of energy to use in
industrial production. By adopting more efficient
technologies, industries can reduce their energy
consumption and associated costs while
simultaneously reducing their carbon footprint.
Furthermore, improving industrial energy
efficiency will contribute to the country's
economic growth by increasing productivity and
competitiveness. This is particularly important in
light of the country's high unemployment rate and
the need to create more job opportunities.
Additionally, it will also promote corporate social
responsibility, as industries can reduce their
109 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
impact on the environment by reducing their
energy consumption and adopting sustainable
practices. According to a study conducted by Al-
Shakarchi and Abu-Zei in 2002, more than 40% of
Nigeria's energy resources are being wasted due to
outdated and aging industrial equipment. This not
only hinders efficiency in the energy sector but
also poses a threat to sustainability and
productivity.
It is worth noting that a significant portion of
energy resources in Nigeria is wasted in old and
aging industrial equipment that are no longer
efficient. This waste discourages energy efficiency
within the sector and reduces the overall
productivity of the country's industries.
Implementing energy-saving measures will,
therefore, improve productivity and resource
efficiency, which will ultimately lead to an
improvement in the per capita income of
Nigerians. (Unachukwu, 2003) Enhancing
industrial energy efficiency in Nigeria presents a
significant opportunity for the country's economic
development. Energy audits, efficient equipment,
and sustainable practices will aid in reducing
energy consumption, promoting corporate social
responsibility, and improving productivity,
ultimately leading to positive economic effects.
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
This study examines the current state of energy
security in Nigeria and finds that the government
has not made adequate efforts to prioritize the
principles of energy security, which in turn
undermines sustainability efforts. In order for
Nigeria to achieve its goal of becoming one of the
world's top economies, it is imperative that energy
security issues are effectively addressed. The
paper highlights the positive relationship between
energy security and sustainable development,
emphasizing the importance of prioritizing energy
security to meet the needs of both current and
future generations. As Nigeria's population
continues to grow, there is an ever-increasing
demand for energy, which can lead to insecurity
within the energy sector. Therefore, urgent and
comprehensive action is needed to ensure that
energy security is prioritized and sustainable
development is achieved.
The study conducted a review of energy
security in Nigeria and found that the government
has not adequately pursued the principles of
energy security, which could lead to an impairment
of sustainability. The study suggests that energy
security is critical for Nigeria to become a top
world economy and that it is positively related to
sustainable development. Nigeria's growing
population has led to an increasing demand for
energy, and the current national utility grid
requires significant improvements. The study
recommends that other fossil fuels should be
secured through effective management throughout
the exploration, production, and consumption
stages.
The study recommends several measures to
encourage energy security, such as promoting
awareness of renewable energy and energy
efficiency, establishing standard policies,
promoting accountability and transparency, and
discouraging elite influence. Energy conservation
should be encouraged, and energy-efficient
appliances should be used to promote
sustainability. The study emphasizes the need to
manage energy resources in compliance with
international standards and recommends that the
government encourage energy independence by
setting new fuel economy standards, adopting
renewable energy sources, and diversifying the
economy. The study acknowledges the limitation
of limited literature but still provides a valuable
contribution to the existing literature on energy
security in Nigeria.
The suggestions for further studies on energy
security in Nigeria include assessing the current
state of energy infrastructure, comparing energy
security policies in other countries, examining the
role of the private sector, evaluating the impact of
energy insecurity on the economy, exploring the
potential of renewable energy sources, and
examining the relationship between energy
security and climate change.
110 Abdallah & Odeleke / Journal of Arid Zone Economy 1(1) (2023) 101 - 111
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