Missing Child Identification System

A Project Report
On
MISSING CHILD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM USING

DEEP LEARNING AND MULTICLASS SVM
Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

By
G.SINDHU (19PD1A0513) D.PRASANNA(19PD1A0511)

K.VIJAY(19PD1A0517) B.M.RAMA KRISHNA(19PD1A506)
B. RAJESH (19PD1A0505) A.V.V.LAKSHMI (19PD1A0503)
Under the esteemed guidance of
MS. D. RANI , M.tech
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

WEST GODAVARIINSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified College
(Approved By AICTE New Delhi &Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada) Prakasaraopalem,
Tadepalligudem, W.G.Dist, A.P, India
2022-23
WEST GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified College
(Approved By AICTE New Delhi &Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)

Prakasaraopalem, Tadepalligudem, W.G.Dist, A.P,INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
“ "MISSING CHILD IDENTIFICATION

This is to certify that project report entitled
SYSTEM USING DEEP LEARNING AND MULTICLASS SVM” is being submitted by
G.SINDHU (19PD1A0513), D.PRASANNA (19PD1A0511), K.VIJAY (19PD1A0517),
B.M.RAMA KRISHNA (19PD1A506), B. RAJESH (19PD1A0505), A.V.V.LAKSHMI
(19PD1A0503) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in “COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING” is a record of
bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision during the
academic year 2022-2023 and it has been found worthy of acceptance according to the
requirements of the university.
Internal Guide Head of the Department
External Examiner
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the dissertation submitted by us to the

department of “COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING” in “WEST
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING”,
Affiliated to “JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY under the supervision
of MS. D. RANI, M.Tech, has not been submitted in any other university of
institution for the fulfillment of the requirement of the study or published at
any time before.
G.SINDHU (19PD1A0513)
K.VIJAY (19PD1A0517)
B. RAJESH (19PD1A0505)
D.PRASANNA (19PD1A0511)
A.V.V.LAKSHMI (19PD1A0503)
B.M.RAMA KRISHNA (19PD1A506)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First foremost we sincerely salute to my esteemed institution WEST

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & ENGINEERING for giving this golden
opportunity for fulfilling our warn dream to become engineer.
We express our sincere & heartful thanks to Mr. A.TRIMURTHULU, the
SECRETARY & CORRESPONDENT of WISE for permitting us to do our project.
We express our sincere & heartful gratitude to Dr. M. ARAVIND KUMAR, the
PRINCIPAL of WISE for supporting us during this work assisted us in project
work.
We express our sincere and heartful thanks to Mrs.P.SHEELA, H.O.D of
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, WISE for his timely cooperation
and his valuable suggestions while carrying out this project work.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Ms. D.RANI,
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, WISE for
his timely cooperation and his valuable suggestions while carrying out this project
work.
We sincerely wish to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of
the department of Computer Science and Engineering, An endeavour over long period
can also be successful by constant effort and encouragement.
We wish to take opportunity to express our deep gratitude to all our friends who have
extended their co-operation in various ways during our project work. It is our pleasure to
acknowledge the help of all those respected individuals.
G.SINDHU (19PD1A0513)
K.VIJAY (19PD1A0517)
B. RAJESH (19PD1A0505)
D.PRASANNA (19PD1A0511)
A.V.V.LAKSHMI (19PD1A0503)
B.M.RAMA KRISHNA (19PD1A506)
ABSTRACT
A missing child identification system uses deep learning methodology for identifying
the reported missing child from the photos of multitude of children available, with
the help of face recognition. The public can upload photographs of suspicious child
into a common portal with landmarks and remarks. The photo will be automatically
compared with the registered photos of the missing child from the repository.
Classification of the input child image is performed and photo with best match will
be selected from the database of missing children.
For this, a deep learning model is trained to correctly identify the missing child from
the missing child image database provided, using the facial image uploaded by the
public. The convolutional neural network (CNN), a highly effective deep learning
technique for image based applications is adopted here for face recognition. Here,
face identification is accomplished using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN),
a very successful deep learning technology for image-based applications. The
classification performance achieved for child identification system is 99.41%. It was
evaluated on 43 Child cases.
Keywords— Missing child identification, face recognition, deep learning, CNN,

VGG-Face, Multi class SVM.
INDEX
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE.NO

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3
3. SYSTEM STUDY AND ANALYSIS 6
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 6
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 6
3.3 SYSTEM STUDY 7
4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 8
4.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 8
4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 8
5. SYSTEM DESIGN 9
5.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 9
5.2 UML DIAGRAMS 9
5.2.1 USE CASE DIAGRAMS 10
5.2.2 CLASS DIAGRAM 12
5.2.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 13
6. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 14
6.1 SYSTEM MODULES 14
6.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION 16
6.3 SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT 16
7. SYSTEM TESTING 41
7.1 TYPES OF TESTING 41
7.1.1 UNIT TESTING 41
7.1.2 BLACK BOX TESTING 42
7.1.3 WHITE BOX TESTING 42
7.2 TEST STRATEGY AND APPROACH 43
7.3 TEST CASE 45
8. SOURCE CODE 47
9. SCREENSHOTS 59
CONCLUSION 64
FUTURE SCOPE 65
REFERENCES 66
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE
SURVEY
SYSTEM STUDY
AND ANALYSIS
SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
SYSTEM DESIGN
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION
SYSTEM TESTING
SOURCE CODE
SCREENSHOTS
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
MISSING CHILD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM USING DEEP LEARNING AND MULTICLASS SVM
1. INTRODUCTION
Children are the greatest asset of each nation. The future of any country depends upon
the right upbringing of its children. India is the second populous country in the world and
children represent a significant percentage of total population. But unfortunately a large
number of children go missing every year in India due to various reasons including abduction
or kidnapping, run-away children, trafficked children and lost children.
A deeply disturbing fact about India’s missing children is that while on an average 174
children go missing every day, half of them remain untraced. Children who go missing may
be exploited and abused for various purposes. As per the National Crime Records Bureau
(NCRB) report which was cited by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in the Parliament
(LS Q no. 3928, 20-03- 2018), more than one lakh children (1,11,569 in actual numbers) were
reported to have gone missing till 2016, and 55,625 of them remained untraced till the end of
the year. Many NGOs claim that estimates of missing children are much higher than reported.
1.1 MOTIVATION
Mostly missing child cases are reported to the police. The child missing from one
region may be found in another region or another state, for various reasons. So even if a child
is found, it is difficult to identify him/her from the reported missing cases. A framework and
methodology for developing an assistive tool for tracing missing child is described in this
paper. An idea for maintaining a virtual space is proposed, such that the recent photographs of
children given by parents at the time of reporting missing cases is saved in a repository. The
public is given provision to voluntarily take photographs of children in suspected situations
and uploaded in that portal. Automatic searching of this photo among the missing child case
images will be provided in the application. This supports the police officials to locate the
child anywhere in India.
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1.2 OBJECTIVE
Children are the greatest asset of each nation. The future of any country
depends upon the right upbringing of its children. India is the second populous country in the
world and children represent a significant percentage of total population. But unfortunately a
large number of children go missing every year in India due to various reasons including
abduction or kidnapping, run-away children, trafficked children and lost children. A deeply
disturbing fact about India’s missing children is that while on an average 174 children go
missing every day, half of them remain untraced.. As per the National Crime Records Bureau
(NCRB) report (LS Q no. 3928, 20-03- 2018), more than one lakh children (were reported to
have gone missing till 2016, and 55,625 of them remained untraced till the end of the year.
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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature survey is the most important step in software development process.

Before developing the tool it is necessary to determine the time factor, economy and company
Traffic Redundancy Elimination, once these things are satisfied, then next steps are to
determine which operating system and language can be used for developing the tool. Once the
programmers start building the tool the programmers need lot of external support.
This support can be obtained from senior programmers, from book or from websites.
Before building the system we have to knownthe below concepts for developing the proposed
system.
[1] Y. LeCun, Y. Bengio, and G. Hinton, "Deep learning", Nature, 521(7553):436–444,
2015.
Deep learning allows computational models that are composed of multiple processing
layers to learn representations of data with multiple levels of abstraction. These methods have
dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in speech recognition, visual object recognition,
object detection and many other domains such as drug discovery and genomics. Deep learning
discovers intricate structure in large data sets by using the backpropagation algorithm to
indicate how a machine should change its internal parameters that are used to compute the
representation in each layer from the representation in the previous layer. Deep convolutional
nets have brought about breakthroughs in processing images, video, speech and audio,
whereas recurrent nets have shone light on sequential data such as text and speech.
[2] O. Deniz, G. Bueno, J. Salido, and F. D. la Torre, "Face recognition using histograms
of oriented gradients", Pattern Recognition Letters, 32(12):1598–1603, 2011.
Still-to-video face recognition (FR) plays an important role in video surveillance,

allowing to recognize individuals of interest over a network of video cameras. Watch-list
screening is a challenging video surveillance application, because faces captured during
enrollment (with still camera) may differ significantly from those captured during operations
(with surveillance cameras) under uncontrolled capture conditions (with variations in, e.g.,
pose, scale, illumination, occlusion, and blur). Moreover, the facial models used for matching
are typically designed a priori with a limited number of reference stills. In this paper, a multi-
classifier system is proposed that exploits domain adaptation and multiple representations of
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face captures. An individual-specific ensemble of exemplar-SVM (e-SVM) classifiers is

designed to model the single reference still of each target individual, where different random
subspaces, patches, and face descriptors are employed to generate a diverse pool of classifiers.
To improve robustness of face models, e-SVMs are trained using the limited number of
labeled faces in reference stills from the enrollment domain, and an abundance of unlabeled
faces in calibration videos from the operational domain. Given the availability of a single
reference target still, a specialized distance-based criteria is proposed based on properties of
e-SVMs for dynamic selection of the most competent classifiers per probe face. The proposed
approach has been compared to reference systems for still-to-video FR on videos from the
COX-S2V dataset. Results indicate that ensemble of e-SVMs designed using calibration
videos for domain adaptation and dynamic ensemble selection yields a high level of FR
accuracy and computational efficiency.
[3] C. Geng and X. Jiang, "Face recognition using sift features", IEEE International
Conference on Image Processing(ICIP), 2009.
Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) has shown to be a powerful technique for
general object recognition/detection. In this paper, we propose two new approaches: Volume-
SIFT (VSIFT) and Partial-Descriptor-SIFT (PDSIFT) for face recognition based on the
original SIFT algorithm. We compare holistic approaches: Fisherface (FLDA), the null space
approach (NLDA) and Eigenfeature Regularization and Extraction (ERE) with feature based
approaches: SIFT and PDSIFT. Experiments on the ORL and AR databases show that the
performance of PDSIFT is significantly better than the original SIFT approach. Moreover,
PDSIFT can achieve comparable performance as the most successful holistic approach ERE
and significantly outperforms FLDA and NLDA.
[4] RohitSatle, VishnuprasadPoojary, John Abraham, ShilpaWakode, "Missing child

identification using face recognition system", International Journal of Advanced
Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJAEIT), Volume 3 Issue 1 July - August 2016.
The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying
people’s identity. Face recognition is a task that humans perform routinely and effortlessly in
their daily lives. Face recognition, as one of the primary biometric technologies, became more
and more important owing to rapid advances in technologies such as digital cameras, the
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Internet and mobile devices, and increased demands on security. A facial recognition system
is a computer application capable of identifying or verifying a person from a digital
image or a video frame from a video source. Face Recognition System is a computer based
digital technology and is an active area of research. This paper addresses the building of face
recognition system by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The PCA has
been extensively employed for face recognition algorithms. It not only reduces the
dimensionality of the image, but also retains some of the variations in the image data. The
system functions by projecting face image onto a feature space that spans the significant
variations among known face images. The significant features are known as “Eigen faces”,
because they are the eigenvectors (Principal Component) of the set of faces they do not
necessarily correspond to the features such as eyes, ears, and noses. The projection operation
characterize an individual face by a weighted sum of the Eigen faces features and so to
recognize a particular face it is necessary only to compare these weights to those individuals.
[5] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-trafficking-apps/mobileapp-helps-china-
recover-hundreds-of-missing-childrenidUSKBN15J0GU
A mobile app helped Chinese authorities recover hundreds of missing

children last year, Xinhua news agency reported on Saturday, in a country where child
trafficking is rampant.The Ministry of Public Security said 611 missing children were
found last year, Xinhua said.Users near the location where a child has disappeared
receive push notifications, including photos and descriptions. Notifications are sent to
users farther and farther from the location of the disappearance if the child is still not
found.
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3. SYSTEM STUDY AND ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
Earliest methods for face recognition commonly used computer vision features
such as HOG, LBP, SIFT, or SURF [2-3]. However, features extracted using a CNN network
for getting facial representations gives better performance in face recognition than
handcrafted features.
DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
• A deeply disturbing fact about India’s missing children is that while on an average 174
children go missing every day, half of them remain untraced. ·
• There is so system to identify the photographs of children with different lighting

conditions, noises and also images at different ages of children.
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
Here we propose a methodology for missing child identification which combines

facial feature extraction based on deep learning and matching based on support vector
machine. The proposed system utilizes face recognition for missing child identification.
ADVANTAGES :
• The proposed system is comparatively an easy, inexpensive and reliable method

compared to other biometrics like finger print and iris recognition systems.
• Features extracted using a CNN network for getting facial representations gives better
performance in face recognition than handcrafted features.
• This is to help authorities and parents in missing child investigation
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3.3 SYSTEM STUDY
The possibility of the project is analyzed during this part and business proposal is
place forth with a awfully general arrange for the project and a few value estimates.
throughout system analysis the FEASIBILITY study of the projected system is to be
distributed. this can be to make sure that the projected system isn't a burden to the corporate.
For risk analysis, some understanding of the key needs for the system is important.
Three key issues concerned within the FEASIBILITY analysis area unit
• ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
• TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
• SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY: This study is distributed to visualize the

economic impact that the system can wear the society. The quantity of fund that the corporate
will pour into the analysis and development of the system is restricted. The expenditures
should be even. so the developed system additionally inside the budget and this was achieved
as a result of most of the technologies used area unit freely out there. solely the bespoken
product had to be purchased.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY: This study is distributed to visualize the technical risk,

that is, the technical needs of the system. Any system developed should not have a high
demand on the out there technical resources. this can result in high demands on the out there
technical resources. this can result in high demands being placed on the shopper. The
developed system should have a modest demand, as solely borderline or null changes area
unit needed for implementing this technique.
SOCIAL FEASIBILITY: The facet of study is to visualize the amount of acceptance of

the system by the user. This includes the method of coaching the user to use the system
expeditiously. The user should not feel vulnerable by the system, instead should settle for it as
a necessity.
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.
4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
4.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
The functional requirements or the overall description documents include the product
perspective and features, operating system and operating environment, graphics requirements,
design constraints and user documentation.The appropriation of requirements and
implementation constraints gives the general overview of the project in regards to what the
areas of strength and deficit are and how to tackle them.
• Python idel 3.7 version (or)

• Anaconda 3.7 ( or)
• Jupiter (or)
• Google colab
4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Minimum hardware requirements are very dependent on the particular software

being developed by a given Enthought Python / Canopy / VS Code user. Applications that
need to store large arrays/objects in memory will require more RAM, whereas applications
that need to perform numerous calculations or tasks more quickly will require a
faster processor.
• Operating system : windows, linux

• Processor : minimum intel i3
• Ram : minimum 4 gb
• Hard disk : minimum 250gb
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5. SYSTEM DESIGN
5.1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Fig: 5.1. System Model
5.2. UML DIAGRAMS
UML remains for Unified Modeling Language. UML is an institutionalized broadly

useful displaying dialect in the field of protest situated programming designing. The standard
is overseen, and was made by the Object Management Group. The objective is for UML to
end up a typical dialect for making models of protest arranged PC programming. In its present
shape UML is contained two noteworthy segments: a Meta-display and a documentation.
Later on, some type of technique or process may likewise be added to; or connected with
UML.
• The Unified Modeling Language is a standard dialect for indicating, Visualization,
Constructing and recording the antiques of programming framework, and additionally for
business displaying and other non-programming frameworks.
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• The UML speaks to an accumulation of best building rehearses that have demonstrated
effective in the displaying of vast and complex frameworks.
• The UML is an imperative piece of creating articles arranged programming and the
product improvement prepare. The UML utilizes for the most part graphical documentations
to express the plan of programming tasks.
GOALS
The Primary objectives in the plan of the UML are as per the following:
1. Provide clients a prepared to-utilize, expressive visual displaying Language with the goal
that they can create and trade important models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization instruments to develop the center ideas.
3. Be free of specific programming dialects and improvement handle.
4. Provide a formal reason for comprehension the displaying dialect.
5. Encourage the development of OO devices showcase.
6. Support more elevated amount improvement ideas, for example, coordinated efforts,
systems, examples and parts.
7. Integrate best practices.
5.2.1 USE CASE DIAGRAMS

A use case diagram within the unified modeling language (UML) may be a kind of
activity diagram outlined by and created from a use-case analysis. Its purpose is to gift a
graphical summary of the practicality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals
(represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. the most purpose
of a use case diagram is to indicate what system functions area unit performed that actor.
Roles of the actors within the system is represented.
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Start
Login
Uploaded
logout
Public
Stop
Start
Login
View Public Upload Missing Childs

Status'
Identify
Officer
view details
logout
stop
Fig: 5.2.1 Use Case Diagram
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5.2.2. CLASS DIAGRAM
In computer code engineering, a category diagram within the Unified Modeling

Language (UML) may be a kind of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a
system by showing the system's categories, their attributes, operations (or methods), and also
the relationships among the categories. It explains that category contains data.
Fig: 5.2.2 Class Diagram
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5.2.3. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) may be a quite
interaction diagram that shows however processes operate with each other and in what order.
it's a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams ar generally known as event
diagrams, event situations, and temporal order diagrams.
officer Public DB
Start
Login
Invalid
Login
Login
Public Upload Suspected Child
View details
View Public Upload Missing Childs Status'
Varified
Logout
Logout
Stop
Fig: 5.2.3 Sequence Diagram
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6. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
6.1. SYSTEM MODULES
Here collect 89 queries issued by the subjects, and name them as “UserQ”. As this
approach might induce a bias towards topics in which lists are more useful than general web
queries, we further randomly sample another set of 105 English queries from a query log of a
commercial search engine, and name this set of queries as “RandQ”. We first ask a subject to
manually create facets and add items that are covered by the query, based on his/her
knowledge after a deep survey on any related resources (such as Wikipedia, Freebase, or
official web sites related to the query).
6.1.1 Modules Used in Project :-
Tensorflow
TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and
production at Google.
TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released
under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.
Numpy
Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.It is the fundamental
package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features including these
important ones:
▪ A powerful N-dimensional array object

▪ Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
▪ Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
▪ Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
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Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.
Pandas
Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging
and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this
problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of
data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python
with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains
including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.
Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be
used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application
servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy
and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error
charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample
plots and thumbnail gallery.
For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when
combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font
properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions
familiar to MATLAB users.
Scikit – learn
Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
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6.2. MODULE DESCRIPTION
• Using public dataset of missing children’s called FGNET is used to train deep learning
CNN prediction model. After training model whenever public upload any suspected
child image then this model will check in trained model to detect whether this child is
in missing database or not.
• This detected result will store in database and whenever want official persons will
login and see that detection result.
• SVM Multiclass classifier use to extract face features from images based on age and
other facial features and then this detected face will input to CNN model to predict
whether this face child exists in image database or not.
6.3 SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python:
• Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.
• Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.
• Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.
• Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following –
Machine Learning
• GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQtetc. )
• Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
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• Image processing (like OpenCV, Pillow)

• Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
• Test frameworks
• Multimedia
Advantages of Python :-
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.
1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.
2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of
your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.
3.Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.
4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more
things done.
5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright
for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the languagee with the real world.
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6. Simple and Easy
When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code.
This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.
7. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world.
A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.
8.Free and Open-Source
Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it.
It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks
9. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to
it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need
to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere
(WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent
features.
10. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by
one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
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Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose
it, you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of
choosing Python over another language.
1. Speed Limitations
We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point
for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by
Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on
the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.
3. Design Restrictions
As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the
type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it
just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.
4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers
Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers
are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.
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5.Simple
No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I
don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity
of Java code seems unnecessary.
History of Python : -
What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common?
Right, both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that
the programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language
and programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at
the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde& Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to
influence the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van
Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating
system. In an interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I
worked as an implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum
voorWiskundeen Informatica (CWI).
I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention
ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the
people who worked on it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I
remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to
design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but
without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser,
and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created
a basic syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end
blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as
we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
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What is Machine Learning : -
Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized
as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at
first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in
the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of
machine learning as a means of building models of data.
Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help

understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable
parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to
be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can
be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the
more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-
based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the
problem setting in machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we
will start with some broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.
Categories Of Machine Leaning :-
At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main
types: supervised learning and unsupervised learning.Supervised learning involves somehow
modeling the relationship between measured features of data and some label associated with
the data; once this model is determined, it can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data.
This is further subdivided into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the
labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We
will see examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.
Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference

to any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models
include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms
identify distinct groups of data, whiledimensionality reduction algorithms search for more
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succinct representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised
learning in the following section.
Challenges in Machines Learning :-
While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with

cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go.
The reason behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The
challenges that ML is facing currently are −
Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and
feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of

time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.
Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of

expert resources is a tough job.
No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.
Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot

be represented well for the problem.
Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.
Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.
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Applications of Machines Learning :-
Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to

researchers we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world
complex problems which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some
real-world applications of ML −
• Emotion analysis
• Sentiment analysis
• Error detection and prevention
• Stock market analysis and forecasting
• Speech synthesis
• Speech recognition
• Customer segmentation
• Object recognition
• Fraud detection
• Fraud prevention
• Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping
How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented
Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your
needs to reach your desired end-goal!
Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites
In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus,
Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D.
degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.
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(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus
Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very
important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.
(b) Learn Statistics
Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.
(c) Learn Python
Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error.
But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python! While there are other
languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is currently the most
popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python libraries that are specifically
useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-
learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various
online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.
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Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts
Now that. you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML
(Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:
(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning
• Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some

machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
• Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of
numeric features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed
as input to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like
color, smell, taste, etc.
• Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model.
For the fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label
with each set of input would be the name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
• Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected
outputs(labels), so after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new
data to one of the categories trained on.
• Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will
provide a predicted output(label).
(b) Types of Machine Learning
• Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labelled
data using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the
required level of performance is achieved.
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• Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using
factor and cluster analysis models.
• Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised
Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
• Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error.
So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and
that will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-
1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -
Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and
patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like
Amazon, it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to
help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to
reveal relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)
With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means
giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the
algorithms on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to
filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement
As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This
lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the
amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate
predictions faster.
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4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data
Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and
multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications
You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-
1. Data Acquisition
Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for
new data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources
ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.
3. Interpretation of Results
Another major challeng is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility
Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go
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undetected for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to
recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.
Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at
alt.sources in February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and
the core data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module
system.Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in
this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which
Guido Van Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to
fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one
-- obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:
Print is now a function
• Views and iterators instead of lists

• The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list
cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
• There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
• The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to
have the "old" behaviour.
• Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit
Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—
even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.
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Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose
programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace. Python
features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural,
and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP. Python
is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs. Python also acknowledges that speed of development is
important. Readable and terse code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that
avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless
metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or
understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease
with which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to
implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated by
people with no Python background - without breaking.
Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :
Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-level
programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of
great whitespace.The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python
enables programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not
come pre-packaged with Windows.
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How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :
There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python
but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version
3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.
Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or
to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheat sheet .The steps on how to install Python on
Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.
Download the Correct version into the system
Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any
other web browser. OR Click on the following
link: https://www.python.org
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.
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Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.
Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow
Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version.
Here, we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.
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• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-
based installer.
• To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows
x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part in
installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.
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Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to
PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.
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With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.
Verify the Python Installation
Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”
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Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.
Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.
Check how the Python IDLE works
Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”
Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save.
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Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print (“Hey World”) and Press Enter.
You will see that the command given is launched. With this, we end our tutorial on how to install
Python. You have learned how to download python for windows into your respective operating
system.
Note: Unlike Java, Python doesn’t need semicolons at the end of the statements otherwise it
won’t work.
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Django – Design Philosophies
Django comes with the following design philosophies −
• Loosely Coupled − Django aims to make each element of its stack

independent of the others.
• Less Coding − Less code so in turn a quick development.
• Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) − Everything should be developed only in

exactly one place instead of repeating it again and again.
• Fast Development − Django's philosophy is to do all it can to facilitate hyper-

fast development.
• Clean Design − Django strictly maintains a clean design throughout its own
code and makes it easy to follow best web-development practices.
Advantages of Django
Here are few advantages of using Django which can be listed out here −
• Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) Support − Django provides a bridge between

the data model and the database engine, and supports a large set of database systems including
MySQL, Oracle, Postgres, etc. Django also supports NoSQL database through Django-nonrel
fork. For now, the only NoSQL databases supported are MongoDB and google app engine.
• Multilingual Support − Django supports multilingual websites through its

built-in internationalization system. So you can develop your website, which would
support multiple languages.
• Framework Support − Django has built-in support for Ajax, RSS, Caching
and various other frameworks.
• Administration GUI − Django provides a nice ready-to-use user interface for

administrative activities.
• Development Environment − Django comes with a lightweight web server to

facilitate end-to-end application development and testing.
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As you already know, Django is a Python web framework. And like most modern framework,
Django supports the MVC pattern. First let's see what is the Model-View-Controller (MVC)
pattern, and then we will look at Django’s specificity for the Model-View-Template (MVT)
pattern.
MVC Pattern
When talking about applications that provides UI (web or desktop), we usually talk about
MVC architecture. And as the name suggests, MVC pattern is based on three components:
Model, View, and Controller. Check our MVC tutorial here to know more.
Django MVC – MVT Pattern
The Model-View-Template (MVT) is slightly different from MVC. In fact the main
difference between the two patterns is that Django itself takes care of the Controller part
(Software Code that controls the interactions between the Model and View), leaving us with
the template. The template is a HTML file mixed with Django Template Language (DTL).
The following diagram illustrates how each of the components of the MVT pattern interacts
with each other to serve a user request −The developer provides the Model, the view and the
template then just maps it to a URL and Django does the magic to serve it to the user.
Fig 2.2: Django MVC – MVT Pattern
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Jupyter Notebook
The Jupyter Notebook is an open source web application that you can use to create and share
documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and text. Jupyter Notebook is
maintained by the people at Project Jupyter.Jupyter Notebooks are a spin-off project from the
IPython project, which used to have an IPython Notebook project itself. The name, Jupyter,
comes from the core supported programming languages that it supports: Julia, Python, and R.
Jupyter ships with the IPython kernel, which allows you to write your programs in Python,
but there are currently over 100 other kernels that you can also use.
Anaconda :-
What is Anaconda Python?
Together with a list of Python packages, tools like editors, Python distributions include
the Python interpreter. Anaconda is one of several Python distributions. Anaconda is a
new distribution of the Python and R data science package. It was formerly know n as
Continuum Analytics. Anaconda has more than 100 new packages.This work
environment, Anaconda is used for scientific computing, data science, statistical
analysis, and machine learning.
The latest version of Anaconda 5.0.1 is released in October 2017.The

released version 5.0.1 addresses some minor bugs and adds useful features, such as
updated R language support. All of these features weren’t available in the original
5.0.0 release.This package manager is also an environment manager, a Python
distribution, and a collection of open source packages and contains more than 1000 R
and Python Data Science Packages.
Why Anaconda for Python?
There’s no big reason to switch to Anaconda if you are completely happy with you
regular python. But some people like data scientists who are not full-time developers,
find anaconda much useful as it simplifies a lot of common problems a beginner runs
into.
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Anaconda can help with –
• Installing Python on multiple platforms

• Separating out different environments
• Dealing with not having correct privileges and
• Getting up and running with specific packages and libraries
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7. SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is that the debugging program is one amongst the leading crucial aspects of
the pc programming triggers, while not programming that works, the system would ne'er turn
out relate in Nursing output of that it had been designed .Testing is best performed once user
development is asked to help in characteristic all errors and bugs. The sample knowledge are
used for testing. It is not amount however quality of the information used the matters of
testing .Testing is aimed toward guaranteeing that the system was accurately relate in Nursing
with efficiency before live operation commands.
Testing objectives:The most objective of testing is to uncover a bunch of errors,

consistently and with minimum effort and time. Stating formally ,we can say, testing may be a
method of corporal punishment a program with intent of finding miscalculation.
1. A productive check is one that uncovers Associate in Nursing hitherto
undiscovered error.
2. A decent legal action is one that has likelihood of finding miscalculation, if it
exists.
3. The check is insufficient to find probably gift errors.
4. The code additional or less confirms to the standard and reliable standards.
7.1. TYPES OF TESTING
7.1.1. UNIT TESTING
Unit testing we have a tendency to test every module separately and integrate with the
general system. Unit testing focuses verification efforts on the littlest unit of code style within
the module. this is often conjointly called module testing. The module of the system is tested
individually. as an example the validation check is completed for variable the user input given
by the user that validity of the information entered. it's terribly straightforward to search out
error rectify the system. Every Module will be tested victimization the subsequent 2
Strategies: recording machine Testing and White Box Testing.
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7.1.2. BLACK BOX TESTING
Recording machine checking may be a code testing techniques during which

practicality of the code below test (SUT) is tested while not staring at the interior code
structure, implementation details and data of internal ways of the code .This type of testing is
predicated entirely on the code needs and specifications .In recording machine Testing we
have a tendency to simply concentrate on inputs and output of the package while not
bothering concerning internal data of the code program. The on top of recording machine will
be any package you wish to check. For example, Associate in Nursing software like
Windows, a web site like Google ,a information like Oracle or maybe your own custom
application. Under recording machine testing, you can check these applications by simply that
specialize in the inputs and outputs while not knowing their internal code implementation.
Types of Black Box Testing

There are many varieties of recording machine Testing however following ar the outstanding
ones.
• Functional testing: This recording machine testing kind is said to purposeful needs of a
system; it's done by code testers.
• Non-Functional testing: This sort of recording machine testing isn't associated with testing
of a selected practicality, however non-functional needs like performance, measurability,
usability.
• Regression testing: Regression testing is completed once code fixes, upgrades or the other
system maintenance to visualize the new code has not affected the prevailing code.
7.1.3. WHITE BOX TESTING
White Box Testing is that the testing of a code solution's internal committal to writing and
infrastructure. It focuses totally on Traffic Redundancy Elimination security, the flow of
inputs and outputs through the applying, and rising style and value. White box testing is
additionally called clear, open, structural, and glass box testing. It is one amongst 2 elements
of the "box testing" approach of code testing.
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System Testing:
Once the individual module testing is completed, modules are assembled and integrated to
perform as a system. The top down testing, that began from higher level to lower level
module, was allotted to visualize whether or not the whole system is playacting satisfactorily.
There are 3 main types of System testing: Alpha Testing, Beta Testing, Acceptance Testing.
Alpha Testing: This refers to the system checking that's allotted by the test team with the
Organization.
Beta Testing: This refers to the system testing that's performed by a particular cluster of
friendly customers.
Acceptance Testing: This refers to the system testing that's performed by the client to see
whether or not or to not settle for the delivery of the system.
7.2. TEST STRATEGY AND APPROACH

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
• All field entries must work properly.
• Pages must be activated from the identified link.
• The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
• Verify that the entries are of the correct format
• No duplicate entries should be allowed
• All links should take the user to the correct page.
Test Scenarios
General Scenarios
• All mandatory fields should be validated and indicated by asterisk (*) symbol
• Validation error messages should be displayed properly at correct position
• All error messages should be displayed in same CSS style (e.g. using red
color).
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• General confirmation messages should be displayed using CSS style other than
error messages style (e.g. using green color)
• Dropdown fields should have first entry as blank or text like ‗Select‘
• Delete functionality for any record on page should ask for confirmation
GUI and Usability Test Scenarios
• All fields on page (e.g. text box, radio options, dropdown lists) should be
aligned properly.
• Scroll bar should be enabled only when necessary
• Description text box should be multi-line
• User should be able to submit the form again by correcting the errors
• Default radio options should be pre-selected on page load
• Check all pages for broken images
Test Scenarios for a Window

• Check if default window size is correct
• Check if child window size is correct
• Check if child windows are getting closed on closing parent/opener window
• Check window minimize, maximize and close functionality
• Check if window is re-sizable
Database Testing Test Scenarios

➢ Check if correct data is getting saved in database upon successful page submit
➢ Check values for columns which are not accepting null values
➢ Check for data integrity. Data should be stored in single or multiple tables
based on design.
➢ For every database add/update operation log should be added

➢ Required table indexes should be created
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Security Testing Test Scenarios

• Secure pages should use HTTPS protocol
• Check application logout functionality
• Check for Brute Force Attacks
• Password should not be stored in cookies
• Test for Denial of Service attacks
7.3. TEST CASE
Test Steps Test

Test Test Case Test Case Test
Case Name Description Step Expected Actual Case Priority
Id status
01 Start the Host the If it We The High High

application
Application doesn't cannot application
and test if it starts Start run the hosts

Making sure the application success.
Required software
is available.
02 Home Page Check the If it We The High High

deployment doesn’t cannot application
environment for load. access the is running
properly loading application.
the application.
successfully
.
03 User Verify the If it We The High High

Mode working of doesn’t cannot application
the Respond use the displays the
application Freestyle Freestyle
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in freestyle mode. Page

mode
04 Data Input Verify if the If it fails We The High High
application to take the cannot application
takes input input or proceed updates the
and updates store in further input to
application
the
database
Table: 7.1. Test case Template
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8. SOURCE CODE
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.template import RequestContext
import pymysql
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
import datetime
import os
import cv2
import numpy as np
from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
from keras.layers import MaxPooling2D
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation, Flatten
from keras.layers import Convolution2D
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.models import model_from_json
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global index
index = 0
global missing_child_classifier
global cascPath
global faceCascade
def index(request):
if request.method == 'GET':
return render(request, 'index.html', {})
def Login(request):
return render(request, 'Login.html', {})
def Upload(request):
return render(request, 'Upload.html', {})
def OfficialLogin(request)
if request.method == 'POST':
username = request.POST.get('t1', False)
password = request.POST.get('t2', False)
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if
username == 'admin' and password == 'admin':
context= {'data':'welcome '+username}
return render(request, 'OfficialScreen.html', context)
else:
context= {'data':'login failed'}
return render(request, 'Login.html', context)
def ViewUpload(request):
strdata = '<table border=1 align=center width=100%><tr><th>Upload Person

Name</th><th>Child Name</th><th>Contact No</th><th>Found Location</th><th>Child
Image <th>Uploaded Date</th><th>Status</th></tr><tr>'
con = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1',port = 3306,user = 'root', password = 'root',

database = 'MissingChildDB',charset='utf8')
with con:
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("select * FROM missing")
rows = cur.fetchall() for row in rows:

strdata+='<td>'+row[0]+'</td><td>'+str(row[1])+'</td><td>'+row[2]+'</td><td>'+row[3]+'</t
d><td><img src=/static/photo/'+row[4]+' width=200 height=200></img></td><td>'
strdata+=str(row[5])+'</td><td>'+str(row[6])+'</td></tr>'
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context= {'data':strdata}
return render(request, 'ViewUpload.html', context
def UploadAction(request):
global index
global missing_child_classifier
global cascPath
global faceCascade
if request.method == 'POST' and request.FILES['t5']:
output = ''
person_name = request.POST.get('t1', False)
child_name = request.POST.get('t2', False)
contact_no = request.POST.get('t3', False)
location = request.POST.get('t4', False)
myfile = request.FILES['t5']
fs = FileSystemStorage()
filename = fs.save('MissingChildApp/static/photo/'+child_name+'.png', myfile)
#if index == 0:
cascPath = "haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml"
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faceCascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(cascPath)
#index = 1
option = 0;
frame = cv2.imread(filename)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
faces = faceCascade.detectMultiScale(gray,1.3,5)
print("Found {0} faces!".format(len(faces)))
img = ''status = 'Child not found in missing database'
if len(faces) > 0:
for (x, y, w, h) in faces:
img = frame[y:y + h, x:x + w]
option = 1
if option == 1:
with open('model/model.json', "r") as json_file:
loaded_model_json = json_file.read()
missing_child_classifier = model_from_json(loaded_model_json)
missing_child_classifier.load_weights("model/model_weights.h5")
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missing_child_classifier._make_predict_function()
img = cv2.resize(img, (64,64))
im2arr = np.array(img)
im2arr = im2arr.reshape(1,64,64,3)
img = np.asarray(im2arr)
img = img.astype('float32')
img = img/255
preds = missing_child_classifier.predict(img)
if(np.amax(preds) > 0.60):
status = 'Child found in missing database'
now = datetime.datetime.now()
current_time = now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
filename = os.path.basename(filename)
db_connection = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1',port = 3306,user = 'root', password =

'root', database = 'MissingChildDB',charset='utf8')
db_cursor = db_connection.cursor()
query = "INSERT INTO

missing(person_name,child_name,contact_no,location,image,upload_date,status)
VALUES('"+person_name+"','"+child_name+"','"+contact_no+"','"+location+"','"+filename+"
','"+str(current_time)+"','"+status+"')"
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db_cursor.execute(query)
db_connection.commit()
print(db_cursor.rowcount, "Record Inserted")
context= {'data':'Thank you for uploading. '+status}
return render(request, 'Upload.html', context)
"""
Django settings for MissingChild project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.1.7.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/
"""
import os
# Build paths inside he project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
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# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'ipl393&tqan0#2u&e*y$y3#lfzi5&fejgd34s&x285#z+!l_*4'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'MissingChildApp'
MIDDLEWARE = [
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'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
ROOT_URLCONF = 'MissingChild.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [
os.path.join('C:/Python/MissingChild/MissingChildApp', 'templates'),
],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'context_processors': [
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'OPTIONS': {
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'MissingChild.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'MissingChildDB',
'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
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'PORT': '3306',
'USER': 'root',
'PASSWORD': 'root',
'OPTIONS':{'isolation_level':None},
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
'NAME':
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'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
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9. SCREEN SHOTS
In this paper author is describing concept to identify missing children by using
Deep Learning and Multiclass SVM classifier and to implement this project author has used
below modules
1) Using public dataset of missing children’s called FGNET is used to train deep learning
CNN prediction model. After training model whenever public upload any suspected
child image then this model will check in trained model to detect whether this child is
in missing database or not. This detected result will store in database and whenever
want official persons will login and see that detection result.
2) SVM Multiclass classifier use to extract face features from images based on age and
other facial features and then this detected face will input to CNN model to predict
whether this face child exists in image database or not.
First we used below dataset to train deep learning CNN model
To run project follow below steps
1) First create database in MYSQL by copying content from ‘DB.txt’ file and paste in MYQL
2) Install python, DJANGO and MYSQL software

3) Create ‘Python’ folder in C directory and put ‘MissingChilds’ folder in it.
4) start DJANGO server and run in browser to get first page

SCREEN SHOTS.
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In above screen public can click on ‘Public Upload Suspected Child’ link to get below page
and to add missing child details
In above screen public will enter suspected child details and then upload photo and then click
on ‘Submit’ button and to get below result.
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In above screen we can see child not found in missing DB and we can try with other image
And below is the result for new above child details
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In above screen uploaded child found in database and now click on ‘Official Login’ link to
get below login screen
In above screen admin can login by entering username and password as ‘admin’ and ‘admin’
and after clicking on ‘Login’ button will get below screen
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In above screen official can click on ‘View Public Upload Missing Childs Status’ link to view
all uploads and its result done by public
In above screen officials can see all details and then take action to find that child.
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CONCLUSION
A missing child identification system is proposed, which combines the powerful
CNN based deep learning approach for feature extraction and support vector machine
classifier for classification of different child categories. This system is evaluated with the
deep learning model which is trained with feature representations of children faces. By
discarding thesoftmax of the VGG-Face model and extracting CNN image features to train a
multi class SVM, it was possible to achieve superior performance. Performance of the
proposed system is tested using the photographs of children with different lighting conditions,
noises and also images at different ages of children. The classification achieved a higher
accuracy of 99.41% which shows that the proposed methodology of face recognition could be
used for reliable missing children identification.
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FUTURE SCOPE
In future we will use some more efficient algorithms to improve accuracy and efficiency for
my application.
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REFERENCES
[1] Y. LeCun, Y. Bengio, and G. Hinton, "Deep learning", Nature, 521(7553):436–444, 2015.
[2] O. Deniz, G. Bueno, J. Salido, and F. D. la Torre, "Face recognition using histograms of
oriented gradients", Pattern Recognition Letters, 32(12):1598–1603, 2011.
[3] C. Geng and X. Jiang, "Face recognition using sift features", IEEE International
Conference on Image Processing(ICIP), 2009.
[4] RohitSatle, VishnuprasadPoojary, John Abraham, ShilpaWakode, "Missing child

identification using face recognition system", International Journal of Advanced Engineering
and Innovative Technology (IJAEIT), Volume 3 Issue 1 July - August 2016.
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FindFace.
[6]https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-trafficking-apps/mobileapp-helps-china-recover-
hundreds-of-missing-childrenidUSKBN15J0GU.
[7] Simonyan, Karen and Andrew Zisserman, "Very deep convolutional networks for large-
scale image recognition", International Conference on Learning Representations ( ICLR),
April 2015.
[8] O. M. Parkhi, A. Vedaldi, and A. Zisserman, "Deep Face Recognition," in British

Machine Vision Conference, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1-12, 2015.
[9] A. Vedaldi, and K. Lenc, "MatConvNet: Convolutional Neural Networks for MATLAB",
ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Brisbane, October 2015. 2018 IEEE Recent
Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS) | December 06 - 08, 2018.
DEPT OF CSE 66 WISE

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Missing Child Identification System

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A Project Report

MISSING CHILD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM USING

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

G.SINDHU (19PD1A0513) D.PRASANNA(19PD1A0511)

Under the esteemed guidance of

MS. D. RANI , M.tech

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

(Approved By AICTE New Delhi &Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)

“ "MISSING CHILD IDENTIFICATION

Internal Guide Head of the Department

We hereby declare that the dissertation submitted by us to the

First foremost we sincerely salute to my esteemed institution WEST

Keywords— Missing child identification, face recognition, deep learning, CNN,

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE.NO

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Literature survey is the most important step in software development process.

Still-to-video face recognition (FR) plays an important role in video surveillance,

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face captures. An individual-specific ensemble of exemplar-SVM (e-SVM) classifiers is

[4] RohitSatle, VishnuprasadPoojary, John Abraham, ShilpaWakode, "Missing child

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A mobile app helped Chinese authorities recover hundreds of missing

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3. SYSTEM STUDY AND ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

• There is so system to identify the photographs of children with different lighting

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Here we propose a methodology for missing child identification which combines

• The proposed system is comparatively an easy, inexpensive and reliable method

• This is to help authorities and parents in missing child investigation

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3.3 SYSTEM STUDY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY: This study is distributed to visualize the

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY: This study is distributed to visualize the technical risk,

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY: The facet of study is to visualize the amount of acceptance of

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• Python idel 3.7 version (or)

4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Minimum hardware requirements are very dependent on the particular software

• Operating system : windows, linux

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5.1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig: 5.1. System Model

5.2. UML DIAGRAMS

UML remains for Unified Modeling Language. UML is an institutionalized broadly

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5.2.1 USE CASE DIAGRAMS

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View Public Upload Missing Childs

Fig: 5.2.1 Use Case Diagram

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5.2.2. CLASS DIAGRAM

In computer code engineering, a category diagram within the Unified Modeling

Fig: 5.2.2 Class Diagram

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5.2.3. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Public Upload Suspected Child