Assignment 1

Fluid Mechanics II (ME 221)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

1. Consider incompressible steady flow of standard air in a boundary layer on the length of porous
surface shown. Assume the boundary layer at the downstream end of the surface has an
approximately parabolic velocity profile, 𝑢/𝑈∞ = 2(𝑦/𝛿) − (𝑦/𝛿)2 . Uniform suction is
applied along the porous surface, as shown. Calculate the volume flow rate across surface cd,
through the porous suction surface, and across surface bc. (Answers: 𝑄𝑐𝑑 = 4.5 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠 ,
𝑄𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 = 6 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝑄𝑏𝑐 = 1.65 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠)

2. A small round object is tested in a 0.75-m diameter wind tunnel. The pressure is uniform across
sections (1) and (2). The upstream pressure is 30mm H2O (gage), the downstream pressure is
15mm H2O (gage), and the mean air speed is 12.5 m/s. The velocity profile at section (2) is linear;
it varies from zero at the tunnel centerline to a maximum at the tunnel wall. Calculate (a) the
mass flow rate in the wind tunnel, (b) the maximum velocity at section (2), and (c) the drag of
the object and its supporting vane. Neglect viscous resistant at the tunnel wall. (Answers: (a) 6.63
Kg/s, (b) 18.8 m/s (c) 54 N)

Problem 2 Problem 5

3. Let a one-dimensional velocity field be 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡), with 𝑣 = 0 and 𝑤 = 0. The density varies
as 𝜌 = 𝜌0 (2 − cos 𝜔𝑡 ). Find an expression for 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) if 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 𝑈. (Answer: 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑈 −
𝑥𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡/(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡)

4. A hemispherical vessel of radius 𝑅 has a small rounded orifice of area 𝐴 at the bottom. Show that
the time required to lower the level from ℎ₁ to ℎ₂ is given by
2𝜋 2 3/2 3/2 1 5/2 5/2
𝑡= [ 𝑅(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) − (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) ]
𝐴√2𝑔 3 5

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5. A tank of fixed volume contains brine with initial density 𝜌𝑖 , greater than water. Pure water enters
the tank steadily and mixes thoroughly with the brine in the tank. The liquid level in the tank
remains constant. Derive expressions for (a) the rate of change of density of the liquid mixture
in the tank and (b) the time required for the density to reach the value 𝜌𝑓 , where 𝜌𝑖 > 𝜌𝑓 >
𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 . (Answer: 𝑑𝜌/𝑑𝑡 = −(𝜌 − 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 )𝑣𝐴/𝑉, 𝑡 = −[𝑉/(𝑣𝐴)]𝑙𝑛[(𝜌𝑓 − 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 )/(𝜌𝑖 − 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 )])

6. Derive the continuity equation for cylindrical coordinates by considering the flux of an
incompressible fluid in and out of the elemental control volume.

7. A shallow circular dish has a sharp-edged orifice at its center. A water jet, of speed 𝑉, strikes the
dish concentrically. Obtain an expression for the external force needed to hold the dish in place
if the jet issuing from the orifice also has speed 𝑉. Evaluate the force for 𝑉 = 5 m/s, 𝐷 = 100
mm, and 𝑑 = 25 mm. Plot the required force as a function of the angle 𝜃 (0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90°)
with diameter ratio as a parameter for a suitable range of diameter 𝑑. (Answer: −314 𝑁)

Problem 7 Problem 8

8. According to potential theory for the flow approaching a rounded two-dimensional body, the
velocity approaching the stagnation point is given by 𝑢 = 𝑈(1 − 𝑎2 /𝑥 2 ), where a is the nose
radius and U is the velocity far upstream. Compute the value and position of the maximum
viscous normal stress along this streamline. Is this also the position of maximum fluid
deceleration? Evaluate the maximum viscous normal stress if the fluid is SAE 30 oil at 20°C,
with U = 2 m/s and a = 6 cm. (Answers: 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝜇𝑈/𝑎 at 𝑥 = −𝑎, No (maximum fluid
deceleration is at 𝑥 = √(5/3)a, 39 Pa))

9. A jet of water with a diameter of 8 cm and a speed of 25 m/s impinges normally on a large
stationary flat plate. Find the force required to hold the plate stationary. Compare the average
pressure on the plate with the stagnation pressure if the plate is 20 times the area of the jet.
𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑔
(Answer 3142 N, 𝑝 = 1/10)
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔
10. Consider flow through the sudden expansion shown. If the flow is incompressible and friction is
neglected, show that the pressure rise, ∆𝑝 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 , is given by
∆𝑝 𝑑 2 𝑑 2
= 2 ( ) [1 − ( ) ]
1 2 𝐷 𝐷
2 𝜌𝑉1
Plot the non-dimensional pressure rise versus diameter ratio to determine the optimum value of
d/D and the corresponding value of the non-dimensional pressure rise. Assume the pressure is
uniform and equal to 𝑝1 on the vertical surface of the expansion.

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11. A constant-thickness film of viscous liquid flows in laminar motion down a plate inclined at
angle 𝜃. The velocity profile is 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑦(2ℎ − 𝑦), 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0. Find the constant C in terms of
the specific weight, viscosity, and the angle 𝜃. Find the volume flux Q per unit width in terms of
these parameters. (Answer: 𝐶 = ρ𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/(2μ), 𝑄/𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = ρ𝑔ℎ3 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/(3μ) )

Problem 11 Problem 12

12. Water flows through a pipe in a gravitational field as shown in the accompanying figure. Neglect
the effects of viscosity and surface tension. Solve the appropriate conservation equations for the
variation of the cross-sectional area of the fluid column A(z) after the water has left the pipe at z
= 0. The velocity of the fluid at z = 0 is uniform at u0 and the cross-sectional area is A0. (Answer:
𝐴(𝑧) = 𝑣0 𝐴0 /√(𝑣02 − 2𝑔𝑧))

13. Determine the axial velocity distribution for fully developed laminar pipe. Using the same find
out the axisymmetric stream function 𝜓(𝑟, 𝑧). Use this result to determine the average velocity
𝑉 = 𝑄/𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 in the pipe as a ratio of 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 . (Answer: 𝐴(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑟 2 /𝑅 2 ), 𝜓(𝑟, 𝑧) =
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑟/𝑅)2 (𝑅 2 /2 − 𝑟 2 /4), 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 /2)

14. A porous round tube with D = 60 mm carries water. The inlet velocity is uniform with 𝑉1 = 7
m/s. Water flows radially and axisymmetrically outward through the porous radially and
axisymmetrically outward through the porous walls with velocity distribution
𝑥 2
𝑣 = 𝑉0 [1 − ( ) ]
𝐿
where 𝑉0 = 0.03 m/s and 𝐿 = 0.95 m. Calculate the mass flow rate inside the tube at 𝑥 = 𝐿.
(Answer: 16.2 kg/s)

15. A conical funnel of half-angle 𝜃 = 15°, with maximum diameter 𝐷 = 70 mm and height 𝐻, drains
through a hole (diameter 𝑑 = 3.12 mm) in its bottom. The speed of the liquid leaving the funnel
is approximately 𝑉 = √2𝑔𝑦, where 𝑦 is the height of the liquid free surface above the hole.
Find the rate of change of surface level in the funnel at the instant when 𝑦 = 𝐻/2. (Answer:
−9 𝑚𝑚/𝑠)

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16. Consider the simple power-law model for a non-Newtonian fluid given by 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘(𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑦)".
Show that the velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow of a power-law fluid between
stationary parallel plates separated by distance 2ℎ may be written
1 𝑛+1
ℎ ∆𝑝 𝑛 𝑛ℎ 𝑦 𝑛
𝑢=( ) [1 − ( ) ]
𝑘 𝐿 𝑛+1 ℎ
where 𝑦 is the coordinate measured from the channel centerline.

17. A viscometer based on the characteristics of plane Couette flow is shown in the figure. The
viscosity of a fluid sample is to be determined by inserting it into the device and measuring the
time ∆𝑡 it takes the falling weight of mass 𝑀 to travel a given distance 𝑑 after reaching terminal
velocity. Analyze this arrangement and provide a formula for determining the fluid viscosity.
(Answer: μ = 𝑀𝑔ℎ △ 𝑡/(𝑑𝐿2 ))

18. Consider an infinite flat plate along 𝑦 = 0, surrounded by fluid of density 𝜌 and viscosity 𝜇. The
plate is impulsively given a velocity 𝑈 at t = 0. Considering it to be an unsteady flow write the
governing equation along with boundary conditions which can be analytically treated. Using the
transformation 𝑢/𝑈 = 𝐹(𝑦/(2√𝜈𝑡)) reduce the original governing equation into an ordinary
differential equation. Is it a IVP or BVP? (Answer: ∂𝑢/ ∂𝑡 = ν ∂2 𝑢/ ∂𝑦 2 , 𝑢(𝑦, 0) = 0,
𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 𝑈, 𝑢(𝑦 → ∞, 𝑡) = 0, 𝐹 ′′ + 2η𝐹 ′ = 0, 𝐹(0) = 1, 𝐹(η → ∞) = 0)

19. Using superposition of complex potentials, show that a source (𝑚) placed in a uniform flow (𝑈)
can be shown as a uniform flow over a circular cylinder of radius 𝑅 = 𝑚/2𝜋𝑈. Derive the
stream function and velocity potential and thus the radial and azimuthal velocity components.
Further by integrating normal pressure on the surface of the cylinder find out the drag and lift
forces acting on it. This exercise leads to the result - force experienced by an object placed in
inviscid flow is zero, but measured forces on an object placed in a fluid with vanishingly small
viscosity is not zero - popularly known as the D'Alembert's paradox.