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chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 1 11/15/19 10:23 AM
 vi  Contents

2.7 Naming Inorganic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 64

Binary Molecular Compounds 65 • Binary Ionic Compounds 66 • Compounds of
Metals That Form More than One Cation 67 • Polyatomic Ions 68 • Acids 69
2.8 Organic Compounds: A First Look 70
Hydrocarbons 71 • Heteroatoms and Functional Groups 72
2.9 Nucleosynthesis: The Origin of the Elements 74
Primordial Nucleosynthesis 74 • Stellar Nucleosynthesis 75
Summary 77 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 78 • Problem-Solving
Summary 78 • Visual Problems 79 • Questions and Problems 80

3 Stoichiometry:
Mass, Formulas, and Reactions 86
3.1 Air, Life, and Molecules 88
Chemical Reactions and Earth’s Early Atmosphere 89
3.2 The Mole 91
Molar Mass 93 • Molecular Masses and Formula Masses 95 • Moles and Chemical
Equations 98
3.3 Writing Balanced Chemical Equations 100
3.4 Combustion Reactions 105
3.5 Stoichiometric Calculations and the Carbon Cycle 107
3.6 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield 112
Calculations Involving Limiting Reactants 113 • Actual Yields versus Theoretical
Yields 116
3.7 Determining Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition 119
3.8 Comparing Empirical and Molecular Formulas 124
Molecular Mass and Mass Spectrometry 127
3.9 Combustion Analysis 128
Summary 134 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 134 • Problem-Solving
Summary 134 • Visual Problems 136 • Questions and Problems 139

4 Reactions in Solution:
Aqueous Chemistry in Nature 148
4.1 Ions and Molecules in Oceans and Cells 150
4.2 Expressing Concentrations 153
Concentration Units 153 • Molarity 154
4.3 Dilutions 159
Determining Concentration 162
4.4 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 163
Ions in Solution 163
4.5 Acid–Base Reactions: Proton Transfer 165
4.6 Titrations 171
4.7 Precipitation Reactions 175
Precipitation Formation 176 • Using Precipitation in Analysis 180 • Saturated Solutions
and Supersaturation 182
4.8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Electron Transfer 184
Oxidation Numbers 184 • Changes in Oxidation Numbers in Redox Reactions 186
• Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions 187 • Balancing Redox Reactions by Using
Half-Reactions 188 • The Activity Series of Metals 191 • Redox in Nature 193
Summary 198 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 199 • Problem-Solving
Summary 199 • Visual Problems 200 • Questions and Problems 202

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 Contents  vii

5 Properties of Gases:
The Air We Breathe 212
5.1 Air: An Invisible Necessity 214
5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and Collisions 215
5.3 The Gas Laws 220
Boyle’s Law: Relating Pressure and Volume 220 • Charles’s Law: Relating Volume
and Temperature 223 • Avogadro’s Law: Relating Volume and Quantity of
Gas 225 • Amontons’s Law: Relating Pressure and Temperature 226
5.4 The Ideal Gas Law 228
5.5 Gases in Chemical Reactions 232
5.6 Gas Density 235
5.7 Dalton’s Law and Mixtures of Gases 238
5.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 243
Explaining Boyle’s, Dalton’s, and Avogadro’s Laws 244 • Explaining Amontons’s and
Charles’s Laws 245 • Molecular Speeds and Kinetic Energy 246 • Graham’s Law:
Effusion and Diffusion 249
5.9 Real Gases 250
Deviations from Ideality 251 • The van der Waals Equation for Real Gases 252
Summary 255 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 256 • Problem-Solving
Summary 256 • Visual Problems 257 • Questions and Problems 261

6 Thermochemistry:
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 270
6.1 Sunlight Unwinding 272
6.2 Forms of Energy 273
Work, Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy 273 • Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy at
the Molecular Level 276
6.3 Systems, Surroundings, and Energy Transfer 279
Isolated, Closed, and Open Systems 279 • Exothermic and Endothermic
Processes 281 • P–V Work and Energy Units 283
6.4 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Changes 286
6.5 Heating Curves, Molar Heat Capacity, and Specific Heat 289
Hot Soup on a Cold Day 289 • Cold Drinks on a Hot Day 294
6.6 Calorimetry: Measuring Heat Capacity and Enthalpies of Reaction 297
Determining Molar Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 297 • Enthalpies of Reaction 299
6.7 Hess’s Law 304
6.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction 308
6.9 Fuels, Fuel Values, and Food Values 313
Alkanes 313 • Fuel Value 316 • Food Value 317
Summary 321 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 321 • Problem-Solving
Summary 322 • Visual Problems 323 • Questions and Problems 325

7 A Quantum Model of Atoms:

Waves, Particles, and Periodic Properties 334
7.1 Rainbows of Light 336
7.2 Waves of Energy 339
7.3 Particles of Energy and Quantum Theory 341
Quantum Theory 341 • The Photoelectric Effect 343 • Wave–Particle Duality 344

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 viii  Contents

7.4 The Hydrogen Spectrum and the Bohr Model 345

The Hydrogen Emission Spectrum 345 • The Bohr Model of Hydrogen 347
7.5 Electron Waves 350
de Broglie Wavelengths 350 • The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 352
7.6 Quantum Numbers and Electron Spin 354
7.7 The Sizes and Shapes of Atomic Orbitals 359
s Orbitals 359 • p and d Orbitals 361
7.8 The Periodic Table and Filling the Orbitals of Multielectron Atoms 362
7.9 Electron Configurations of Ions 370
Ions of the Main Group Elements 370 • Transition Metal Cations 372
7.10 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions 373
Trends in Atom and Ion Sizes 374
7.11 Ionization Energies 376
7.12 Electron Affinities 379
Summary 381 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 382 • Problem-Solving
Summary 382 • Visual Problems 382 • Questions and Problems 384

8 Chemical Bonds:
What Makes a Gas a Greenhouse Gas? 392
8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect 394
Forming Bonds from Atoms 395
8.2 Lewis Structures 398
Lewis Symbols 398 • Drawing Lewis Structures 399 • Lewis Structures of Molecules
with Double and Triple Bonds 401 • Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds 404
8.3 Polar Covalent Bonds 405
Polarity and Type of Bond 407 • Vibrating Bonds and Greenhouse Gases 408
8.4 Resonance 409
8.5 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures 414
Calculating Formal Charge of an Atom in a Resonance Structure 415
8.6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 418
Odd-Electron Molecules 418 • Molecules in Which Atoms Form More than Four Bonds
420 • Lewis Structures: Atoms with More than an Octet 421 • Lewis Structures: Atoms
with Less than an Octet 423 • The Limits of Bonding Models 425
8.7 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds 426
Bond Length 426 • Bond Energies 427
Summary 432 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 432 • Problem-Solving
Summary 432 • Visual Problems 433 • Questions and Problems 435

9 Molecular Geometry:
Shape Determines Function 444
9.1 Biological Activity and Molecular Shape 446
9.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 447
Central Atoms with No Lone Pairs 448 • Central Atoms with Lone Pairs 452
9.3 Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 457
9.4 Valence Bond Theory 461
Bonds from Orbital Overlap 462 • Hybridization 463 • Tetrahedral Geometry: sp3
Hybrid Orbitals 463 • Trigonal Planar Geometry: sp2 Hybrid Orbitals 465 • Linear
Geometry: sp Hybrid Orbitals 467
9.5 Shape, Large Molecules, and Molecular Recognition 470

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 Contents  ix

Drawing Larger Molecules 470 • Molecules with More than One Functional
Group 472 • Chirality and Molecular Recognition 473
9.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 477
Molecular Orbitals of Hydrogen and Helium 478 • Molecular Orbitals of Homonuclear
Diatomic Molecules 480 • Molecular Orbitals of Heteronuclear Diatomic
Molecules 484 • Molecular Orbitals of N21 and Spectra of Auroras 486 • Using MO
Theory to Explain Fractional Bond Orders and Resonance 486 • A Bonding Theory for
SN > 4 487 • Metallic Bonds and Conduction Bands 490 • Semiconductors 491
Summary 495 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 496 • Problem-Solving
Summary 496 • Visual Problems 496 • Questions and Problems 498

10 Intermolecular Forces:
The Uniqueness of Water 506
10.1 Intramolecular Forces versus Intermolecular Forces 508
10.2 Dispersion Forces 509
The Importance of Shape 510
10.3 Interactions Involving Polar Molecules 511
Ion–Dipole Interactions 511 • Dipole–Dipole Interactions 512 • Hydrogen Bonds 513
10.4 Vapor Pressure of Pure Liquids 519
Vapor Pressure and Temperature 520 • Volatility and the Clausius–Clapeyron
Equation 521
10.5 Phase Diagrams: Intermolecular Forces at Work 523
Phases and Phase Transitions 523
10.6 Some More Remarkable Properties of Water 526
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity 526 • The Densities of Cold Water and
Ice: Their Impact on Aquatic Life 528
10.7 Polarity and Solubility 529
Combinations of Intermolecular Forces 532
10.8 Solubility of Gases in Water 534
Summary 538 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 539 • Problem-Solving
Summary 539 • Visual Problems 539 • Questions and Problems 541

11 Solutions:
Properties and Behavior 548
11.1 Interactions between Ions 550
11.2 Energy Changes during Formation and Dissolution of Ionic Compounds 553
Calculating Lattice Energies by Using the Born–Haber Cycle 556 • Enthalpies of
Hydration 559
11.3 Vapor Pressure of Solutions 561
Raoult’s Law 562
11.4 Mixtures of Volatile Solutes 564
Vapor Pressures of Mixtures of Volatile Solutes 564
11.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 569
Molality 570 • Boiling Point Elevation 572 • Freezing Point Depression 573 •
The van ’t Hoff Factor 575 • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 579 • Reverse
Osmosis 583 • Using Osmotic Pressure to Determine Molar Mass • 585
11.6 Ion Exchange • 587
Summary 590 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 590 • Problem-Solving
Summary 590 • Visual Problems 592 • Questions and Problems 595

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 9 11/15/19 10:23 AM

 x  Contents

12 Solids:
Crystals, Alloys, and Polymers 600
12.1 The Solid State 602
12.2 Structures of Metals 604
Stacking Patterns and Unit Cells 605 • Unit Cell Dimensions 607
12.3 Alloys and Medicine 612
Substitutional Alloys 613 • Interstitial Alloys 614
12.4 Ionic Solids and Salt Crystals 616
12.5 Allotropes of Carbon 620
12.6 Polymers 622
Polymers of Alkenes 622 • Polymers Containing Aromatic Rings 625 • Polymers of
Alcohols and Ethers 626 • Polyesters and Polyamides 628
Summary 635 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 636 • Problem-Solving
Summary 636 • Visual Problems 637 • Questions and Problems 640

13 Chemical Kinetics:
Reactions in the Atmosphere 648
13.1 Cars, Trucks, and Air Quality 650
13.2 Reaction Rates 652
Experimentally Determined Reaction Rates 654 • Average Reaction
Rates 656 • Instantaneous Reaction Rates 656
13.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 659
Reaction Order and Rate Constants 659 • Integrated Rate Laws: First-Order
Reactions 664 • Reaction Half-Lives 668 • Integrated Rate Laws: Second-Order
Reactions 670 • Zero-Order Reactions 672
13.4 Reaction Rates, Temperature, and the Arrhenius Equation 674
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 680
Elementary Steps 680 • Rate Laws and Reaction Mechanisms 682 • Mechanisms and
Zero-Order Reactions 686
13.6 Catalysts 687
Catalysts and the Ozone Layer 687 • Catalysts and Catalytic
Converters 690 • Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 691
Summary 694 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 695 • Problem-Solving
Summary 695 • Visual Problems 696 • Questions and Problems 698

14 Chemical Equilibrium: How Much Product Does a

Reaction Really Make? 708
14.1 The Dynamics of Chemical Equilibrium 710
14.2 The Equilibrium Constant 712
14.3 Relationships between Kc and Kp Values 717
14.4 Manipulating Equilibrium Constant Expressions 719
K for Reverse Reactions 719 • K for an Equation Multiplied or Divided by a
Number 721 • Combining K Values 722
14.5 Equilibrium Constants and Reaction Quotients 724

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 Contents  xi

14.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria 726

14.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 728
Effects of Adding or Removing Reactants or Products 729 • Effects of Pressure
and Volume Changes 731 • Effect of Temperature Changes 734 • Catalysts and
Equilibrium 736
14.8 Calculations Based on K 736
Summary 744 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 745 • Problem-Solving
Summary 745 • Visual Problems 746 • Questions and Problems 748

15 Acid–Base Equilibria:
Proton Transfer in Biological Systems 754
15.1 Acids and Bases: A Balancing Act 756
15.2 The Molecular Structures and Strengths of Acids and Bases 757
Strong and Weak Acids 758 • Strong and Weak Bases 763
15.3 Conjugate Pairs and Their Complementary Strengths as Acids and Bases 764
Recognizing Conjugate Pairs 765 • Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acids and
Bases 766
15.4 pH and the Autoionization of Water 767
The pH Scale 768 • pOH, pKa, and pKb Values 771
15.5 Ka, Kb, and the Ionization of Weak Acids and Bases 772
Weak Acids 772 • Weak Bases 776
15.6 Calculating the pH of Acidic and Basic Solutions 778
Strong Acids and Strong Bases 778 • Weak Acids and Weak Bases 779 • pH of Very
Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids 781
15.7 Polyprotic Acids 783
Acid Rain 783 • Normal Rain 785
15.8 Acidic and Basic Salts 788
Summary 793 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 794 • Problem-Solving
Summary 794 • Visual Problems 796 • Questions and Problems 798

16 Additional Aqueous Equilibria:

Chemistry and the Oceans 802
16.1 Ocean Acidification: Equilibrium under Stress 804
16.2 The Common-Ion Effect 806
16.3 pH Buffers 809
Buffer Capacity 812
16.4 Indicators and Acid–Base Titrations 816
Acid–Base Titrations 818 • Titrations with Multiple Equivalence Points 824
16.5 Lewis Acids and Bases 827
16.6 Formation of Complex Ions 830
16.7 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids 832
16.8 Solubility Equilibria 834
Ksp and Q 839
Summary 842 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 843 • Problem-Solving
Summary 843 • Visual Problems 844 • Questions and Problems 846

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 xii  Contents

17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and

Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes 850
17.1 Spontaneous Processes 852
17.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 855
17.3 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 859
Entropy and Structure 862
17.4 Calculating Entropy Changes 863
17.5 Free Energy 864
17.6 Temperature and Spontaneity 869
17.7 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 872
17.8 Influence of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants 877
17.9 Driving the Human Engine: Coupled Reactions 880
17.10 Microstates: A Quantized View of Entropy 884
Summary 888 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 888 • Problem-Solving
Summary 889 • Visual Problems 889 • Questions and Problems 892

18 Electrochemistry:
The Quest for Clean Energy 898
18.1 Running on Electrons: Redox Chemistry Revisited 900
18.2 Voltaic and Electrolytic Cells 903
Cell Diagrams 903
18.3 Standard Potentials 907
18.4 Chemical Energy and Electrical Work 911
18.5 A Reference Point: The Standard Hydrogen Electrode 914
18.6 The Effect of Concentration on Ecell 916
The Nernst Equation 916 • E° and K 919
18.7 Relating Battery Capacity to Quantities of Reactants 920
Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries 921 • Lithium-Ion Batteries 923
18.8 Corrosion: Unwanted Electrochemical Reactions 925
18.9 Electrolytic Cells and Rechargeable Batteries 928
18.10 Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries 931
Summary 936 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 936 • Problem-Solving
Summary 937 • Visual Problems 937 • Questions and Problems 939

19 Nuclear Chemistry:
Applications in Science and Medicine 946
19.1 Energy and Nuclear Stability 948
19.2 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay 950
19.3 Measuring and Expressing Radioactivity 956
19.4 Calculations Involving Half-Lives of Radionuclides 957
19.5 Radiometric Dating 959
19.6 Biological Effects of Radioactivity 962
Radiation Dosage 963 • Evaluating the Risks of Radiation 965

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 Contents  xiii

19.7 Medical Applications of Radionuclides 967

Therapeutic Radiology 967 • Diagnostic Radiology 968
19.8 Nuclear Fission 968
19.9 Nuclear Fusion and the Quest for Clean Energy 971
Summary 977 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 977 • Problem-Solving
Summary 978 • Visual Problems 978 • Questions and Problems 980

20 Organic and Biological Molecules:

The Compounds of Life 986
20.1 Molecular Structure and Functional Groups 988
Families Based on Functional Groups 989
20.2 Organic Molecules, Isomers, and Chirality 991
Chirality and Optical Activity 995 • Chiral Mixtures 1000
20.3 The Composition of Proteins 1001
Amino Acids 1001 • Zwitterions 1003 • Peptides 1006
20.4 Protein Structure and Function 1009
Primary Structure 1010 • Secondary Structure 1011 • Tertiary and Quaternary
Structure 1012 • Enzymes: Proteins as Catalysts 1013
20.5 Carbohydrates 1016
Molecular Structures of Glucose and Fructose 1016 • Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides 1017 • Energy from Glucose 1019
20.6 Lipids 1020
Function and Metabolism of Lipids 1022 • Other Types of Lipids 1024
20.7 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 1025
From DNA to New Proteins 1027
20.8 From Biomolecules to Living Cells 1029
Summary 1032 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 1032 • Problem-Solving
Summary 1032 • Visual Problems 1033 • Questions and Problems 1035

21 The Main Group Elements:

Life and the Periodic Table 1044
21.1 Main Group Elements and Human Health 1046
21.2 Periodic Properties of Main Group Elements 1049
21.3 Major Essential Elements 1050
Sodium and Potassium 1051 • Magnesium and Calcium 1054 • Chlorine 1055 •
Nitrogen 1057 • Phosphorus and Sulfur 1060
21.4 Trace and Ultratrace Essential Elements 1065
Selenium 1066 • Fluorine and Iodine 1066 • Silicon 1067
21.5 Nonessential Elements 1067
Rubidium and Cesium 1067 • Strontium and Barium 1067 • Germanium 1068 •
Antimony 1068 • Bromine 1068
21.6 Elements for Diagnosis and Therapy 1068
Diagnostic Applications 1069 • Therapeutic Applications 1071
Summary 1074 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 1075 • Problem-Solving
Summary 1075 • Visual Problems 1076 • Questions and Problems 1078

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 xiv  Contents

22 Transition Metals:
Biological and Medical Applications 1082
22.1 Transition Metals in Biology: Complex Ions 1084
22.2 Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 1088
Complex Ions with a Positive Charge 1088 • Complex Ions with a Negative
Charge 1090 • Coordination Compounds 1092
22.3 Polydentate Ligands and Chelation 1093
22.4 Crystal Field Theory 1097
22.5 Magnetism and Spin States 1102
22.6 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 1104
Enantiomers and Linkage Isomers 1106
22.7 Coordination Compounds in Biochemistry 1108
Manganese and Photosynthesis 1108 • Transition Metals in Enzymes 1109
22.8 Coordination Compounds in Medicine 1113
Transition Metals in Diagnosis 1113 • Transition Metals in Therapy 1116
Summary 1121 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 1121 • Problem-Solving
Summary 1122 • Visual Problems 1122 • Questions and Problems 1125

Appendices APP-1
Glossary G-1
Answers to Particulate Review, Concept Tests, and Practice Exercises ANS-1
Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems ANS-15
Credits C-1
Index I-1

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 14 11/15/19 10:23 AM

 Applications
Blood centrifugation 9
Electrophoresis of blood proteins 10
Air filtration 10
Seawater distillation 10
Cosmic microwave background 35
Driving the Mars rover Curiosity 36
The Baby Tooth Survey 48
Big Bang 74
Star formation 75
Medical imaging 77
Miller–Urey experiment 88
Earth’s interior layers 89
Volcanic eruptions 90
Dental fillings 93
Natural gas stoves 105
Photosynthesis, respiration, and the
carbon cycle 108
Fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon
dioxide 109
Power plant emissions 110
Asthma inhalers 120
Anticancer drugs (Taxol) 132
Water on Mars 150
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipes 156
Great Salt Lake 157
Saline intravenous infusion 161
Stalactites and stalagmites 168
Chemical weathering 168
Drainage from abandoned coal mines 171
Antacids 174
Rock candy 182
Iron oxides in rocks and soils 193
Shelf stability of drugs 197
Barometers 215
Weather maps 217
Manometers 218
Tire pressure 227
Aerosol cans 227
Breathing 230
Weather balloons 231
Compressed oxygen for
mountaineering 231
Oxygen masks in airplanes 233
Air bag inflation 234
Dieng Plateau gas poisoning
disaster 235
Nitrogen narcosis 242
Gas mixtures for scuba diving 254
Hydrogen-powered vehicles 279
Diesel engines and hot-air balloons 284
Resurfacing an ice rink 287
Car radiators 293
Chilled beverages 294
Comparing fuels 316
Calories in food 318
Recycling aluminum 319
Rainbows 336
Remote control devices 344
Lasers 359
Signal flares 369
Fireworks 380
Greenhouse gases 394
Oxyacetylene torches 403
Atmospheric greenhouse effect 408
Atmospheric ozone 409
Moth balls 431
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
intercalation in DNA 473
Cilantro 473
Ripening tomatoes 473
Spearmint and caraway aromas 475
Auroras 477
Bar-code readers and DVD players 492
Pheromones 494
Hydrogen bonds in DNA 516
Supercritical carbon dioxide and dry
ice 525
Water striders 526
Aquatic life in frozen lakes 528
Petroleum-based cleaning products 532
Surfactants 532
High-altitude endurance training 536
Drug efficacy 537
Antifreeze 563
Maple syrup 572
Radiator fluid 574
Osmosis in red blood cells 579
Saline and dextrose intravenous
solutions 583
Desalination of seawater by reverse
osmosis 584
Water softeners and zeolites 587
Eggs 589
Nanoparticles 602
Brass and bronze 612
Shape-memory alloys in stents 613
Stainless steel and surgical steel 614
Diamond and graphite 620
Graphene, fullerenes, and carbon
nanotubes 621
Polyethylene: LDPE, HDPE, and UHMWPE
materials 622
Teflon in cookware and surgical
tubing 624
Polypropylene products 624
Polystyrene and Styrofoam 625
Plastic soda bottles 626
Artificial skin and dissolving
sutures 629
Synthetic fabrics: Dacron, nylon, and
Kevlar 630
Camping lanterns 634
Photochemical smog 650
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the ozone
layer 687
Catalytic converters 690
Biocatalysis 692
Smog simulations 693
Fertilizers 710
Hindenburg airship disaster 717
Limestone kilns 727
Colors of hydrangea blossoms 756
Lung disease and respiratory
acidosis 757
Food digestion 770
Liquid drain cleaners 778
Carabid beetles 779

xv

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 xvi  Applications
Acid rain and normal rain 783
Bleach 789
pH of human blood 792
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and ocean
acidification 804
Swimming pool pH test kits 816
Sapphire Pool in Yellowstone National
Park 826
Milk of magnesia 834
Impact of ocean acidification 842
Instant cold packs 854
Engine efficiency 869
Energy from glucose; glycolysis 881
Prehistoric axes and copper refining 887
Alkaline, nicad, and zinc–air
batteries 909
Lead–acid car batteries 917
Hybrid vehicles and nickel–metal hydride
batteries 921
Electric vehicles and lithium–ion
batteries 923
Statue of Liberty 925
Rechargeable batteries 928
Electroplating 930
Hydrogen-fueled vehicles and fuel
cells 931
Redox flow batteries 934
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 16
Corrosion at sea 935
Scintillation counters and Geiger
counters 956
Radiometric dating 959
Chernobyl and Fukushima 964
Radon gas exposure 965
Therapeutic and diagnostic
radiology 967
Nuclear weapons and nuclear
power 969
Solar fusion 971
Tokamak reactors and ITER 973
Radium paint and the Radium Girls 975
Rice and beans 1003
Aspartame 1007
Sickle-cell anemia and malaria 1010
Silk 1012
Alzheimer’s disease 1012
Hemoglobin and keratin 1013
Enzymes 1013
Lactose intolerance 1013
Thalidomide 1014
Blood type and glycoproteins 1016
Ethanol production from cellulose 1019
Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans
fats 1020
Olestra 1023
Cholesterol and cardiovascular
disease 1025
DNA and RNA 1025
Origin of life on Earth 1029
Hydrogenated oils 1031
Dietary reference intake (DRI) 1048
Ion transport across cell
membranes 1051
Osteoporosis and kidney stones 1054
Chlorophyll 1054
Teeth, bones, and shells 1054
Acid reflux and antacid drugs 1056
Bad breath, skunk odor, and smelly
shoes 1063
Toothpaste and fluoridated water 1066
Goiter and Graves’ disease 1067
Colonoscopy 1073
Prussian blue pigment 1088
Food preservatives 1096
Anticancer drugs (cisplatin) 1104
Cytochrome proteins 1110
Thalassemia and chelation therapy
1116
Water quality in swimming pools 1120
11/15/19 10:23 AM
 Animations
Dimensional Analysis 21 Emission Spectra and the Bohr Model of Equilibrium 712
Significant Figures 23 the Atom 346 Equilibrium in the Gas Phase 714
Scientific Notation 23 de Broglie Wavelength 350 Le Châtelier’s Principle 729
Precision and Accuracy 27 Quantum Numbers 356 Solving Equilibrium Problems 737
Temperature Scale 32 Electron Configuration 365 Acid–Base Ionization 759
Temperature Conversion 33 Periodic Trends 375 Acid Strength and Molecular
Cathode-Ray Tube 49 Bonding 395 Structure 762
Parts of the Atom 49 Lewis Structures 400 Conjugate Acids and Bases 765
Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment 50 Bond Polarity and Polar Molecules 407 Autoionization of Water 768
Rutherford Experiment 52 Vibrational Modes 408 pH Scale 768
Simplified Mass Spectrometer 54 Greenhouse Effect 409 Acid Rain 783
Lanthanides and Actinides in the Periodic Resonance 411 Common-Ion Effect 807
Table 60 Estimating Enthalpy Changes 428 Buffers 810
NaCl Reaction 63 Hybridization 468 The Buffer System 811
The Synthesis of Elements 75 Structure of Benzene 472 Indicators 817
Avogadro Constant 91 Optical Activity 476 Acid–Base Titrations 818
Balancing Equations 101 Molecular Orbitals 478 Titrations of Weak Acids 820
Carbon Cycle 109 Intermolecular Forces 511 Hydrated Metal Ions 832
Limiting Reactant 113 Interactions Involving Polar Selective Precipitation 840
Percent Composition 120 Molecules 516 Spontaneous Processes 852
Combustion Analysis 129 Phase Diagrams 523 Entropy 855
Molarity 154 Surface Tension 526 Reversible Processes 857
Dilutions 160 Capillary Action 527 Gibbs Free Energy 865
Ions in Solution 164 Henry’s Law 536 Equilibrium and Thermodynamics 873
Strong vs. Weak Acids 170 Dissolution of Ammonium Nitrate 554 Microstates 886
Balancing Redox Reactions 189 Born–Haber Cycle 556 Zinc–Copper Cell 902
Measuring Gas Pressure 216 Vapor Pressure 561 Electricity and Water Analogy 902
Manometer 218 Fractional Distillation 564 Voltaic vs. Electrolytic Cells 904
Ideal Gas Law 230 Raoult’s Law 567 Alkaline Battery 909
Dalton’s Law 238 Boiling and Freezing Points of Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) 914
Molecular Speed 247 Solutions 572 Cell Potential 916
State Functions and Path Functions 274 Osmotic Pressure 579 Lead–Acid Battery 917
Internal Energy 283 Unit Cell 606 Cell Potential, Equilibrium, and Free
Pressure–Volume Work 284 Alloys 612 Energy 919
Heating Curves 290 Allotropes of Carbon 620 Concentration Cell 919
Calorimetry 298 Polymers 622 Fuel Cell 931
Hess’s Law 305 Reaction Rate 652 Modes of Radioactive Decay 950
Light Diffraction 337 Reaction Order 659 Belt of Stability 951
Absorption of Light 339 Collision Theory 660 Balancing Nuclear Equations 952
Electromagnetic Radiation 340 Arrhenius Equation 675 Geiger Counter 956
The Photoelectric Effect 343 Reaction Mechanisms 680 Activity Example 956

xvii

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 xviii  Animations
Half-Life 957
Radiation Penetration 963
Transmutation 968
Induced Fission and Chain
Reactions 969
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 18
Fusion of Hydrogen 972
Naming Branched Alkanes 991
Chiral Centers 996
Condensation of Biological
Polymers 1007
Fiber Strength and Elasticity 1009
Formation of Sucrose 1017
Naming Coordination Compounds 1088
Crystal Field Splitting 1098
11/21/19 6:49 AM
 About the Authors
Thomas R. Gilbert has a BS in chemistry from Clarkson and a PhD in analytical chemistry from
MIT. After 10 years with the Research Department of the New England Aquarium in Boston, he
joined the faculty of Northeastern University, where he is currently associate professor of chemistry
and chemical biology. His research interests are in chemical and science education. He teaches
general chemistry and science education courses and conducts professional development workshops
for K–12 teachers. He has won Northeastern’s Excellence in Teaching Award and Outstanding
Teacher of First-Year Engineering Students Award. He is a Fellow of the American Chemical
Society and in 2012 was elected to the ACS Board of Directors.

Rein V. Kirss received both a BS in chemistry and a BA in history as well as an MA in chem-

istry from SUNY Buffalo. He received his PhD in inorganic chemistry from the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, where the seeds for this textbook were undoubtedly planted. After two
years of postdoctoral study at the University of Rochester, he spent a year at Advanced Tech-
nology Materials, Inc., before returning to academics at Northeastern University in 1989. He is
an associate professor of chemistry with an active research interest in organometallic chemistry.
He has been awarded Northeastern’s Excellence in Teaching Award and received the John A.
Timm Award from the New England Association of Chemistry Teachers in 2019.

Stacey Lowery Bretz is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. She earned her BA in chemistry from Cornell
University, MS from Pennsylvania State University, and a PhD in chemistry education research
from Cornell University. She spent one year at the University of California, Berkeley, as a postdoc
in the Department of Chemistry. Her research expertise includes the development of assessments
to measure chemistry students’ thinking with multiple representations (particulate, symbolic, and
macroscopic) and to promote meaningful and inquiry learning in the chemistry laboratory. She
is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society and a Fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. She has been honored with both of Miami University’s highest teaching
awards: the E. Phillips Knox Award for Undergraduate Teaching and the Distinguished Teaching
Award for Excellence in Graduate Instruction and Mentoring. Stacey won the prestigious, interna-
tional award from the American Chemical Society for Achievement in Research for the Teaching
and Learning of Chemistry in 2020.

Natalie Foster is emerita professor of chemistry at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

She received a BS in chemistry from Muhlenberg College and MS, DA, and PhD degrees from Le-
high University. Her research interests included studying poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by NMR as part
of a larger interest in porphyrins and phthalocyanines as candidate contrast enhancement agents for
MRI. She taught both semesters of the introductory chemistry class to engineering, biology, and
other nonchemistry majors and a spectral analysis course at the graduate level. She is the recipient
of the Christian R. and Mary F. Lindback Foundation Award for Distinguished Teaching and a
Fellow of the American Chemical Society.

xix

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 19 11/15/19 10:23 AM

 Preface

D
ear Student,
We wrote this book with three overarching goals in mind: to make chem-
istry interesting, relevant, and memorable; to enable you to see the world
from a molecular point of view; and to help you become an expert problem-solver.
You have a number of resources available to assist you to succeed in your general
chemistry course. This textbook will be a valuable resource, and we have written
it with you, and the different ways you may use the book, in mind.
If you are someone who reads a chapter from the first page to the last, you will
see that the Sixth Edition introduces the chemical principles within a chapter by
using contexts drawn from daily life as well as from other disciplines, including
biology, environmental science, materials science, astronomy, geology, and medi-
cine. We believe that these contexts make chemistry more interesting, relevant,
and memorable.
Chemists’ unique perspective of natural processes and insights into the prop-
erties of substances, from high-performance alloys to the products of biotechnol-
ogy, are based on understanding these processes and substances at the particulate
PARTICUL ATE RE VIEW
level (the atomic and molecular level).
Particles in the Gas Phase A major goal of this book is to help
In Chapter 5 we focus on the properties of gases, you develop this microscale perspec-
including those that serve as fuels in combustion
reactions, as described in Chapter 3, and in other tive and link it to macroscopic
forms of energy production. One such fuel is hydrogen properties.
gas, which can be produced by passing an electric
current through water, causing molecules of liquid H2O With that in mind, we begin each
to decompose into molecules of H2 and O2 gas.
● Write a balanced chemical equation describing this decomposition reaction.
chapter with a Particulate Review
● In the circle on the right, draw the products that would be produced by decomposition
and Particulate Preview. The goal of
of six of the water molecules on the left. these tools is to prepare you for the
● Classify the products as elements, compounds, or a mixture. Choose all that apply.
material in the chapter. The Particu-
(Review Sections 1.1, 1.2, and 3.3 if you need help.)
(Answers to Particulate Review questions are in the back of the book.) late Review assesses important prior
knowledge that you need to interpret
particulate images in the chapter. The
PARTICUL ATE PRE VIEW
Particulate Preview asks you to spec-
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature ulate about new concepts you will see
As you read Chapter 5, look for ideas that will help you answer these in the chapter and is meant to focus
questions.
● Draw particulate images of the helium in the tank and in one of the
your reading.
balloons. How do these drawings differ? If you want a quick summary of
● Suppose the tank and several helium-filled balloons are placed in

the trunk of a car on a hot summer day.

what is most important in a chapter to
● How would your particulate image for the helium in the balloon direct your studying on selected top-
change?
● How would your particulate image for the helium in the tank
ics, check the Learning Outcomes at
change? the beginning of each chapter.
Whether you are reading the chapter
from first page to last, moving from

xx

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 20 11/15/19 10:23 AM

 Preface  xxi

topic to topic in an order you select, or reviewing material for an exam, the Learn-
ing Outcomes can help you focus on the key information you need to know and
the skills you should develop.
In every section, you will find key terms in boldface in the text and in a run-
ning glossary in the margin. We have inserted the definitions throughout the
text, so you can continue reading without interruption but quickly find key terms
when doing homework or reviewing for a test. All key terms are also defined in
the Glossary in the back of the book. CONCEPT TEST
Approximately once per section, you will Which graph in Figure 5.18 correctly describes the relationship between the value of
V/n as n is increased at constant P and T?
find a Concept Test. These short, concep-
tual questions provide a self-check opportu-
nity by asking you to stop and answer a 5.22. Use representations [A] through [I] in
V V V V Figure P5.22
question relating to what you just read. We ––n ––
n ––
n226
to answer questions (a)–(f).
C H A P T EThe
R 5 pink ––
nballoons
Properties contain
of Gases

designed them to help you self-assess, and hydrogen, the yellow balloons contain nitrogen, and the
gray balloons contain oxygen. personal experience, adding more gas to
you will find answers to Concept Tests in (a) n n a. Identify three different n changes that
If some of this gas escapes, balloon volu
could ben responsible
(b) (c) (d) we may conclude that the volume of a
the back of the book. FIGURE 5.18
for the change in size of
(Answers to Concept Tests are in the back of the book.)
the pink balloon from [A] to [C].
quantity (number of moles) of gas in th
b. If the smaller pink balloon in [A] correspondsand to the
New concepts naturally build on previ- particulate view in [B], which of the changes identified
n is known as Avogadro’s law to h
who articulated that the volume of a ga
ous information, and you will find that many concepts are related to others in part (a)Cwould NNECTIONresult inIn Chapter
the larger
3 the pink
numberballoon in [C]
directly proportional to the quantity of
of particles in a mole was defined as the
described earlier in the book. We point out these relationships with Connection also corresponding to the particulate view in [B]?
Avogadro constant, in honor of Amedeo V
c. If the smaller yellowearlyballoon in [D] thatcorresponds to V ~ n or 5 constant
icons in the margins. These reminders will help you see the big picture and draw Avogadro’s
the particulate view
determining
work with gases
in [E],
atomic
led to
which particulate view
masses.
n

your own connections between concepts in the book. corresponds to the larger yellow balloon in [F] if no
CONCEPT TEST
At the end of each chapter are Visual Problems that ask you to interpret additional nitrogen has been added?
d. If the larger gray balloon in [I] corresponds toWhich the graph in Figure 5.18 correctly descr
atomic and molecular views of elements and compounds, along with graphs of particulate view in [E], which particulate viewV/n as n is increased at constant P and T?
represents
experimental data. The last Visual Problem in each chapter contains a visual the gas at a lower temperature?
e. If each gray balloon contains 1 mol of gas at 25°C, in
problem matrix. This grid consists of nine images followed by a series of ques-
which balloon are the collisions between the oxygen
tions that will test your ability to identify the similarities and differences among molecules and the––
V
n inside of the balloon more
V
n frequent?
––
V
––
n
the macroscopic and particulate images. f. Which balloon contains the gas with the shortest mean
free path?
n n n
(a) (b) (c)
5.22. Use representations [A] through [I] in Figure P5.22 A B C
to answer questions (a)–(f). The pink balloons contain FIGURE 5.18 (Answers to Concept Tests are in the back of the bo

hydrogen, the yellow balloons contain nitrogen, and the

gray balloons contain oxygen. The following observations illustrate
a. Identify three different changes that could be responsible and the quantity (n) of a gas. Suppose a b
for the change in size of the pink balloon from [A] to [C]. shape, but it is too soft to ride on. If
b. If the smaller pink balloon in [A] corresponds to the semirigid structure limits any increase in
particulate view in [B], which of the changes identified the pressure inside the tire. As another e
in part (a) would result in the larger pink balloon in [C] rapidly fills balloons from a helium tank
loon sales are brisk, the pressure readi
also corresponding to the particulate view in [B]?
D E F more and more balloons are filled and th
c. If the smaller yellow balloon in [D] corresponds to decreases.
the particulate view in [E], which particulate view
corresponds to the larger yellow balloon in [F] if no
additional nitrogen has been added? Amontons’s Law: Relating
d. If the larger gray balloon in [I] corresponds to the and Temperature
particulate view in [E], which particulate view represents Boyle’s law (PV 5 constant) and Charle
the gas at a lower temperature? happens to the volume of a gas when it
e. If each gray balloon contains 1 mol of gas at 25°C, in what is the relationship between pressure
which balloon are the collisions between the oxygen gas does not change? Experiments show
molecules and the inside of the balloon more frequent? temperature when n and V are constant:
G H Avogadro’s law the principleI that the
f. Which balloon contains the gas with the shortest mean volume of a gas at a given temperature
P
free path? and pressure is proportional to the P~T or
T
5 cons
quantity of the gas.
Amontons’s law the principle that the
A B C pressure of a quantity of gas at constant The relationship in Equation 5.11 mean
volume is directly proportional to its fixed amount of gas held at a constant v
absolute temperature. increases (Figure 5.19). This statement is

FIGURE P5.22

chem6_69730_ch05_0212-0269.indd 226

D E F

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 21 11/15/19 10:23 AM

 xxii  Preface

If you’re looking for additional help visualizing a concept, we have nearly 140
animations and simulations, denoted by the ChemTour and Stepwise Anima-
tion icons. These animations, available at digital.wwnorton.com/chem6, show
chemical concepts and processes to help you visualize events at the macro, micro,
and symbolic level. Many of the ChemTours are interactive, allowing you to
manipulate variables and observe changes in a graph or a process. Questions at
the end of ChemTours offer step-by-step assistance in solving problems and pro-
vide useful feedback.
Another goal of the book is to help you improve your problem-solving skills.
Sometimes the hardest parts of solving a problem is knowing where to start and
distinguishing between information that is relevant and information that is not.
Once you are clear on where you are starting and where you are going, planning
for and arriving at a solution become much easier.
To help you hone your problem-solving skills, we have developed a framework
that is introduced in Chapter 1 and used consistently throughout the book. It is a
four-step approach we call COAST, which is our acronym for (1) Collect and
Organize, (2) Analyze, (3) Solve, and (4) Think About It. We use these four steps
in every Sample Exercise and in the solutions to odd-numbered problems in the
Student Solutions Manual. They are also used in the hints and feedback embed-
ded in the Smartwork5 online homework program. To summarize the four steps:
Collect and Organize helps you understand where to begin. In this step we often
point out what you must find and what is given, including the relevant information
that is provided in the problem statement or available elsewhere in the book.
Analyze is where we map out a strategy for solving the problem. As part of that
strategy we often estimate what a reasonable answer might be.
Solve applies our strategy from the second step to the information and relation-
ships identified in the first step as we solve the problem. We walk you through each
step in the solution, using dimensional analysis consistently, so that you can follow
the logic as well as the math.
Think About It reminds us that calculating or determining an answer is not the
last step when solving a problem. We check whether the answer is reasonable in
light of our estimate. Is it realistic? Are the units correct? Is the number of signifi-
cant figures appropriate?
Many students use the Sample Exercises more than any other part of the
book. Sample Exercises take the concepts being discussed and illustrate how to
apply them to solve problems. We hope that repeated application of COAST will
help you refine your problem-solving skills and become an expert problem-solver.
When you finish a Sample Exercise, you’ll find a Practice Exercise to try on your
own. Notice that the Sample Exercises and the Learning Objectives are connected.
We think this will help you focus efficiently on the main ideas in the chapter.
Students sometimes comment that the questions on an exam are more chal-
lenging than the Sample Exercises in a book. To address this, we have an Inte-
grating Concepts Sample Exercise near the end of each chapter. These exercises
require you to use more than one concept from the chapter and may expect you to
use concepts from earlier chapters to solve a problem. Please invest your time
working through these problems because we think they will further enhance your
problem-solving skills and give you an increased appreciation of how chemistry is
used in the world.
If you use the book mostly as a reference and problem-solving guide, we have
a learning path for you as well. It starts with a Summary and a Problem-Solving

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 22 11/15/19 10:23 AM

 Preface  xxiii

Summary at the end of each chapter. The first is a brief synopsis of the chapter,
organized by Learning Outcomes and referencing sections from the chapter. Key
figures have been added to this Summary to provide visual cues as you review. The
Problem-Solving Summary organizes the chapter by problem type and summa-
rizes relevant concepts and equations you need to solve each type of problem. The
Problem-Solving Summary also points you back to the relevant Sample Exercises
that model how to solve each problem and cross-references the Learning Out-
comes at the beginning of the chapter.

PROBLEM-SOLVING SUMMARY
Type of Problem Concepts and Equations Sample Exercises
Calculating pressure of any gas; Divide the force by the area over which the force is applied, using 5.1, 5.2
calculating atmospheric pressure the equation
F
P5 (5.1)
A
Calculating changes in P, V, or T in Rearrange 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
response to changing conditions P1V1 PV
5 2 2 (5.18)
T1 T2
for whichever variable is sought and then substitute given values.
(T must be in kelvins, and n must be constant.)
Determining n from P, V, and T Rearrange 5.7, 5.8, 5.9
PV 5 nRT (5.15)
for n and then substitute given values of P, T, and V. (T must be in
kelvins.)
Calculating the density of a gas and Substitute values for pressure, absolute temperature, and molar 5.10, 5.11
calculating molar mass from density mass into the equation
P}
d5 (5.21)
RT
Substitute values for pressure, absolute temperature, and density
into the equation
dRT
}5 (5.22)
P
Calculating mole fraction for one Divide the number of moles of the component gas by the total 5.12
component gas in a mixture number of moles in the mixture:
n
Xx 5 x (5.24)
ntotal
Calculating partial pressure of one Substitute the mole fraction of the component gas and the total 5.13, 5.14
component gas in a mixture and total pressure in the equation
pressure in the mixture Px 5 Xx Ptotal (5.25)
Solve the equation
Ptotal 5 P1 1 P2 1 P3 1 P4 1 . . . (5.23)
for the partial pressure of the component gas and then substitute
given values for other partial pressures and total pressure.

Following the summaries are groups of questions and problems. The first
group is the Visual Problems. Concept Review Questions and Problems come
next, arranged by topic in the same order as they appear in the chapter. Concept
Reviews are qualitative and often ask you to explain why or how something hap-
pens. Problems are paired and can be quantitative, conceptual, or a combination
of both. Contextual problems have a title that describes the context in which the
problem is placed. Additional Problems can come from any section or combina-
tion of sections in the chapter. Some of them incorporate concepts from previous
chapters. Problems marked with an asterisk (*) are more challenging and often
require multiple steps to solve.

5.87. Biological Effects of Radon Exposure Radon is a naturally
occurring radioactive gas found in the ground and in
building materials. It is easily inhaled and emits a particles
when it decays. Cumulative radon exposure is a significant
risk factor for lung cancer.
a. Calculate the density of radon at 298 K and 1.00 atm of
pressure.
b. Are radon concentrations likely to be greater in the
basement or on the top floor of a building?
5.155. Anesthesia A common anesthesia gas is halothane, with
the structure shown in Figure P5.155. Liquid halothane
boils at 50.2°C and 1.00 atm. If halothane behaved as an
ideal gas, what volume would 10.0 mL of liquid halothane
(d 5 1.87 g/mL) occupy at 60°C and 1.00 atm of pressure?
What is the density of halothane vapor at 55°C and
1.00 atm of pressure?
Cl F

Br C C F
*5.88. Four empty balloons, each with a mass of 10.0 g, are
inflated to a volume of 20.0 L. The first balloon contains H F
He; the second, Ne; the third, CO2; and the fourth, CO.
FIGURE P5.155
If the density of air at 25°C and 1.00 atm is 0.00117 g/mL,
which of the balloons float in this air?

chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 23 11/15/19 10:23 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Bomba felt a sick faintness come upon him as he watched with
repulsion the loathsome sight. He stepped back a pace or two with
an impulse to shut the scene away from him. But at that moment
Sobrinini beheld him and called to him.
She halted in her dance, and the snakes, uncoiling themselves from
about her arms and neck, as though they knew that their part in the
frenzied performance was over, slithered off quietly into the long
marsh grass and sought their lairs.
Sobrinini darted through the ring of breathless natives, and before
Bomba had guessed her purpose threw her skinny arms about the
boy’s neck.
“Bartow! My Bartow!” she cried, in a loud, cracked voice. “Come and
dance with Sobrinini. Come!”
But Bomba drew back, striving to disengage himself from the
clinging arms of the witch woman. If one of her own loathsome
snakes had coiled about his neck, he could hardly have felt a greater
repulsion.
“Come! Come, dance with Sobrinini,” the woman said in a wheedling
voice, as she untwined her shriveled arms to grasp him by the hand.
“I will call back my snakes, and you shall fondle them to show you
that they will not fill your veins with poison or crush your bones when
Sobrinini is nigh. Come! Why do you draw back? What are you
waiting for, Bartow?”
“But I am not Bartow,” blurted out Bomba in his desperation to be rid
of her and learn the truth about himself. “Jojasta, the medicine man
of the Moving Mountain, called me Bartow also. But I am not he. I
am Bomba! Bomba, the jungle boy!”
Sobrinini paused, a look of bewilderment overspreading her sharp
features.
“Not Bartow? Not Bartow?” she mumbled, coming close to peer into
the lad’s face. “No, no, not Bartow, surely. But then you are Bartow’s
ghost.”
“I am no ghost!” cried Bomba. “Bones are in my body. Blood runs
through my veins. See—if you prick my flesh, it bleeds.”
In his eagerness to prove to the old crone that he was human and no
ghostly visitor, Bomba drew forth his machete and thrust the sharp
point of it into his brown, sinewy forearm. Blood welled up from the
slight cut, red, pulsing blood.
“See—I am no ghost!” cried the lad again. “Ghosts do not have
blood. Ghosts do not have bones. One can walk through ghosts as
one walks through the mists of the early morning. Let anyone try to
walk through me, Bomba, the jungle boy!”
The natives had stopped dancing and singing their wild invocation to
the dawn. Now they stood in a half circle about Sobrinini and Bomba,
looking on curiously.
At Bomba’s challenge, not one of them stirred. He looked
exceedingly dangerous, standing in all his splendid strength with the
sunlight glinting on the red point of his upraised machete. It would
not be well to try to walk through him.
The puzzled expression had deepened upon the face of Sobrinini.
She stood regarding Bomba with bewilderment and a dawning
suspicion.
“Then if you are not Bartow and no ghost,” she demanded, “who are
you?”
And suddenly all the lad’s long groping for the truth, his passionate
eagerness to learn the facts concerning his parents, the many
disappointments he had suffered and the realization of his desperate
loneliness rushed over him in an overwhelming flood, and filled him
with emotion that found vent in a headlong torrent of words.
“Who am I? If I could give you the answer to that question, Sobrinini,
I would not be here. I know nothing about myself except that I am
Bomba, a boy of the jungle, and have spent my life with Cody
Casson on the edge of the swamp. Casson could not tell me who I
am nor who my father and my mother were. He sent me to Jojasta,
and Jojasta before he died said, ‘Go to Sobrinini, she will tell you!’ I
have come, Sobrinini.”
He took a step toward her, hands outstretched.
At that instant there was a wild yell, and a native, panting, the sweat
streaming from him, dashed toward them and flung himself at the
feet of Sobrinini.
“The Great Spirit of the Jungle save us!” cried the frightened wretch,
trembling as with the ague. “The headhunters have come! The great
chief, Nascanora, is at hand!”
 CHAPTER XX
IN THE HANDS OF THE HEADHUNTERS

There was a chorus of frightened exclamations and a wild scattering

of the natives that showed the dread that Nascanora’s name inspired
in all the people of that region.
In a twinkling, Sobrinini and Bomba found themselves alone.
The old woman herself had grown ashen. She grasped Bomba by
the hand.
“Come!” she said. “I will hide you. Quick!”
But even as she spoke there was a wild yell from the forest, and a
horde of savages, headed by Nascanora himself, burst into the
clearing.
Bomba had drawn his knife, determined to sell his life dearly. Seeing
his threatening attitude, the savages were rushing on him with
spears held high when a command from Nascanora halted them.
“Do not kill him—now,” he commanded. “That would be too easy. His
death, when it comes, must be hard and long. And after that his
head shall stand on the wigwam to show how Nascanora deals with
his enemies.”
Sobrinini stepped forward, her eyes glaring.
“Beware what you do, Nascanora,” she warned. “Leave this boy
alone and go your way lest I put my spell upon you. It is not well to
make Sobrinini angry.”
There was a murmur of uneasiness among the savages, for the
fame of Sobrinini as a witch had gone far and wide. That Nascanora
himself was not wholly unmoved was evident from the way he
evaded the blazing eyes of the old woman.
But he was made of sterner stuff than his followers, and he had
come too far to be balked of his prey.
“I would have no quarrel with Sobrinini,” he said placatingly. “I do not
wish to hurt her or her people. But the boy must go with me. Else I
will kill all the people on this island and take their heads along for the
women of my tribe to rejoice over. Nascanora has spoken!”
Before Sobrinini could speak, Bomba intervened. To fight against
such odds was hopeless. Flight was equally impossible. He must
submit to capture, and trust to his quick wit and courage to escape
later.
“Listen, Sobrinini!” he said. “They are many, and I do not wish that
your people should die. I will go with Nascanora. But first,” he added,
turning to the chief, whose eyes were glowing with a baleful glare of
triumph, “I would ask Nascanora a question.”
“Speak!” said the chief.
“Nascanora is a great chief,” said Bomba. “He is not afraid of
anyone. Is it not so?”
“It is so,” replied Nascanora, rather astonished at the tribute, but
swelling with pride.
“Then will Nascanora fight Bomba alone?” asked the lad. “Fight him
with knives?”
If a bomb had been thrown into the midst of the savages it would not
have created greater surprise. They looked at each other in
amazement. Was the boy mad?
The most astounded of all was Nascanora himself. He could not
believe his ears. To be bearded thus, he, Nascanora, in the presence
of his braves and by a boy! His eyes glowed with fury and his face
grew dark with menace.
“Such idle words will make your death still harder,” he threatened. “It
is not well to mock Nascanora.”
“I do not mock,” returned Bomba quietly. “I would make a compact
with Nascanora. I will fight him with knives. We can throw the knives
or fight hand to hand, as Nascanora chooses. But Nascanora must
swear by his gods and command his braves that, if he is killed, the
captives shall go free. It is for their freedom that I will fight
Nascanora. Surely he is not afraid.”
Lithe, supple, muscular, his head held high as he flung out the
concluding taunt, Bomba gazed full into the glowering eyes of the
chief. He hoped that Nascanora would be goaded into accepting the
challenge. The boy was a master of the machete, either thrust or
thrown. If he should conquer, as he felt sure he would, his victory at
one stroke would free the captives. If he should lose—well, that was
in the hands of fate.
Nascanora’s face was a study. It was working with rage that did not
hide, however, a shade of apprehension. He had tested the boy’s
courage on one previous occasion, and had learned to respect it. He
towered over his captive in size, but he doubted whether he
exceeded him in strength. And he doubted very much whether he
equaled him in skill and agility.
The chief was in a quandary. He knew that his braves were looking
on and wondering at his hesitation. On the other hand, life was dear
to him.
He glared at Bomba. The lad looked unflinchingly at him. And in the
duel of eyes, Nascanora’s were the first to fall.
“It is not for a great chief like Nascanora to fight with a boy,” he
blustered, seeking to cover his defeat. “He shall learn what happens
to them who speak boastful words to Nascanora. Bind his hands and
we will go.”
The command was quickly obeyed. Sobrinini again attempted to
interpose, but Bomba checked her.
“Sobrinini is good,” he said, “but there is no reason why she and her
people should be killed. Bomba will go, but he will come back again.”
“Yes, yes,” she whispered agitatedly. “You will come back. You are
brave. You made Nascanora’s heart turn to water. Sobrinini can see
into the future. You will come back, and then I will tell you what you
want to know.”
Bomba would have urged her to tell him then, but he was roughly
hurried away, leaving Sobrinini to wring her withered hands and
mutter invocations to her gods.
Despite his dangerous plight, Bomba found himself in a strangely
buoyant frame of mind. He still felt the exaltation that came from his
triumph over Nascanora. He had shamed him in the eyes of his
braves. Perhaps that would weaken his prestige with them and make
ultimate escape easier.
He was not oblivious, of course, to the fact that his defiance had
made Nascanora a more bitter enemy than ever. He watched the
angry figure striding along at the head of his braves. Doubtless at
this moment the chief was thinking of some fiendish mode of torture
with which to slake his thirst for revenge.
Before long they reached the part of the island where Nascanora
had disembarked. Here two great war canoes were drawn up.
Bomba was pushed into one of them, then the natives got in. With a
few swift thrusts of the paddle the canoes were sent into the center
of the stream. Then they headed their course for the mainland.
The savages were familiar with the rapids, and, evading the pitfalls
of the river, rapidly neared the other shore.
As they drew closer, Bomba saw the rest of Nascanora’s band
camped close to the shore. In the ring they formed he could see a
group of dejected figures, evidently the captives.
The canoes touched the bank. Bomba was pulled out by a couple of
braves and thrust into the crowd of prisoners. His eyes flew from
face to face.
They rested on the frail, tired visage of an old man who rose and
tottered toward him.
“Casson!” cried Bomba.
“Bomba!” exclaimed Casson pantingly as he threw his arms about
the boy’s shoulders.
 CHAPTER XXI
THE GIANT CATARACT

The old man sobbed as he hugged the lad to his breast.

Bomba’s joy at the reunion was no less, though his bound hands
prevented him from returning the embrace.
When at last they stood apart and looked fondly at each other,
Bomba was grieved to the heart to see the ravages that the
hardships and miseries of the journey had made in the face and
frame of the old naturalist. The first was so thin as to be almost
transparent, and the latter had wasted to a shadow.
But he was still alive. Bomba had not come too late to see him once
more in the flesh. He would still have a chance of rescuing him and
taking him back to the old cabin where he could end his days in
peace. But the boy’s heart sank as he looked at the bonds on his
own wrists and realized how slight his chances were to rescue
anybody while he was a captive himself.
When their first emotion had somewhat subsided, Bomba had time
to look about for the others that he knew. Many faces were strange
to him, and it was evident that, from the headhunters’ point of view,
their foray had been crowned with great success. They were carrying
back an unusually large number of prisoners, some to be tortured
and killed, others to drag out a lifetime of misery.
Bomba’s eyes lighted on Pipina, who came forward eagerly and
threw her arms about his neck with an outburst of tears and broken
ejaculations. Also, there was Hondura, the Araos chief, who greeted
him merely with a grunt and the habitual stolidity of his race.
Then his eyes fell upon Pirah, the young daughter of Hondura, who,
herself unbound, came running toward him with outstretched arms.
She clasped Bomba’s hands fondly, noting sorrowfully that they were
bound, and snuggled close up to him, smiling in his face. He reached
down, and as she drew near, rubbed her cheek with his.
“Is Bomba glad to see Pirah?” she asked almost happily.
“Yes,” answered the boy, forbearing to add that he would far rather
never have seen her at all than to see her in such a position. “Pirah
saved Bomba’s life when he came to the village of the Araos, and
Bomba will never forget.”
“But no, Bomba, you must not be glad. We are captives,” and the
child’s bright face clouded. “We go as slaves. You may not teach me,
as you did before, to shoot the bow and arrow. Do you remember
when you came to our village that you showed me how to use your
bow? But now—oh, what is to become of you, of me?”
Every word the little girl uttered stabbed Bomba to the heart. She
had saved his life once. She was his friend, and he had all too few
friends. He shuddered to think of what might be the fate of this
innocent child in the hands of the savage headhunters.
Their captors were preparing to break camp and were so busy with
their packing that for the time the prisoners were left to themselves.
That gave Bomba his chance to get together with Casson, Hondura
and Pipina, and exchange experiences.
He learned, to his relief, that they had not been treated as harshly as
he had feared. Their captors had kept them fairly well fed. But they
had told them frankly and gleefully why they did this. They wanted
them to be strong enough to endure for a long time the tortures that
would be meted out to them at the great festival that would attend
the entry of the triumphant warriors into their village.
But however fiendish might be the motive, the fact remained that the
prisoners were fairly strong and well. Bomba was glad of this, as it
would facilitate matters if a chance offered to make a break for
liberty.
He told them in detail of his own adventures, not neglecting the way
he had shamed Nascanora, at which they laughed gleefully. And he
brought new courage to them by telling them that the Araos, with all
the strength they could muster from other tribes, were following on
their trail. At any time now they might appear in sight and deliver
them.
While he was talking he looked up and saw two figures approaching
him. They were downcast and abject and held their faces so low on
their breasts that at first he did not recognize them. But as they drew
nearer, he saw that they were Ashati and Neram.
“You here, too?” he said, as they squatted down beside him.
“Yes, master,” Ashati answered for both, while Neram nodded his
head despondently.
“I am sorry,” said Bomba. “How did it come that you fell into the
hands of Nascanora?”
“We were waiting for you near the bank of the river,” replied Ashati,
“when we heard the march of feet. We hid in the jungle, hoping that
the enemy would go past and not see us. But they had with them the
man you caught and who told you the way to go to the island of
Sobrinini. He led them to the place where you met him, and they
beat the bushes till they found us.”
“And that man told Nascanora that I had gone to the island, and that
is why they came there for me!” exclaimed Bomba.
“We should have killed the man while we had him on the ground,”
stated Neram.
“No,” said Bomba. “But it would have been well to have bound him
and left him with you until after Nascanora had passed by. Yet the
man swore by his gods that he would not tell.”
“Nascanora has ways of making men speak,” put in Ashati
significantly.
“His heart is as black as Jojasta’s was,” declared Neram, as though
that summed up the total of human depravity. “He will torture us with
fire and steel and then place our heads on the wigwams of his
people.”
“I do not think so,” said Bomba. “Sobrinini told me that I would get
away from him. And Bomba will not leave his friends Ashati and
Neram behind.”
The news helped to dissipate the gloom on the countenances of the
slaves.
“If Sobrinini said so, it must be true!” exclaimed Ashati, “for she is a
witch.”
“The greatest in all the jungle,” confirmed Neram. “She is very wise.
Her snakes whisper in her ears and tell her what will be in the days
to come.”
They turned away much cheered and comforted, and just then their
captors gave the signal for the march.
The prisoners were herded roughly together in the center of the
marching columns, so that there could be no possible chance to
escape. Fortunately, they had had a long rest while the war party
under Nascanora had been making the raid on Snake Island, so they
were in fairly good condition for the journey, and that the journey
would not be a long one was now evident from the thunderous sound
that grew ever louder and louder in their ears. They were
approaching the Giant Cataract, where dwelt Nascanora and his
people.
To the hapless prisoners, that sound was like the knell of doom.
The thunderous sound increased in volume, and suddenly at a turn
in the trail, the most magnificent sight that Bomba had ever seen
burst upon them.
They had reached the Giant Cataract!
 CHAPTER XXII
RUSPAK GLOATS

From a great bluff, hundreds of feet in height, a huge torrent of

water poured down into a gorge beneath and rose again in an ocean
of spray. The sound was deafening. The mass of waters gleamed
with all the colors of the rainbow. It was almost beyond the
imagination of a dreamer.
It made Bomba catch his breath and stand entranced. For a few
minutes he forgot that he was a prisoner, forgot the horrors that
might await him. His soul drank in the beauty of this mighty cataract
and its splendor. He had heard of its wonders, but had never
dreamed it could be like this.
But there was little time to dwell on its grandeur and sublimity. The
harsh voices of their guards drove the prisoners on. To the besotted
minds of their captors the cataract was nothing, except that it
signified that they were once more at home and now could revel in
the torture of their victims.
The main village lay near the foot of the fall, and from this now came
pouring out the women and children and old men of the tribe.
There were shouts of delight as they saw the number of prisoners
that their warriors had brought with them. They gathered about the
captives, taunting and jeering at them and striking them with sticks
until the guards intervened, not out of pity, but in order that the
captives might be kept in good condition for the horrid festival that
Nascanora was planning.
The prisoners passed through the streets of the village and their
hearts sank, for they saw the human heads, shriveled and blackened
by the sun, that were fastened on poles on the tops of the wigwams.
They had evidently been there a long time. Now a new collection
was in prospect.
In the center of the village was a rough stockade. Into this the
prisoners were corralled and left under the supervision of guards,
while the others of the band dispersed to their homes.
The captives sank down under a pall of horror. This, then, was the
end of the trail. A day or two more, while their captors were
preparing for the great festival of blood, and then torture and death.
The only calm and collected person in the whole enclosure was
Bomba. Not that he was dwelling in a fool’s paradise. He did not
disguise from himself the awfulness of the situation. But he faced it
unflinchingly. His courage had never been at a higher pitch. His mind
had never worked more clearly. He could die, and die bravely, if need
be. But he meant to live.
He was making things as comfortable as he could for Casson and
little Pirah when he heard his name spoken. He looked up quickly
and saw before him Ruspak, the medicine man.
It was Ruspak that Bomba had once captured in the jungle and
compelled to accompany him to the cabin where Casson lay at the
point of death. Against his will, Ruspak had been forced to minister
to the sick man, whom his native medicines finally brought back from
the grave. When this had been done, Bomba had dismissed the
medicine man with gifts and they had parted with professions of
friendship.
But how insincere those professions had been on the part of Ruspak
and how deeply he had resented the affront to his dignity as a
medicine man was evident now by the malignity in his eyes and the
gloating smile on his lips.
“So Bomba, the mighty Bomba, is a prisoner in the hands of
Nascanora!” he jeered. “He finds now what happens to one who
insults the messenger of the gods.”
Bomba looked at him quietly, but made no answer.
“Where now is the white man’s magic?” Ruspak sneered, as he
looked mockingly at Casson. “Where is the puma that kept guard
before the door?”
Still Bomba kept quiet, and looked at his tormentor with a contempt
that stung Ruspak to the quick.
“So Bomba has lost his tongue,” snapped the medicine man. “But
Nascanora will find that tongue. He will pull it out with redhot pincers.
Then he will cool Bomba’s mouth with water. You came to the Giant
Cataract. You see plenty water. Bomba shall have water. We will fill
his body with it till he bursts.”
Still Bomba disdained to answer.
“Bomba is strong,” mocked Ruspak. “Very strong. That is good. He
can stand torture for a long time before he dies. His eyes can be
plucked out, and still he will live. He can be burned with torches in a
hundred places and still he will live. His fingers can be cut off one by
one, and still he will live. Death will seem very sweet to Bomba. He
will pray for it, but it will be a long time before it comes. Nascanora
will see to that.”
But all his recital of the horrid tortures that were preparing for Bomba
failed to elicit a single word from the contemptuous captive, and
Ruspak at last left him and went away, mumbling to himself and
licking his lips in anticipation.
Bomba turned to Casson and Hondura, who were seated near by.
He hoped that they had not heard all that Ruspak had said. But the
tears in the faded eyes of Casson showed that he had heard all too
clearly and that his heart was wrung with anguish.
“Do not mind him,” the lad soothed the old man, as he patted him on
the shoulder. “He speaks big words, but they are like the wind in the
trees. If my hands had not been bound, it would have been a bad
thing for Ruspak.”
“He has a black heart and a tongue that is as bitter as the aloe
plant,” said Hondura.
Bomba glanced around to see that none of the sentries were
observing him.
“Hondura,” he said, “slip your hand under the puma skin that covers
my chest, reach up near my neck and tell me what you find.”
Hondura did so, and drew back his hand quickly as it touched
something hard and sharp.
“It is your machete,” he whispered.
“Yes,” replied Bomba in the same low tone. “I hung it there in a
noose when I heard the headhunters were coming. After they had
bound my hands, they were in such a hurry to get away from the
witch, Sobrinini, that they did not search me. They thought of it
afterward, but when they looked for it in my belt it was gone, and
they thought I had lost it or left it in Sobrinini’s house. But it is here,
and it will be a good friend to Bomba.”
Hondura’s eyes lighted up as he grunted his satisfaction.
“It may yet find the heart of Nascanora,” he said.
“Perhaps,” assented Bomba. “But first the hands of Bomba must be
free. When it is dark, Hondura will take the knife and cut the bonds of
Bomba, not all the way, or the guards may notice, but so near
through that Bomba can burst them when he wills.”
“Hondura will do so,” promised the Araos chief.
The tropic night soon fell and the darkness was made more intense
than usual by the absence of moon or stars. A great storm was
gathering. Claps of thunder deafened their ears and vivid lightning
flashes shot across the sky.
Before long the windows of heaven were opened, and the rain came
down in a deluge. It was a veritable cloudburst.
There was a shedlike structure in the stockade, used for storage of
fodder for the cattle, and into this the prisoners huddled, finding
some shelter from the fury of the elements.
For hours the torrential rain persisted. All that time Bomba’s brain
was at work thinking out plans of escape, rejecting one, seizing on
another, and weighing the chances of all. The case was desperate,
but his spirit was indomitable.
Presently he noted a change in the sound of the cataract. The rains
had swelled it tremendously, and its roar had increased. But it was
not this that the jungle lad especially noted. It was a series of sharp
reports, of splintering crashes, of jars that shook the earth, that
caused him to listen in wonder.
Then he heard a loud screaming as of men and women in panic, a
rushing of many feet and hoarse shouts that sent the guards
scurrying from their posts in terror.
“The rocks of the falls are breaking! The cataract is coming down on
the village! Run! Run! Run!”
 CHAPTER XXIII
A MAD STAMPEDE

Bomba was on his feet instantly, his mind working with precision and
rapidity.
He sensed in a moment the full meaning of the calamity and the
advantages that he and the other captives might reap from it.
The enormous bulk of water that had swelled the volume of the
cataract from the rain had broken the rocks that formed its brink.
These had given way so that the course of the cataract had
changed, and part of the water that had previously fallen into the
gorge was now sweeping down on the doomed village.
In accordance with his promise, Hondura had severed the boy’s
bonds so that only a single strand was left. This he snapped like
thread.
The guards had gone, forgetting all about the prisoners in the wild
instinct of self-preservation. They had joined the rabble that were
now rushing from their huts and through the passageways between,
only intent for the moment on getting away from the waters that
threatened to overwhelm them.
Bomba called Hondura and Pipina to his side.
“The gods have been good to us,” he cried. “We must go now and go
quickly. They will not think of us until their fright is over. Hondura, get
your people and lead them out. Pipina, take care of Casson. I will
take Pirah—carry her if necessary—and go in front. Keep close to
me.”
In a twinkling his orders were carried out. The prisoners, stirred to
new life by this unexpected chance of escape after all hope had
been lost, responded to the call of their chief, hurried out of the
stockade and mingled with the frantic, fleeing headhunters.
Not the slightest notice was taken of them by their captors. The night
was very dark, and in their excitement it was impossible for the
headhunters to distinguish friend from foe. All thought was lost save
that of getting away from the doom that threatened them.
Bomba’s marvelous sense of direction stood him in good stead. Dark
as it was, he knew exactly the way he meant to go.
Luckily it was not the way in which the majority of the panic-stricken
people had chosen. They were pressing toward the north. Bomba’s
plan was to go toward the south, retracing the path they had followed
that afternoon.
This had a double advantage. With every step he would be widening
the distance between the prisoners and their captors. If he could
once win clear of the crowd, he and his companions would have a
whole night’s start in case of pursuit.
Then, too, he felt sure that by this time the people of Hondura’s tribe,
with what auxiliaries they could have mustered, had set out to rescue
their chief. At any time now they might be met coming, and coming in
such force that they would have a good chance for victory, if it came
to a fight with the headhunters.
Bomba hurried on in the lead, protecting and shielding little Pirah in
every way he could. Pipina and Casson were close behind, and the
rest of the prisoners, led by Hondura, followed at their heels.
The party of captives had almost reached the end of the straggling
village when a huge figure loomed up before them. He was
hastening in a direction opposite to them, but not at such a headlong
pace, as though he had a certain dignity to maintain which forbade
too much yielding to fright.
Bomba could not see his face, but he knew that there was but one
such towering figure in the tribe. It was Nascanora!
Bomba handed over Pirah to Hondura. Then he felt for his knife.
He still kept up his pace, hoping to pass the chief without being
noticed. But there was something in his stride or form that aroused
the chief’s suspicions.
“Stop!” he commanded, barring the way and stooping down to peer
into the boy’s face.
Bomba had pulled out his knife from its hiding place by the blade. He
had no time to grasp the hilt, but with all the power in his muscular
arm he swung the heavy weapon, and the iron haft struck Nascanora
right between the eyes. The giant chief went down as though he had
been hit by an axe.
Like a flash, Bomba dragged him out of the road and threw him into
the bushes at the side.
“Better make sure with the point of the knife,” suggested Hondura.
“No,” said Bomba, “I will not kill a man who cannot fight. He will not
wake till morning, and then we shall be far from here.”
His hopes were higher now as he pressed on. His one fear had been
that Nascanora might rally his people and pursue his former
prisoners. That fear now had vanished. Without their chief the
headhunters would be confused and bewildered, and, not knowing
what to do, would probably do nothing.
But now another enemy threatened. The waters of the cataract that
had already wiped out most of the village were expanding into the
open country. Already it was lapping at the fugitives’ heels, as
though determined to draw them back and overwhelm them. It
retarded their progress. Their feet stuck in the clammy ooze. The
water kept rising higher and higher. It reached their ankles. It
reached their knees. It seemed as though it were destined to
conquer.
Then, just when it seemed that hope must be abandoned, an
inspiriting cry came from Bomba.
“The road is leading upward!” he shouted. “We are coming to a hill!
The waters shall not have us!”
There was a jubilant chorus of shouts as the party struck the incline,
and in a few minutes they were on ground above the swirling waters
of the mighty river. The Giant Cataract had reached out for them, but
they had eluded its grasp!
It was an exhausted but happy throng of refugees that sank down
upon the slope as soon as they had reached a safe distance.
Their situation had changed as though by the waving of a magician’s
wand. Two hours before they had been helpless victims in the hands
of the headhunters, doomed to torture and to death. Now their
enemies were scattered, demoralized, fleeing for their lives from an
enemy as pitiless as themselves.
The rain had ceased now, and the traveling promised to be easier.
Bomba gave them a little time to rest, and then the journey was
resumed.
The lake that now extended between them and their enemies was
another element in their favor. It would be some time before the
waters would subside so as to make pursuit possible.
All through the night the little party pressed on, and not until the first
glimmer of dawn appeared in the eastern sky did they stop to make
camp and obtain a much needed rest on the banks of the River of
Death.
While the Indians scurried around in the forest to find jaboty eggs,
nuts, and fruit for the morning meal, Bomba climbed a great tree on
the bank of the river to look back on the trail they had traversed.
From the top he could see for many miles. His keen eyes scanned
the horizon, but could detect no traces of pursuers.
With his heart temporarily at rest, he was about to descend when he
became conscious of a swaying, rocking motion of the tree. At the
same moment a shout came from below:
“The tree is falling! Come down! Quick!”