1

1 Complete the sentences about enzymes by filling in the gaps.

Use words or phrases from the list.

catalysts hormones not changed

prevent protein slow down

speed up used up

Enzymes are made of ......................................... molecules.

They function as ......................................... which means that they .........................................

chemical reactions.

[3]

[Total: 3]

2 The table below shows the results of a study comparing the decomposition of dead leaves at two
locations, A and B.

location A location B
-1
protease activity / µmol min 2750 2670
-1
cellulase activity / µmol min 4790 2500

soil pH 6.0 3.5

soil water content / % 10 77

(a) (i) Compare the enzyme activity at location A with the enzyme activity at location B.

You will gain credit for using data from the table to support your answer.

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(ii) Suggest possible reasons for any differences in the enzyme activity at location A and
location B.

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[Total: 6]

3 The enzyme catalase is found in lettuce leaves.

A student investigated the activity of this enzyme by grinding some lettuce leaves and adding them
to a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen produced was measured until the reaction
stopped.

The student's results are shown in the graph below.

× × × × ×
6 ×
×
×
×
5 ×
volume of oxygen
collected / cm3 4 ×

3
×
2

0×
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s
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(a) (i) Describe the results shown in the graph. You will gain credit if you use the data in your
answer.

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................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Explain the action of enzymes during a reaction.

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[Total: 6]

4 Microorganisms in the soil release enzymes to digest dead leaves.

Explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions.

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[Total: 3]
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5 (a) The activity of an enzyme can be affected by certain conditions.

(i) State one condition that could affect an enzyme.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Describe how the condition stated in (i) affects the activity of an enzyme.

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 3]

6 Enzymes are biological catalysts.

(a) Define the term catalyst.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) What are enzymes made of?

Chose your answer from the list.

carbohydrates genes hormones proteins vitamins

........................... [1]

[Total: 3]

7 One of the components of human milk is the enzyme lysozyme that is present in many body fluids
and is responsible for breaking down cell walls of bacteria.

(a) Define the term enzyme.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(b) The effect of human lysozyme on two common species of bacteria, A and B, was investigated
at two different values of pH.

The investigation was set up as shown below.

The test-tubes were kept at 37°C for 24 hours.

tube number 1 2 3 4

species of
bacteria
A A A B

pH of
4.0 4.0 9.0 4.0
medium
fresh lysozyme ü ü ü
boiled
lysozyme ü

After 24 hours, samples were taken from each test-tube. Each sample was placed onto nutrient
agar in Petri dishes. The dishes were incubated at 28°C for a further 24 hours to allow any
bacteria to grow.

The results are shown below.

sample
1 2 3 4
from test-
tube
result
after
incubation
for 24
hours

Key:
no growth of bacteria
growth of bacteria

Explain the results shown above, by comparing the following pairs:

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1 and 3..............................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................................[2]

1 and 4..............................................................................................................................

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1 and 2..............................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................................[2] [6]

[Total: 8]

8 The enzyme lipase digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Some students investigated how temperature affects the break down of fats in milk using lipase.

A pH indicator called bromothymol blue was used and the colour change was observed and recorded
every two minutes for a total time of 20 minutes.

The table below shows the colour changes of this indicator.

pH 6 7 8

colour yellow green blue

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sodium lipase
carbonate,
milk and
indicator

cold water warm water hot water

Three beakers were labelled: cold, warm, and hot. One test-tube was placed in each of the labelled
3
beakers. Three drops of bromothymol blue indicator were put into each test-tube. 2 cm of sodium
3
carbonate solution was added to each test-tube and then 2 cm of milk was added to each test-tube.
3
Finally, one test-tube containing 3 cm of lipase was put into each of the three beakers. The
temperature in each beaker was measured and recorded.

The experiment was left for 5 minutes, as shown in the diagram above.

After 5 minutes, the lipase was poured from the test-tube labelled lipase in the cold beaker into
the other test-tube in the cold beaker.

This process was repeated for the warm beaker and the hot beaker.

The mixtures were stirred and the colour of the bromothymol blue indicator in each test-tube was
recorded at 0 (start), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 minutes.

The table below shows the students' results.

Temperatures times and colours

0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - blue, 8 - blue, 10 - blue, 12 - blue,
ice and water = 4,
14 - blue, 16 - blue, 18 - blue, 20 - blue
0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - blue, 8 - green, 10 - blue, 12 - green,
room temp = 21,
14 - green, 16 - yellow, 18 - yellow, 20 - yellow
0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - green, 8 - green, 10 - green / yellow,
hot water = 50,
14 - yellow, 16 - yellow, 18 - yellow, 20 - yellow
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(a) Complete the table below to records the students' results.

colour of indicator

cold warm hot

time / min
........... °C ........... °C ........... °C

[3]

(b) (i) Sodium carbonate solution has a pH of 8. Suggest why sodium carbonate solution was
added to the milk in this investigation.

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(ii) State why the two test-tubes in each of the labelled containers were left for 5 minutes
before mixing their contents.

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(iii) Explain why the colour of the bromothymol blue indicator changed during the
investigation.

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Predict the colour that you would observe if the experiment had been repeated using
water at 80°C.

Explain your answer.

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(v) Suggest a result that may be anomalous. Give a reason for your answer.

anomalous result....................................................................................................

reason....................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) State two variables that have been controlled in this investigation.

For each of these variables, describe how it has been controlled.

1 variable...........................................................................................................................

how it has been controlled.................................................................................................

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2 variable...........................................................................................................................

how it has been controlled.................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(d) Suggest two ways to modify this investigation to find the optimum (best) temperature for the
enzyme lipase to break down the fats in milk.

1.........................................................................................................................................

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2.........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 17]