Lecture 6

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINERING
CD 326 : ANALOGUE AND HIGH DEFINITION
TELEVISION
(7.5 CREDITS)
Lecture 6:
Topic: TV Standards
Sub-Topic: NTSC, PAL,
SECAM systems
By
Dr. Johevajile K. Mazima
Introduction
• Colour TV Standards
• The two mains power frequencies worldwide are 50 Hz
and 60 Hz
• Means that there was an immediate division in the TV
standards
• the one with 25 frames per second (50 Hz) and
• The other with 30 frames per second (60 Hz)
• Most of the compatibility problems between TV
standards across the world stem from this basic
difference in frequencies
Presentation title 2
Introduction…
• Colour Television System Types
• The American NTSC (National Television Vision
System Committee)
• German PAL (Phase Alteration by Line) Systems
• The French SECAM (Sequential Couleures a
memoire) Systems
3
Introduction…
• The technique of compatible colour television utilizes
two transmissions
• One carries information about the brightness, or
luminance, of the televised scene, and
• The other carries the colour, or chrominance,
information.
NTSC Colour TV System
•Compatible with American TV System
•Used in America, Japan and Canada
•525 line monochrome system is displayed at a rate of
29.97 (30) frames per second
•Have 6 MHz channel bandwidth
•NTSC works perfectly in a video or closed circuit
environment but can exhibit problems of varying colour
when used in a broadcast environment
• In the NTSC system, the chrominance signal is an AC of
specified frequency (3.579545 ± 0.000010 𝑀𝐻𝑧)
• The precision permitting its accurate recovery at the
receiver even in the presence of severe noise or
interference
NTSC Colour TV System…
• NTSC is the video system or standard used in North
America and most of South America
• In NTSC, 30 frames are transmitted each second
• Each frame is made up of 525 individual scan lines
• NTSC format was developed with the intention to be
compatible with most TV sets, whether colour or black
and white
• Even though modern television broadcasters switched
on digital, the number of resolution lines and the frame
rate they use are the same as established by the NTSC
format
6
• In the NTSC system the two colour difference
signals, created by the subtraction of red and blue
from the total signal, are not transmitted together, but
with one a quarter of a cycle behind the other (in
quadrature)
• The signals are then added together to form a single
chrominance signal
• When it reaches the receiver, the decoding circuits inside
the TV break down the chrominance signal and separate it
from its carrier wave
• The two signals are then fed into a matrix which then
combines them with the luminance signal to recreate the
three original colour .
8
• In NTSC, chrominance is encoded using two color signals
known as I (in-phase) and Q (in quadrature) in a process
called QAM
• The two signals each amplitude modulate 3.583125 MHz
carriers which are 90 degrees out of phase with each other
and the result added together but with the carriers
themselves being suppressed
• The result can be viewed as a single sine wave with

varying phase relative to a reference carrier and
with varying amplitude
• The varying phase represents the instantaneous
color hue captured by a TV camera, and the
amplitude represents the instantaneous color
saturation
• This 3.583125 MHz subcarrier is then added to the
Luminance to form the composite color signal
which modulates the video signal carrier just as in
monochrome transmission
10
• Uses two colour video signals to reduce the colour signal
bandwidth such as:.
• I and
•Q
• 𝐼 = 0.74 𝑅 − 𝑌 − 0.27(𝐵 − 𝑌) and
• 𝑄 = 0.48 𝑅 − 𝑌 + 0.41(𝐵 − 𝑌)
• I signal has bandwidth of 1.5 MHz
• Q signal has bandwidth of 0.5 MHz
11
• A colour subcarrier with frequency 3.583125 MHz is used
to modulate I and Q signal
• The I signal is 33° counter clockwise to + (R – Y) where
the eye has maximum colour resolution
12
• It is derived from the (R – Y) and (B – Y) signals
• Q signal is 33° counter clockwise to + (B-Y)
• At the same time I is 57° clockwise to colour burst
phase
• So I and Q are quadrature 90° between them
• Q signal is in the region of magenta
• I signal is in the region of orange
• In the cyan colour region, -I signal is available
• Due to the limitations of colour signals resolving
power of human eye,
• 1.5 MHz bandwidth for I signal and 0.5 MHz for Q
signal can be able to present good colour resolution
in NTSC system
• Orange hues correspond to phase angles centred
around + I
• I = 0.74(R – Y) – 0.27(B – Y)
• Q = 0.48(R – Y) + 0.41(B – Y)
• Complementary blue-green (cyan) hues are located
around the diametrically opposite – I signal
14
• Since the eye is capable of resolving fine details in
these regions,
• I signal is allowed to possess frequencies up to 1.5
MHz.
• However, the eye is least sensitive to colours that lie
around the ± Q signals, and therefore
• it is allowed a bandwidth of only ± 0.5 MHz with
respect to the colour subcarrier
15
• May be both I and Q signals are active up to 0.5 MHz
and being at right angles to each other,
• combine to produce all the colours contained in the
chrominance signal
Reduction in Bandwidth
• If (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals are transmitted directly then a
bandwidth of 3 MHz is needed
• In NTSC system, double side band is used for Q signal and a form
of vestigial side band is used for I signal
• Bandwidth for I = 0.5 𝑀𝐻𝑍 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑆𝐵 + 0.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝑆𝐵
• Bandwidth for Q = 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 (0.5 𝐿𝑆𝐵 + 0.5 𝑈𝑆𝐵)
• = 2 𝑀𝐻𝑧
• For combined I and Q signal, 2 MHz is sufficient and a reduction
of 1 MHz bandwidth is achieved
Colour Sub Carrier Frequency
• To maintain compatibility between monochrome and colour
system, the colour subcarrier frequency must be precisely
selected
• Colour sub carrier frequency of exact 3.79545 MHz was
used in NTSC system
Why was this colour sub carrier frequency fixed at 3.579545
MHz?
• By adopting suppressed carrier transmission and using a notch
filter in the luminance signal is minimized
• However, the colour signal frequencies that lie in the pass
band of video section of monochrome receiver will produce
some interference
• This interference creates a dot pattern structure along
each line on the receiver screen achieved
•
• If the sub carrier frequency is selected as an odd multiple of the
half line frequency, then the dot pattern is suppressed on the
screen
• To satisfy this requirement only, the sub carrier frequency is
fixed exactly equal to 3.579545 MHz in NTSC system
• Consider a five line scanning system as in the figure on the
right, the interfering colour signal is assumed to have a
sinusoidal pattern
• This information will over ride on the average brightness of the
scene in the monochrome receiver
• The figure shows the positive cycle of colour signal creating
dark spot and negative cycle creating white spot
• The colour signal frequency is assumed as an odd multiple
of the half line frequency
𝑓ℎ
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2𝑛 + 1
2
2×3+1 𝑓ℎ
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
2
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 3.5𝑓ℎ
• Each horizontal line will have three full cycle and one half
cycle
• At the end of the line there is positive cycle and to
have continuity, the second line begins with
negative cycle
• Due to this a chess board pattern of dark and white
dots are produced on the screen
• This will create dot pattern interference
• However at the end of the frame there is a positive cycle
and hence for the next frame at first there is a negative cycle
• That is phase inversion of cycle taking place
• So dark and white spots are interchanged
• On the fast scanning the effect of dark spot is suppressed by
the effect of white spot
• The cumulative effect suppresses the dot pattern problem
• If the sub carrier frequency is a multiple of line frequency
(nfh), then white and dark spots are not interchanged on
alternate frames
• That is dot problem is not suppressed
• Since the line frequency in 525 line system is 15,750 MHz
• 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝑓ℎ/2
• 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = (2 × 227 + 1) × 15750/2
• 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 3.583125 𝑀𝐻𝑧
• Another problem arises because of beat between sound
carrier and colour sub carrier in the detector stage
• This beat note of 0.92 MHz that is 4.5-3.58 MHz will
interfere with the reproduced picture
• Due to compatibility reasons, it is not possible to shift the
audio carrier (4.5 MHz away from picture carrier) from it
actual place
• Now 4.5 MHz is made to be the 286th harmonic of the
frequency
4.5
• 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑀𝐻𝑧
286
• 𝑓ℎ = 15,734.26 𝐻𝑧
• Since line frequency is changed, to scan 262.5 line per field,
the vertical frequency is also changed
15,734.26
• 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
262.5
• 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓𝑣 = 59.94 𝐻𝑧

• Difference in field 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 60 − 59.94 = 0.06 𝐻𝑧
• Now at the receiver the line frequency is adjusted to
15,734.26 MHz
• Therefore
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝑓ℎ /2
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2 × 227 + 1 ×
15,734.26/2
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 455 × 15,734.26/2
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 3.579545 𝑀𝐻𝑧
• 𝑓ℎ = 15,734.26 𝑀𝐻𝑧
• Crystal controlled oscillator can be used to obtain this exact
frequency
• Encoding of Colour Picture Information
• Encoding of Colour Picture Information…
• Main sections in the coder
• Colour Matrix and Filter
• Subcarrier and Phase Shifter
• Modulator
30
• Colour Matrix and Filter
• The colour matrix receives primary colour signals from the
camera and convert into I and Q signal
• 𝐼 = 0.74 𝑅 − 𝑌 − 0.27 𝐵 − 𝑌
• 𝐼 = 0.74𝑅 − 0.27𝐵 − 0.47𝑌
• Since 𝑌 = 0.3𝑅 + 0.59𝐺 + 0.11𝐵
• Hence 𝐼 = 0.74𝑅 − 0.27𝐵 − 0.47(0.3𝑅 + 0.59𝐺 + 0.11𝐵)
• 𝐼 = 0.60𝑅 − 0.28𝐺 − 0.32B
• Since I = 0.60R – 0.28G – 0.32B, the green and blue camera
outputs are inverted before feeding them to the appropriate
matrix
31
• Colour Matrix and Filter…
• Q = 0.48 𝑅 − 𝑌 + 0.41 𝐵 − 𝑌
• 𝑄 = 0.48𝑅 + 0.41𝐵 − 0.89𝑌
• Since 𝑌 = 0.3𝑅 + 0.59𝐺 + 0.11𝐵
• Hence 𝑄 = 0.48𝑅 + 0.41𝐵 − 0.89(0.3𝑅 + 0.59𝐺 +
0.11𝐵)
• 𝑄 = 0.21𝑅 − 0.52𝐺 − 0.31𝐵
• Similarly for Q = 0.21R – 0.52G + 0.31B, in invertor is
placed at the output of green camera before mixing it
with the other two camera outputs
32
• Colour Matrix and Filter…
• From the above equation for I and Q, it is clear that
inverters have to be used at the output of Blue and
Green camera
• In addition to I and Q signal, the luminance signal
(brightness) is also obtained from the matrix section
• The bandwidth of 0.5 MHz for Q signal and 1.5 MHz
for signal are restricted by the filter section
• The sync pulses and blanking pulses are added with Y
signal
33
• Sub carrier and Phase Shifter
• A crystal controlled oscillator is used as a colour sub
carrier to generate the exact sub carrier frequency of
3.59545 MHz
• The subcarrier to the I modulator is phase shifted 57°
clockwise with respect to the colour burst
• A phase shift of 147° to the sub carrier is provided
using an additional 90° phase shifter
34
• Modulator
• Balanced modulator is used to modulate the I and Q
signals
• Since vestigial side band is used for I signal its
bandwidth should be limited to 2 MHz
• For this purpose a band pass filter (BP filter) is provided
at the output of I balanced modulator
• The chrominance (C) signals are added with the
luminance (Y) signal at the adder, so that composite
colour video signal is captured
• At the main transmitter, the video signal is combined
with audio signal and is made to propagate through the
antenna
35
NTSC TV Colour Receiver
• A simplified block diagram of the NTSC colour receiver
36
NTSC Colour Television Receiver…
37
NTSC Colour Receiver…
• Parts of NTSC Colour Receiver
• Tuner and Input
• Chroma bandpass amplifier
• Sub carrier burst separator
• Sub carrier oscillator
• Colour killer circuit
• Colour modulator
38
• Colour matrix
• Using the I and Q signal, three colour difference signals
R-Y, B-Y and G-Y are generated in the colour matrix
• The functions of colour matrix amplifier are
• Provision of necessary amplification
• Compensation of the weighting factor at the
transmitter
• Boost of 1.14 for R-Y
• Boost of 2.03 for B-Y
• Boost of 0.7 for G-Y
39
• Colour matrix
• The colour difference signals are fed to control grids of
the picture tube, while –Y signal is given to the cathode
• Resultant voltage between cathode and grids becomes
• (R-Y)-(-Y) = R
• (G-Y)-(-Y) = G
• (B-Y)-(-Y) = B
40
• Limitations of NTSC system
• NTSC system is sensitive to transmission path
differences
• Due to path difference phase error occurs and it
will change the colour of the original picture
• While passing through various circuits, there is a
possibility for the chroma phase angle change to take
place
41
• Limitations of NTSC system…
• Colour distortion may occur due to cross talk between
demodulator outputs
• Phase change in chroma signal takes place during the
change over from local (outdoor) program to studio
program at the transmitter side
• Phase changes take place during the switching on of
video tape recorders
• NB: These limitations may be overcome by means of
Automatic Tint Control (ATC) circuit with provision for
manual control
PAL Colour Television System
• The PAL system is a variant of the NTSC system, was
developed at the Telefunken Laboratories in the Federal
Republic of Germany
• The phase error susceptibility of the NTSC system has
been largely eliminated
• The main features of the PAL system are:
• (i) The weighted (B – Y) and (R – Y) signals
• These are modulated without being given a phase
shift of 33° as is done in the NTSC system
45
PAL Colour Television System…
• (ii) On modulation both the colour difference quadrature
signals are allowed the same bandwidth of about 1.3
MHz.
• This results in better colour reproduction
• However, the chroma signal is of vestigial sideband
type
• The upper sideband attenuation slope starts at 0.57
MHz, i.e., (5 – 4.43 = 0.57 MHz) but the lower
sideband extends to 1.3 MHz before attenuation
begins.
46
• (iii) The colour subcarrier frequency is chosen to be
4.43361875 MHz
• It is an odd multiple of one-quarter of the line
frequency instead of the half-line offset as used
in the NTSC system
47
• (iv) The weighted (B – Y) and (R – Y) signals are
modulated with the subcarrier in the same way as in the
NTSC system (QAM) but with the difference (one of the
colour difference signals is phase shifted by 180° on
alternate lines),
• that phase of the subcarrier to one of the modulators
(V modulator) is reversed from + 90° to – 90° at the
line frequency
• In fact the system derives its name, phase alteration
by line (i.e., PAL), from this mode of modulation
• This technique of modulation cancels hue errors
which result from unequal phase shifts in the
transmitted signal.
48
• As explained earlier the (B – Y) and (R – Y) subcarrier
components in the chrominance signal are scaled down
by multiplying them with the ‘weighting’ factors.
• For brevity the weighted signals are then referred to as
U and V components of the chrominance signal where
• U = 0.493 (B – Y) and
• V = 0.877 (R – Y)
• The resultant chrominance signal C is given by:
• 𝐶 = 𝑈 2 + 𝑉 2 and
−1 𝑉
• 𝜃= tan
𝑈
• The switching action naturally occurs during the line
blanking interval to avoid any disturbance
49
• The PAL Burst
50
• The PAL Burst…
• If the PAL signal were applied to an NTSC type decoder,
the (B – Y) output would be U as required but the (R – Y)
output would alternate as + V and – V from line to line
• Therefore, the V demodulator must be switched at half the
horizontal (line) frequency rate to give ‘+ V ’ only on all
successive lines
• Clearly the PAL receiver must be told how to achieve the
correct switching mode
• A colour burst (10 cycles at 4.43 MHz) is sent out at the
start of each line
• Its function is to synchronize the receiver colour oscillator
for reinsertion of the correct carrier into the U and V
demodulators.
51
• While in NTSC the burst has the phase of – (B – Y) and
a peak-to peak amplitude equal to that of the sync, in
PAL the burst is made up to two components,
• a –(B – Y) component as in NTSC but with only 1 2 of
the NTSC amplitude and an (R – Y) component which
like all the (R – Y) information is reversed in phase from
line to line
• This ± (R – Y) burst signal has an amplitude equal to
that of the –(B – Y) burst signal, so that the resultant
burst amplitude is the same as in NTSC
52
• Note that the burst phase actually swings 45° about the –
(B – Y) axis from line to line
• However the sign of (R – Y) burst component indicates
the same sign as that of the (R – Y) picture signal
• Thus the necessary switching mode information is
always available
• Since the colour burst shifts on alternate lines by ± 45°
about the zero reference phase it is often called the
swinging burst
53
• Cancellation of Phase Error
• Due to the transmitter circuits or the transmission path
differences the chroma signals are susceptible to phase
shifter errors
• These errors will change the hue of the reproduced
colour picture
• These types of errors are called as differential phase
errors
• To have a good quality of colour picture, these errors
should be cancelled
55
• Cancellation of Phase Error…
• Figures below shows phasors representing particular U and
V chroma amplitudes for two consecutive lines of a field (U
and V signals received with no phasor error)
• Figures 1 and 2 show subcarrier phasors on two consecutive

lines when a phase shift occurs, figure 3 shows the location
of resultant phasor at the demodulator 56

• U and V are positive for line N and it is similar to NTSC
signal, so it is called as NTSC line
• For the next line (N+1), the phase of V is shifted by 90°
and this represents the PAL line
• The amplitude of R in both lines are same because of no
phasor
• Thus the resultant U and V signals obtained at the
detector output has correct hue and good quality of
colour picture is reproduced
57
• Since there is no phase error the resultant phasor (R)
has the same amplitude on both the lines.
• Detection along the U axis in one synchronous
detector and along the V axis in another, accompanied
by sign switching in the latter case yields the required
U and V colour signals.
• Thus correct hues are produced in the picture.
58
• The signal with a phase shift δ that occurs during the transmission
• The effect of this phase error on amplitude of R is shown in
figures below:
• Figures 1 and 2 of No phase error show subcarrier phasors on two

consecutive lines while figure 3 depicts location of resultant
phasor at the demodulator, due to phase error, the amplitude and
angle of R changes as R1 and R2 an alternate lines
• So the resultant R at the demodulator swings between R1 59
1nd
R2
• If the two lines are displayed at the same time, then the
phasor δ of R1 and R2 will cancel each other and correct
hue is produced
• But practically, the lines are not scanned or reproduced at
the same time
• So a slight variation on actual hue is observed
• Due to persistence of vision of eye and high line scanning
rate, it is difficult to observe the slight variation in hue
• Thus, the colour reproduced will be seen as the actual colour
60
SECAM Colour Television System
• The SECAM (Sequential a memoire) is a colour system
compatible with French monochrome system
• The main difference between the SECAM and other systems
like PAL and NTSC is that in SECAM only one of the colour
difference signal is transmitted at a time
• That is why SECAM is Sequential a memoire system
• SECAM picture is also made up of 625 interlaced lines and is
displayed at a rate of 25 frames per second.
• However, the way SECAM processes the color information, it is
not compatible with the PAL format standard
63
SECAM Colour Television System…
• The SECAM system was developed in France
• The fundamental difference between the SECAM system
on the one hand and the NTSC and PAL systems on the
other is that
• the latter transmit and receive two chrominance signals
simultaneously while the SECAM system is ‘‘sequential
a memoire’’, i.e., only one of
• the two colour difference signals is transmitted at a
time.
64
• FM modulation is used for colour subcarrier
• So the saturation of the colour is represented by frequency
deviation and rate of deviation represents its fineness
• The subcarrier is frequency modulated by the colour
difference signals before transmission
• The magnitude of frequency deviation represents
saturation of the colour and rate of deviation its fineness
65
• Two colour difference signals used are:

• R-Y and
• B-Y
• If B-Y signal is transmitted on one line then R-Y signal
is transmitted on the next line
• For the entire raster this sequence is followed
• It is a 625 line 50 field system
• The number of lines per picture is odd number
66
• So, if the nth line carries B-Y signal during one picture,
it will carry R-Y signal during the next picture
• The Y signal is obtained from the camera outputs in the
same way as in the NTSC and PAL systems
• However, different weighting factors are used and the
weighted colour difference signals are termed DR and
DB where | DR | = 1.9 (R – Y) and | DB | = 1.5 (B – Y).
• For producing both colour difference signals
simultaneously at the decoded output, a delay line of 64µs
is used as PAL system
• Identification (Ident) pulses are generated and transmitted
along with the video signal during the vertical blanking
period
• These Ident pulses are used to identify the proper sequence
of colour lines for each field
68
SECAM III
• The commonly used system is called as SECAM III
• The specifications of this system are as follows:
• Number of scanning lines per field = 625 lines
• Number of field per second = 50 field
• Channel bandwidth = 8 MHz
• Colour subcarrier frequency = 4.4375 MHz
• Spacing between audio and video carrier = 5.5 MHz
• Weighted colour difference signal= 𝐷𝑅 = 1.9 𝑅 − 𝑌 and
𝐷𝐵 = 1.5 𝐵 − 𝑌
• Bandwidth of colour difference signal = 1.5 MHz
• Practically two subcarriers of 4.40624 MHz for red difference
signal and 4.25 MHz for blue difference signal are used
69
SECAM III…
Subcarrier Modulation
• FM is used in SECAM for subcarrier signals so that phase
distortion in the transmission path not affecting the hue of the
reproduced picture
• Since the subcarrier is 4.4375 MHz away from the picture
carrier reduces interference and improves resolution
• For negative value of (R – Y), the frequency deviation is
positive and it is done to keep large deviation away from the
high upper end
• Therefore:
• DR = – 1.9 (R – Y) and
• DB = 1.5 (B – Y)
• Or |DR |= 1.9 (R – Y) and |DB |= 1.5 (B – Y)
70
SECAM III…
Subcarrier Modulation…
• The minus sign for D R indicates that negative values of
(R – Y) are required to give rise to positive frequency
deviations when the subcarrier is modulated.
• In order to suppress the visibility of a dot pattern on
monochrome reception, two different subcarriers are
used
• For the red difference signal it is 282 fh = 4.40625 MHz
and for the blue difference signal it is 272 fh = 4.250
MHz.
71
SECAM III…
• Pre-emphasis
• Since FM modulation is used for colour sub carrier,
SECAM chrominance are pre-emphasized before
transmission
• The colour difference signals are bandwidth limited to
1.5 MHz
• A linear deviation of subcarrier is allowed a linear
deviation of 280 DR KHz for the red difference signals
and 230 DB KHz for the blue difference signals
72
SECAM III…
• Pre-emphasis…
• The maximum deviation allowed is 500 KHz in one
direction and 350 KHz in the other direction for each
signal
• These limiting factors are in opposite directions for
the two chrome signals
• To improve the signals to noise ratio and to reduce
the interference a second pre-emphasis called high-
frequency pre-emphasis is applied to the FM
modulated chroma signals
SECAM III…
Ident Signal
• Ident are the line identification pulses used to identify the
proper sequence of colour lines in each field
• Line Identification Signal The switching of DR and DB
signals line-by-line takes place during the line sync pulse
period
• The sequence of switching continues without interruption
from one field to the next and is maintained through the field
blanking interval
74
SECAM III…
Ident Signal...
• However, it is necessary for the receiver to be able to deduce
as to which line is being transmitted for that matter Ident
signals are used for the purpose
• Hence, at the receiver the Ident pulses generate positive and
negative control signals for regulating the instant and
sequence of switching
• The sawtooth modulated positive going pulses are used as
Ident for red colour difference signal with the raising period
of about 10 to 20µs
• Sawtooth modulated negative going pulses are used as Ident
for blue colour difference signal with the falling period of
about 10 to 30µs
75
SECAM CODER
76
SECAM CODER …
• Main sections of the SECAM Coder
• Matrix
• Sync generation
• FM modulation
77
SECAM CODER…
• Matrix
• The matrix receives signals from the colour camera signals (R, G
and B) and combine them properly as DR and DB signals for
SECAM transmission
• The luminance information (Y = 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B) along
with DR and DB are generated at the output of matrix network
• An electronic switch is used to connect DR and DB on alternative
lines to the FM modulator
78
SECAM CODER…
• Matrix…
• That is only one colour difference signal is fed to the
FM modulator at a time
• The switching between these signals takes place
during every line blanking intervals
• When DR is being transmitted on the line, then DB is
not used and vice versa
SECAM CODER…
Sync Generation
• In SECAM system two colour sub carrier frequencies are used
to modulate the two colour difference signals DR and DB
• The frequencies are 4.40625 MHz (272fh) and 4.25 MHz
(282fh)
• Thus selective filter circuits are used to pick out the 272nd and
282nd harmonics of fh from the line frequency pulses generated
in the sync pulse generator
• These harmonics are amplified and used as the two subcarrier
references
• The sync pulse generator also synchronizes the switching
control unit which in turn supplies operating pulses to
• the electronic switch for choosing between DR and DB
signals
80
SECAM CODER…
FM Modulation
• The output from the electronic switch passes through a low-
pass filter which limits the bandwidth to 1.5 MHz.
• Before fed to the FM modulator, these signals are pre-
ephasized and then used to frequency modulate the subcarrier
• The FM modulator output passes through a high frequency pre-
emphasis filter having a bell-shaped response before being
added to the Y signal
• The sync and blanking pulses are also fed to the same adder.
• The adder output yields composite chrominance signal which is
passed on to the main transmitter
81
SECAM DECODER …
82
SECAM DECODER…
• SECAM receivers are similar in most respects to the NTSC and
PAL colour receivers and employ the same type of colour
picture tubes
• The chroma signal is first filtered from the composite colour
signal
• The bandpass filter, besides rejecting unwanted low frequency
luminance components,
• has inverse characteristics to that of the bell-shaped high
frequency pre-emphasis filter used in the coder
• The output from the bandpass filter is amplified and fed to the
electronic line-by-line switch via two parallel paths.
• The 64 μs delay lines ensures that each transmitted signal is
used twice, one on the line on which it is transmitted and a
second time on
• the succeeding line of that field
83
SECAM DECODER…
• The electronic switch ensures that DR signals, whether
coming by the direct path or the delayed path, always go
to the DR demodulator
• Similarly DB signals are routed only to the DB
demodulator. i.e., it is directing DR and DB signals to the
wrong demodulators,
• the output of each demodulator during the Indent
signal period becomes positive instead of negative
going
• A sensing circuit in the Ident module then changes the
switching phase
84
SECAM DECODER…
• The electronic switch directs the frequency modulated
signals to limiters and frequency discriminators
• The discriminators have a wider bandwidth than that
employed for detecting commercial FM sound broadcasts
• After demodulation the colour difference signals are de-
emphasized with the same time constant as employed while
pre-emphasing
• As in other receivers the matrix networks combine the colour
difference signals with the Y signal to give primary colour
signals R, G and B which control the three electronic beams
of the picture tube
85
SECAM DECODER …
• Noted that a SECAM receiver requires only two controls
• brightness and
• Contrast
• both for monochrome and colour reception.
• The saturation and hue controls are not needed because
the system is immune to these distortions
• This is so because the colour signals are constant amplitude,
frequency modulated signals and the frequency deviations
which
• carry colour information are not affected during
transmission
86
Merits and Demerits of SECAM Systems
Merits
• SECAM receivers are immune to phase distortion
because of FM
• No interreference between colour difference signals
• No need for QAM and synchronous detector
• Advantages of FM are available
• No need for saturation and hue control
• No need ATC and ACC circuits
• Receivers are simple compared to NTSC and PAL
systems
87
Merits and Demerits of SECAM Systems…
Demerit
• Vertical resolution of the SECAM system is inferior
since one line signal combines with that of the previous
to produce colours. However, this is not noticed by
human eye due to poor visual perception of colour
• Here luminance is represented by the amplitude of a
voltage but hue and saturation are represented by the
deviation of the sub-carrier
88
• When a composite signal involving luminance and
chrominance is faded out in studio operation it is the
luminance signal that is readily attenuated and
• not the chrominance
• This makes the colour more saturated during
fade to black. Thus a pink colour will change
to red during fade-out
• This is not the case in NTSC or PAL
systems
• Mixing and lap dissolve presents
similar problems
NB
• It may be said that all television systems are compromises since
changing one parameter may improve one aspect of
performance but degrade another,
• for example increasing bandwidth improves resolution of
the picture but also increases noise
• In fact when all factors are taken into account it is difficult to
justify the absolute superiority of one system over the other
• In many cases political and economic factors have been the
apparent considerations in adopting a particular monochrome
and the compatible colour system
• Therefore the three colour systems will co-exist
• Possibly some consensus on international exchange will be
reached in due course of time
90
THANK YOU
Dr. JK Mazima
johevajile.mazima@gmail.com
www.umdo.ac.tz

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

• The result can be viewed as a single sine wave with

• 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓𝑣 = 59.94 𝐻𝑧

• Figures 1 and 2 show subcarrier phasors on two consecutive

• Cancellation of Phase Error…

• Figures 1 and 2 of No phase error show subcarrier phasors on two

• Two colour difference signals used are:

You might also like