ebook download (eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management 4th Edition all chapter

(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects
of Health Information Management 4th

Edition
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-legal-and-ethical-aspects-of-health-infor
mation-management-4th-edition/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health

Information Management 5th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-legal-and-ethical-
aspects-of-health-information-management-5th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of International

Business by Eric L. Richards
aspects-of-international-business-by-eric-l-richards/
(eBook PDF) Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration

13th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-legal-aspects-of-health-
care-administration-13th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration

12th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-legal-aspects-of-health-
care-administration-12th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Issues for Health
Professionals 5th Edition
issues-for-health-professionals-5th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Legal Aspects of International Business A

Canadian Perspective, 4th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-legal-aspects-of-
international-business-a-canadian-perspective-4th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Managing the Law The Legal Aspects of Doing

Business 4th
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-managing-the-law-the-
legal-aspects-of-doing-business-4th/
(eBook PDF) Comparative Health Information Management

4th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-comparative-health-
information-management-4th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Adaptive Health Management Information

Systems: Concepts, Cases, and Practical Applications
4th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-adaptive-health-
management-information-systems-concepts-cases-and-practical-
applications-4th-edition/
vi CONTENTS
REVIEW QUESTIONS 48
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 48
3 Judicial Process of Health Information 49

Learning Objectives • Key Concepts
HEALTH RECORDS AS EVIDENCE 51
Hearsay • Privilege • Exclusions
RESPONSES TO LEGAL PROCESS 54
Subpoenas • Court Orders • Discovery Requests • Warrants • Response Methods
CONCLUSION 63
CASE STUDY 64
REVIEW QUESTIONS 64
4 Principles of Liability 67
HEALTH CARE RELATIONSHIPS 68
Physician–Patient Relationships • Hospital–Patient Relationships • Hospital–
Physician Relationships
THEORIES OF LIABILITY 72
Nonintentional Torts • Intentional Torts • Social Media
DEFENSES AND LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY 87
Statutes of Limitations • Charitable Immunity • Governmental Immunity • Good
Samaritan Statutes • Contributory and Comparative Negligence • Assumption of
Risk • Apologies
CONCLUSION 91
CASE STUDY 91
REVIEW QUESTIONS 91
PART 2 AN OVERVIEW OF ETHICS 95
5 Ethical Standards 97
ETHICAL MODELS 98
Ethical Concepts • Ethical Theories
CONCLUSION 109
CASE STUDY 109
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CONTENTS vii
REVIEW QUESTIONS 110

6 Ethical Decisions and Challenges 111

ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 112
Influencing Factors • Ethical Decision-Making Process
ETHICAL CHALLENGES 124
Generalized Challenges • The Role of Ethics in Supervision • Health Care
Challenges • Health Information Management Challenges
CONCLUSION 132
CASE STUDY 132
WEBSITES ADDRESSING CODES OF ETHICS 133
7 Bioethics Issues 135

RELATED TO THE BEGINNING OF LIFE 136
Family Planning • Abortion • Perinatal Ethics • Eugenics
RELATED TO SUSTAINING OR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE 141
HIV/AIDS • Organ Transplantation • Genetic Science
RELATED TO DEATH AND DYING 146
Planning for End of Life • Euthanasia • Withholding/Withdrawing Treatment
CONCLUSION 149
CASE STUDY 149
PART 3 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES CENTRAL TO

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 151
8 Patient Record Requirements 153

FUNCTION AND USE OF THE HEALTH RECORD 155
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEALTH RECORD CONTENT 157
Content of the Health Record • Timely and Complete Health Records
viii CONTENTS
RETENTION REQUIREMENTS 166

Statutes and Regulations • Other External Forces • Bases for Decision
RECORD DESTRUCTION 171
Destruction in Ordinary Course • Destruction Due to Ownership Change •
Destruction Due to Closure
CONCLUSION 175
CASE STUDY 176
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES 176
9 Confidentiality and Informed Consent 179

CONFIDENTIALITY 181
Constitutional Basis • Statutory Basis • Common Law Basis • Confidentiality
Application • Confidentiality of HIV Information
INFORMED CONSENT 190
Historical Development • Scope of Informed Consent Doctrine • Situations
Requiring Informed Consent
CONCLUSION 196
CASE STUDY 196
10 Access to Health Information 199

OWNERSHIP OF HEALTH INFORMATION 201
NOTICE OF USE AND DISCLOSURE 203
ACCESS BY OR ON BEHALF OF THE PATIENT 212
General Principles of Disclosure of Information • By the Patient • To Third Parties •
Reasonable Fees
ACCESS BY THE RESEARCHER 221
The Ethical Perspective • The Regulatory Perspective
ACCESS BY THE BUSINESS ASSOCIATE 226
ACCESS PURSUANT TO REPORTING LAWS 228
ACCESS TO ADOPTION RECORDS 229
UNLAWFUL ACCESS 230
CONCLUSION 232
CASE STUDY A 233
CONTENTS ix
CASE STUDY B 233

11 Specialized Patient Records 237

DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 239
Confidentiality • Release of Information • Miscellaneous Issues
MENTAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY CARE 248
Content Requirements • Privacy Restrictions
HOME HEALTH CARE 252
GENETIC INFORMATION 254
HIV INFORMATION 257
Background Information About HIV/AIDS • Testing
CONCLUSION 260
CASE STUDY 261
PART 4 SPECIALIZED AREAS OF CONCERN IN

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 265
12 Risk Management, Quality Management, and Utilization

Management 267
RISK MANAGEMENT 269
General Principles • Patient Record Requirements • Incident Reports • Trends in
Risk Management
QUALITY MANAGEMENT 281
Peer Review Privileges • Medical Staff Disciplinary Process
UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT 286
Historical Development • Utilization Review
CONCLUSION 290
CASE STUDY 290
x CONTENTS
13 Information Systems 293

ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS 295
Legal Health Record • Accreditation and Licensure Issues • Liability Issues
HIPAA SECURITY RULE 311
Breaches
ELECTRONIC HEALTH ISSUES 315
Internet • Electronic Mail and Text Messaging • Digital Imaging • Telemedicine
CONCLUSION 320
CASE STUDY 321
14 Health Care Fraud and Abuse 325

FRAUD AND ABUSE 326
Major Laws Addressing Fraud and Abuse • Law Enforcement Agencies
COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS 334
CONCLUSION 338
CASE STUDY A 339
CASE STUDY B 339
15 Law and Ethics in the Workplace 341

EMPLOYMENT 342
EMPLOYEE RIGHTS 344
Overview • Employment Law Application • Social Media • Ethics Application
CONCLUSION 373
CASE STUDY 373
CONTENTS xi
APPENDICES 375
Appendix A: Table of Cases 376
Appendix B: List of Common Acronyms 386
Appendix C: Sample HIPAA Privacy Notices 391
Appendix D: The Patient Care Partnership 402
Appendix E: Sample Forms of a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care and a Health
Care Directive (Living Will) and Accompanying HIPAA Form 403
Appendix F: Selected Laws Affecting HIM 419
Glossary 422
Index 437
Dedicated to
Patrick, Conor, William, and Ryan for their patience
and encouragement throughout the development of this text.
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
The fourth edition of this text addresses numerous changes in the law and in
society since the time the third edition was developed. Revised chapter content
and objectives meet CAHIIM curriculum standards and competencies for
accreditation, to keep the learner abreast of the latest trends in health care.
Throughout the text, provisions of the HITECH-HIPAA Omnibus Final Rule
are integrated, as are materials addressing the use of social media and the chal-
lenges social media poses to protecting health information. In selected chapters,
materials from the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) of the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services are incorporated. These materials focus on guidance
from OCR relating to (1) the HIPAA privacy rule and sharing information con-
cerning mental health; (2) communicating with a patient’s family, friends, and
others involved in the patient’s care; and (3) proper disposal of protected health
information. Changes in regulations relating to patient access to lab tests pur-
suant to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) are
included.
The success of the third edition validated the approach of expanding the text
to incorporate both legal and ethical aspects of health information management.
Woven throughout the text is a thorough updating of the law, plus changes in
rules of procedure, evidence, and the HIPAA standards. Newer concepts have
been either added or expanded upon, including discussion of social media and its
various applications to health information management. This provides the reader
and instructor with the opportunity to focus solely on law, solely on ethics, or on
both law and ethics. This text incorporates the model curriculum of the American
Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) for both the health
information administrator and health information technician programs, effective
with the 2014 revisions. Although differences exist in the curricula between the
programs, it is my belief that the content of this text is applicable to students in
both groups because it is written with multiple levels of detail. Instructors may
determine the emphasis level of each chapter as it is taught during the semester.
ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXTBOOK

While each chapter is designed to stand alone, it is grouped with related chap-
ters to form a unit of study. Four units of study are found in this text.
Part One serves as an introduction to the study of law in general. The unit
comprises four chapters, beginning with a discussion of the workings of the
xiii
xiv PREFACE
American legal system. This chapter is followed by a discussion of court sys-

tems and legal procedures, including e-discovery, and a chapter addressing
judicial process of health information, including discovery requests. The fourth
chapter addresses principles of liability, including intentional and noninten-
tional torts and defenses to lawsuits.
Part Two serves as an overview of ethics and includes three chapters. The
unit begins with a study of ethical standards, outlining concepts and theories
basic to an understanding of ethics. Building on this basic understanding, the
next chapter addresses decision making and challenges from an ethical perspec-
tive. Specialized bioethical issues are the focus of the third chapter, with each
life stage forming the framework in which to examine ethical issues.
Part Three summarizes both legal and ethical issues central to health infor-
mation management: control and use of patient-specific health information.
Four chapters comprise the unit. The first chapter addresses patient record
requirements, including use, content, retention, and destruction requirements.
Confidentiality and informed consent are addressed in the next chapter, with
emphasis on both theory and application. Issues related to access to health
information, including ownership of health information and management of
the various parties requesting access to that information, form the basis of the
next chapter. A discussion of specialized patient records completes the unit,
with expanded focus given to genetic information.
Part Four is composed of four chapters and addresses specialized areas of
concern in health information management. The first chapter discusses the
concepts of risk, quality, and utilization management, addressing general prin-
ciples, trends, and application. Information systems forms the next chapter,
with focus given to the legal health record and HIPAA regulations. A discus-
sion of health care fraud and abuse follows, including an overview of applicable
laws and the necessity for compliance programs. The last chapter provides an
understanding of the role of law and ethics in the workplace, including
employee rights, discrimination, and workplace protections.
Three things set this text apart from others in the field. First, the text is
authored by only one person, allowing for a consistent voice and tone across
chapters. It also means that one chapter will not contradict the contents of
another chapter within the same book, and that the difficulty level will not
vary from one chapter to the next. Second, this text provides a thorough
grounding in ethics, both as to theory and its application to the health infor-
mation management discipline. This grounding in ethics is addressed through-
out the text. Third, the text integrates into each chapter, as applicable, four
legal areas that are significant to health information management: the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), electronic health
records (EHRs), the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA),
and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). This approach is
taken so that while the student is learning the substantive matter, he or she can
also understand the interplay between these areas and the substantive matter.
Special boxes in the text highlight the interplay of ethics and these special areas
with the subject matter of the chapter.
PREFACE xv
FEATURES OF THE TEXTBOOK

Each textbook chapter contains the following elements:
• Learning Objectives and Key Concepts identify and organize learning
expectations for each chapter.
• Text Alerts highlight issues related to important HIPAA, Genetic Infor-
mation Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), American Recovery and Reinvest-
ment Act (ARRA), electronic health record (EHR) information, and
ethics.
• Case Studies apply concepts learned to real-world situations.
• Review Questions test comprehension of the chapter material.
• Enrichment Activities assist critical thinking about chapter content.
• End-of-chapter Notes provide source references so you can explore topics
further and expand your knowledge of industry standards, guidelines, and
practices.
• The Appendix includes:
• A table of cases
• A list of common acronyms
• Sample HIPAA privacy notices
• The Patient Care Partnership
• Sample forms of a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care and a
Health Care Directive (Living Will and Sample HIPAA form)
• Selected Laws Affecting HIM
New to the Fourth Edition

• Revised chapter content and objectives meet CAHIIM standards and
competencies for accreditation and reflect the latest trends in health care.
• Expansion of existing materials on e-discovery, breach notification,
attorney–client and work-product privileges, medical abandonment, preemp-
tion, proper record destruction, telemedicine, and civil money penalties.
• New materials relating to social media and text messaging.
• Up-to-date information regarding the latest health care legislation, includ-
ing coverage of the HITECH-HIPAA Omnibus Final Rule, the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), HIPAA, the Genetic Informa-
tion Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), and the Federal Trade Commission’s
Red Flag Rules.
• Alert features highlighting key information about ethics, the electronic
health record, HIPAA, ARRA, and GINA.
SUPPLEMENTS
The following supplements have been developed to accompany this textbook
to assist with learning content covered in Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health
Information Management, Fourth Edition.
xvi PREFACE
Student Online Companion

A website has been created for this textbook to provide a space for updates and
additional information related to textbook content. To access student resources
located at the Online Companion site, please visit www.cengagebrain.com.
Instructor Resources at the Instructor

Companion Site
Features of the Instructor’s Companion Site include:
• The Instructor’s Manual in Adobe’s PDF format, which contains answers for
all chapter activities, case studies, and review questions. It also includes a
curriculum crosswalk, identifying the competencies and knowledge clusters
applicable for health information management baccalaureate and associate
degree programs.
• Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero, a flexible, online system
that allows you to:
• author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage
Learning solutions
• create multiple test versions in an instant
• deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want
• Customizable instructor support slide presentations in PowerPoint(R) for-
mat, which focus on key points for each chapter.
MindTap
New: McWay’s Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management,
Fourth Edition, on MindTap is the first of its kind in an entirely new category:
the Personal Learning Experience (PLE). This personalized program of digital
products and services uses interactivity and customization to engage students,
while offering instructors a wide range of choice in content, platforms, devices,
and learning tools. MindTap is device agnostic, meaning that it will work with
any platform or learning management system and will be accessible anytime,
anywhere: on desktops, laptops, tablets, mobile phones, and other Internet-
enabled devices.
This MindTap includes:
• An interactive eBook with highlighting, note-taking (integrated with
Evernote), and more
• Flashcards for practicing chapter terms
• Computer-graded activities and exercises:
• Self-check and application activities integrated with the eBook
• Additional computer-graded activities and exercises
• Easy submission tools for instructor-graded exercises ISBN:
9781305506565 (electronic access code)/ 9781305506589 (printed
access card)
PREFACE xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dana C. McWay, JD, RHIA, is both a lawyer and a health information man-
agement professional. With training and experience in both disciplines, experi-
ence as a member of the Institutional Review Board at Washington University
Medical School from 1991 to present, and experience in converting a paper-
based record management system to an electronic record management system,
she brings wide-ranging experience to this textbook.
Ms. McWay serves as the Clerk of Court for the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for
the Eastern District of Missouri, an executive position responsible for all opera-
tional, administrative, financial, and technological matters of the court. In this
capacity, she organized the court’s conversion to an electronic case filing system,
resulting in widespread acceptance by end users. This success led to her appoint-
ment as member, and later, chair of the Case Management/Electronic Case Fil-
ing (CM/ECF) Working Group, an entity within the federal judiciary
responsible for providing guidance and assistance in all phases of the develop-
ment of bankruptcy CM/ECF software releases. She currently serves as the
chair of the Clerk’s Office Functional Requirements Group for the Next Gener-
ation Bankruptcy CM/ECF Project, a project designed as the successor to the
current CM/ECF system. She serves on numerous national committees and
working groups within the judiciary, including those involved in identifying the
impact of new legislation upon judicial operations and those involved in advising
on the education and training needs of court staff. Prior to this position, she
worked as the Chief Deputy Clerk of Court for the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Eighth Circuit, responsible for daily operations of the court.
Ms. McWay began her legal career as a judicial law clerk to the Honorable
Myron H. Bright of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. She then
became an associate with the law firm of Peper, Martin, Jensen, Maichel, &
Hetlage, a multispecialty firm located in St. Louis, Missouri. Ms. McWay’s
legal practice encompassed a variety of health law topics, including contracts,
medical records, and physician practice issues. She is admitted to practice in
both Illinois and Missouri. She has received national recognition from the
National Bar Foundation, a component of the American Bar Association, for
creating the “Kids in Court Program,” now operated by the Bar Association
of Metropolitan St. Louis, which was cited as one of the five most outstanding
children’s legal education programs for 1995.
Prior to her legal career, Ms. McWay worked in health information manage-
ment as both a director and assistant director of medical records in a large teach-
ing hospital and a for-profit psychiatric and substance abuse facility. She continues
to participate in the HIM profession, having served as a project manager for the
Missouri Health Information Management Association (MHIMA) and as a
member of MHIMA’s Legislative Committee. On the national level, she cur-
rently serves as a director on the Board of Directors of the American Health
Information Management Association. Her past AHIMA activities include serv-
ing as chair and member of AHIMA’s Professional Ethics Committee, faculty
for continuing education seminars, a peer reviewer of AHIMA book proposals
and texts, a contributing author to AHIMA’s HIM Practice Standards, and a
member of both the Committee for Professional Development and the Triumph
xviii PREFACE
Awards Committee. She serves as a professional practice experience site coordina-

tor for health information management students and has served as a member of
the Advisory Board of the Health Information Management program at Saint
Louis University. She currently serves as adjunct faculty in the Master’s of Health
Informatics program at Saint Louis University.
Ms. McWay is both an author and editor. Her textbook, Today’s Health
Information Management: An Integrated Approach, provides a comprehensive
discussion of the principles and practices of health information management in a
user-friendly manner. With the Peper, Martin law firm, she revised The Legal
Manual to Medical Record Practice in Missouri in 1991. She has authored numer-
ous other publications and served as coeditor of several online continuing educa-
tion modules presented by the American Health Information Management
Association. She has also presented numerous seminars, serving as faculty and
panel presenter. She has served as a guest lecturer at several regional colleges and
universities, focusing on the intersection of legal issues and health care practices.
Ms. McWay is a magna cum laude graduate of the Saint Louis University
School of Allied Health Professions, with a degree in medical record adminis-
tration, and a cum laude graduate of the Saint Louis University School of Law.
While in law school, Ms. McWay served as the health law editor of the Saint
Louis University Law Journal and as a faculty research fellow. She is a recipient
of the Alumni Merit Award from Saint Louis University and a Triumph Award
(the Legacy Award) from the American Health Information Management
Association for the first edition of this textbook, Legal Aspects of Health
Information Management. She has received the Missouri Health Information
Management Association’s Distinguished Member Award. She is the recipient
of the Director’s Award for Outstanding Leadership in the federal judiciary.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many persons have played a role in the creation of this textbook, including family,
friends, and colleagues. A special thank you is warranted for my family, who showed
patience, understanding, and support for the long hours spent on this new edition
of my first textbook. I express my appreciation to my parents for their guidance and
support over a lifetime. My editor for this project, Amy Wetsel, and former editor,
Jadin Kavanaugh, guided me through the transition of this text to a fourth edition,
and I am grateful for their assistance. My appreciation is extended to the reviewers
of my manuscript. Your comments aided in strengthening this text.
Dana C. McWay, JD, RHIA
Reviewers
The author and publisher would like to recognize the following reviewers for
their invaluable feedback on this product:
Annette Bigalk, RHIA
HIT Program Chair
Arapahoe Community College
Littleton, Colorado
PREFACE xix
Marie T. Conde, MPA, RHIA, CCS

Program Director and Instructor, Health Information Technology Program
City College of San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Carolyn Eberly, RHIT
Allied Health Instructor
Kaplan College
Hagerstown, Maryland
Lissa Jarr, RHIT
Instructor
Indian Hills Community College
Ottumwa, Iowa
Kathleen M. Olewinski, MS, RHIA, NHA, FACHE
Program Director
Bryant & Stratton College
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
ABOUT LEGAL CITATIONS

A legal citation identifies a legal authority or reference work, such as a consti-
tution, statute, court decision, administrative rule, or treatise. Legal citations
are used throughout this work to (1) identify the source of a quotation, (2)
identify an authority referred to in the text, or (3) support the propositions
stated. Legal citations are found in both the body of the text and the endnotes.
The learner may be interested in legal citations for more than one reason:
to identify legal authority that is binding on the health care provider or to learn
how to obtain full copies of a citation to read as a supplement to the text. For
most citations other than statutory provisions and court decisions, the legal
citation is self-explanatory. Some explanation is warranted for understanding
how to read citations of statutes and court decisions.
Both federal and state statutes are published in either official or unofficial
codes. For federal statutes, the official code is the United States Code (U.S.C.);
unofficial codes include the United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.) and the
United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.). Every effort has been made in this book
to cite federal statutes published in the official code. A typical federal statutory
citation cites first to the title number, next to the abbreviation of the official
code, third to the numbered section or paragraph, and finally to the year that
appears on the spine of the volume cited. Where statutory material can be found
in a supplement to the official code, it is identified as a supplement with the year
of the supplement identified. For example, the citation 42 U.S.C. §11101 (1988
& Supp. V 1993) shows that the particular statute may be found in title 42 of the
United States Code as section number 11101 in both the volume published in
1988 and the fifth supplement to that volume published in 1993.
Similarly, state statutes are published in either official or unofficial codes
and generally follow the same practice as federal statutes. For example, the
citation FLA. STAT. ANN. §395.0197 (West 1993) shows that the particular stat-
ute may be found in the unofficial code Florida Statutes Annotated at section
xx PREFACE
395.0197 published by the West Publishing Company in 1993. Multiple state

statutory citations are listed in alphabetical, rather than year, order, using stan-
dard abbreviations.
Court decisions are cited according to a similar approach. The name of the
case and the numbers, letters, and years following it are referred to as the cita-
tion for the decision. For example, the citation Warwick v. Bliss, 195 N.W. 502
(S.D. 1923) shows that the case involving those named parties may be found
in volume 195 of the NorthWestern Reporter on page 502. The initials and
year in parentheses refer to the identity of the court that issued the decision,
in this case the Supreme Court of the State of South Dakota, and the year
the decision was issued.
The same case may show more than one citation, indicating that a decision
has been issued in the same case by different courts. If the first citation is fol-
lowed by the abbreviations aff’d, rev’d, or cert. denied, the citation indicates
the subsequent history of the case, namely, that a higher court has reviewed
the decision of the lower court. For example, the citation Johnson v. Misericordia
Community Hospital, 294 N.W.2d 501 (Wis. Ct. App. 1980) aff’d, 301 N.W.2d
156 (Wis. 1981) shows that the case involving those named parties appears in
two different reporters. First, the case may be found in volume 294 of the
NorthWestern Reporter, second series, on page 501, and was issued by the Wis-
consin Court of Appeals in 1980. Second, the case was affirmed by the Wiscon-
sin Supreme Court in 1981 and can be found in volume 301 of the
NorthWestern Reporter, second series, on page 156.
The legal citations listed in this book are cited according to the standards of
the book A Uniform System of Citation, Fifteenth Edition, commonly referred
to as The Blue Book, a joint publication of the Columbia Law Review Associa-
tion, the Harvard Law Review Association, the University of Pennsylvania Law
Review, and the Yale Law Journal.
ABOUT LEGAL RESEARCH

To the uninitiated, legal research can be bewildering, overwhelming, or intim-
idating. Entire books have been devoted to the subject, making the topic diffi-
cult to summarize easily. Nonetheless, a basic review of legal research methods
is provided so that the learner may research an area of law covered in this book
or review the exact wording of a constitutional provision, statute, or adminis-
trative regulation.
Before beginning any research project, the learner must first obtain an
understanding of the sources of law in order to know where to look. The
sources of law are explained in detail in Chapter 1, and a brief description is pro-
vided here. The sources of law are divided into two categories: primary sources
and secondary sources. Primary sources are the law themselves, including consti-
tutions, statutes, court decisions, and administrative decisions and regulations.
They are located in official and unofficial codes in the case of constitutions, sta-
tutes, and administrative regulations, and in case digests when looking for court
cases or administrative decisions. Case digests are grouped by cases issued by
PREFACE xxi
federal courts, state courts, or courts found in a particular region of the United
States. Citations to these primary sources are explained in the “About Legal
Citations” section. Secondary sources are the writings or commentaries about
the law, including legal encyclopedias, articles found in professional journals,
and legal treatises. This book is an example of a secondary source.
With so many sources to choose from, how does the learner find the
answer? There are several techniques to choose from, all of which apply to
the traditional method of using books for research or through the newer
method of using computer-based legal databases. The learner should choose
from the following techniques when beginning legal research:
1. Generalized approach. This approach is most applicable when the learner
has little or no general knowledge about the problem or area that is the
subject of research. It begins with a review of secondary source materials,
such as legal encyclopedias or articles in professional journals. These mate-
rials often have a table of contents or indexes to guide further research,
leading to review of topics of interest. Many of these topics of interest list
citations, footnotes, or references to primary source material, which will
further aid the learner’s research.
2. Known authority approach. This approach is most applicable when the
learner knows the citation to the constitutional provision, statute, case, or
administrative decision or regulation (the “authority”). It begins with a
review of primary source materials to locate the citation of the authority in
question and follows with a review of that authority.
3. Descriptive word or fact word approach. This approach is most applicable
when the learner knows general information about the subject matter but
does not have a specific citation to the relevant primary authority. After
choosing a descriptive or fact word, the learner should look in the index to
a set of official or unofficial codes to find constitutions, statutes, and
administrative regulations or to the applicable case digest to find a court
case or administrative decision.
4. Known topic approach. This approach is most applicable when the learner
knows the area of law involved but not the specific legal authority. For
constitutions, statutes, and administrative regulations, the learner should
look to the subject matter grouping within the official and unofficial codes.
For court cases or administrative decisions, look to the topic and subtopic
sections of the applicable case digest.
Once the learner has found the authority being researched, the research activ-
ity is not over. Rather, the learner must continue the research to check the current
status (i.e., validity) of the authority. The easiest, most thorough, and most com-
plete method to check the status of the authority in question is through the use of
a computer-based legal database. A search begins for references to the citation by
typing the authority’s citation into the database. The learner should review the
listed references to evaluate their effect, if any, on the citation in question.
Alternatively, nonelectronic methods of checking the current status of an
authority are available. Many hardbound volumes contain so-called pocket
xxii PREFACE
parts, which are paperbound pamphlets inserted into a slot in the cover of the
hardbound volume. The pocket parts follow the same format as the hardbound
volume to which they correspond and report any additions to or decisions for
the main text. Supplements to hardbound volumes follow the same principles.
The learner should review the references to the citation to evaluate their effect,
if any, on the citation in question.
Another method is to trace the subsequent work of a legal authority
through a citator publication; the best known is Shepard’s Citations. The
entries contained in Shepard’s list authorities (e.g., other cases, journal articles,
and attorney general opinions) that have cited the legal authority that is the
subject of the research. Detailed instruction on the use of a citator publication
such as Shepard’s is beyond the scope of this book.
PART ONE
Study of the Law in General
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
—Da’ doe’k f’noafed t’met bai de put! da’ selle wai
hebbe.
—F’noafed is d’r gain tait.… hee!.. Joanse, scherpte

Piet voort tegen den katholieken plukker,—nou bi jai
stempelt, hee?.… moar hè je nou puur gain pain in je
donderemintje of peseer je ’t kerrikie.… mi je
skietgebedje.… G’loofd sai Jaisis Kristus.… en de
hailige sekreminte des oaltoàrs?.…
—Laileke duufels-toejoager, bromde die terug, hoor je

main kloàge?.… [47]
—Nou ikke stoan t’met dertien uur te plukke.… ik bin

d’r hard stikke-dood van.… main stuut is deurmidde..
ha’ je nou moar je maid hier Janse.… veur ’n
f’rsnoàp’rinkie!
Janse zweeg, giftig op Piet, dat ie met z’n geloof

begonnen was en z’n dochter. Dat kreng had schande
over z’n huis gebracht. Had ’n tweeling van ’n los
werkman, die zich dood zoop. En zij werkte nou op de
Wierelandsche fabriek van ingelegde groenten,
tusschen ’n hoop van dat meidenschorem. Vier
maanden geleden had ie ’r de deur uitgetrapt, met ’r
dikken buik, en nou begon die kerel er weer van te
klesseneere..
—Wat ’n gesoànik, schreeuwde ouë Gerrit naar Piet,

al kon ie bijna zelf niet meer van pijn, toch
voortploeterend in heete werkjacht.… wai doene ’t
allegoar.… jai mi’ je stuut en jai mi je knieë.
—Nou? watte?.. allegoar ke’ je hoore skraiwe?.. die is
f’rduufeld ’n meroakel.… mó’ je main of main jassie?
dolde Piet geraakt toch.
—Hoho!.… hoho!.… wá’ sou da’ t’met hain? vier en

vaife en nie genog aa’s.…
—Hain?.. Welneenet.. aas ’k moar wa’ neusiesverf

had, sou ’k main vast.. ’n kwassie smaire!
—F’rdomd! sel nie beure! sel nie beure! krijschte de

Ouë, bleek grauw van schrik en hitte,—òp ’t land
komp gain druppel, hoho! hoho!
In langzame optrekking van z’n linkerknie, met z’n

handen steunend in ’t gloeiende zand, had ie zich uit
z’n strammen hurk opgericht. Z’n rug voelde ie vlijmen
van pijnen en z’n beenen stonden heet te trillen onder
z’n lijf, als zou ie instorten. Piet gromde kwaadaardig:
—Skreeuw moar nie.… set ’t nie op je heupe.… maan!

moak goàr gain relletjes.… aas ’k ’n urretje likke wil
soa’k jou nie vroage!.…
—En jai Kees? vroeg Dirk, hep jai ’t lekker?
—Kees, Kees, bromde Piet weer, die hep gain rug,

gain stuit, gain kop, die hep niks!.… goàr niks!
Stil zwoegde Kees door, ’n endje van hùn bed af,

zonder [48]omkijken, in strakken loer op de aardbei,
met uitgolvenden slag z’n manden vullend, tweemaal
sneller dan zij.—En telkens àchter z’n hielen, draaide
ie ’n gouden slof neer met trillend vuur.—
Op àl de paden, achter de akkerhagen, stonden
groote bruine, rauw-groene en roodbemeniede
handkarren, zwaar beladen met goud-glanzende
sloffen en bronzen mandjes.—Van allen kant tegen
den middag, kwamen de plukkers aansjokken met
bakken, sloffen; geurde en smolt ’t vruchtenrood en
sap inéén met gras en groentearoom, als wierook
door de lucht uitvloeiend en verwaaiend. De hemel
wiegde zwijmeladem en bruiste zonnedronkenschap
door ’t stedeke. De luchtkoepeling stond gespannen in
prachtglans van blauw, hoog boven de kruipende
plukkers en pluksters. Overal, in de paadjes nu, achter
de hagen, slangden de purperen regels in gloeiende
zoomen. Kielblauw en kielrood, ademde hoog de
zonnehitte in, en strooien hoeden blondden al meer in
’t jubellicht. Tusschen de doppers, kronkelden fel-
groen, de duizelig lange slakroppen-regels, blank
beschubd, en de jonge erwten glansden naast de
bladzilvering van tuinboonen. En woester, gelijk met
zomerroes, zonnedronken van licht en kleuren, ging
ploetering òp, jagender. Alle handen koortsten rond in
den grooten haal. Ze waren besteld de tuinders, door
’n paar groote afnemers uit stedeke, die in Engeland
en Duitschland hùn waar met flinke verdiensten van
de hand zetten. Duizenden op duizenden kilo’s
moesten geleverd worden, naar spoor gedragen door
de werkers, dààr gewogen en verzonden.—
Iederen dag làter in ’t saizoen, kon de prijs van kilo’s

dalen, als van alle kanten te groote oppropping en
aanvoer kwam. Daarom, in woeste jacht, met zwarte
afgunst onder elkaar, heet op voordeeltjes, plukten ze
in koortsige haast, om anderen vóór te zijn, als ’t kon;
anderen er uit te smijten en op moment dat aanvoer ’t
minst nog leek, nieuwe bestellingen bij te krijgen; al
was er in den winter al kontrakt gemaakt voor vaste
levering, met iederen gast die wou.—
Dirk had van ’t doorloop-pad àf, op den akker ’n groote

[49]kar met verlengboomen, om breeër op te laden,
volgestapeld met sloffen en manden. Wat bàkken
daarboven òp, versjouwde ie mee naar de hàven, de
mànden naar ’t spoòr. Jan Hassel de minst-vijandige
neef, reed mee den weg op naar ’t station. In
zweetdamp, met bemorste kielen, geurvracht hoog
opgestapeld en wijd-uit geladen van achter en van
vóór, tot op de handkruk, zacht zwiepend op de
verlengboomen, verduwden ze hun loodzware karren,
met borst en armenspanning, pezig-gestramd, ’t lijf in
rukkende stooten, Wierelandschen straatweg over
naar ’t station.
Zonlicht zoog heet in ’t vruchtenrood. Over de manden

lag bladgroen van tuinboonen, fluweel-zilverend er om
heengestrooid, tusschen het purper, dat glansde als
koralig licht-glimsel.—
Achter Dirk en Jan Hassel áán, ratelde een stoet van

karren, geduwd door tuinders, gelijkelijk optrekkend in
lawaai en gedrang naar ’t spoor.—Bij ’t zijhek werd
halt gehouden, zwenkten om beurten ’n paar
groenboeren de karren àchter de gele, schroei-
zonnige omheining.
Van Lemperweg, haven en zijstraatjes, ratelden en

woelden meer karren áán, gloeide ’t karmijn en purper,
al naar aardbeisoort, in de gouden rietsloffen of blank-
gele ronde manden; wierookte al zoeter, dieper
vruchten-aroom heet-zomersch over ’t plein; vuurden
en vonkten de aardbeien van alle kanten,
zonnedronken in blaker, onder trillenden zonneroes.
Kerels met vermoeide, grimmige koppen, paarsig

vergrauwd van zweetvlekken, uitputting en zwoegdrift,
duwden òp, woelden, zwenkten, trokken hun karren,
schreeuwden en vloekten tusschen gedrang, geratel
en gedonderbonk van karren en manden. Trekhonden,
afgemartelde beesten, verwoed van hitte en dorst,
blaften gillend en bassend, stonden of lagen tusschen
de kleurig-donkere kar-assen ingekneld, met
riemrepen over neus, bek en nek gekneld,
ademstootend in snellen hijg, woest schuim
verkwijlend.—Van vier uur al ratelden en bonkerden
wagens en handkarren áán. Bergen manden stonden
opgestapeld naast wagens, apart voor aardbeivervoer,
vastgehaakt.— [50]
Op ’t station, aan achterkant van ’t zijpad, zat ’n man

vóór gewichtstoestel, verzweet en gejaagd, in ’t
ratellawaai en schreeuwrumoer om ’m heen, tusschen
treindrukte, loop van passagiers, kruiers en
zwellenden aanvoer van waar, met z’n bonboekje in
de handen, afrekenend wat ieder leveren kwam.
Telkens achter ’t hek, als ’n tuinder klaar was, zwenkte
’n ander uit al sterker aangedromde, woelerige
karmassa, schuin tusschen de latten-omheining, op
grof-bonkerig gekei, ratelde de leegte achter ’m dicht;
stond ook diè weer met ’n berg nieuwe manden en
vruchten voor den kontroleur. Voorzichtig zette iedere
tuinder z’n rood-vochtige manden met aardbei op de
èven boven den grond zwevende schaal, netjes op
elkaar inschuivend en voegend al meer en meer, tot
de heele vracht van hun kar afgeladen was.
De kontroleur, met z’n zweethoofd, z’n gezicht

doorgroefd van zorgtrekken, overspannen arbeid en
vreemde zenuwtrilling van lippen als geluidstroom en
herrie watervallen over hem uitstortten van haast en
jacht,—woog af, trok handvat van weegschaal
achteruit, loerde intusschen naar kwaliteit der
vruchtjes.
—Naam! vroeg ie kort, met moeë stem, ’t zweet van

gezicht onder oogen en om neus uitwrijvend met
rooien doek, waarop ie bang keek, na elken
zweetveeg.
—De Kaiser!
—Wie?.. Piet of Willem?
—Willem!
—Achterweg?
—Welneenet!.. Slangetje!
—Slan-ge-tje herhaalde ie brommerig, zich zelf

dikteerend, onder snel geschijf, afscheurend in
rakettige karteltjes het geperforeerde reçu.
—Hier anpakke!—Weer schuurde z’n zakdoek langs

z’n zweetnek en hals, veegde ie met nijdige rukken ’t
vette nat onder z’n hemd weg. Dirk en neef Hassel
konden met hun karren ’t zijhek nog niet in. Achter hen
áán, dromden al meer paardwagens en karren met de
hijg-sjokkende en duwende [51]kerels er vóór, in al
sterker áánstroom van aardbeien, purperende
neergestorte wolken van rood licht, fijn-prikkelend
doorgeurend weibrok, paden, stationsplein. Gevloek
en geharrewar van rauwe vermoeide stemmen,
krijschte òp uit woesten sjouw en gedrang.—Doffe
blaffen basten tusschen hoognijdige keffers en
kermende hondestemmen òp,—dwars door
menschengeschreeuw en ratelgeraas, dat hooren en
zien verging. Kisten en manden, leeg en uitgehaald,
keilden rond achter ’t hek, waar ’n geholpen groep
afzakte, en overal dromde gegrom en driftig geworstel
der zwoegers, tusschen hun geurende stille vruchten
in, hun roode bergen van geur en vonkpracht.—Op
elkaar hitsend, afgunstig en nijdig, wou de één den
ander voordringen. Plots kwam er lucht in worstelende
ploeterende bende, konden ’n paar wachtenden
inzwenken, met hun wagens en verlengde
zwiepboomen, ratelden er karren wèg, dwars tegen
aandrommende massa in.—
—Nou debies! Ik ke’ nie langerst wachte, krijschte éen

uit den karrenstoet vóór ’t hek, met grauw
zweetgezicht, vette kerel, paf van hitte, uitblazend van
vermoeienis, gekneld z’n dikke lijf tusschen andere
wagens in.
—Hulp d’r sain effe eerst, gil-schreeuwde één achter ’t

hek, tegen kontroleur, die nu op ’n ouë mand zat, met
z’n bon-boek op de knieën gedrukt, rondloerend
overal heen, of ze’m niks bestalen, alles goed
verstapeld werd in de donkere wagons.—’n Blauw
potlood stipte ie telkens nat tegen z’n mond áán, dat
z’n lippen paarsten als zou ie plots ’n beroerte krijgen.
Van ’t toegeschreeuw, de rumoerige hurrie en
onrustjacht achter ’t hek, maakte ie zich niks hooren.
—Vóór ’m stonden de tuinders, hun waar verladend
op ’t breede, lage, met stof-vuil overwaaide
weegtoestel.
—Acht honderd kilo van?.…
—Joapeke!
—Jaapeke uit?..
—Lemperweg!..
Snel kraste z’n potlood, stonden de tuinders voor ’m

ingebogen te loeren, naar de koortsige krabbeling van
blauw puntje [52]op ’t blanke schitterpapier, waar ’t licht
op beefde. Bij ’t ontvangen van reçu, hielp de tuinder
z’n waar van de schaal laden. Twee smerige kerels,
vergrauwd in zweet van zware werkjacht sprongen òp
en àf uit de binnen-in-donkere wagons, half
volgestapeld. De mannen rukten Jaapeke z’n manden
en sloffen uit de handen, grepen ze van de
weegschaal, klauterden met de aardbei wagons in, dat
de purpering kwam te dooven tusschen de morsig
bestofte houtwanden, waar àl hooger en duisterder de
geurvrucht op elkaar gesmoord, in verdook.—
’n Twintig meter van den kontroleur af, op ’n

weghoogte van grove keibestrating, àchter omheining,
propte nòg ’n drom karren, rumoerde landvolk met
waar en manden, bij ’n konkurrent-kooper, ’n
Duitscher, die onder geeldoekig tentje, waar zonnebol
gloeiheete lichtschaters op néérproestte,—
aardbeivrachten innam en verzond in andere wagens
weer.
’n Ontzaglijk dik wijf met reuzinneheupen, en magere

dochter, langhalzig en beenderig geitengezicht, zat
achter ’n klein kleurig tafeltje onder ’t brandende
tentdoek te schrijven, reçutjes en kopietjes, terwijl
zwaarbuikige Duitscher afwoog en loerde naar de
vruchten, met z’n glimvettig bollig zweetgezicht.—
Achterover, op z’n kruin geplakt, blankte ’n wit-stijve
automobielpet, glansfel beklept.—Met iederen tuinder
rumoerde en streed ie kort en stemsnauwend-
krasserig, over gewicht en waar. Moe’, niets
begrijpend van z’n Duitsch gebrabbel, stom en dorstig
in de hitte van d’r zwoeg, kregelden hun ruwe
gezichten, vervlekt van zweetvet, streken ze hopeloos
en zorgelijk in angstig spiervertrek van zenuwmonden,
handplat langs hun voorhoofden en monden, losten ze
verder, zonder ’n woord verweer, wachtend op reçu.
Aldoor weer ’t oerige moederwijf brabbelde wat

tusschen het gebrauw van den zwaarlijvigen mof.
Lacherig en spottend, gromden eindelijk de kerels in
vloek wat terug, verlegen onder ’t niet verstaan,
òpkijkend telkens naar bemiddelaar, die naast ’t
zengende tentdoek stond te schroeien in zonnevuur,
allerlei zure grapjes uitlolde tegen langhalzige
geelmagere dochter met den geitenkop en enorme,
vetdijige moeder. Onder geschrijf [53]en overgereik van
bons aan tuinders, schoot zij,—onder fluisterend
gekonkel van bemiddelaar in ’r ooren,—om ’n
haverklap in proestlachen uit; schommelde ’t
moederwijf van gierpret, ’r logge boezem lang nog
nàbevend achter klein tafeltje, dat meelachte in lichten
sidder tegen d’r schuddenden vetbuik. Toch, ieder
keer duwde ze den kerel met ’r vette worsthanden
soms midden in ’n grap, ruw buiten de tent, loerden zij
en ’r dochter naar de weegschaal, of d’r niemand
bedroog; gingen d’r sluwe klein-grijze oogjes in ’t
pappig opgeblazen maangezicht lichtend rond, in kring
der sjouwende werkers, die doorlaadden en losten, in
stommen zwoeg, donker, morsig en vergrauwd,
tusschen ’t schittervuur van hun vruchtjes. En stapel
op stapel, purper leven slurpte op, al meer, satanisch-
gesperde muilen van donkere wagons.—
Kleurigste hurrie daverde rond den kontroleur, verder

op.—
Eindelijk was ’t Dirk’s beurt om te lossen, zwenkte ie

vóór, met z’n zware kar, wrong en schuurde ie door
engen hekingang, in giftduwen tegen de kruk, dat z’n
kop te barsten stond, zwellend van spierspanning.
Zweet droop van z’n wangen in de sloffen, toen hij
mand voor mand van z’n kar op ’t weegtoestel schoof,
berekenend, nauw passend en insluitend de manden,
onder ’t opstapelen.
—Van?.… vroeg kontroleur, al klaarstaand met

potlood op de lippen, tongpunt er tegen aangedrukt.
—Hassel!..
—Welleke Hassel?.…
—Gerrit!
—De Blommepot, gromde ie voor zich uit, veerend op

z’n mand, blauwe krullettertjes op z’n papier krassend.
Dirk in zweet en zon, stapelde dóór van z’n kar, rustig

op ’t toestel.
—Hee, hield plots kontroleur z’n arm in, met ruwen

schreeuwstoot, van z’n veerende mand opspringend,..
wa’ is dá’? die mand dààr.… en die?.… daa’s drek!.…
ke’k niet gebruike!.… [54]
Dirk hield op, keek verstomd met z’n koeienblik den

kerel aan, die weer was gaan zitten.
—Wa nou?.. wa’ bruike?..
Hij wist eigenlijk wel dat ie twaalf sloffies met vuil goed
had meegekregen. Ouë Gerrit wou, woù nou eenmaal
van de berijpte vervreten hoek wat pluksel verstoppen
ònder de beteren, om zoo nog wat te beuren van z’n
teelt, denkend dat in de drukte geen sterveling ’r op
letten zou. Drie tuinders hadden ’t er op die manier al
door gekregen, waarom kon ’t hèm ook niet lukken?
—Droal nou nie soo Hassel, donderden achter ’t hek

wat kwaadaardige stemmen, van ongeduld barstende
tuinders, wai hebbe ook ’n kilotje!
—Stik doar, schreeuwde ie terug. Woest nijdig

begonnen plots z’n koeienoogen te werken, en
kwaadaardig te schamperen van wreed licht.
—Daa’s d’Ouë s’n skuld, bromde ie zacht voor zich uit,
die hep main d’r làte inloope.… da kreng.… en nou
opelik betroàpt.… ’t foàrke sou je kefuus moàke.…
—Nou! nijdigde kontroleur uit de hoogte.. Stapel die

rommel nou maar weer weg, want neme doen ik ’t
nie.…
—Moar maa’n! je laikt puur daa’s, se benne bestig,

loog Dirk, om zich te redden.… allaineg ’n baitje
stainderig meskien!.…
Kwaadaardiger vertrok kontroleur z’n zweetmond. Hij

was weer opgesprongen van z’n mand, die knarste en
kraakte onder z’n lijf.
—Als jij hullie nie van de schaal neemt, donder ik se

fierkant tege de wage an, jou drek!..
—Stik! dá’ bi’k tog sellefers bai, hee? Daa’s f’rdomme

twee doàg kromplukke weust.… twee doage!.… dâ je
je donder deurmidde barstte.… en nou veur niks
werkt!
—Al had je ’r ’n beroerte an gekarweit, ik neem se soo

nie.. en fort nou, gauw ook! d’r blijve nou alleenig die
veertig mande daa’s.… kijk!.… zes.… honderd.… kilo
kijk! kijk!
De gewichten langzaam natellend, ingebukt en

waggelend [55]op z’n veerende mand, krabbelde ie de
vracht op z’n boek àf. In dralende weerspannigheid
had Dirk weer z’n twaalf manden van de straat op de
kar geladen. Achter zich zag ie neef Hassel staan,
klaar met z’n waar, in schamperen lollach op sarsnuit
dat Dirk z’n rot boeltje terug gekregen had. Prachtig
glansden neef Hassel’s manden, rond en hoog, op de
handkar. Z’n bruin eikenhoutige wagen, met lichtblauw
beschilderde wielen, als azuren raderen, waarin
verflitsten de spaakjes in zongespat, kleurfel
òpkringend tegen de daverend-oranje bemeniede
assen, gloeide in zomerbrand, met z’n hel-roode
aardbeistapels, rondbroeiend geurende warmte van
glansen. Op elken mandrand, goudvlechtsel in
zonnegloed, had ie groene bladerenkranzen
geslingerd, tusschen het zingende warmhooge rood,
en half beschaduwd vruchtenvuur, dat ’t frisch jubelde
bòven de karkleuren.
—Daa’s siek veur niks, lachte kontroleur, se gaan toch

de kist in, wees ie spottend op de wagens.
Dirk stond nog achter z’n neef, woedend neer te kijken

op kontroleur. Die vervloekte Ouë … Most.. ie sain da
lappe?.. hai sou sàin t’met de mande veur s’n
skainhailige tronie sloan.… Sóó hep hai nog sait daa’t
goàr nie gong.… nie gong.… f’rdomme!
Maar kontroleur, begraven onder nieuwen werkdrom,

zag niet meer naar ’m om, loerde alleen rond naar
vervoer, gewicht, wacht op reçu’s.—
Onrustig keek ie telkens achter zich, of alles wel vlotte

en niets gegapt werd; of de kontrabons klopten, de
wagens zuinig genoeg bestapeld werden.—Te
zweeten, te zuchten zat ie van ’t aandrommende werk,
rondom z’n overal kijkend lijf, in ’t geraas van treinen
en dreungesmak, getier van ’t landvolk, dat van
ongeduld sterker schold en trampelde voor hun
karren. Nu en dan, heerig en afgemeten kwam
patroon van kontroleur even kijken of de boel liep,
stond ie dwars in den weg dat de tuinders ’m omver
boften met hun karren en manden. Gauw had de
heere-baas ’m gezegd, dat kontroleur zich niet moest
laten beetnemen door ’t goochelend sluwe volkje;
[56]dat alle vergissingen en terugzendingen voor zijn
rekening kwamen. Dat wist ie wel, en gejaagder
loerde, zweette, vertilde ie de zware gewichten.—
Dirk had zich àchteruit door den drom wachtenden

met z’n kar heengewerkt. Achter ’m laaide ’n roode
gloed van purper en karmijn, waartusschen ’t landvolk
woelde, met ’r sjofele stinkende plunje, bronspilow
broeken, zwart-fluweelen truien, vuil-blauwe en
lakrooie kielen, grijs-bruine en goorgele hemden.—
Nou moest ie nog even, achter de Duitschers, om

nieuwe sloffies.—Van ver zag ie al ’n troep tuinders
worstelen en dringen bij ’n wagen op tweede rails, met
leeg aangevoerde manden. Z’n kar zette ie vàst tegen
’n boom vóór weibrok, en wrevelig achter ’t spoorhek
drong Dirk dwars door den stoet.—
Ze vochten in nijdig gedrang, rond den wagon.—De

een duwde den ander achteruit. Met trappen en
stooten, in furiënde werkkoorts, doken telkens ’n paar
weer in den nauwen wagon, op geschreeuw van den
grooten aardbeikooper en mandeigenaar, die aflas
hamen van tuinders.
—Hulers vier pakke, dreunde z’n stem, z’n oogen

strak in loer op ’t lijstje.
—Persint, schreeuwde ’n kerel terug, dook weg in den
nauwdonkeren wagon, holde den anderen kant weer
uit met ’n trits sloffen aan ’n touw, door de hengsels
heengeregen.
—Daa’s meroakel gemain!, krijschte éen woedend,

altait Hulers veur ’n aêr,.. daa’s puur de fint van de
bestige woar!…
Een brutale, met roet-zwarten baard om geelbleek

gezicht en smalle schuwe oogen, wenkbrauwen
neger-donker, rukte ’n tuinder z’n mandjes uit de
handen, vloekend dat ie al drie keer voor niks hier
was, op die manier niet plukken kon, z’n boel verrotte
op den grond. De baas, er bijstaand, mengde er zich
in, maar ze snauwden, verdrongen den heerigen vent.
Hij voelde dat ie in zoo’n geweldige, stuipige
werkjacht, z’n meerderheid verliezen ging.
—F’rek jai skorum, vloekte en tierde de onthutste

tuinder, verhit van zongepriem, dat z’n oogen in brand
stak, afgejakkerd hijgend van uitputting en sjouw. [57]
—Ke’ main puur niks bomme.… ’k hep in twee doage

al nie plukke kenne.… soo lait main oogst veur de
waireld.
—Moar daa’s main.… skar! duufelstoejoager.…

kabbeloebeloap!.… Doòr schold ie, wou op den zwart-
baardigen kerel instormen, maar tusschen hen in
drongen andere zwoegers, worstelend om sloffen en
manden, den wagon òp en instormend, grijpend en
rukkend wat ze maar krijgen konden.
—Jorisse!.. riep statig baas af, acht pakke.… om
schijnorde in de bende te brengen.
Maar niemand die naar ’m hooren wou.
—Wat ’n janboel, bromde Dirk, die met z’n stiersterke

boffende schoften door ’t gedrang en gewurm der half
vechtende en razende kerels heen gestooten was,
magere zwakkelingen op zij duwend. In de woeling en
hitte van ’t gegrijp, gedrang, en geroep werden als
verschoppelingen de zwakkeren vóór- en achteruit
gemept. Bòven de koppen en kromruggen van ’n troep
tuinders, die aandrongen op één plek, graaiend naar
sloffies met armen vooruit, in woeste hebzucht,—deed
Dirk z’n greep, met z’n granieten krachtarm naar één
kant waar ie ’n lossen stapel in de gaten had
gekregen.
—Daa’s jou beurt niet.… terug! schreeuwde ’n

wagonknecht, luisterend naar den afroep van patroon.
—Maar terwijl die bij één wagon-end aansjouwden en
afweerden, ganneften ze aan anderen kant de sloffen
wèg, in tierend kabaal en worstel.
—Ikke hep ses pakke, skraif moar roak! beet Dirk af,
de rist manden over z’n schouers gooiend na ’t
bindtouw eerst stevig om z’n hand gekneld te hebben,
dat ’m niemand wat afnemen kon. Luchtig was ie den
wagon uitgesprongen, lollig zich voelend, dat hij weer
voor ’n pluk geborgen was met sloffen.
Honderden, teleurgesteld en woest, nijdig gromden en

raasden tegen de kontroleurs en bazen, waarom ’r
niet meer manden waren. Een, wachtte al drie, ’n
ander al vier volle dagen.
—Ke’k niks an doen, laike puur roofers.… schreeuwde

’n kontroleur, morgeochend om vier uur.… stoan d’r
weer twee woages, mo’ jullie moar ’n vroegertje
moake!..
Zóó, in zwoegzweet vergloeiend onder schroeizon die

’t kokende [58]licht rond ze neerdreunde, doornageld
van steken, gemarteld en vergramd, huilde in raas-
drift hun klacht naar gereedschap, barstte hun haat en
afgunst op elkaar uit, in woest gescheld en getier;
steeg de koorts van hun werkjacht, hamerde de pols
van hun arbeid heeter, hooger, onmenschelijker. Hun
ploeterramp dáár, lag als ’n lijk te ontbinden, tusschen
het gouden daggeluk, het jubel-geschater van licht, de
wellustzwijm van geur, tusschen het groen en ’t
hemelreine, wijdzalig azuur, waarin het leven bruiste,
en de kleuren klaterden.—De wilde storm en donkere
furie van hun arbeid, brandde en stuipte in ’t rood van
hun vruchtenzee.. Verbitterd in stillen wrok, stond er
verwoesting van leefrust op andere koppen
gerammeid, driften van zorg en geld-haal, die ze
razend maakte, razend.
Aan weirand tegen spoorhek, èven buiten den

worstelkring van schreeuwers om sloffen en ronde
manden, stond droef-verschrompeld in eenzamen
staar, ’n blinde man op klein orgeltje te draaien, z’n
kaal hoofd pal in zonnevlam, brandend op
schedelnaakt.
Tusschen gebonk en geratel dóór, schoten
melankoliek, triest-zachte klanken uit z’n ween-
instrument, dat met ’n riem over z’n borst gesnoerd,
vóór z’n buik hing, steunend op ’n kort schuinen poot
in ’t zand.—Eén mager-gele hand lag te beven op ’t
bovenblad van z’n orgeltje, en de andere dor-
uitgepeesd, draaide, draaide! Wèg zonk klaagstem
van weenend orgeltje in den tierenden werkroes van ’t
land volk. Bloedrood vlamde ’t omlijste gaas van
orgelkast, vurige poortjes in ’t licht. En stil, krombeenig
ingezakt, magerde z’n schreiend-sjofele figuur, in
groen-roode jas, als vastgenageld, gekruisigd tegen ’t
hek, eenzaam in de drift-woeling van ’t worstelende
werk. Vóór ’m, op ’t heete gras lag ’n verluisd vuil
mandrillig kereltje te smakkeren op wat verkneusde
weggeworpen rottende aardbeien. Stommer,
pruttelden de dooie droge lippen van den blinde,
angstig gissend waar z’n zwijgend geleidertje ’m
neergeduwd, had. En lang, heel lang bleef zon, sar-
heet priemen op z’n naakt schedelvleesch, op z’n
mageren, smal-hoekigen kop, angstigden [59]z’n staar-
oogen, als in luistering naar wat ze niet zien konden;
draaide de hand, draaide, draaide uit, droef
klankengeween, verdoofd wegvloeiend tusschen de
furiënde aardbeienwoeling en felle glorie van
zomerbrand, overal rondom.
Veel later, in den avond nog, dromden meér karren en

wagens áán, lag ’t aardbeipurper en karmijn te
koortszingen in ’t avondgoud, kwam ’r nieuwe vloed
aanspoelen, aangolven, op de ratelhotsende karren,
dampend nu in bovenaardsche zonglanzingen.
En van allen kant, de zwoeggezichten keken strakker,
vermoeider.—
Op ’t stationsplein vóór en achter ’t hek, oproerde ’t

nu, drongen en worstelden in beangstigend stillen
drom, stóm van werkaandacht, de late plukkers.
Wagons stonden in vreemd goudrooden gloed, in
schijnsels van kathedraligen lichtdamp, overwazend
de ploeterkoppen. Voor hun oogen verdroomde in
nevelige pracht, ’t groene, eindelooze polderland, heel
vèr, in ’t zinkende licht. De aarde dáár scheen te
verdauwen, te drenken de verschroeide vruchten, en
in zomermist zoelden de zoete grasgeuren en
bloemenrook van de weiden en akkers òver naar den
spoordijk.—
Sappig, in groen-zilverenden en aureolend rood-

zachten zonneglans, vredig en hitteloos, verkleurde ’t
weibrok vóór ’t station waar blinde man gestaan had.
—Lemperweg, zwaar beboomd, groende in fijne
lijngolvingen tegen goudregenende luchtverte.—Dáár
vertintte donkerder purpergoud, in ’t al zinkende late
licht, àchter de zwoegers, die verteerden in den
dronken hartstocht van verkoop, de geweldrazernij
van aanvoer en afname, niets meer zagen van ’t
leven, rond hen heen. Van alle kanten stroomde nog
áán zoete vracht, in wemeling van rood, róód, in al
heerlijker schakeering, ’t zoetste purper, tusschen
helsch vuur.—Over den karrendrang groeide de
wondre avondzon, met z’n uitpralend madonnagoud
zeefsel van broos-zinkend licht.—En hooger, tegen de
scheemring in, stapelden òp de wagons, en zoeter
rookten de vochtige geuren in den verdroòmenden
lichtval.—
Tòt laat in den avond,—Lemperweg in

boomenschemer al [60]te wiegen lag in zalige zomer-
nachterust, heel Wiereland verzwelgde in geuren en
zoete kweel-geluidjes van wei en weg,—bleef
tuinderszwoeg àchter en vóór ’t hek drommen; bleef
donkerder vonken ’t vruchtenrood, schonkeren en
botsen ’t martelend geduw van atlaszware sjouw-
vrachten. Al meer verduisterde de roode vruchtenzee
in den zachten ruischgolf van scheemring,
verduisterden de kerels méé in de azuren neerkoeling
van nachthemel. Woest wrevelig staakte eindelijk de
zwoeg, ratelden de karren terug naar krot en straat,
akker en pad.—Te donker werd ’t om verder te lossen.
Stiller nu op ’t spoorplein daalde rust, vernevelde de

polderwei in nachtelijk, droom-donker groen, in heilige
stilte, als ruischte elke grashalm heilig nachtgebed uit.
Dieper nageur van vruchtenzoet bleef aromen over ’t

plein.—Van verre, uit teere, avond-doorschemerde
laantjes klonk vedelweeke stemmejubel van ’n meisje,
avondklanken verluiend in den zomernacht, als
heimwee-zoete herderszang.
En wijd, almachtig, in diep blauw, zaaide de

nachthemel z’n sterrengoud uit; hemel als eindlooze
fonkelkoepel plots in ’t duistere azuur gegroeid, waar
geruischloos gaas-ragge engelenvleugels, zilveren
glansen heiligend doorheenzwierden.— [61]

ebook download (eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management 4th Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

ebook download (eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management 4th Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ebook download (eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management 4th Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects

of Health Information Management 4th

(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health

(eBook PDF) Legal and Ethical Aspects of International

(eBook PDF) Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration

(eBook PDF) Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration

(eBook PDF) Legal Aspects of International Business A

(eBook PDF) Managing the Law The Legal Aspects of Doing

(eBook PDF) Comparative Health Information Management

(eBook PDF) Adaptive Health Management Information

3 Judicial Process of Health Information 49

PART 2 AN OVERVIEW OF ETHICS 95

REVIEW QUESTIONS 110

6 Ethical Decisions and Challenges 111

7 Bioethics Issues 135

PART 3 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES CENTRAL TO

8 Patient Record Requirements 153

RETENTION REQUIREMENTS 166

9 Confidentiality and Informed Consent 179

10 Access to Health Information 199

CASE STUDY B 233

11 Specialized Patient Records 237

PART 4 SPECIALIZED AREAS OF CONCERN IN

12 Risk Management, Quality Management, and Utilization

13 Information Systems 293

14 Health Care Fraud and Abuse 325

15 Law and Ethics in the Workplace 341

ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXTBOOK

American legal system. This chapter is followed by a discussion of court sys-

FEATURES OF THE TEXTBOOK

New to the Fourth Edition

Student Online Companion

Instructor Resources at the Instructor

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Awards Committee. She serves as a professional practice experience site coordina-

Dana C. McWay, JD, RHIA

Marie T. Conde, MPA, RHIA, CCS

ABOUT LEGAL CITATIONS

395.0197 published by the West Publishing Company in 1993. Multiple state

ABOUT LEGAL RESEARCH

—F’noafed is d’r gain tait.… hee!.. Joanse, scherpte

—Laileke duufels-toejoager, bromde die terug, hoor je

—Nou ikke stoan t’met dertien uur te plukke.… ik bin

Janse zweeg, giftig op Piet, dat ie met z’n geloof

—Wat ’n gesoànik, schreeuwde ouë Gerrit naar Piet,

—Hoho!.… hoho!.… wá’ sou da’ t’met hain? vier en

—Hain?.. Welneenet.. aas ’k moar wa’ neusiesverf

—F’rdomd! sel nie beure! sel nie beure! krijschte de

In langzame optrekking van z’n linkerknie, met z’n

—Skreeuw moar nie.… set ’t nie op je heupe.… maan!

—En jai Kees? vroeg Dirk, hep jai ’t lekker?

—Kees, Kees, bromde Piet weer, die hep gain rug,

Stil zwoegde Kees door, ’n endje van hùn bed af,

Iederen dag làter in ’t saizoen, kon de prijs van kilo’s

Dirk had van ’t doorloop-pad àf, op den akker ’n groote

Zonlicht zoog heet in ’t vruchtenrood. Over de manden

Achter Dirk en Jan Hassel áán, ratelde een stoet van

Van Lemperweg, haven en zijstraatjes, ratelden en

Kerels met vermoeide, grimmige koppen, paarsig