Emerging Trends in Reactive

Power Management

J.Chelladurai
Dept of EEE, Assistant Professor
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore
Basic principle-Power Triangle

Power factor = True power /Apparent power

Example - RL Load without
Compensation
RL-Load with Compensation
 capacitor and load current
waveforms

Ic,Iload(A)

Time (s)

MATLAB Simulation waveforms

Practical Power Factor Measurement and
Calculation of kVAR
Calculation of a Capacitor
Practical Power Factor Correction

This gives the power factor of 1.5kW/1.50009kVA

=0.99994
Now the current is only 6.25 A instead of 9.61 A
Conventional Method of Reactive
Power Management
Vector Representation
Required Compensation
Mathematical Relationship
 Principles of Conventional
Reactive-Power Compensators
 Objectives of line compensation
• To increase the power-transmission capacity
of the line.
• To keep the voltage profile of the line along
its length within acceptable bounds to ensure
the quality of supply to the connected
customers as well as to minimize the line-
insulation costs.
• Reactive-power compensation influences the
power-transmission capacity of the connected
line.
• Controlled compensation can be used to
improve the system stability (by changing the
maximum power-transmission capacity).
• As well as to provide it with positive damping.
 Passive Compensation

 Shunt compensation.
 Series compensation.
 The Saturated Reactor
 The Thyristor-Controlled Transformer (TCT)
• The application of series compensation
requires several other careful considerations.
 The voltage magnitude across the capacitor banks (insulation);
 The fault currents at the terminals of a capacitor bank;
 The placement of shunt reactors in relation to the series capacitors
(resonant over voltages);
 The number of capacitor banks and their location on a long line (voltage
profile).
 Static Var Compensators(SVC)

• Applications of the SVC systems are

 To increase active power transfer capacity

and transient stability margin.
To damp power oscillations.
To achieve effective voltage control.
 Simple two Machine System

Possibility of power flow control.

•Control of the line impedance X.
•Injecting a voltage in series with the line, and perpendicular to the current
flow, can increase or decrease the magnitude of current flow. Since the current
flow lags the driving voltage by 90 degrees, this means injection of reactive
power in series.
 Types of FACTS controllers
• Series Controllers.
• Shunt Controllers.
• Combined series-series Controllers.
• Combined series-shunt Controllers.
Basic Principle of SVC
Power Angle Curve
Variation of voltage stability limit-
without Compensation
Variation of voltage stability limit-
with Compensation
Increase in Transient Stability
Margin
Transient stability limit
Damping of Power Oscillations
 Voltage Support

SVC can prevent the voltage collapse by keeping the terminal voltage constant at the
receiving end.
 Applications of SVC
i. In transmission systems
a. To reduce temporary over voltages
b. To damp subsynchronous resonances
c. To damp power oscillations in interconnected power systems
ii. In traction systems
a. To balance loads
b. To improve power factor
c. To improve voltage regulation
iii. In HVDC systems
a. To provide reactive power to ac–dc converters
iv. In arc furnaces
a. To reduce voltage variations and associated light flicker
Thyristor-controlled Reactor-TCR
Control Objective
Delta Connected Three Phase TCR
Thyristor switched capacitor-TSC
Transient free switching
Switching Transients
Condition for Transient Free
Switching
 Fixed Capacitor Thyristor
Controlled Reactor- FC-TCR
Functional control scheme
FC-TCR
Loss Vs Output Characteristics of
FC-TCR
TSC- TCR
Operating V-I area of the TSC-TCR
Loss Vs Output Characteristics of
TSC- TCR
Static Synchronous Compensator
STATCOM
1. The dynamic voltage control in
transmission and distribution
systems.

2. The power-oscillation damping in

power-transmission systems.

3. The transient stability the voltage

flicker control.

4. The control of not only reactive

power but also (if needed) active
power in the connected line,
requiring a dc energy source.
Principle of STATCOM
Principle of STATCOM
 Basic Principle of Control
• Magnitude & Phase of I can be controlled by controlling VB
(through modulation of the switch)

VR1

IXL

VR

basic principle of control

Basic Converter Scheme Used for
STATCOM
Basic control scheme(variable
capacitor voltage)
Basic control scheme (sustained
capacitor voltage)
V-I characteristics
V-I characteristics of Combined
Converter
V-I characteristics of Combined
Converter
Simple Non-Linear Load With
STATCOM

I I+Ih+Ir
Source
RL

-Ih-Ir

Non linear load

IGBT Inverter

STATCOM with Non linear load

 When the Vdc reference is 700
volts.

Current wave forms

Capacitor voltage and current wave forms
 Schematic Diagram of
Experimental Setup
TPSTS Voltage sensor(VR,VY,VB) Current sensor (IR,IY,IB)

Source

IRinv,VYinv,VBinv Diode bridge rectifier

IGBT Inverter

Pulse input

C
DSP TMS320LF2407
J TAG
Controller
XDS510pp

54
 Experimental Results
400

200
Voltage(V)

-200

-400
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time(s)

5
urrent (A)

0
C

-5
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time(s)

Simulation results -Source Voltage and load current waveforms Experimental results – source voltage and load current

Peak Magnitude Spectrum called by Simulink

Magnitude based on "Base Peak" - Parameter

0.8

THD=26.1%
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Order of Harmonic

Simulation results-Harmonic spectrum of

Load current THD Experimental results – Harmonic spectrum of

Load current

55
 Experimental Results
400

200
Votage(V)

-200

-400
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time(s)

5
urrent (A)

0
C

-5
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time(s) Experimental results – source voltage and source current
Simulation results –Source Voltage and current waveforms with SAF using SPWM scheme (SPWM)

Peak Magnitude Spectrum called by Simulink

Magnitude based on "Base Peak" - Parameter

1
0.9
0.8

0.7 THD=8.694%
0.6
0.5

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Order of Harmonic
Simulation results - Harmonic spectrum of Source current THD using SPWM scheme
Experimental results – Harmonic spectrum of

Source current (SPWM)

56
Two-machine power system with
series capacitive compensation
Real Power and Series Capacitor Reactive
Power Vs Angle Characteristics
GTO Thyristor-Controlled Series
Capacitor (GCSC)
Principle of turn-off delay
angle control
Thyristor-Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC)
Phase Angle Regulator
Transmitted Power Vs Angle
Characteristics
Principle of Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC)
UPFC- Principle
Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)
Basic Principle of UPFC
Technical Benefits of Main FACTS
Devices
Solutions for Enhancing Power System Control
 References
1. Hingorani ,L.Gyugyi, ‘Understanding FACTS - Concepts
and Technology of flexible ac transmission system’, IEEE
Press New York, 2000 ISBN –078033 4588.

2. R .Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K.Varma , ‘Thyristor - based

FACTS controllers for Electrical transmission systems’,
IEEE press, Wiley Inter science , ISBN no . 0-471-20643-
1,2002.
Thank You