Chemistry - Chapter 1 - States of matter

 Matter is something that occupies space and has mass

 Matter is divided into three - solid, liquid and gas.
 Changing the temperature and or pressure can change the state in
which a substance exist.
 Liquid and gases are able to flow but a solid has a fixed shape and
volume.
 Liquids and gases are fluids.
 When the temperature is increased and a decrease in volume (a
contraction) when the temperature is lowered. The effect is much
bigger for a gas, than a solid or a liquid.
 Volume of a gas at a fixed temperature can easily be reduced by
increasing the pressure on the gas.
 Large increase, or decrease, in temperature and pressure can cause
changes that are more dramatic than expansion or contraction
 Temperature at which a substance turns to a liquid is called melting
point.
 Melting point is the temperature at which solid turns into a liquid. It
has the same value as the freezing point
 A pure substance has a sharp melting point.
 The process is reversed at precisely the same temperature if a liquid
is cooled down. It is then called the freezing point.
 Solid carbon dioxide is often called as dry ice because the surface of
the block is dry.
 Sublimation is a direct change of a state from solid to gas or gas to
solid liquid face is bypass.
 Evaporation is a process occurring at the surface of a liquid, involving
the change of a state from liquid into a vapour at the temperature
below the boiling point.
 The larger the surface area, the faster the liquid evaporates and the
warmer the liquid is the faster it evaporates
 Boiling it is the process of changing from liquid to gas at the boiling
point of the substance.
 Boiling point, it is the temperature at which liquid boils, when the
pressure of the gas created above the liquid equals atmospheric
pressure.
 Volatile it is the term that describes a liquid that evaporates easily.
 Condensation it is the change of a vapour or a gas into a liquid.
During this process heat is given out into the surroundings.
 A pure substance consist only of one substance without any
contaminating impurities
 A pure substance is defined as a single chemical element or a
compound. It melts and boils at definite precise temperatures.
 When there is no space in the particles they are called Inter-particle
space.
 If the force is less, the particles move randomly
 If the condition is the same, the melting in the boiling point is not
affected
 Latent heat is a Hidden heat (It is the amount of energy which is used
to convert the state of matter of mole of a substance)
 Solid to liquid is melting and liquid to gas is called boiling and this
after the process is called vapour formation
 matter is divided into very small particles known as atoms
 Lactic regular, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, molecules
or ions in a crystalline solid.
 Main points of kinetic particle theory:
 All matter is made up of very small particles. Different substances
contain in different types of particles such as atoms, molecules or
ions.
 Particles or moving all the time, the higher the temperature, higher
the average energy of particles
 The freedom of movement and the arrangement of particle is
different for three states of matter
 The pressure of a gas is product and by the atoms or molecules of
the gas hitting the walls of the container. The more often the
particles collide which is the wall, the greater the pressure.
 Atom. It is the smallest particle of an element that take place in a
chemical reaction.
 Can you take particle theory it is a theory which accounts for the
bulk properties of the different states of matter in terms of
movement of particles
 Atoms or molecules. The theory explains what happens during the
change in physical state.
 Molecule it is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
 In solid the particles are packed closely in liquid. The particles are
still close together and in gas. The particles are very far apart and
move randomly.
 The space between the particles is called intermolecular space
 Intermolecular forces are the weak attractive forces that act
between the molecules
 Exothermic changes a process or chemical reaction in which heat is
produced and released in the surrounding.
 it has a negative value
 Endothermic changes is a process or a chemical reaction that takes in
heat from the surrounding
 It has a positive value.
 Mixture is two or more substances mix together, but not chemically
combined-the substances can be separated by physical means
 Solution is formed when substance (solute)dissolves into another
substance (solvent)
 Salute it is the solid substance that has dissolved in a liquid
 Solvent. It is a liquid that deserves the solid solute to form and
solution.
 Water is the most common solvent but liquids are in organic
chemistry that act a solvent is called organic solvents
 Suspension it is a mixture containing small particles of insoluble,
solid or droplets of an insoluble liquid, spread(suspended)
throughout a liquid
 Precipitation reaction. It is a reaction in which an insoluble salt is
prepared from solution of two soluble salts.
 Alloys dear. The mixture of elements usually metals designed to have
Property is useful for particular purpose
 Insoluble substance that does not dissolve in a particular solvent
 Soluble -a solute that dissolves in particular solvent
 Miscible if to liquid form a complete uniform mixture. When added
together they are said to be it.
 Saturday solution solution that contains as much dissolved, salute as
possible at particular temperature
 Concentration a measure of how much salute is dissolved in a
solvent to make a solution
 Solubility is a measure of how much a solvent dissolves into a solvent
in a particular temperature
 Gas is become less soluble in water as the temperature increases
 The Solubility of gases increase with pressure
 Diffusion. It is the process by which different fluids mix as a result of
the random motion of their particles.
 Main ideas that involve in diffusion are:
 Particles move from a region of higher concentration to words the
region of lower concentration. Eventually, the particles are evenly
spread it. The concentration is the same all throughout
 The rate of diffusion in liquid is much lower than in gases
 Diffusion does not take place in solid as the particles cannot move
from place to place
 When the temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases
 Vander walls is a weak force of attraction in better neutral molecules
 To check out the important points. Go to page number
3,4,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,17,19