რიდერი- საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკური ეკონომიკა

saerTaSoriso vaWroba.
savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri da nacionalisturi aRqma

vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTi

mecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da oms
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs.
saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze,
vinaidan qmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria.
Tanamedrove urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro
mniSvnelovans xdis saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
Cabmulia yvela qveyana, vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari
da mxolod sakuTari warmoebis produqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli
produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia
eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia qveyana, miT ufro didi
nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori
erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur
tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCerolin-samuelsonis Teorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT —
H-O), xolo meore — nacionalisturs. am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad
aris axsnili saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos
Teoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwilad
saxecvlilia.

liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebis

principi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela
mxarisaTvis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa
mogebuli am procesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs,
rom Tavisufali vaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari
ganawilebaa, aramed maqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda.
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac,
Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs erovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da
dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio
ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSoriso keTildReobis sawindaria.
Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukve
didi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi
yuradReba im saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic
SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. აmgvarad, isini
amaRleben mTeli msoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic,
vaWroba xels uwyobs ekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas,
demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeul qveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas,
kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobis uzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi.
vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani da
diskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi
unda Seecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze
SesaRwevad — Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi
SeTanxmebebis dadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas
ZiriTadi yuradReba tradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo
barierebis Semcirebas, ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am
liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad. yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da
savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu, sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes
wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari Sansebi konkurenciaSi
monawileobisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wminda
saxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom
Tavisufali vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa
momgebiani, romelTa ekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze
da erT konkretul produqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT
dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro
momgebiani da mizanSewonilia.
nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da
miaCniaT, rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda
gayidos meti produqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana
gaiziarebs, maSin gasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar
iarsebebs.
liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac
meti qveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio,
nacionalistebi ar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma
ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmis yvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana
damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmna niadagi ekonomikuri
konfliqtebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyo
periodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken.
ase, magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is
samrewvelo ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli
tarifis SemoRebas, da unda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda.
hamiltoni ar iziarebda adam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom
saxelmwifos seriozuli daxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis.
amerikulma proteqcionizmma Tavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna
smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT), romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli
tarifebi.
germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCnia
mizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis
daqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma
saxelmwifoebma garkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis
saxiT, riTac moaxerxes sakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da,
saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyeba.
 რიდერი- საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკური ეკონომიკა

rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, rom

warmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi
fundamenturad gansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu
proteqcionizmis, mizani. nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania,
romelsac mohyveba industriuli Zalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo.
liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmi droebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas
saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvs mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba.
saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msoflio simdidris Seqmnaa.
liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi upiratesoba rameSi
da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis.

savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

sanam meore msoflio omis Semdgom vaWrobis specifikasa da maxasiaTeblebze

daviwyebdeT saubars, gavixsenoT ra xdeboda pirvel msoflio omamde da mas
Semdeg periodiSi.
pirvel msoflio omamde, rodesac didi britaneti ikavebda hegemonis rols,
msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arsebobis pirobebSi, vinaidan
didma britaneTma msoflios istoriaSi pirvelad, Tavisi valuta daafiqsires
oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im
konkretuli kursis mixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi.
amgvarma sistemam ganapiroba fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela
qveynis valutis gacvla nebismieri sxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad
dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT. fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo
msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas, vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is
gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan.
(vaWrobaSi miRweuli Sedegebi ixileT hegemonobis Sesaxeb leqciis masalebSi)
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave, britanelebma uari Tqves fiqsirebul
kursze da msoflio isev daubrunda e.w mcurav kurss. pirveli msoflio omis
dasrulebis Semdeg ki, qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti, magram igi
gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca.
zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda
saSualebas xelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT
mimoqcevaSi fulis raodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod
swrafi tempebiT (fulis raodenobas ver zrdidnen imitom rom ar qondaT oqros
rezervebze wvdoma da misi moculoba damokidebuli iyo oqros mopovebis
tempebTan). Sesabamisad, meore msoflio omamde msoflio Tavisufal, mcurav
gacvliT kurszea da vaWrobac ar aRwevs didi masStabebs.

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis

liberalizaciis dawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es
ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian
mniSvnelovania, misi surviliT Seesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si
mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi da mokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba
SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas
am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da
misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maT esaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi,
gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari.
aRniSnuli miznebidan gamomdinare 1944 wels Seiqmna erTiani savaluto sistema
(breton-vudi). vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi
arsebuli oqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios
valutebi dolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari.
amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga
vaWrobis liberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da
vaWrobis generaluri SeTanxmebis (gati) (GATT- General agreement of Tariffs and Trades)
SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWro wesebis saerTaSoriso
krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels, 23 saxelmwifos mier.
gatis mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis xelSewyoba, rac
gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis daregulirebisa da
Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba, Tavis
mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas.
xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi ZiriTadad mdidari, samrewvelo tipis qveynebi iyvnen,
romlebisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo axali bazrebis gaxsna da vaWrobis
liberalizacia, raTa gza gaexsnaT sakuTari produqciisaTvis. Sesabamisad, gati
Tavidan mdidrebis klubis saxeliT iyo cnobili - e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri
wesebi mdidarTa sasargeblod.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati

gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis ramdenime raundis (gatis
molaparakebebis formati) sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra am
saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. sainteresoa mokled ganvixiloT
ra iyo es molaprakebebis raundebi da ra Sedegebi moutana msoflios vaWrobis
liberalizaciis TvalsazrisiT:

mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis raundebi.

GATT-is arsebobis manZilze Catarda mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis

rva raundi. (meqcre raundi e.w dohas raundi romelic 2002 wels daiwyo da dRemde
ar dasrulebula ukve WTO-s farglebSi gaimarTa).

1947-1979 wlebSi Catarebuli savaWro molaparakebebis Svid ZiriTad raunds

Sedegad mohyva importze sabaJo tarifebis sagrZnoblad Semcireba, ramac
gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso vaWrobis swrafi ganviTareba.

meeqvse, anu kenedis raundze (1964-1967) miRweul iqna satarifo da ara satarifo
barierebis Semcireba rogorc samrewvelo, ise sasoflo sameurneo produqciis
vaWrobaSi.

meSvide, anu tokios raundis (1973-1979) dros. tarifebis Semdgomi Semcirebis

garda (samrewvelo saqonelze tarifebi Semcirda TiTqmis erTi mesamediT),
miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba arasatarifo sferoSi, standartebis, antidempingis,
subsidiebisa da makompensirebeli RonisZiebebis CaTvliT, agreTve importis
licenzirebaSi da sabaJo Sefasebis sakiTxebSi. miRweuli iqna SeTanxmebebis
samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebiT, rZis produqtebiTa da xorciT vaWrobis, agreTve
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sferoebSi.
 რიდერი- საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკური ეკონომიკა

savaWro molaparakebis merve, urugvais raundi TiTqmis rva wells gagrZelda:

1986-dan 1994 wlamde, sadac monawileobda 123 saxelmwifo. am molaprakebis
formatSi miRebul iqna gadwyvetileba ar daeSvaT proteqcionizmis donis
amaRleba, SeezRudaT da aRekveTaT iseTi RonisZiebebis gatareba, romlebic GATT-
is wesebs arRvevda. molaparakebis dRis wesrigSi dadga axali sakiTxebi:
momsaxurebiT vaWroba, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva da vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebuli sainvesticio RonisZiebani. urugvais raundis ZiriTadi
Sedegebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

 aRebul iqna valdebulebebi tarifebis Semdgom Semcirebaze, kerZod

urugvais raundis SeTanxmebebi iTvaliswinebdnen ganviTarebul qveynebSi 6
wlis ganmavlobaSi (dawyebuli 1995 wlidan), importul samrewvelo
produqciaze tarifis Semcirebas, saSualod 36%-iT sabazro periodTan
SedarebiT. ganviTarebad qveynebs am mxriv miecaT SeRavaTebi (10 wliani
periodi, tarifebis Semcireba saSualod 24%-iT da a.S.)
 GATT-is sistema gavrcelda soflis meurneobis safeiqro da tansacmlis
seqtorebze.
 GATT-is sistema gavrcelda momsaxurebiT vaWrobaze da vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis aspeqtebze.
 daixvewa wesebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa subsidiebi, antidempingi,
vaWrobaze moqmedi teqnikuri barierebi, bazris dacvis RonisZiebebi,
davebis gadawyvetis meqanizmi da sxva;
 miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba (e.w. marakeSis deklaracia), romlis
safuZvelzec Seiqmna mravalmxrivi savaWro sistemis samarTlebrivi da
sainstitucio safuZveli _ vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (WTO).

urugvais raundis erT-erTi mTavari Sedegi iyo 1995 wlis 1 ianvars GATT-is WTO-
d gardaqmna. WTO aris wevri organizacia, maSin, rodesac GATT-i mxolod
xelmoweril mxareebs Soris arsebul mravalmxriv SeTanxmebas warmoadgenda.
ukve WTO-s farglebSi, 2001 wels daiwyo .ew dohas raundi, romelic dRemde ar
dasrulebula (iqneba prezentaciis Tema).

gati Tavis saqmianobaSi eyrdnoboda sam princips:

 aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi (Most-
Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelaze
sasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri
saxelmwifo SeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive
SeRavaTebi unda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen
wevrs, raTa yvela iyos Tanabar pirobebSi);
 vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro barierebis
Semcirebis gziT;
 upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebis umetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo
wevri saxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis
liberalizaciis process.
1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi
SeenarCunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli
cvlilebebi msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi.
saxelmwifoebs surdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi,
da Tu ara, romeli reJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi
Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuli raundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda
tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba. 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSimsoflio
vaWrobis moculoba Seadgenda 84 miliard dolars, xolo 2008 wlisTvis am
maCvenebelma 16 trilion dolaramde Seadgina. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom meore
msoflio omis Semdeg Tu ar gaCndeboda msgavsi Zlieri erToba, swori TamaSis
wesebiT, msoflio vaWroba ar gaizrdeboda aseTi swrafi tempebiT, rogorc es
moxda.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo
ekonomikebi erTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia
imis Sesaxeb (nacionalistebis mier), rom iwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio
ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze meti uaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli
ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansi liberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri
nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris.
1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmis
upiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve
aisaxa savaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da
ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime
fundamenturma movlenam:

 1971 wels breton – vudis sistemim daSlam da mcurav savaluto kursze

gadasvlam, ramac araprognozirebadi gaxada sistema da amasTanave adgili
qonda qveynebis monetarul sistemebSi struqturul cvlilebebs.
 navTobis krizisma 1973-74 ww, romelic gamoxatuli iyo navTobze fasis
masiurma momatebiT. aRniSnulma movlenam maRali inflacia gamoiwvia
ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi.
 amerikis iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam da aSS-is ekonomikis
SedarebiTma dasustebam (gaixseneT es periodi, roca breton-vudis sistema
dasrulda, ra iyo niqsonis ganmarteba)
 1957 wels Seqmnili evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam;
 globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma.

yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobis
liberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas. am procesebidan, vaWrobis TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iaponiis konkurentunarianobis zrda.
1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-
is ekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis
mdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT
hegemonisa da lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro
bloki iyo. daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo
sagareo tarifebi da saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis
vaWrobam saocari tempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8
procents miaRwia. kidev ufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac
Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSi misi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda
 რიდერი- საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკური ეკონომიკა

mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents

miaRwia. avtorTa azriT, am saswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis
unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenerga da ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri
teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZlebloba gamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis
meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdina warmoebaSi da daesaqmebina
mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis
aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialuri saxelmwifo programebi,
romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCineboda kerZo
investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyo foladi,
navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi, samrewvelo
teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi.
iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa
da importis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika
mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa
mkacri kontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam
uzrunvelyo saSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi
meTodebiT importirebul saqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi
administraciuli zomebiT — importis licenzireba da sxv. paralelurad
udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxis nawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani
wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika, romelic metwilad
orientirebuli iyo eqsportze.
msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiis rolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre
bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom mas seriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac
ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal industriul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am
ideis momxeebma ikles 21-e saukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni
miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas an CineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi
mkvlevarebis azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi
udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani
saxelmwifoebi naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli
saxelmwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebad
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv.,
seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans,
tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac
intensiuri savaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame
samyaros qveynebTan, da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis
investireba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. didi albaTobiT, uaxloes momavalSi es
saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven da miiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro
sistemis marTvaSi, da es garduvalia.

axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema,

da Tu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba
mniSvnelovanwilad mxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi
monawileobas bevri saxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare.
Tumca, bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio
ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni
amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriam cxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis)
arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli xangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba.
msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation)

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da

faqtiurad Secvala gati. Tu gatis Seqmnam daaCqara saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
tempebi da gazarda masStabebi, vmo-s Seqmna am procesebis Seuqcevadobas
gulisxmobda. misi organizaciuli struqturis daxvewam da gamravalferovnebam
organizacias mianiWa ufro didi mniSvneloba da aamaRla misi roli
saerTaSoriso politikaSi. vmo-s wevrTa raodenoba (164 saxelmwifo) miuTiTebs
im faqtze, rom qveynebis umravlesobam gaacnobiera is faqti, rasac smitidan da
rikardodan moyolebuli TiTqmis yvela ekonomisti qadagebda: vaWrobidan
sargebels yvela monawile iRebs. vmo-s Seqmnam mniSvnelovanwilad gauCina sxva
qveynebs urTierTkontrolis meqanizmebi da sxvadasxva berketebis gamoyenebiT
TviT zesaxelmwifoebis politikaTa koreqtirebis saSualeba.

WTO-s zogadi struqtura

WTO-s mmarTvel organoebs gaaCnia sami ierarqiuli done. strategiuli

gadawyvetilebebi umaRles doneze WTO-Si miiReba ministrTa konferenciis mier,
romelic ikribeba weliwadSi erTxel mainc.
ministraTa konferenciis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba generaluri sabWo, romelic
pasuxismgebelia mimdinare saqmianobis Sesrulebaze da weliwadSi ramdenjerme
Stab-binaSi JenevaSi ikribebian wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlebi (rogorc wesi
elCebi da wevri qveynebis delegaciis meaTaurebi).
generaluri sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 2 specialuri organo:
 davebis gadawyvetis organo;
 savaWro politikis ganxilvis organo (2 weliwadSi erTxel).

WTO-Si Sedis sami damoukidebeli gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobis mqone

sabWo:
 saqonliT vaWroba;
 momsaxurebiT vaWroba;
 vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi.
 რიდერი- საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკური ეკონომიკა

arsebobs Semdeg sakiTxebze momuSave 4 komiteti:

 vaWroba da garemos dacva;
 vaWroba da ganviTareba;
 sagadamxdelo balansis gamo SezRudva;
 biujeti, finansebi da administracia.

WTO-s xelmZRvanelia generaluri direqtori, romelsac irCeven 4 weliwadSi

erTxel. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas saWiroa xmis raodenoba, principiT `erTi
qveyana – erTi xma~.

organizaciis muSaobis ZiriTadi principebi

msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani: (1) xeli Seuwyos
vaWrobas; (2) miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT; (3)
danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi. misi erT-erTi mizania,
agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola.
Sesabamisad am miznebidan gamomdinare gansazRvravs muSaobis sam ZiriTad
princips:

 aradiskriminaciuloba- aRniSnuli principi vmo-s CarCoebSi xorcieldeba

wevri qveynebisaTvis ori reJimis dawesebiT. upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi
(Most-favored Nation) da erovnuli reJimi (National Treatment)

(1) upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi saqonelTan mimarTebaSi niSnavs, rom

nebismieri saxis upiratesoba, privilegia an prioriteti, romelsac
romelime wevri saxelmwifo aniWebs nebismieri saxis produqcias,
unda mianiWos sxva danarCeni qveynebis imave produqciasac (exeba
rogorc eqsports aseve imports). aRniSnuli wesi exeba
momsaxurebsac. magram arsebobs ori gamonaklisic. magaliTad sabaJo
kavSirebsa da Tavisufal savaWro sivrceebTan dakavSirebuli
gamonaklisebi. magaliTad Tu saxelmwifos gaformebuli aqvs
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, romelime sxva
saxelmwifosTan da mas dauwesebs privilegias, maSin aRar aris
valdebuli imave wesi gaavrcelos sxva vmo-s wevr saxelmwifoebze.
meore gamonaklisis wesis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebul industriul
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT dauweson SeTanxmebulze dabali tarifebi
ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs (da igive ar gaavrcelon ganviTarebuli
saxelmwifoebis imave saqonelze)

(2) erovnuli reJimi- erovnuli reJimi krZalavs diskriminacias ucxour

da erovnul momsaxurebasa da produqcias Soris, iseve, rogorc
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa ucxoel da erovnul
mflobelebs Soris. am wesis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom ar unda
dauwesos upiratesoba Sida bazarze warmoebul produqcias, ise rom
imave ar gavrceldes ucxour produqciazec. magaliTad me Tu
gamonabolqvis erT standarts (ufro dabals) vuweseb qveynis SigniT
warmoebul manqanebs, ar SemiZlia imaze maRali davuweso ucxoeTSi
warmoebul da Semdeg Cemi qveynis SigniT importirebul
avtomobilebs.
  urTierTSeTanxmeba – gulisxmobs, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi iReben
nebayoflobiT valdebulebas, SeuerTdnen savaldebulo tipis SeTanxmebas,
romlis safuZvelzec cnoben im uflebebs da valdebulebebs rac
wamoeSobaT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberalizaciis farglebSi.
amasTanave yvela gadawyvetileba organizaciis SegniT efuZneba
urTierTSeTanxmebas.

 bazarze SeRweva – warmoadgens Zalian mniSvnelovan komponents vaWrobis

intensifikaciisa da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. iTvaliswinebs
liberalur midgomebs, TamaSis samarTlian wesebs, gamWirvalobas da
informaciaze xelmisawvdomobas.

davebis gadawyvetis meqanizmi

rac msoflio savaWro organizacias mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebs gatisgan es aris
davebis gadawyvetis meqanizmis arseboba. es ukanaskneli ar gaaCnda gats. igi
gadamwyvet rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemaSi, vinaidan wevr
saxelmwifoebs aZlevs rwmenas da dacvis meqanizms, rom vmo-s wevrebi
acorcieleben im valdebulebebs, romelic Camoyalibda molaprakebebis dros.

WTO-s davis gadaWris meqanizmi warmoadgens mravalxrivi savaWro sistemis

usafrxoebis centralur elements. WTO-s wevrebi valdebulebas iReben
calmxrivad ar ganixilon savaWro wesebis darRvevis sakiTxebi, aramed moZebnon
maTi mogvarebis formebi davis gadaWris mravalmxriv sistemaSi da daicvan am
sistemaSi arsebuli wesebi. WTO-s generaluri sabWo, rogorc davis gadaWris
organo ikribeba imisTvis, rom gadawyvitos wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris sadavo
sakiTxebi. mxolod mas aqvs ufleba daniSnos davis ganxilva, mianiWos saapelacio
ganacxadebi, Caataros gamokvleva da miiRos zomebi rekomendaciebis daucvelobis
SemTxvevaSi.

davis gadaWris pirveli etapi gulisxmobs konsultaciebs, romelTa uSedegod

warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi, saqme waredgineba WTO-s generalur direqtors, romelic
mxareebs SesTavazebs saarbitraJo Serigebas da davis gadaWrisTvis saWiro
Suamavlis kandidaturas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 60 dRis vadaSi ar moxdeba davis
gadaWra, konsultaciebis meSveobiT, mosarCeles ufleba aqvs mosTxovos davis
gasaWris organos, daniSnos msajulebi am saqmis gamosakvlevad.