or weattt

Anabyia
kuonoue
en watth Orincone
dis ponatio in
CLent
-Jistribution dishibh'on y wwealth
o
atetm
etan material koices, wsbll
indi'idual
dging anotten those veny
Pour Cuitaxia foe Jazqualityity eagend

indidualo
Dwe listribuhu]2, l3- , )

A
B oR
A

Pertations
Bloula not tu

the eutia pepulaheon and theirieemes

shoulnot alte
 on eo co not matt
tue

distrituthien y
u.wtial ineoe

y2 : i, Y2,- - -
y./N,YNt, N+2,-
an
Such taet Yti Yi le l,2 - , N

Rlative Lneome Painelpei

oud watte2t e
iucome
buly telatue Hueom. should not.
absout vlue
)yoo0 ) should aue
( 26DO ( &eoe,
ineat
dueome
Aleould una wnaltud,

for poaihve

(9 figow Daton Thineipu: oe frem the

Atranafer
Aay 3isj. theot Lald
called
ncae

riher' to poor!
( hot
agreive trauatun
trauataloutd wake a dstbutan
A rageaive
..YyY<I(, Ya,-Ys,s.
1Ya, Y2, -.-. i, .-
 leaswes 2
n

Notatiooi
n indniduals m
m
m distinct încome

jl
the incoe dishihuton
incoue disibuhon
Mean
liled e
income
n1
total
the totlnmbe
people

RANGTE V<Y2<-<Ym
Km
R=LC m-Ya),
n the come t lee
posons, d'ded b
This te poo. uat
icheat ond
income o measene
Code me aswe
acheat . poo2oa.
No att etion to pople bjw the
Aishb-eetSeo
( rated foran u pooet to
not
Daltor Prinei ple
atifid,
KuzNeTS RA TIO
y
i athio s to the sharuo
by thu pooht
ucheat oo et.
by the wncomo
atio
Moe touuondy wh
khe
stand for
Dalton Pineple ao t igneres
Niolates
uot ystd in
dhes t i
trounater u made hatio
the 'wchanged
MEAN Ae sowTE DevIATiON(M) distritutian
conideratlen the hol
Taks to trom fhe
is poporti enal to diatnes
Aneamality
men
M: rËli-H
neome,
disfaneo trom teaage to
all ome by to tal iucoe
audLdinde
Awiahen as a frauhiom

Dalten Plueipe
Suaitiue to uneaualitiy ben tranatr
aboe mean,
belaw mean to
madi trom for
SD wmaams nots
(612)
dtaild exampei
CoE FPciENT oF VARIA] 10N CV)
tw
langu dwiah' onn
to
Stonled wjat on
Lie.
Jrorm tha mean al deviahpons from
fhe cteia

mo. pepouionatilyahaching t g h t to
fftivdy
(ongu deui atíeno prom
sdondad duiathon
CV rulahe
meam cennes
matt

2 Ci otishig
(launglavaistu
and

yito +8
GulNI CoEFFICENTG)
diffeenee swau pa oq ncomen
Rakes the ditpnn
totals tte (abialti
Linely
compasomo
Ratio to tue
ttu mLan
olah'am bo kacl pekille
abselti
pai'n neoe

j= kzl
cummah -
by double
Gis gien ( conatant
nd ttuen
a
ner alis. (summi ng a pahs
the munbe
wugbtid by
dncome difpeenees -
cuchpauis ni nk). tice
Notiu that each i - ) coundd

wel as by m and
elatoate eneoele
louny omistt
Lorany uwe
SD maam Nots
Contral'etoy
realt
Bo moe
 lias fatrn and Changes, 993-o(0
wQdia
Motiam and Vakulabharanam

hesaheld lonaumption ezpndltues

Sudia,
A Uaed to
ease Snaality
Dota wsed om Soth Round,okist Tend ord

tor roughl t past decodes, bcth by to

butn histor ical stadard and ales
Judian

ehela arge that

(withingaup)
Vetical Situpaenal,Bngaty ad

ust
wpen
Aeue iwmpotout fdings
yia lewels uce the l490s,
wban, and all - tocobo-o)
puiod (2009-o5
(atthough changes in laet
Atates

and elas bascd

the l990s
Aeen n
Souue tats hane
ae
bene hone een an iwee

gosts has been assoitd wth incusriny

the tuad an be lerds,
wnequalit both at
and stat wwel.

penal n weath neee wny

te eaes we mod
weeawes

weu more pronouneod we eoanined

but
2rpuditwe on weath o tha yuhe
Rstio o te enpenditune of an individalat
the 40th puent to te wdian)
. Horizontol insapasty doumented Lighe di tancan
uallg deompoi hen auo
Ltalio'
 fudings
enee pouod data Arom blst 2bbthr d s
hane ben dlone.

Talle l&it ( t Vetiaad duagua

Uuing looy-6sto Qoo9-(o for the c o g
as a shele
wal
wban iuoaualt ineea
A tnia
companad
(althagh the atiat rounda Qoy- to
ao-0 takeo only 5ycas o acaut

Takiug the tuwo deeod poriod bjew a

inequalit inand at althe leiela

prcentia pretg he meduan has

perzntg 1910s tbneugh 2od - 10s

steadiy
 wban cn
wwoat tocts ,
lueuased duig
rwnal'inequa toa , but lessr)
(trus tor mised
doog-lo use get a
Lookiug
Laotiug at ooy-6s to
pite(?spelligy
deeuase. nral nayality
Tiawso btab,c)
duwng Qooy-of to asg-10, base
urease fron a los
iucrease
- Asan Au an oas
t wan ow but
(i.e s Q004-os
in 2D09-l0)
- Kuelo scu an ancase trom a hgh bas
t was

UP sw adeuase rom a
wadat aly igh bae a
TN and Hahanaataalao Sos
whwuo Madhya lhadeh ad Punia sa
al em a madrutalyy h'gh base
slgtineae , ieease
nban Araas mot sáls saw an
-for
Kuela Aous an iwerase
inerease rom a hig h base.
ush TeK sa) an dneuase rom ab
Low bane
bmodenaty igh bse
deease fom a

hangenineaity rm Dovg
 peaenta
Kuula -hed an nease trom g
A4am an eease from ow base
AP. - modet ineease tom maduste ba
Maha- nodeat Aeease Arom wigl
high sase
an
AS am,Maha uela seu
at an all ndia lee
TN and W a a dease m
medrtu bae

real auerage cons

tor runal areas diuidi
opgucultuallaboeny
by tha cR1. for
stats hat awe
era iueeaen
aoo uttnesed hiahu
aewth rots
puwioualy
doLy
wnt
stats
tor mot epeineed wighes dwcean
Assan Biha
- Haha TN

tothgnh aud gh ineas

Kenela net
 papulohen entire the
Lompete
Can we "
clauihednto Casti puhen pof pesea
unaL ayali.io henipital
uadanelygis decompoai
tion
iglt ahed
on to populatien
qioups. o be
divided .hosigental
to
can
stor, lueaality( based (qraut
DeompositHen
Cauhius()
-authou (given
e to kuwold
uties big ncing eupui
thatpictue Ouerall .
one <tates m
that emenges
sheucd Knda -
gh both
deapmdute
goo wigoh
high h2 AP --
ineacase madt showedaa
ty rausth(
Hachal
too)fralul
dividinq
the
nominul aug wcban
 two Coonents
Wweigkted cum inzaalite
witn Lompernant
tomponnt

conthibutad by behcen lomponn

B’shae

R
ease in

THEIL De coM PoSABILI T)

neoneDistri buhoni y=,2, - -N)

Mlan jneom

ki)

K
 M

ki k
t

wltin' compnent Ibtwen

Ompennt
wnaqualtis witin
ohained from an

- weigktad aweroge
sie income har tthei essw
(sk) add to A to a l'smooted"
incone d'stribudien
whin each
uncome
y:C1,9,Si) mean
y69 s(5,93) that

5)=4T(Y) +195T(Y)+ T(2,2,5,5,5)

19
able lb2
for Coa, hons ontibitd bt Btompont ncesd
bme ewi dne thot dpautio amaug asts hame
dlwd ive the 490.

bud shil

wghn thn 1993-99.

 1440s
ctolshe sha cetrdbt
1993-94 to
llowed ia so0,
and continuedt d
stato has been atereasig tndily

CoNCUUstoNS sneel4909wod
NSS tonamnph onenpudituekve
pnsonal and tus grout ingauy
to examine inter
Main fnding Àwewsed at Tualy
-dtpisonal, ineqrality hao
wiban and alindi'a lewels
Genp bocd ieaakk-inegnalit ineased en
cUl fronto eneept caat
iaed on tau caste tront,
stales
Rnal wban Seeto