Revised Geophysical investigation for Arba Minch town WS

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ASSESMENT OF
SITE SELECTION FOR ARBA MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER
POTENTIAL ASSESMENT OF SITE SELECTION FOR ARBA
MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
FINAL REPORT
JANUARY,2024
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ASSESMENT OF SITE SELECTION FOR
ARBA MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Geophysical investigation methods of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were used to investigate
groundwater potential zones of Arba Minch Town water supply project. The main objective of this
study is to determine the depth of groundwater table, to locate the groundwater potential areas
and to identify the subsurface layers.
The data acquired from Eighteen (18) VES points using Schlumberger electrode array with
maximum half current electrode spacing (AB/2=750m) which were interpreted both qualitatively
and quantitatively in order to understand the lithostratigraphic section at the specific locality and
identify aquifer bearing horizons. The qualitative analysis of VES data was performed by using
Stacked depth, pseudo depth sections and geo-electric section and VES curves.
Finally, the qualitative interpretation was done by all the above results together with the geologic,
topographic maps and borehole information.
The quantitative interpretations of the VES data were conducted by modeling the VES data using
Ip2win and Win Resist modeling software and constructing geoelectric sections along selected
survey lines, using the result from individual VES point interpretations. The depth and lithologic
units from the boreholes were used to fix parameters during the modeling of VES data. The
geoelectric sections enabled to identify the overburden thickness, structural indication such as
faults, fractures and lithologic contacts and the depth to the aquifer along survey lines.
Keywords: Sliced Depth, Pseudo–Depth Section, Geoelectric Section, and VES curves
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Acronyms
DC Direct Current
ERT Electrical Resistivity Tomography
GPS Global Position System
NE-SW Northeast-Southwest
N-S North-South
W-E West- East
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VES Vertical Electrical Sounding
Ω-m Ohm-meter (the unit of Electrical Resistivity)
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Table of Contents
1. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION .................................................................................. 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Vertical Electrical Sounding ............................................................................................. 2
1.2.1. Objectives of the geophysical survey ......................................................................... 2
1.3. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES).................................................................................. 2
1.3.1. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2. Field procedure and Instrumentations ........................................................................... 3
2. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ..................................................... 5
2.1.1. Data processing for VES............................................................................................. 5
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION FOR VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING ................... 6
3.1. Sliced depth section of stacked plan maps at Arba Minch area ....................................... 7
3.2. Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line -1 at Arba Minch area ... 10
3.3. Geo-electric section along profile line -1 at Arba Minch area ....................................... 11
3.4. Geo-electric section along profile line -2 at Arba Minch area ....................................... 14
3.6. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-3 at Arba Minch area....................................... 17
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3.8. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-4 at Arba Minch area....................................... 20
3.10. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-5 at Arba Minch area ................................... 24
3.11. Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line-6 at Arba Minch area 25
3.13. Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line-7 at Arba Minch area 28
3.15. Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line-8 at Arba Minch, camo
lake 31
3.16. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-8 at Arba Minch Camo Lake area ............... 32
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ........................................................................ 39
5. RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTAL READING MATERIALS ..................................... 40
6. ANEX1.INTERPRETED VES CURVES WITH POSSIBLE LITHOLOGY ...................... 41
7. RAW DATA OF ARBA MINCH AREA (VES POINT) ...................................................... 50
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Schlumberger array electrode configuration; A & B are Current electrodes and M & N
are Potential electrodes. ................................................................................................................... 4
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Figure 2 : VES location Map ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3. Stacked plot of sliced resistivity plan sections at depth levels, i.e., different current
electrode separations for Arba Minch area. ................................................................................... 9
Figure 4-: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-1 at Arba Minch area ........................ 11
Figure 5-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-1 at Arba Minch ......................... 12
Figure 6-: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-2 at Arba Minch area ........................ 13
Figure 7-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-2 at Arba Minch area ................. 15
Figure 8: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-3 at Arba Minch area....................... 16
Figure 9-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-3 at Arba Minch area ................ 18
Figure 10: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-4 at Arba Minch area ........................ 20
Figure 11-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-4 at Arba Minch area .............. 22
Figure 12: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-5 at Arba Minch area..................... 23
Figure 13-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-5 at Arba Minch area .............. 25
Figure 14: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-6 at Arba Minch area..................... 26
Figure 15-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-6 at Arba Minch area ............ 28
Figure 17: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-7 at Arba Minch area ................ 31
Figure 19: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-8 at Arba Minch, Camo Lake
area ................................................................................................................................................ 34
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List of Tables
Table 1: VES Locations at Arba Minch area .................................................................................. 4
Table 3-: Summary of Apparent resistivity, thickness, and anticipated formations .................... 28
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GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ASSESMENT
OF SITE SELECTION FOR ARBA MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
1. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION
1.1.INTRODUCTION
The application of geophysical methods in hydrogeological problems is based on the fact that
groundwater conditions at a location are mainly described through characterizing the existence
and distribution of permeable layers (like sand, gravel, fractured rock) and impermeable or low-
permeable layers (like clay, till, solid rock) in the subsurface.
To achieve a geophysical image of these underground structures, sufficient contrast of physical
properties is required. Density, electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic
susceptibility (to some extent) are the most relevant petro-physical properties used as diagnostic
parameters in geophysical exploration for groundwater. The influence of porosity, water
saturation, and clay content on these petro-physical properties is the key factor.
Field observation has been carried out in the target area to identify the most possible
groundwater prospective sites. Accordingly, after systematic observation of geomorphological,
drainage system, lithological, structural and hydrogeological features of the area, the most
prospective sites are selected for geophysical resistivity surveying.
There are a number of geophysical methods suited for the exploration of groundwater, the
electrical resistivity method is the most widely used as it provides a quantitative measure of the
electrical properties of subsurface materials which largely depends on fluid content within the
interstitial spaces. Moreover, its relatively higher depth of investigation, operational speed,
lower cost and adequate resolution make the electrical resistivity sounding advantageous over
the other methods.
The Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), in particular, has long been considered as important
and standard tool for the purpose of ground water prospecting. The method is one of the most
sensitive geophysical methods to determine the presence of water saturated horizons in the
subsurface. Owing to their intrinsic correlation to the aforementioned physical properties of
subsurface rocks, the geophysical methods chosen for this particular of the Arba Minch area
water supply project were Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). In the identified prospective well
field option eighteen (18) VES point were surveyed.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ASSESMENT OF SITE SELECTION
FOR ARBA MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
1.2. Vertical Electrical Sounding

1.2.1. Objectives of the geophysical survey
The main objectives of the Geophysical investigation are:
➢ To determine different lithological and/or hydrogeological units according to their
resistivity contrasts
➢ To determine degree of weathering and fracturing of the water bearing materials, depth and
thickness of saturated zones, and thickness of the overburden or confining layers
➢ To identify the geologic structures and weak zones that serve as a storage areas or conduits
for groundwater movement,
➢ To determine the depth to the bottom confining crystalline basement rocks/ aquiclude
whenever possible.
1.3.Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)
1.3.1. Methodology
Geo-electrical methods are applied to map the resistivity structure of the ground under the
point of measurements. Rock resistivity is of special interest for hydro-geological &
Geotechnical purposes. It allows discriminating between soft-rock, sandy aquifers and clay
material; between hard rock porous/fractured aquifers and low-permeable clay stones and
marlstones; and between water-bearing fractured rock and its solid host rock.
Vertical electrical soundings are applied to a horizontally or approximately horizontally-
layered earth. In the most favorable case, the number of layers, their thicknesses and
resistivities are the outcome of a VES survey. The basic idea of resolving the vertical resistivity
layering is to stepwise increase the current-injecting electrodes spacing, which leads to an
increasing penetration of the current lines and in this way to an increasing influence of the
deep-seated layers on the apparent resistivity.
The step-wise measured apparent resistivity’s are plotted against the current electrode spacing
on a log/log scale and interpolated to a continuous apparent resistivity measurement with
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increased current electrode spacing leading to increased penetration depths of the injected
current. Results are compiled in the sounding curve. This plot is called a sounding curve that
is the base of all data inversion to obtain the resistivity/depth structure of the ground. In general,
linear electrode configurations are used for resistivity measurements. Common configurations
are the Schlumberger, Winner, and Dipole-Dipole spreads. Because of practical and
methodical advantages, vertical electrical soundings mostly use the symmetrical Schlumberger
configuration for VES where the voltage electrodes are closely spaced and fixed to the center
of the array and the current electrodes move outwards.
1.3.2. Field procedure and Instrumentations
To meet the objectives of, the survey, a of electrical resistivity VES was proposed for the work.
The instruments used for the geophysical survey include the Syscal Pro 96 Switch instrument,
IP and Resistivity unit for the electrical imaging surveys. A latest earth resistivity measuring
unit with 96 switch electrode consoles for 2D resistivity imaging and also incorporating
consoles for current out puts and measuring sections for conventional resistivity sounding and
profiling surveys.
In the current undertakings, the Schlumberger array has been employed for the Vertical
Electrical Sounding (VES) survey. As described above, in this configuration, the current
electrodes spacing (AB) is systematically increased about a central point- the sounding point
for deeper penetration. The survey lines and the sounding points have been selected so as to
evenly cover the interesting portions of the plains and transect possible structural features.
Regarding the outer (current) electrode separation, maximum effort has been made to reach
end-to-end distance of 1500m (AB/2=750m) in order to attain larger depth of penetration and
as such succeeded for most of the stations.
The VES traverses, the localities over which the VES are conducted and the GPS locations (X,
Y, Z) of the sounding points are given in Table below.
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Figure 1: Schlumberger array electrode configuration; A & B are Current electrodes and M & N are
Potential electrodes.
Table 1: VES Locations at Arba Minch area
VES No Project Name X Y Z

VES-1 Arba Minch 340491 668440 1228
VES-2 Arba Minch 341082 667662 1221
VES-3 Arba Minch 342789 667114 1198
VES-4 Arba Minch 342090 671488 1192
VES-5 Arba Minch 342945 670960 1180
VES-6 Arba Minch 344893 669628 1181
VES-7 Arba Minch 340915 675065 1258
VES-8 Arba Minch 342268 673210 1213
VES-9 Arba Minch 341534 670102 1207
VES-10 Arba Minch 342634 669155 1193
VES-11 Arba Minch 344019 668697 1184
VES-12 Arba Minch 341093 665859 1208
VES-13 Arba Minch 335474 656202 1135
VES-14 Arba Minch 334521 654851 1132
VES-15 Arba Minch 333810 653054 1122
VES-16 Arba Minch 332512 652927 1130
VES-17 Arba Minch 332780 653111 1128
VES-18 Arba Minch 331580 653123 1141
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Figure 2 : VES location Map
2. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

2.1.1. Data processing for VES
Initially, the acquired raw field data along the traverse lines were used to construct the apparent
resistivity pseudo-depth sections. This representation is useful in getting an unbiased picture
of the subsurface over the area of survey and is useful in obtaining a general but valid picture
of the ground. A resistivity data processing and analysis software (Win Resist) was used to
obtain the final models in terms of the layer parameters (layer resistivity and thickness/depths)
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from the sounding data (Vander Velpen, 2004). The program utilizes a ridge-regression
inversion approach to fit the field data to a suitable Subsurface model through an iterative
process in a least square sense and provides layer parameters (resistivity’s and thickness)
beneath each sounding point.
Finally, the layer parameters (resistivity and thickness/depth of the different beneath each
sounding point have been used to construct a geo-electric section for each of the survey
profiles. For plotting and compilation of graphic outputs, the list of software includes:
SURFER (Golden Software, 2010) and AUTOCAD2010.
The way of presenting the measured apparent resistivity values is in the form of pseudo
sections along a profile. The field data obtained from each sounding is gridded and displayed
as regular contour maps or image maps, displaying areas of anomalously high resistive or low
resistive value. So, pseudo sections are basically meant for qualitative interpretation and show
the lateral and vertical variations of electrical properties within the sub-surface. As a final
analysis of the resistivity data, the VES data have been interpreted using the appropriate
software. During interpretation, a minimum root means square percentage of error (the
discrepancy between the observed data and the synthetic data), in most cases, ranging from 2
to 5% has been taken as acceptable. The resulting models, their synthetic data and the
corresponding fitting error are given in Annex 1. The layer parameters (resistivity and
thickness/depth of the different geo-electric layers) beneath each sounding point have been
used to construct a geo-electric section for each of the survey profiles.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION FOR VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING

The appraisal of each line begins with description of the Sliced depth, apparent resistivity
Pseudo-section accompanied by a brief discussion. Then, layer parameters in the Geo-electric
sections shall be presented, interpreted and discussed based on their appeal for their ground
water potential. The resistivity data interpretation made separately for the areas. This is made
deliberately to identify and look for where more aquifer thickness exists and to select Ground
Water potential area in relatively close proximity of the target project.
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3.1. Sliced depth section of stacked plan maps at Arba Minch area
The overall geo-electrical picture is homogeneous, with pronounced resistivity variations both
in vertical and lateral senses. At the intermediate depth level, the top conductive horizon, which
dominates the upper-most slice, progressively narrows with middle while the resistive
signature gets broader successively.
The geo-electrical survey constructed from eighteen Vertical Electrical Sounding points with
a maximum current electrode separation AB/2=750m. The general variation in electrical
resistivity of the subsurface is presented in the form of sliced pseudo-depth section is presented
in figure below. The sounding points are almost evenly distributed so it is believed to give a
good representation of the ground overall. Due to its extrapolated nature between largely
spaced point values from individual soundings, stacked plots basically serve only for
qualitative analysis. Nevertheless, the contribution from such presentation towards the
completeness of one’s interpretation is beyond doubt.
The measured field data have been plotted along each profile line to get pseudo sections using
the apparent resistivity (ρa) and pseudo depth (AB/2) values and depict the overall resistivity
picture on a vertical section. Moreover, the plan view of resistivity variations across the area,
pseudo-depth slices, for instance, AB/2= (1.5, 9, 30, 45,150,330,500 and 750m), are presented.
The choice of such spacing depends on the variability between them and to show the lateral
variations of resistivity at different pseudo depth.
The knowledge on the lateral distribution of the electrical resistivity at the subsurface shades
additional light towards a complete understanding of the geological framework of the area
under investigation. Sliced depth sections, when presented in the form of stacked plots, provide
sufficient visualization of the overall picture of subsurface electrical parameters and their
variation in both lateral and vertical directions. Moreover, it greatly facilitates one’s
interpretations of discontinuities in terms of geological structure which are of great interest for
hydro-geophysical analysis. This stacked depth supports the vertical and horizontal variations.
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The map shows the relative variation of the apparent resistivity value of the whole area laterally
as well as vertically at different depth of the spacing of current electrodes. It is seen that the
apparent resistivity value varies considerably from 10 to 240 .m.
According to the figure below the most interesting feature of this sliced plot is the low
resistivity zone, (<140 Ω-m) that occupies the portion of the survey area.
The overall geo-electrical picture is heterogeneous, with pronounced resistivity variations both
in vertical and lateral senses. At the intermediate depth level, the top conductive horizon, which
dominates the upper-most slice, progressively narrows with depth while the resistive signature
gets broader successively.
The distribution of the measured apparent resistivity responses indicates that the area is
electrically homogeneous.
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Figure 3. Stacked plot of sliced resistivity plan sections at depth levels, i.e., different current
electrode separations for Arba Minch area.
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3.2.Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line -1 at Arba Minch area
Pseudo sections are basically meant for qualitative interpretation and show the lateral and
vertical variations of electrical properties within the sub-surface. The pseudo depth section
clearly shows that the subsurface is characterized by strong lateral electrical homogeneity with
a wide range of apparent resistivity variation. This pseudo depth section data is constructed
from the three VES point data with average spacing between the sounding points is about
1500m and stretched from north west to south east direction along the profile line.
Accordingly, the section indicates that there is a distinct lateral variation in resistivity in the
top most part of the section with projecting medium resistivity top zones mapped around each
AVES-3 point. From top, to down to a pseudo-depth, to the ground section underneath each
VES point is represented by a relatively conductive horizon, which progressively increases to
a moderate range, also there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the section with the prominent
low resistivity exists under the three VES and the pseudo section shows an extensive low
resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section. The resistivity ranges (20.m -120.m)
of this low resistivity region are indicative of potential water saturation. The maximum value
of the measured apparent resistivity does not exceed 400 .m.
The symmetry between bow-shaped region of enhanced resistivity and the identical shape
depression over the resistivity horizon underneath AVES-2 and AVES-3may indicate
possibility of structural features. An intermediate resistivity value ranging from 20 Ωm to 100
Ωm covers the area and this could be the response of water saturated highly to moderately
weathered and fractured basalt.
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Figure 4-: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-1 at Arba Minch area
3.3.Geo-electric section along profile line -1 at Arba Minch area

This geo-electric section is constructed from the interpreted resistivity and depth values of the
three VES conducted along VES profile line. The geo-electric section given on the subsurface
is well correlated with the pseudo-depth section and, as such, gives a detailed picture of geo-
electric stratification. The top layer along this line shows extreme homogeneity with
compacted top soil. The second resistive geo-electric horizon is uniformly marked by alluvial
deposite with in resistivity response ranging from (2.7 .m-31 .m.)beneath each VES points
with different thickness.
The third geo electric section marked by uniformly resistivity response under each VES that
might be represented as moderately weathered and fractured basalt with the resistivity response
of 15.5.m-59.9 .m. The substratum which underlies the abovementioned conductive layer
is characterized by variable resistivity under all VES at the depth with an average thickness of
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200m-250m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons; in this area are the likely responses of
fragments of highly to moderately weathered and fractured basalt. The geo-electric substratum,
i.e., the bottom layer on the section may provide a suitable environment for hosting potential
groundwater. The drop in electrical resistivity at such larger depth can be attributed to presence
of fluids. The vertical structures interpreted from discontinuity in layer parameters may serve
as percolation channel and add extra value to the bottom layer to qualify as a possible aquifer.
The last geo electric layer beneath each VES shows massive basalt. Based on geological
situation observed during field work and from this geo electric section result, therefore, the
well depth along this well field to be drilled should be up to 350m to exploit the required yields.
But the final decision shall be made by the site hydro geologist based on actual observation
while drilling.
Figure 5-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-1 at Arba Minch
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3.4. Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line-2 at Arba Minch area
The pseudo depth section clearly shows that the subsurface is characterized by strong lateral
electrical homogeneity with a wide range of apparent resistivity variation. This pseudo depth
section data is constructed from three VES point data with average spacing between the
sounding points is about 2000m and stretched from north west to south east direction.
From this pseudo depth section, there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the section with the
prominent low resistivity exists under the three VES and the pseudo section shows an extensive
low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section. The resistivity ranges averagely from
(10 Ωm -40 Ωm) of this low resistivity region are indicative of potential water saturation. The
maximum value of the measured apparent resistivity does not exceed 60 Ωm. An intermediate
resistivity value ranging from 10 Ωm to 45 Ωm covers the area. These areas have a resistivity
value could be the response of water saturated weathered and fractured basalt.
Figure 6-: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-2 at Arba Minch area
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3.4.Geo-electric section along profile line -2 at Arba Minch area

This geo-electric section is constructed from the interpreted resistivity and depth values of the
three VES conducted along VES profile stretched from north west to south east direction. The
geo-electric section given on the subsurface is well correlated with the pseudo-depth section
and, as such, gives a detailed picture of geo-electric stratification. The top layer along this line
shows extreme homogeneity this top sequence appears to represent as compacted top soil along
the profile line. The second geo-electric layer is marked by highly weathered and fractured
basalt beneath each VES point with different thickness. The third geo electric section marked
by slightly weathered and fractured basalt with in different thickness.
The fourth geo electric section marked by uniformly resistivity response under AVES-9 and
AVES-11 that might be represented as highly weathered and fractured basalt with the
resistivity response of 9 .m-29.9 .m. The substratum which underlies the abovementioned
conductive layer is characterized by variable resistivity under all VES at the depth with an
average thickness of 200m-300m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons; in this area are the
likely responses of fragments of highly to moderately weathered and fractured basalt. The last
geo electric layer shows massive basalt beneath AVES-9 and AVES-10 and moderately
weathered and fractured basalt.
Based on geological situation observed during field work and from this geo electric section
result, therefore, the well depth along this well field to be drilled should be up to 380m to
exploit the required yields. But the final decision shall be made by the site hydro geologist
based on actual observation while drilling.
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Figure 7-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-2 at Arba Minch area
electrical homogeneity with a wide range of apparent resistivity variation. The average spacing
between the sounding points is about 2000m and stretched from north west to south east along
the line and is constructed from the three VES point data. The pseudo depth section shows an
extensive medium resistivity subsurface over the vast portion of the section, and the deepest
region beneath each layer where low resistivity responses were recorded. Accordingly, the
section indicates that there is a distinct lateral variation in resistivity in the top most part of the
section with projecting low resistivity top zones mapped horizontally along the line. According
to this pseudo depth section, there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the section with the
prominent low resistivity exists under each VES and the pseudo section shows an extensive
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low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section. The vast region under the section
shows extensive coverage of low resistivity zone.
The low resistivity anomaly, at the central region beneath AVES-5, appears to rise up to the
ground surface and may have an attractive appeal for its ground water prospect.
The southwestern end of the line, beneath AVES-6 exhibits a reversed pattern in distribution
of subsurface resistivity responses, having highly conductive and moderately resistive bottom.
Sandwiched between these two contrasting zones, there appears a peculiar horizon
characterized by low resistivity responses all along the depth section. Such anomalous geo-
electric zoning may indicate the presence of prominent geological structure, possibly a fault
zone. The resistivity ranges (8 .m -50 .m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of
potential water saturation. The maximum value of the measured apparent resistivity does not
exceed 80.m.
Figure 8: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-3 at Arba Minch area
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3.6.Geo-electric Section Along profile line-3 at Arba Minch area

On the geo-electric section given on the subsurface is well correlated with the pseudo-depth
section and, as such, gives a detailed picture of geo-electric stratification. Referring from the
Geo-electric layer the subsurface under this profile line is represented by five geo-electric
layers, under each VES which constructed from the three VES curves. The subsurface layer,
once again, seem to be governed by the degree of weathering and fracturing in basaltic section
rather than a complete variation in lithology.
Relatively all layers respond low resistivity but varies with different weathering and fracturing
degree of rocks. The top layer along this line shows extreme homogeneity this top sequence
appears to represent the top soil/Basaltic flow with soil intercalation/alluvial lacustrine
deposite beneath each VES point. The second resistive layer geo-electric horizon is marked by
highly weathered and fractured basalt with different thickness.
The third geo electric section marked by resistivity response under AVES-4 is characterized
as moderately weathered and fractured basalt and beneath AVES-5 & AVES-6 represented as
highly weathered and fractured saturated basalt. The fourth layer is characterized by uniformly
low resistivity that might be highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt.
The resistivity response of different subsurface layers provides a means of assess their
suitability to host adequate amount and potable groundwater. The substratum which underlies
the abovementioned conductive layer is characterized by variable resistivity under all VES at
the depth with an average thickness of 150m-350m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons; in
this area are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured basalt.
In general, the highly weathered and/or fractured rocks that form the water bearing layer in the
area are characterized by relatively low resistivities compared to the slightly weathered to
massive basalts. The last layer is characterized as from slightly weathered and fractured basalt
to massive basalt. Based on geological situation observed during field work and from this geo
electric section result, therefore, the well depth to be drilled at this specific site should be up
Page 17
380m to exploit the required yields. But the final decision shall be made by the site hydro
geologist based on actual observation while drilling.
Pseudo sections are basically meant for qualitative interpretation and show the lateral and
vertical variations of electrical properties within the sub-surface. The pseudo depth section
clearly shows that the subsurface is characterized by strong lateral electrical homogeneity with
a wide range of apparent resistivity variation. The average spacing between the sounding points
is about 2000m and stretched from NW to SE along the line.
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The data is constructed from the three VES point data. The pseudo depth section shows an
extensive medium resistivity subsurface over the vast portion of the section. Accordingly, the
section indicates that there is a distinct lateral variation in resistivity in the top most part of the
section with projecting low resistivity top zones mapped horizontally along the line. According
to this pseudo depth section, there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the section with the
prominent low resistivity exists under each VES and the pseudo section shows an extensive
low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section. The vast region under the section
shows extensive coverage of low resistivity zone.
The medium resistivity anomaly, at the central region between AVES-7 and AVES-5, appears
to rise up to the ground surface and may have an attractive appeal for its ground water prospect.
The center of the line, beneath AVES-8 exhibits a reversed pattern in distribution of subsurface
resistivity responses, having highly resistive and moderately resistive bottom. Sandwiched
between these two contrasting zones, there appears a peculiar horizon characterized by low
resistivity responses all along the depth section. Such anomalous geo-electric zoning may
indicate the presence of prominent geological structure, possibly a fault zone.
The resistivity ranges (6 .m -40.m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of potential
water saturation. The maximum value of the measured apparent resistivity does not exceed
50.m.
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3.8.Geo-electric Section Along profile line-4 at Arba Minch area

The geo-electric section given on the subsurface is well correlated with the pseudo-depth
Geo-electric layer the subsurface under this profile line is represented by five geo-electric
layers, under each VES which constructed from the three VES curves.
appears to represent the top soil. The second resistive layer geo-electric horizon is marked by
highly weathered and fractured basalt with different thickness.
The third geo electric section marked by resistivity response under AVES-7 & AVES-8 that
might be represented as moderately weathered and fractured saturated basalt with in resistive
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response ranging from (72.5.m -82.5.m) and beneath AVES-5 highly weathered and
fractured basalt along the line. The fourth layers are characterized by uniformly low resistivity
response that might be highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt.
The resistivity response of different subsurface layers provides a means of assess their
the depth with an average thickness of 250m-300m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons;
in this area are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured basalt.
In general, the highly weathered and/or fractured rocks that form the water bearing layer in the
area are characterized by relatively low resistivities compared to the slightly weathered to
massive basalts.
result, therefore, the well depth to be drilled at this specific site should be up 380m to exploit
the required yields. But the final decision shall be made by the site hydro geologist based on
actual observation while drilling.
Page 21
between the sounding points is about 2000m and stretched from SW to NE along the line.
This pseudo depth section data is constructed from the three VES point data. The pseudo depth
section shows an extensive medium resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section, and
the deepest region beneath each layer where low resistivity responses were recorded.
Accordingly, the section indicates that there is a distinct lateral variation in resistivity in the
top most part of the section with projecting low resistivity top zones mapped horizontally along
the line. According to this pseudo depth section, there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the
Page 22
section with the prominent low resistivity exists under each VES and the pseudo section shows
an extensive low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section.
The low resistivity anomaly, at the north east region beneath each AVES-3and AVES-6,
appears to rise up to the ground surface and may have an attractive appeal for its ground water
prospect.
The resistivity ranges (20 .m -140.m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of
potential water saturation. This pseudo-depth map shows that the NE parts of the study area
have very low resistivity value for considerable depth. The maximum value of the measured
apparent resistivity does not exceed 240.m. An intermediate resistivity value ranging from
20 Ωm to 100Ωm covers the area at depth.
Page 23
3.10. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-5 at Arba Minch area

The section given on the subsurface is well correlated with the pseudo-depth section and, as
such, gives a detailed picture of geo-electric stratification. Referring from the Geo-electric
layer the subsurface under this profile line is represented by five geo-electric layers, under each
VES which constructed from the four VES curves.
Separation of the subsurface layer, once again, seem to be governed by the degree of
weathering and fracturing in basaltic section rather than a complete variation in lithology.
degree of rocks. The top layer along this line shows extreme heterogeneity this top sequence
appears to represent the top soil/alluvial lacustrine. The second resistive layer geo-electric
horizon is marked by highly weathered and fractured basalt to moderately weathered and
fractured basalt with different thickness.
The third geo electric section marked by resistivity response beneath AVES-12 is characterized
as massive basalt & AVES-3 & AVES-6 highly weathered and fractured saturated basalt and
beneath AVES-11 slightly weathered and fractured basalt along the line. The fourth layers are
characterized by medium resistivity that might be moderately weathered and fractured water
bearing basalt to highly weathered and fractured basalt along the profile line underlies the
abovementioned conductive layer is characterized by variable resistivity under all VES at the
depth with an average thickness of 200m-350m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons; in this
area are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured basalt.
Page 24
between the sounding points is about 2000m and stretched from south to north along the line.
This pseudo depth section data is constructed from the three VES point data
The low resistivity anomaly, at the central region between VES-6 and VES-7, appears to rise
up to the ground surface and may have an attractive appeal for its ground water prospect.
The southern end of the line, beneath AVES-9 exhibits a reversed pattern in distribution of
subsurface resistivity responses, having highly conductive (<30Ωm) and moderately resistive
Page 25
(<70Ωm ) bottom. Sandwiched between these two contrasting zones, there appears a peculiar
horizon characterized by low resistivity responses all along the depth section. Such anomalous
geo-electric zoning may indicate the presence of prominent geological structure, possibly a
fault zone.
The resistivity ranges (10 -70.m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of potential
water saturation. This pseudo-depth map shows that the central parts of the study area have
very low resistivity value for considerable depth. The maximum value of the measured
apparent resistivity does not exceed 110.m.
Page 26
geo-electric layer the subsurface under this profile line is represented by five geo-electric
layers, under each VES which constructed from the three VES curves.
degree of rocks. The top layer along this line shows extreme heterogeneity this top sequence
highly weathered and fractured basalt beneath AVES-1, AVES-4 and slightly weathered and
fractured basalt beneath AVES-9.
might be represented as highly to moderately weathered and fractured saturated basalt with in
resistive response ranging from (4.6 .m -59 .m). These third layers are characterized by
medium resistivity that might be highly to moderately weathered and fractured water bearing
basalt. The resistivity response of different subsurface layers provides a means of assess their
the depth with an average thickness of 150m-350m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons; in
this area are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured basalt. The
last layer is characterized as slightly weathered and fractured basalt to massive basalt.
Page 27
between the sounding points is about 1000m and stretched from north to south along the line.
This pseudo depth section data is constructed from the four VES point data.
Page 28
The low resistivity anomaly, at the central region between AVES-15 and AVES-16, appears
to rise up to the ground surface and may have an attractive appeal for its ground water prospect.
The southern end of the line, beneath AVES-16 exhibits a reversed pattern in distribution of
subsurface resistivity responses, having highly conductive (<20Ωm) and moderately resistive
(<50Ωm) at northern of the profile line. Sandwiched between these two contrasting zones,
there appears a peculiar horizon characterized by low resistivity responses all along the depth
section. Such anomalous geo-electric zoning may indicate the presence of prominent
geological structure, possibly a fault zone.
The resistivity ranges (6 .m -30 .m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of potential
Page 29
geo-electric layer the subsurface under this profile line is represented by five geo-electric
layers, under each VES which constructed from the four VES curves.
highly weathered and fractured basalt beneath each VES. The third geoelectric layer marked
by electrical resistivity response ranging from (58 .m -82 .m) and characterized to
moderately weathered and fractured basalt beneath AVES -13 and AVES-14, but beneath
AVES-15 & AVES-16 characterized as highly weathered and fractured basalt.
The fourth geo electric section marked by uniformly resistivity response under each VES that
might be represented as highly weathered and fractured saturated basalt with in resistive
response ranging from (5.m -40.9.m). These fourth layers are characterized by medium
resistivity that might be highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. The resistivity
response of different subsurface layers provides a means of assess their suitability to host
adequate amount and potable groundwater. The substratum which underlies the
depth with an average thickness of 200 m-350 m thick. Mostly such conductive horizons; in
this area are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured basalt. The
last layer is characterized as massive basalt beneath AVES-13 and AVES-14 and along the line
beneath AVES-15 to AVES -16 characterized as from highly weathered and fractured basalt
to moderately weathered and fractured basalt.
Page 30
Figure 17: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-7 at Arba Minch area
3.15. Apparent Resistivity Pseudo Depth section along profile line-8 at Arba Minch, camo lake
Refereeing from the pseudo depth section below the average spacing between the sounding
points is about 1500m and stretched from east to west along the line. This pseudo depth section
Page 31
data is constructed from the three VES point data. At each VES point the resistivity response
is very conductive.
The low resistivity anomaly, at the central region beneath AVES-17 appears to rise up to the
ground surface and may have an attractive appeal for its ground water prospect.
The resistivity ranges (4.m -22 .m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of potential
3.16. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-8 at Arba Minch Camo Lake area
Page 32
geo-electric layer the subsurface under this profile line is represented by four geo-electric
layers, under each VES which constructed from the three VES curves with in an average
spacing between each VES point is approximately 1500m.
appears to represent the top soil/Basaltic flow with soil intercalation beneath each VES point.
The second resistive layer geo-electric horizon is marked by clay soil along the profile line.
might be represented as highly weathered and fractured saturated basalt with in resistive
response ranging from (11.6.m - 40.9.m). These third layers are characterized by medium
resistivity that might be highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. The resistivity
response of different subsurface layers provides a means of assess their suitability to host
adequate amount and potable groundwater. The substratum which underlies the
depth with an average thickness of greater than 200m thick. Such conductive horizons; in this
area are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured basalt. The last
layer is characterized as highly weathered and fractured basalt to moderately weathered &
fractured basalt.
Page 33
Figure 19: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-8 at Arba Minch, Camo Lake area
Page 34
Table 2-: Summary of Apparent resistivity, thickness, and anticipated formations

VES.No Layer Ro(ohm.m) Thickness Depth Expected Lithology Depth(m)
(m)
AVES- 1 801 0.4 0.4 Compacted Top soil 350
1 2 24.8 1.9 2.3 Gravel, boulders
3 5.4 5.6 7.9 Clay soil
4 21.2 5.7 13.6 Alluvial deposite
5 4.6 18 31.6 Silty clay soil
6 27.6 306 337.6 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
7 2589 --- --- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 136 1.1 1.1 Top soil 380
2 2 28.3 3.7 4.7 Coarse alluvial deposite
3 14.1 86.9 91.6 Alluvial deposite
4 59.9 283 374.6 Moderately weathered & fractured basalt
5 4723 -- -- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 31.9 1.6 1.6 Top soil 400
3 2 10.6 6.2 7.8 Clay soil
3 4 6.9 14.7 Silty clay soil
4 29.2 15.7 30.4 Highly weathered & fractured basalt
5 2.7 31.6 62 Silty clay soil
6 15.5 325 387 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
7 3189 ---- ---- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 38.1 4.1 4.1 Top soil 380
4 2 11.7 14.3 18.4 Highly weathered & fractured basalt
3 4.6 20.7 39.1 Silty clay soil
4 59.3 44 83.1 Moderately weathered & fractured basalt
5 10.3 294 377.1 Highly weathered & fractured basalt that
might be water bearing horizon
6 126 ---- --- Slightly weathered and fractured basalt
AVES- 1 15.3 0.9 0.9 Top soil 380
5 2 9.2 17.5 18.4 Clay soil
Page 35

5 34.2 -- -- Highly weathered and fractured basalt
AVES- 1 32.1 0.7 0.7 Top soil
6 2 9.6 5.6 6.3 Clay soil
3 16.8 12.6 18.9 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
6 3896 -- -- Massive basalt 380
AVES- 1 45.6 0.9 0.9 Top soil 350

7 2 8.8 1 1 Clay soil
3 72.5 2 3.8 Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
6 2502 --- --- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 27.8 0.9 0.9 Top soil 400
8 2 10.5 1 1.9 Weathered and fractured basalt
3 62.6 2.1 4.1 Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
4 8.8 15.2 19.3 Clay soil
6 54.8 ---- --- Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
AVES- 1 22.8 0.8 0.8 Top soil 380
9 2 12.9 1.7 2.5 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
3 130 2.2 4.7 Coarse unsaturated alluvial
6 1918 ----- --- Massive basalt
1 86.4 0.7 0.7 Top soil 350
AVES- 2 9.3 0.8 1.6 Clay soil
10 3 296 1.6 3.1 Slightly weathered and fractured basalt
4 53.4 24.3 27.4 Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
Page 36
6 5277 -- - Massive basalt

AVES- 1 65.2 0.9 0.9 Top soil 380
11 2 16.5 1 1 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
3 112 2.1 4.1 Coarse unsaturated alluvial
5 9 44 83.4 Clay soil
6 17 292 375.4 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
7 84.7 -- -- Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
AVES- 1 262 0.7 0.7 Top soil 380
12 2 20.2 0.9 1.5 Highly weathered and fractured basalt
3 505 1.8 3.3 Massive basalt
5 222 107 114.1 Slightly weathered and fractured basalt
6 96.8 248 362.1 Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
7 8843 -- --- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 58.2 1 1 Top soil 380
13 2 8.9 1 2 Clay soil
3 71.4 2.4 4.4 Moderately weathered & fractured basalt
4 5.3 11.4 15.8 Intercalated clay soil
5 19.7 343 358 Highly weathered & fractured basalt
6 1866 --- -- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 35.4 0.9 0.9 Top soil 380
14 2 14.3 1 1.9 Highly weathered & fractured basalt
4 5.7 4.6 8.6 Clay soil
7 30.5 294 377.8 Fractured & saturated basalt that might be
water bearing layer
8 2408 --- -- Massive basalt
AVES- 1 17.5 0.7 0.7 Top soil 380
Page 37
3 2.5 7.5 11.4 Clay soil

5 10.8 328 369.2 Fractured & saturated basalt
6 40.9 --- --- Highly weathered & fractured basalt
AVES- 1 7.5 1.4 1.4 Top soil
3 5 19.2 21.4 Clay soil 350
4 23.1 298 319.4 Fractured & saturated basalt
5 70.5 --- -- Moderately weathered & fractured basalt
AVES- 1 12.9 0.9 0.9 Top soil
17 2 5.3 3.2 4.1 Clay soil
3 3.6 79.3 83.4 Intercalated clay soil 380
4 11.6 292 375.4 Highly weathered & fractured basalt
5 79.6 -- -- Moderately weathered & fractured basalt
AVES- 1 148 0.3 0.3 Top soil 350
18 2 13.4 2.3 2.6 Weathered & fractured basalt
3 2.5 3.5 6.1 Clay soil
4 17 4.7 10.8 Highly weathered & fractured basalt
5 3.4 16.6 27.4 Intercalated clay soil
6 13.5 289 316.4 Highly weathered & fractured saturated
basalt
7 76.9 -- -- Moderately weathered & fractured basalt
Page 38
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

➢ The Vertical Electrical Sounding, VES methods were applied to map the resistivity
structure of the ground under the point of measurements. As rock resistivity is primarily
dependent on the porosity and fluid saturation, it is of special interest for hydro-geological
purposes. This in turn permitted to identify the likely aquifer beds of the different target
areas.
➢ The apparent resistivity pseudo-depth sections and the true resistivity geoelectric sections
show the presence of shallow as well as deeper low resistivity horizons which are potential
zones of groundwater saturation. The low resistivity and large thickness of these horizons
is an indicator of high groundwater potential in the study area.
➢ From the result of the electrical resistivity surveys, it is also seen that the area is highly
affected by tectonic forces that have resulted in major fracturing and faulting of the rock
units at varying depths. These faults and fractures are believed to control the flow of
groundwater. The fractures and weak zones are the major controls for the flow of ground
water over the area.
➢ The geological structures (fractures, faults and contacts) play a great role in the movement
and occurrence of the groundwater in the study area. The highly to moderately weathered
and fractured basalt contribute more for the recharge and movement of the groundwater
through the fault s and wake zones.
➢ Inference of possible geological structures and their positions were made based on lateral
disparities in formation resistivity. In most case, these lateral variations were also
accompanied by vertical dislodgment of the layer boundaries over the line.
➢ Based on geological situation observed during field work and from geo electric section
result, therefore, the well depth to be drilled up to 380m to exploit the required yields along
the line. But the final decision shall be made by the site hydro geologist based on actual
observation while drilling.
Page 39
5. RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTAL READING MATERIALS

Boore, D.M., W.B. Joyner and T. E. Fumal, 1993. Estimation of response and peak
accelerations from Western North American Earthquakes: An interim Report, U.S. Geological
Survey Open-File Report 93-509,72p.
Boore, D. M., Joyner, W. B., and T. E. Fumal, 1997, Equations for estimating horizontal
response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: A summary
of recent work, Seism. Res. Letters, v. 68, p. 128-153
Bommer, J.J. and R. Pinho, 2006. Adapting earthquake actions in Eurocode-8 for
performance-based seismic design. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics,35, 29-55.
Cornell, C. A. ,1968. Engineering seismic risk analysis, Bulletin of Seismological Society of
America, Vol. 58,5,1583-1606.
Dahlin, T. and Zhou, B., 2004. A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging using ten
electrode arrays. Geophysical Prospecting, 52, 379398.
deGroot-Hedlin, C. and Constable, S., 1990, Occam's inversion to generate smooth, two-
dimensional models form magneto telluric data. Geophysics, 55, 1613-1624.
Davidson, A., (1983). The Omo River Project Reconnaissance geology and geochemistry of
parts of Illubabor, Kefa, Gamu Gofa and Sidamo, Bulletin/ No. Ministry of Mines and Energy,
EIGS.
Fetter, C.W., (2001). Applied Hydrogeology, 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. London, UK. Pp
Gibson,I.,(1969).The structure and volcanic geology of an axial portion of the Main Ethiopian
Rift, Tectonophysics. 8:561–565.
Helland et al.,(1980b).Deep wells in the particular area for social organization and retinal.
Addis Ababa
Vander Velpen B.P.A., (1995). RESIXIP and Win Resist software, first version; Interpex
limited company.
Page 40
6. ANEX1.INTERPRETED VES CURVES WITH POSSIBLE LITHOLOGY
The Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum half-current electrode separation

(AB/2) of 750m was used for this electrical sounding survey. The Apparent resistivity result,
layer thickness and investigated depth and anticipated formation types are tabulated below:
Page 41
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Page 49
7. RAW DATA OF ARBA MINCH AREA (VES POINT)

AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES- AVES-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
AB/2 RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO
1.5 114 102 28.5 60 13.8 20.6 50 16 16 47.9 50.3 117 48.1 30 12.6 8.27 10.2 18.5
2.1 42 85.9 26.9 40 12 16.7 30 14 16.2 39.9 40 64 35 25.9 10 8.43 8.75 14
3 22 54.4 24.9 49 10.6 11.6 18 20 17.4 30 38 53 26 19.8 8.27 9 6.97 11
4.2 14.5 37 17 50 10.6 11.6 21 19 17.8 32 39.4 67 24.2 25.4 7.38 9.81 6.1 10
6 10.8 30 12.8 48 9.45 10.4 19 33 26.8 48.9 40 95 25 27.4 5.54 9.81 5.14 6.58
9 7.96 21 11.6 44 8.75 10.6 40 45.9 33.6 58 48.6 112 27.24 24.5 4.76 7.2 4.41 5.4
13.5 7.96 19 8.59 19.4 9.81 12.1 57 30 45.9 53 53 133 21.7 19.8 4.33 6.4 3.94 5.65
20 9.45 15.2 8.59 14 9.27 12.6 56 27 48 75 39.5 153 14.6 18.7 4.67 6.2 4.01 5.87
20 8.59 14.9 8.43 6 9.27 11.6 30 15 32 62 30 107 14.4 18.4 4.41 6.4 3.94 5.76
30 9.09 15.2 8.43 16 8.59 11.6 34.5 18 44 71 28.9 132 11.45 19.8 6.21 6.97 3.65 6.58
30 9.09 15.8 8.43 12 8.43 11.6 38 10.6 48 63 22 160 10.9 20.2 5.65 7.1 3.51 6.46
45 9.63 15.2 10 10 7.96 10.3 39.6 9.4 32 51 23 204 13.5 22.7 14.5 7.81 3.72 6.33
66 9.45 14.6 10.8 16 7.81 8.75 33.4 16 29 39 14.9 250 20.4 22.2 7.66 10.6 4.17 6.58
100 12.8 15.5 9.09 32 7.96 8.9 29 19.5 17.8 28 17 292 17.5 17.5 8.2 13.6 5.17 8.59
150 16.8 21.4 8.59 27 8.92 10 24 30 13.6 24.5 14.5 194 23.6 17.4 10 17.4 5.14 10
150 16.7 20.6 8.75 38 8.59 10 18 15.8 18 17.6 14 180 16.7 17.4 10.2 17.4 5.44 9.63
220 18.7 24.9 9.63 46 9.81 14 16 15.3 23 16.3 10.6 179 18.9 18.4 10.6 17.4 5.98 11.2
220 19.8 25.9 9.27 42 10.2 12.9 10 15.5 22.9 15 13 184 15.8 17.7 12.3 17.7 5.76 11
330 24.9 35.1 12.3 29.4 11.4 16.4 15 17 23 18.9 16.5 196 20 22.2 11.4 21.4 8.27 13.3
500 29.6 45 14.1 19.5 13.6 21 25 50.8 36 36.4 21.9 210 28 29 13.3 26.4 9.8 16.9
750 48.5 69.7 22.2 25.3 16.4 32 38.4 27.5 49.5 48.9 36 108 40.3 43.3 15.8 31.3 14.1 21.4
111.3
Page 50

Revised Geophysical investigation for Arba Minch town WS

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GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ASSESMENT OF

SITE SELECTION FOR ARBA MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUND WATER

POTENTIAL ASSESMENT OF SITE SELECTION FOR ARBA

MINCH TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

1. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION .................................................................................. 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Vertical Electrical Sounding ............................................................................................. 2

1.2.1. Objectives of the geophysical survey ......................................................................... 2

1.3. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES).................................................................................. 2

1.3.1. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 2

1.3.2. Field procedure and Instrumentations ........................................................................... 3

2. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ..................................................... 5

2.1.1. Data processing for VES............................................................................................. 5

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION FOR VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING ................... 6

3.6. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-3 at Arba Minch area....................................... 17

3.8. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-4 at Arba Minch area....................................... 20

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ........................................................................ 39

5. RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTAL READING MATERIALS ..................................... 40

6. ANEX1.INTERPRETED VES CURVES WITH POSSIBLE LITHOLOGY ...................... 41

7. RAW DATA OF ARBA MINCH AREA (VES POINT) ...................................................... 50

are Potential electrodes. ................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2 : VES location Map ........................................................................................................... 5

electrode separations for Arba Minch area. ................................................................................... 9

Figure 8: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-3 at Arba Minch area....................... 16

Table 1: VES Locations at Arba Minch area .................................................................................. 4

1.2. Vertical Electrical Sounding

1.3.Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

Table 1: VES Locations at Arba Minch area

VES No Project Name X Y Z

Figure 2 : VES location Map

2. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION FOR VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING

3.3.Geo-electric section along profile line -1 at Arba Minch area

Figure 5-: Geo-electric-section constructed along profile line-1 at Arba Minch

3.4.Geo-electric section along profile line -2 at Arba Minch area

Figure 8: Apparent resistivity pseudo-section along line-3 at Arba Minch area

3.6.Geo-electric Section Along profile line-3 at Arba Minch area

3.8.Geo-electric Section Along profile line-4 at Arba Minch area

3.10. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-5 at Arba Minch area

3.12. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-6 at Arba Minch area

3.14. Geo-electric Section Along profile line-7 at Arba Minch area

Table 2-: Summary of Apparent resistivity, thickness, and anticipated formations

4 13.6 292 375.1 Highly weathered and fractured basalt

AVES- 1 45.6 0.9 0.9 Top soil 350

6 5277 -- - Massive basalt

3 2.5 7.5 11.4 Clay soil

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

5. RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTAL READING MATERIALS

6. ANEX1.INTERPRETED VES CURVES WITH POSSIBLE LITHOLOGY

The Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum half-current electrode separation

7. RAW DATA OF ARBA MINCH AREA (VES POINT)

2.1 42 85.9 26.9 40 12 16.7 30 14 16.2 39.9 40 64 35 25.9 10 8.43 8.75 14

3 22 54.4 24.9 49 10.6 11.6 18 20 17.4 30 38 53 26 19.8 8.27 9 6.97 11

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