Geophysics report @Economic zone (Repaired)

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION SITE SELECTION FOR
ECONOMIC ZONE
DRAFT FINAL STUDY REPORT
GROUNDWATER SOURCE VERIFICATION AND BOREHOLE SITE

SELECTION
CONSULTANT CLIENT
OROMIA WATER WORKS DESIGN AND OIPA
SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
P.O. Box 870/1250 Tele: +251
Tel. +2511 439 2162 , Ethiopia
Fax 251- 114392008
Email: owwdse@ethionet.et
August, 2019
Finfinnee
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR SITE SELECTION FOR OROMIA SPECIAL ZONE (OSEZ)
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
Table of Contents
Table of Contents................................................................................ i
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................1
1.1 General...................................................................................1
1.2 Study Objectives.......................................................................2
1.3 Scope of the Study.....................................................................2
1.4 Approaches & Methodologies, and Materials used............................2
2. The Study Area............................................................................3

2.1 Location and Access..................................................................3
2.2 Physiography and Drainage........................................................4
2.3 Vegetation and Soil Formation.....................................................4
3. GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS.......................................................5

3.1 Regional Geology, Tectonics and Earthquake Activities.....................5
4.1.1. Regional Geology.....................................................................................5

4.1.2. Tectonics..................................................................................................6
4.1.3. Regional Seismology (Earthquake Activities).........................................6
3.2 Geology of Bishoftu /Debre-Zeyt - Mojo area (Target Area)................7
3.2.1 Volcanic Stratigraphy.................................................................................8

3.2.1.1 Western Rift Margin Complex.........................................................8
3.2.1.2 Intra-Rift Complex............................................................................8
3.2.1.3 Rift Axis Complex............................................................................8
4. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION RESULTS................................10
4.1 . General............................................................................10
4.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES).............................................10
4.2.1 Methodology............................................................................................10
4.2.2 Field procedure and Instrumentations......................................................11
4.3 Objectives of the geophysical survey............................................12
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Oromia Water Works Design and Enterprise (OWWDSE)
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Email owwdse@ethionet.et
The main objective of the groundwater study project is the assessment of the
groundwater resource potential of the volcanic aquifers..............................12
4.4 Data analysis and presentations..................................................14
4.4.1 Results, Discussions and Interpretations..................................................15

4.4.2 Sliced depth section of stacked plan maps at Mojo area..........................15
4.4.3 Pseudo Depth section along the line at Gend Rig well field (line-1)......17
4.4.4 Geo-electric section along the line at Gende- Rig well field...................18
4.4.5 Pseudo Depth along the line at Gende Rig well field (line-2)................20
4.4.6 Geo electric section along the line at Gende Rig well field (line-2)........21
5. Conclusion and Recommendation...................................................27
6.1. Results and Interpreted layer parameter......................................28
6.2. Proposed Production Wells Sites.................................................47
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMMENDATIONS.............................49

REFERENCES....................................................................................................50
List of Figures
List of Tables
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Mojo is one of the fast growing towns in Ethiopia. Because of the fast growing
demographic and dynamic socio-economic activities such as construction, recreation,
industrialization etc are the possible causes for the shortage of the existing water
supply source. Moreover, the physical expansion of the town has also caused
settlement at a relatively hilly/elevated areas causing pressure problem.
To alleviate this problem, Adama Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprise has
requested Oromia Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise to provide
consultancy services for the study and design of the water supply works and signed
contract agreement on ------ This enables the Enterprise to provide better and
standard services for the inhabitants of the Town.
Hence, the provision of safe and adequate water supply for the town contributes to the
improvement of health and productivity of people. This objective and work sounds
and make sense in such a way that it creates conducive living and working
environment for the Town.
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1.2 Study Objectives
The objective of the study is to carry out groundwater source investigation in the area
between Mojo and Bishoftu (Debre Zeyit) towns to locate productive well sites for
short-and long-term Adama town water supply. The specific objective of this study is
to identify potential well sites based on:
 Geological, hydrogeological and geophysical investigation, and
 To set the specific well sites/ well field/s, and preparation of well drilling and
construction bill of quantities.
1.3 Scope of the Study

The scope of this work includes review of previous work and field data collection.
The fieldwork generally includes geological, hydrogeology, and geophysical
investigation in the target area.
1.4 Approaches & Methodologies, and Materials used
The approaches and methodologies followed in the course of this study are desk
study, field observation and mapping, and data integration and analysis.
During this study; collection and review of previous reports, maps, and digital terrain
model (DTM) was made to get information on the groundwater of the target area, and
hence analysis and integration of different studies were used for the identification of
groundwater potential investigation areas. Existing topographic, geological and
hydrogeological maps as well as global positioning system (GPS) is used to locate
target areas and make inventory of existing/abandoned wells, and collect other spatial
data, while IRIS geophysical equipment is used for vertical electrical sounding (VES)
survey.
Desk study
Generally the following procedures are followed:
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o Data collection and review of previous works on geology and hydrogeology of the
area (master plan reports, maps, and other previous works relevant for the study, ,
etc), DTM and topographic maps,
o Identify data gaps and design methodologies to fill it, and
o Planning for fieldwork.
Fieldwork and observations
o Making traverses along selected directions to different areas for observations,

o Borehole data and water samples collection,
o Data collection from concerned sectoral offices,
o Discussion with professionals and resource persons
2. The Study Area
2.1 Location and Access
The proposed Oromia Special Economic Zone (East Shewa Zone of Oromia
Regional State) with an area of 234.62 sq. km. is bounded by Modjo town on the
North West, Adama town on the East South, Lake Koka on the South, and Liben
Woreda on the West. Notable rivers are Modjo River from North to West,
Awash River in the West direction and other few streams in the middle from
North to South are identified. Astronomically, the proposed development project
is extends from 8° 27' 00" to 8° 37' 00" N Latitude to 39° 01' 00" to 39° 15' 30" E
Longitude. Additionally, the proposed project is located at the Second higher
node area in the surrounding area next to Finfinne. With its better connectivity
to major towns such as Finfinne, Bishoftu, Modjo, Adama and Shashemene, an
amalgam of mobility of persons, production, capital and technology and
information flows leads to the creation of a new modern urban corridor. To this
end, as it is located in Lumme district and very close to Ada’a and Gumbichu
districts, one of the high crop producing areas of the country and/or the region
(figure-1).
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2.2 Physiography and Drainage

From physiographical point of view, Ethiopia is broadly divided into three major
regions:
a) The western highland, including the Ethiopian plateau and associated lowlands
(WHAL),
b) The Eastern Highland and associated lowlands (EHAL) and,
c) The Rift Valley (RV), running North-South approximately, in the middle of the
country and dividing the western from the eastern highlands.
The study area lies at the upper shoulder (western margin) of the Main Ethiopian Rift
(MER) system, within Upper Awash River Basin. Quaternary tectonics, volcanism
and sedimentation, played a significant role in shaping the present morphology of the
Rift valley, and hence the study area.
2.3 Vegetation and Soil Formation
The target area around Mojo Town is deforested and only scattered acacia and
eucalyptus trees are observed. Thus, indigenous tree cutting and not planting of the
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same shall be discouraged in order to create conducive situation for the environment
and hence animal population.
Soil formation in the area is more or less is uniform black cotton soil, which is
developed over lacustrine sediment and volcanic rocks on a flat topography of Ada’a
plain. Where this soil is significantly thick, it retards local recharge to groundwater.
3. GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS
3.1 Regional Geology, Tectonics and Earthquake Activities
4.1.1. Regional Geology
The regional geological of the area is characterized by a series of formation and

events from early Tertiary to Quaternary era. The grand Afro-Arabian swell was
formed in upper Eocene. Following uplift of horn of Africa, immense quantities of
lavas, the Trap series, extruded from fissures and eruption centers (Mohr, 1961).
The trap series lavas which are mostly basaltic in composition (with some acidic
flows in the upper parts) cover large areas of Mesozoic sediments and in some places;
they rest directly on the Basement complex. Such uplifts, together with the extrusion
of thick and extensive Trappean lava, account for the formation of the present
highland region of Ethiopia.
In the upper Pliocene to recent, a succession of pantelleritic Rhyololites, Trachytes

and Ignimbrites with subordinate intermediate and basic rocks, were erupted chiefly at
the rift margins and along the seismically active Wonji fault. This trachyte-
pantelleritic ignimbrite covered most of the southern Ethiopian plateau and filled the
Main Ethiopian Rift. Its thickness ranges from about 300m to 500m, probably even
greater on the rift floor (Mohr 1968, Baker et al. 1972).
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4.1.2. Tectonics
The Tertiary - Quaternary system, known as the East African system, is one of the
largest structural features of the earth crust. They are widely believed to have been
formed by diverging lithospheric plates, since early Tertiary times. It extends from
Mozambique to Syria. The east African system is most typically developed in the
section as the main Ethiopian Rift (Mohr, 1964), which extends from lake Chamo in
the south to Afar in the north. The main Ethiopian Rift is characterized by NE- SW,
and ENE-WSW trending normal faults. According to previous studies in and around
the project area, lineaments (faults) are predominantly trending NE-SW with dip
towards NW and SE respectively.
4.1.3. Regional Seismology (Earthquake Activities)
Ethiopia has experienced the effects of earthquakes and volcanic activity throughout
its history due to its geographic location near two seismically active tectonic features
namely:
 The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (the major diverging tectonic plate boundary,
which divides Africa from the Arabian Peninsula), and
 The East African Rift system, major breaks in the Earth’s crust.
Pierre Gouin (1976, 1979) made a comprehensive study of the seismicity of Ethiopia
by compiling the earthquake records dating back to 1400 A.D.
This study was essentially an analysis of historical data. The data of 1400-1874
events as a whole is neither sufficiently accurate nor numerically complete enough to
be subjected to statistical analysis.
The modern events, 100 years records (1875-1974), confirmed by instrumental

recordings from either local or foreign seismic stations were considered sufficiently
reliable and used for the evaluation of the seismicity of Ethiopia.
Pierre Gouin (1976) evaluated the 100 years instrumental data to produce different
seismic maps such as:
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 Grid location map of seismic events at their epicenter

 Ground acceleration map
 Earthquake intensity map
 Seismic zoning map
From the epicenter location maps and tectonic features maps, most strokes originate
along the rift structures of Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the Ethiopian Rift and hence
structures constructed in this rift belt shall be constructed according to the Ethiopian
building code standard for the construction of seismic resistant structures (consider
the seismic factor in design).
3.2 Geology of Bishoftu /Debre-Zeyt - Mojo area (Target Area)
The area around Debre-Zeyt, (where Ada'a plain occupies a larger proportion) is
mainly covered by volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The sedimentary rocks consist of
alluvial cover and lacustrine sequences. Volcanic activity in the area has given rise to
central composite volcanoes as well as to monogenic appearance as domes, spatter
cones (such as Dhankaka, Gangoo, etc) and maars. Ignimbrites, consisting of several
units, appear as wide sub-horizontal covers, while basaltic lavas are generally tabular.
From geological map of Debre Zeyt area, Figure4.1 (F. Mazzarini, 1999) recognizes
ten volcanic units that were grouped into four volcanic complexes. These were
defined on the basis of field data and morpho-structural features, further they define
three main structural sectors; the western rift margin, the main rift floor and an intra-
rift depression (Figure4.1). Since upper Miocene, the Bishoftu area was the site of the
interaction between the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) and an E-W traverse structure
(Yerer-Tullu Wellel Volcanic Lineament, YTVL) that produced the smoothing of the
morphological expression of the rift margin and the onset of a secondary rift axis
associated with the most recent volcanic activity (F. Mazzarini 1999). A simplified
geological map of Debre Zeyt area is shown on Figure 4.
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GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION FOR SITE SELECTION FOR OROMIA SPECIAL ZONE
(OSEZ)
3.2.1 Volcanic Stratigraphy

According to (F. Mazzarini, 1999), three complexes were defined; based on
morph-structural features and their relation with MER.
3.2.1.1 Western Rift Margin Complex
This complex exhibits age ranging from 7.5 to 2 Ma. It is dominated by four
volcanic units, grouped according their age in increasing order. These are:
 Akaki Unit : Scoria and spatter cones with associated basaltic lava flows,
 Central Volcanic Units : Trachy lavas (Wechacha and Furi volcanoes),
porphyritic trachy lavas (Yerer volcano)
 Addis Ababa Ignimbrite Unit : crystal rich comendic and pantelleritic
ignimbrites, and,
 Addis Ababa Basalt Unit : olivine and olivine basalt lava flows.
3.2.1.2 Intra-Rift Complex
In this complex upper Miocene-Quaternary products, which constitute the floor of

the main rift and its successive fillings, are:
- Chefe Dansa Unit : fall deposits and poorly welded pyroclastics
- Tulu Rie Basalts Unit : Olivine basalt lava flows
- Nazret Unit : a) welded peralkaline rhyolitic ignimbrites b) Rhyolitic and
trachytic domes
3.2.1.3 Rift Axis Complex
The study area, which is part of the Ada'a plain, stretches almost on this complex.
It is made up of a Quaternary-Holocene consisting of young central volcanoes,
lacustrine deposits and basaltic cinder and spatter cones; aligned NNE along the
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axis of the secondary rift system. The stratigraphic units of the area will be
discussed in detail according to their age, in decreasing order.
- Zikwala Volcanic Unit (ZV) : Zikwala is an isolated, well preserved composite

cone standing 1300m above its regional base and located in the southern part
of the studied area. Lavas are the dominant products with pyroclastics mainly
occurring at the south-eastern foot of the volcano. Lavas are dominated by
peralkaline Trachytes.
- Bede-Gebabe Volcano unit (BGV) : Bede-Gebabe, located in the central
part of the studied area, is a volcanic complex with a quasi-circular shape, slightly
elongated towards NNE and with a maximum altitude of 400m above the
surrounding relief. Its morphology is dominated by the occurrence of several
coalescent caldera structures. Lacustrine deposits rest above (BGV) all over its
marginal portion. Furthermore, spatter cones and basaltic lava flows belonging to
the younger Bishoftu Volcanic are present in the central part of the volcano-
complex. The most recent products are represented by Rhyolitic obsidians,
pumices and lavas show a composition ranging from Rhyolites to minor
Trachytes, (Gasparon et. al., 1993)
- Lacustrine deposits (LD): LD represent about 28% of the exposed rocks

and are developed on a relative, NE elongated depression, in the central sector of
the area. These fine grained deposits are generally brown-yellowish, thinly
stratified and often contain abundant volcanic matrix. In the successions, volcanic
layers are frequent and become predominant and coarse grained in the
neighboring of the maars. Generally, the axial sequence developed since 1.2 Ma
up to Holocene is constituted by composite volcanoes, scoria cones and maars
grown along a relatively narrow NNE trending depressed area .The youngest
volcanics are inter- bedded with lacustrine deposits.
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4. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION RESULTS
4.1 . General
The application of geophysical methods in hydrogeological problems is based on the fact that
groundwater conditions at a location are mainly described through characterizing the existence
and distribution of permeable layers (like sand, gravel, fractured rock) and impermeable or
low-permeable layers (like clay, till, solid rock) in the subsurface.
To achieve a geophysical image of these underground structures, sufficient contrast of physical

properties is required. Density, electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic
susceptibility (to some extent) are the most relevant petro-physical properties used as
diagnostic parameters in geophysical exploration for groundwater. The influence of porosity,
water saturation, and clay content on these petro-physical properties is the key factor.
Owing to their intrinsic correlation to the aforementioned physical properties of subsurface
rocks, the geophysical methods chosen for this particular phase of the OSEZ project were
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Gravity and Magnetics.
4.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

4.2.1 Methodology
Geo-electrical methods are applied to map the resistivity structure of the ground under the point
of measurements. Rock resistivity is of special interest for hydro-geological purposes. It allows
discriminating between soft-rock, sandy aquifers and clayey material; between hard rock
porous/fractured aquifers and low-permeable claystones and marlstones; and between water-
bearing fractured rock and its solid host rock. Under favorable circumstances, the interface
between fresh water and salt water.
Vertical electrical soundings are applied to a horizontally or approximately horizontally-layered

earth. Geological targets may be, for e.g., sedimentary rocks of different lithologies, layered
aquifers of different properties, sedimentary rocks overlying igneous rocks, or the weathering
zone of igneous rocks. In the most favorable case, the number of layers, their thicknesses and
resistivities are the outcome of a VES survey.
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The basic idea of resolving the vertical resistivity layering is to stepwise increase the current-
injecting electrodes spacing, which leads to an increasing penetration of the current lines and in
this way to an increasing influence of the deep-seated layers on the apparent resistivity.
The step-wise measured apparent resistivities are plotted against the current electrode spacing
on a log/log scale and interpolated to a continuous apparent resistivity measurements with
increased current electrode spacing leading to increased penetration depths of the injected
current. Results are compiled in the sounding curve. This plot is called a sounding curve that is
the base of all data inversion to obtain the resistivity/depth structure of the ground. In general,
linear electrode configurations are used for resistivity measurements. Common configurations
are the Schlumberger, Wenner, and Dipole-Dipole spreads. Because of practical and
methodical advantages, vertical electrical soundings mostly use the symmetrical Schlumberger
configuration where the voltage electrodes are closely spaced and fixed to the center of the
array and the current electrodes move outwards.
4.2.2 Field procedure and Instrumentations

In the current undertakings, the Shlumberger array has been employed for the Vertical
Electrical Sounding (VES) survey. As described above, in this configuration, the current
electrodes spacing (AB) is systematically increased about a central point - the sounding point
for deeper penetration. The survey lines and the sounding points have been selected so as to
evenly cover the interesting portions of the plains and transect possible structural features.
Apart from the results of phase – I, preliminary studies of topographic maps, aerial photographs
and on-site inspections of the potential area were used to optimally locate the sounding points.
Maximum half-current electrode separation (AB/2) of 1500 m was used to map the subsurface
to the depths of potential water bearing horizons. Concurrent plotting of the data on the field
and studying the tendency of the curves was used to decide on the adequacy of the current
electrode spacing and monitoring the data quality.
The equipment used for the survey included:
SYSCAL Pro Switch (Resistivity/IP measurement and Imaging unit) – of the IRIS
Instruments. A latest earth resistivity measuring unit with seventy-two electrode console
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for 2D resistivity imaging and also incorporating consoles for current out puts and
measuring sections for conventional resistivity sounding and profiling surveys.
Figure 1 Schlumberger array electrode configuration; A & B are Current electrodes and
M & N are Potential electrodes
4.3 Objectives of the geophysical survey
The main objective of the groundwater study project is the assessment of the
groundwater resource potential of the volcanic aquifers.
The main objectives of the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) resistivity surveys
are:
 To determine different lithological and/or hydrogeological units
according to their resistivity contrasts.
 To determine degree of weathering and fracturing of the water bearing
materials, depth and thickness of saturated zones, and thickness of the
overburden or confining layers.
 To identify the geologic structures and weak zones that serve as a storage
areas or conduits for groundwater movement,
 To determine the depth to the bottom confining crystalline basement
rocks/ aquiclude whenever possible
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Table 1: Locations of the sounding points at Mojo area

TL.No VES-No x y Z AB (M) Remark
VES-1 501723 932893 1591 3000
VES-2 500555 934602 1596 2000
VES-3 500294 936727 1592 3000
VES-4 502787 935864 1617 3000
VES-5 503723 937962 1633 3000
VES-6 504156 941565 1670 3000
VES-7 506961 944058 1713 3000
VES-8 510367 945019 1728 3000
VES-9 510672 947822 1756 3000
VES-10 509441 950594 1789 3000
VES-11 508412 952482 1812 3000
VES12BH 506498 957802 1846 3000
VES-13 510898 954777 1814 3000
TLine-1 VES-14 511861 956594 1803 3000
VES-1 489317 931759 1651 3000
VES-2 492894 931577 1596 3000
VES-3 494451 935728 1616 3000
VES-4 496418 938243 1633 3000
VES-5 497611 939848 1635 3000
VES-6 501509 943176 1671 3000
VES-7 504151 947258 1721 3000
VES-8 506606 948865 1790 3000
VES-9 508874 951472 1793 3000
VES-10 511442 953049 1794 2000
VES-11BH 511747 954484 1799 3000
TLine-2 VES-12 512185 954312 1788 2000
VES-1 504763 946104 1724 3000
VES-2 500896 946554 1698 3000
VES-3 498944 946707 1694 3000
VES-4 496112 947626 1689 3000
VES-5 493265 948527 1707 2000
VES-6 491212 949923 1729 3000
VES-7 488206 950472 1770 3000
TLine-4 VES-8 484704 951331 1839 3000
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Figure 2:VES location Map at Mojo
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4.4 Data analysis and presentations

Initially, the acquired raw field data along the traverse lines were used to construct
the apparent resistivity pseudo-depth sections. This representation is useful in
getting an unbiased picture of the subsurface over the area of survey and is useful
in obtaining a general but valid picture of the ground.
A resistivity data processing IP2win and analysis software (Win Resist) was used
to obtain the final models in terms of the layer parameters (layer resistivity and
thicknesses/depths) from the sounding data (Vander Velpen, 2004). The program
utilizes a ridge-regression inversion approach to fit the field data to a suitable
Subsurface model through an iterative process in a least square sense and provides
layer parameters (resistivities and thickness) beneath each sounding point. During
data analysis, a minimum root mean square percentage of error (the discrepancy
between the observed data and the synthetic data), in most cases, ranging from 2 to
5% has been taken as acceptable.
Finally, the layer parameters (resistivity and thickness/depth of the different
beneath each sounding point have been used to construct a geo-electric section for
each of the survey profiles. For plotting and compilation of graphic outputs, the list
of software includes: SURFER (Golden Software, 2010) and AUTOCAD2010.
4.4.1 Results, Discussions and Interpretations

The evaluation/appraisal of each traverse begins with description of the apparent
resistivity Pseudo-section accompanied by a brief discussion. Then, layer
parameters in the Geo-electric sections shall be presented, interpreted and discussed
based on their appeal for their ground water potential.
The resistivity data interpretation made separately for the areas.This is made
deliberately to identify and look for where more aquifer thickness exists and to
select GW potential area in relative close proximity of the target project.
 Accessibility
 Nearest possible site
 Groundwater potentiality, at this comparison the area is selected as 1 st well
field.
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4.4.2 Sliced depth section of stacked plan maps at Modjo area

The geo-electrical survey constructed from nine Vertical Electrical Sounding points
with a maximum current electrode separation AB/2=1500m. The general variation
in electrical resistivity of the subsurface is presented in the form of sliced pseudo-
depth section is presented in figure below. The sounding points are almost evenly
distributed so it is believed to give a good representation of the ground overall. Due
to its extrapolated nature between largely spaced point values from individual
soundings, stacked plots basically serve only for qualitative analysis. Nevertheless,
the contribution from such presentation towards the completeness of one’s
interpretation is beyond doubt.
The measured field data have been plotted along each profile line to get pseudo
sections using the apparent resistivity (ρ a) and pseudo depth (AB/2) values and
depict the overall resistivity picture on a vertical section. Moreover the plan view of
resistivity variations across the area, pseudo-depth slices, for instance, AB/2= (1.5,
9, 20, 45, 150,330,750 and 1000 m), are presented. The choice of such spacing
depends on the variability between them and to show the lateral variations of
resistivity at different pseudo depth.
The knowledge on the lateral distribution of the electrical resistivity at the

subsurface shades additional light towards a complete understanding of the
geological framework of the area under investigation. Sliced depth sections, when
presented in the form of stacked plots, provide sufficient visualization of the overall
picture of subsurface electrical parameters and their variation in both lateral and
vertical directions. Moreover, it greatly facilitates ones interpretations of
discontinuities in terms of geological structure which are of great interest for hydro-
geophysical analysis. This stacked depth supports the vertical and horizontal
variations.
The map shows the relative variation of the apparent resistivity value of the whole
area laterally as well as vertically at different depth of the spacing of current
electrodes. It is seen that the apparent resistivity value varies considerably from 0
to 250 .m.
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According to the Figure below the most interesting feature of this sliced plot
is the low resistivity zone, (<130 Ω-m) that occupies the portion of the survey
area.
The overall geo-electrical picture is heterogeneous, with pronounced resistivity

variations both in vertical and lateral senses. At the intermediate depth level, the top
conductive horizon, which dominates the upper-most slice, progressively narrows
with depth while the resistive signature gets broader successively. At larger current
electrode separations, the subsurface is designated by relatively high resistivity
values.
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Figure 3. Stacked plot of sliced resistivity plan sections at depth levels, i.e., different
current electrode separations, Mojo area
4.4.3 Pseudo Depth section along the line at Gend Rig well field (line-1)
The way of presenting the measured apparent resistivity values is in the form of
pseudo sections along a profile. The field data obtained from each sounding is
gridded and displayed as regular contour maps or image maps, displaying areas of
anomalously high resistive or low resistive value. So, pseudo sections are basically
meant for qualitative interpretation and show the lateral and vertical variations of
electrical properties within the sub-surface.
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This pseudo depth section data is constructed from the five VES point and the
orientation of each VES point west to East direction. The pseudo depth section
shows an extensive low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section, and the
deepest region beneath each layer where low resistivity responses were recorded.
According to this pseudo depth section, there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the
section with the prominent low resistivity exists under the five VES and the pseudo
section shows an extensive low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section.
The vast region under the section shows extensive coverage of low resistivity zone.
The resistivity ranges (0-420.m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of
potential water saturation. ThereforeVES-1, VES-2, VES-3, VES-4 and VES-5 show
low resistivity that ranges averagely less than 120.m. The maximum value of the
measured apparent resistivity does not exceed 420 .m.
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Figure 4 Pseudo depth sections along line at Modjo area
4.4.4 Geo-electric section along the line at Gende- Rig well field
Referring from the Geo-electric layer the subsurface under this line is represented
by four geo-electric layers, under each VES which constructed from the five VES
curves. The top sequence appears to represent black cotton soil with soil
intercalation. The second layer Overlies slightly lower resistivity response ranging
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from 11-43 .m and it appears as highly weathered and fractured sandstone under
VES-1, VES-2, VES-4, &VES-5. The third geo-electric layer is marked by
heterogeneous property along the profiles. The fourth geo-electric layer is marked
by high resistivity response under VES-3 & VES-4 and interoperated as
basement. The resistivity response of different subsurface layers provides a means
of assess their suitability to host adequate amount and potable groundwater. The
substratum which underlies the abovementioned conductive layer is characterized
by variable resistivity under all VES at the depth with an average thickness of
350m-470m thick.
Based on geological situation observed during field work and from this geo
electric section result, therefore, the well depth along this well field to be drilled
at this specific well filed should be greater than 550m to exploit the required
yields. But, the final decision shall be made by the site hydro geologist based on
actual observation while drilling.
Figure 5:Geo electric section section along the line at Mojo area (line-1)
4.4.5 Pseudo Depth along the line at Gende Rig well field (line-2)
This pseudo depth section data is constructed from the four VES point data. The
pseudo depth section shows an extensive low resistivity subsurface over the portion
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of the section, and the deepest region beneath each layer where low resistivity
responses were recorded.
According to this pseudo depth section, there is a lateral variation in resistivity in the
section with the prominent low resistivity exists under the four VES and the pseudo
section shows an extensive low resistivity subsurface over the portion of the section.
The region under the section shows extensive coverage of very low resistivity zone.
The resistivity ranges (0-520.m) of this low resistivity region are indicative of
potential water saturation. Therefore under each VES show low resistivity that
ranges averagely less than160.m. The maximum value of the measured apparent
resistivity does not exceed 520.m.
Figure 6: Pseudo depth sections along line at Gende Rig well field (line-2)
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4.4.6 Geo electric section along the line at Gende Rig well field (line-2)
Referring from the Geo-electric layer the subsurface under this profile line is
represented by heterogeneous property with four geo-electric layers, under each
VES which constructed from the four VES curves. The top sequence appears to
represent with weathered and fractured limestone. The second layer Overlies
slightly weathered and fractured resistivity response. The third geo-electric
horizon is marked by uniformly low formation resistivity response and has an
average thickness of 350m-450m.Mostly such conductive horizons; in this area
are the likely responses of fragments of highly weathered and fractured limestone.
The resistivity response of different subsurface layers provides a means of assess
their suitability to host adequate amount and potable groundwater. The fourth
geo-electric layer is marked by high resistivity response under VES-7 & VES-3
and interoperated as massive rock/basement.
at this specific site should be greater than 500m to exploit the required yields.
But, the final decision shall be made by the site hydro geologist based on actual
observation while drilling.
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Figure 7: Geo electric section along the line at Gende Rig well field (line-2
4.4.7 Pseudo Depth along the line at Gende Rig well field (line-2)
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4.4.8 Geo electric section along the line at Modjo (line-2)
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Table 2: Apparent resistivity, thickness, and anticipated formations at Modjo area
Estimated
Expected
TRLVES.No Layer r(Ohm-m) Thickness Depth (m) Target Depth
Lithology
(M)
1 17.2 1 1
2 2.3 0.9 1.9
3 76.8 25.1 27
TRL1VES-1
4 13.3 13.4 40.4
5 44.1 546 586.4
6 4174
1 171 0.9 0.9
2 114 6.5 7.4
3 43.2 22.7 30.1
TRL1VES-2
4 69.5 93.9 124
5 256 379 503
6 43.4
1 5.9 0.9 0.9
2 2.2 0.9 1.8
3 15.5 1.9 3.7
TRL1VES-3 4 2.7 3.7 7.4
5 21.8 22.9 30.3
6 5.9 476 506.3
7 14.6 --- ---
1 17.7 3.5 3.5
2 41.3 21.9 31.2
3 313 21.9 31.2
TRL1VES-4
4 51.1 180 211.2
5 14.1 220 431.2
6 84.7
1 6 3.5 3.5
2 132.8 3 6.6
TRL1VES-5
3 22.2 569.6 576.2
4 61.7
1 13.2 1.3 1.3
2 43 22.1 23.4
TRL1VES-6 3 18.1 20.1 43.5
4 47.8 506 549.5
5 3801
1 28.7 1.3 1.3
TRL1VES-7
2 106 34.9 36.2
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3 45.3 83.2 119.4

4 28.2 463 582.4
5 88.6 --- -----
1 35.7 2.1 2.1
2 60.6 5.5 7.6
TRL1VES-8 3 26.7 42.9 50.5
4 13.4 424 474.5
5 48.5
1 14.3 1.7 1.7
2 484 2.5 4.2
TRL1VES-9 3 39.2 69.8 74
4 10.2 498 572
5 22.4
1 18.8 2.2 2.2
2 85.3 12.3 14.5
3 28.8 63 77.5
TRL1VES-10
4 15 115 192.5
5 381 345 537.5
6 1.5
1 67.9 0.4 0.4
2 8 0.8 1.2
TRL1VES-11 3 84.5 21 22.2
4 22.2 495 517.2
5 4536
1 2.8 1.4 1.4
2 75.9 2.2 3.6
3 1.2 7.1 10.7
TRL1VES-12
4 8.8 116 126.7
5 17.2 416 542.7
6 2245
1 5.2 0.4 0.4
2 2.8 7.2 7.6
TRL1VES-13 3 24.5 42.7 50.3
4 5.6 479 529.3
5 1378
1 29.6 0.6 0.6
2 69.9 3.6 4.3
TRL1VES-14 3 24.7 15.2 19.5
4 7.2 354 373.5
5 1611
Table 2
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Estimated Target
TRLVES.No Layer r(Ohm-m) Thickness Depth (m) Expected Lithology
Depth (M)
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1 14.4 1 1
2 7.3 1.3 2.3
3 307 5.6 7.8
TRL2VES-1
4 38.1 61.7 69.5
5 19.9 450 519.5
6 75.3
1 32.7 1 1
2 365 1.2 2.2
TRL2VES-2 3 28.1 30.4 32.6
4 10.3 373 405.6
5 67.5
1 11.9 1.3 1.3
2 7.7 12.6 13.9
TRL2VES-3 3 59.6 18.4 32.3
4 6.2 348 380.3
5 11.5
1 26 0.8 0.8
2 733 1.1 1.9
3 16.5 4.6 6.5
TRL2VES-4
4 102 98.6 105.1
5 42.1 308 413.1
6 152
1 26.8 1.8 1.8
2 58.3 45 46.8
TRL2VES-5 3 13 139 185.8
4 6.4 244 429.8
5 41.1
1 31 1 1
2 8.3 7 8
3 391 25.4 33.4
TRL2VES-6
4 11.4 114 147.4
5 358 133 280.4
6 2.9
1 11 1.6 1.6
2 30.6 8.8 10.5
TRL2VES-7 3 56.6 40.7 51.2
4 28.2 189 240.2
5 19.4
1 9.2 0.9 0.9
2 64.2 5.4 6.3
3 262 8.6 14.9
TRL2VES-8
4 36.3 84.2 99.1
5 17.8 382 481.1
6 43
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1 5.4 0.5 0.5

2 23.3 9 9.5
TRL2VES-9 3 403 8.7 18.2
4 22.2 472 490.2
5 93
1 13.4 0.9 0.9
2 6.7 6.5 7.4
TRL2VES-
3 34.7 117.7 125.1
10
4 16.2 377.3 502.4
5 87.9
1 25.4 0.7 0.7
2 7.6 19.8 20.5
TRL2VES-
3 76.5 16.1 36.6
11
4 13 556 592.6
5 35.5
1 18.4 0.5 0.5
2 4.1 10.9 11.4
TRL2VES-
3 544 16.6 28
12
4 8.6 206 234
5 4693
Table-3
Estimated
Depth
TRLVES.No Layer r(Ohm-m) Thickness Expected Lithology Target
(m)
Depth (M)
1 9.2 0.9 0.9
2 56.8 0.9 1.8
3 19.2 29.5 31.3
TRL4VES-1 4 4.7 30.7 62
5 16.1 61.9 123.9
6 6.5 378 501.9
7 581
1 31.7 0.6 0.6
2 4.3 0.4 0.4
TRL4VES-2 3 20.9 6.5 7.4
4 265 13.6 21
5 62.4
1 10 1.9 1.9
2 53.4 16.2 18.1
TRL4VES-3 3 21.2 152 170.1
4 6.9 187 357.1
5 19
1 10.9 0.8 0.8
TRL4VES-4
2 4.2 0.9 1.7
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3 15.1 6.6 8.3

4 30 44.5 52.8
5 8.3 415 467.8
6 16.9
1 21 1.1 1.1
2 11 10.3 11.4
TRL4VES-5 3 187 139 150.3
4 35.8 310 460.4
5 2968
1 30.2 0.9 0.9
2 6.1 0.9 1.8
3 51.5 6.7 8.5
TRL4VES-6 4 444 11 19.5
5 54.6 223 242.5
6 27 288 530.5
7 100
1 11.2 3.3 3.3
2 24.6 16.6 19.9
TRL4VES-7 3 76.1 17.2 37
4 18.6 443 480.1
5 42.6
1 17.7 5.4 5.4
2 43.6 53.8 59.3
TRL4VES-8
3 28.9 389.9 449.2
4 50.6
5. Conclusion and Recommendation

Areas with relatively thick alluvial cover are located in flood plains of the seasonal
streams (e.g. wayama kala). The presence of thick layers of unconsolidated
material (clay, silt, sand, gravel) of 30 to 50m. This facilitates direct recharge
through infiltration to the lower fractured aquifer, and where saturated could serve
as shallow aquifer.
The slightly weathered to massive basalts in most cases underlie the top
unconsolidated formation, and overlie the water bearing highly weathered and/or
fractured layers. It comprises the upper part of the basaltic pile, and it is
characterized by high resistivity response indicating its massive nature and dry
condition. Also, in most cases it is thicker than the underlying fractured part.
In general, the highly weathered and/or fractured rocks forming the water bearing
layer in the area are characterized by relatively low resistivities compared to the
slightly weathered to massive basalts.
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The main aquifer in the area is the highly weathered and/or fractured basalt. This
formation is present in most parts of the project area. Thick and saturated fractured
basalts occur in the study area.
The apparent resistivity pseudo-depth sections and the true resistivity geo-electric
sections show the presence of shallow as well as deeper low resistivity horizons
which are potential zones of groundwater saturation. The low resistivity and large
thickness of these horizons is an indicator of high groundwater potential in the
study area.
6.1. Results and Interpreted layer parameter

The study area has owned planar topography which made the area suitable to
conduct geophysical survey/investigation. However, during survey time there was
rainfall that made difficulty on inter-site access.
Ten Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted on the selected well
field of the study area which is located north of Mojo (Figure 6.1).
Table 6.1 Summary of the vertical electrical sounding (VES) points location
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6.2. Proposed Production Wells Sites

In order to site these production wells a brief geological, hydrogeological,
geomorphological and geophysical survey were made in the respective areas.
Among the investigated sites around the town of interest decision to select one or
more sites were based on possibility of getting potential groundwater, distance
from demand area, depth of exploitable groundwater/depth of borehole/ and water
quality are some of the criteria used for screening. Table 6.12 shows a summary
of production wells sites providing information on GPS- location and estimated
target depth for each location (Figure 6. 12).
Table 6.12 Proposed Production wells location
Item Borehole UTM Estimated Remarks

# (BH)# LOCATION Depth(m)*
X(m) Y(m)
1 BH1 508502 960497 350
2 BH2 508576 959405 350
3 BH3 509287 960009 350
4 BH4 508968 958503 350
5 BH5 509541 959002 350
6 BH6 509574 958005 350
7 BH7 509977 958557 350
8 BH8 507983 959320 350
9 BH9 507972 958578 350
10 BH10 506975 959607 350
11 BH11 506975 958557 350
12 BH12 507505 958005 350
13 BH13 508322 957814 350
14 BH14 506519 958016 350
15 BH15 506985 957464 350
16 BH16 507972 957273 350
17 BH17 508980 957400 350
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18 BH18 509987 957591 350

19 BH19 510571 958005 350
20 BH20 509563 956891 350
21 BH21 510264 957107 300
22 BH22 509572 956016 300
23 BH23 509985 956396 300
24 BH24 510607 956623 350
25 BH25 510988 956999 350
26 BH26 511280 956587 350
27 BH27 510785 956314 350
28 BH28 509909 955743 260
29 BH29 510702 955857 350
30 BH30 510029 955235 350?
31 BH31 510524 955552 260
32 BH32 510975 955292 350
*Depth estimation is made based on existing wells and VES surveys
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMMENDATIONS

From this study it could be concluded that groundwater development is the first
priority in alleviating the aggravated water supply shortage of Adama Town. The
study result has shown that this resource can satisfy the intended objective both in
quality and quantity. However, the groundwater potential and its quality can vary
locally even within short distance. The distribution of groundwater in the area
seems to be litho-stratigraphically and/or structurally controlled.
The current study is conducted at limited sites and systematic water resources
inventory and investigation is lacking at a larger and detailed scale. Therefore:
1 Drilling in this area shall be conducted with DTH rotary or rotary methods
using the appropriate drilling fluid at the specific hydro-stratigraphic units;
2 Since deep boreholes having larger diameter ( as large as 20-inch) are
recommended to be drilled, Mud-Rotary or Reverse Circulation drilling
method is preferable;
3 During drilling the contractor shall take care of the problems related to
caving/collapsing geological materials and well straightness and plumpness
problem associated with alternating soft and hard formation as well as
drilling technique and machinery;
4 It is also suggested that when need be the contractor shall be equipped with
the technique and materials necessary for overcoming circulation loss if
any;
5 As both the source and demand areas are located in relatively seismically
active area (within Main Ethiopian Rift axial system), caution has to be
taken in selecting the appropriate engineering sites;
6 The selected well field area is located within Ada’a plain which is currently
under intensive groundwater based irrigation development, there fore care
has to be taken in positioning the wells site; and
7 Since the target area is under intensive groundwater development , it is
strongly recommended to install observation pipe, as well as observe well
interference for sustainable utilization and proper management of the
groundwater resource; and
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8 High yield (> 50 l/s) boreholes are expected to be drilled; there fore the
contractor has to be equipped with high discharge submersible pump.
REFERENCES
Abebe T, Mazzarini F, Innocenti F, Manetti P (1998) The Yerer-Tullu Wellel

volcano-tectonic lineament: a transitional structure in central Ethiopia and the
associated magmatic activity. J. African Earth Sci. 26, 135 150.
Abebe T, Manetti P, Bonini M, Corti G, Innocenti F, Mazzarini M (2005)

Geological map of the Northern main Ethiopian Rift. The Geological Society of
America
Abebe T., Mazzarini F., Innocenti F., and Manetti P. (1999) Geological Map of
Debre Zeyt area (Ethiopia). Acta Vulcanologica, Vol.11(1), 1999
Ayenew T (1998) The Hydrogeological system of the lake district basin, central
main Ethiopian Rift. PhD, ITC publication Number 64, the Netherlands
Berhane Melaku, (1982), Hydrogeology of the upper Awash Basin, EIGS
Ethiopian Institute of Geological Survey /EIGS/ (1978) Geological Map of Nazret

Sheet (NC37-15), Ethiopian Mapping Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Getahun Kebede (1987), Hydrogeology of the Nazaret area (NC 37-15), EIGS
HALCROW ( 1989 ) Reconnaissance Master Plan for the Development of the

Rift valley Lakes basin, Appendix C Water Resources, Appendix C2 Ground
waters
HALCROW (1989) - EVDSA, Master Plan for the Development of Surface

Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Final Report Vol.2, Main Report
Hem J. (1985) Study and Interpretation of the chemical characterstics of Natural

Water. U.S Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254
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Kebede S, Travi Y, Alemayehu T, Ayenew T (2005) Groundwater recharge,

circulation and geochemical evolution in the source region of the Blue Nile River,
Ethiopia. Applied Geochemistry 20:1658-1676
Tesfaye Cherenet (1982), EIGS, Hydrogeology of the Lakes Region, Ethiopia
(Lake Ziway, Langano, Assayita, Shalla and Awassa)
Twelve towns water supply Project/ Ethiopia, Debre Zeit, well report, GWE
(1980)
Twelve towns water supply Project/ Ethiopia, Modjo, well report, GWE (1980)
WWDSE (2008): Evaluation of Water Resources of Ada’a and Becho Plains

Groundwater Basin for Irrigation Development Project. FINAL DETAIL
RECONNAISSANCE (PHASE I): VOLUME - III EVALUATION OF
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL OF ADA’A –BECHO
PLAINS.ANNEX -1: MAIN REPORT Ministry of Water Resources; Addis
Ababa.
WWDSE (2009): Evaluation of Water Resources of the Ada’a & Becho Plains
Ground Water Basin for Irrigation Development Project. Final Feasibility Report
Phase III. VOLUME I: Main Report & Groundwater Resources Potential of
Prioritized Sites In Ada’a And Becho Plains Annex II : Groundwater Resources
Potential of Prioritized Sites In Ada’a And Becho Plains. Ministry of Water
Resources; Addis Ababa.
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ANNEX – I RAW GEOPHYSICAL /VES/ Data

ANNEX – I RAW GEOPHYSICAL /VES/ Data
VES #1 VES #2 VES #3
AREA ____BOROFTU AREA ____BOROFTU AREA __BOROFTU
Profile __E/sounding Profile __E/sounding Profile E/sounding
Easting ___510839 Easting __ 511097 Easting __511399
Instrument __Iris Instrument __Iris Instrument __Iris
Array___Shlumberger Array ____Shlumberger Array Shlumberger
Northing ___957317 Northing ___957022 Northing ___956680
Elevation ___1833 Elevation ___1829 Elevation ___1829
AB/2 (m) Resis(Ωm) AB/2 (m) Resis(Ωm) AB/2 (m) Resis(Ωm)
1.5 18.9 1.5 35 1.5 56.2
2.1 9.7 2.1 12.7 2.1 30.6
3 6.4 3 9.2 3 22.5
4.2 5.5 4.2 7.8 4.2 20.5
6 5.6 6 7.9 6 21.2
9 7.1 9 9.2 9 19.5
13.5 10.1 13.5 12.8 13.5 25.4
20 14.9 20 17.2 20 25.2
20 13.5 20 15.8 20 22.5
30 21.5 30 23.7 30 35.6
30 12.6 30 22.6 30 32.4
45 16.6 45 29.4 45 42.9
66 10.8 66 35.6 66 52.4
100 9.7 100 35.5 100 53.9
150 9.3 150 35.7 150 44
150 15.5 150 35.3 150 34.5
220 9.1 220 32.1 220 33.4
220 15.3 220 31.8 220 26.2
330 15.9 330 27.1 330 28.7
500 14.9 500 24.5 500 14.6
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750 36.9 750 23.3 750

AREA ____Biyyo AREA ___Biyyo AREA ____Biyyo
Easting __510395 Easting __510696 Easting __510785
1.5 7.8 1.5 23.2 1.5 19.6
2.1 4.7 2.1 13.7 2.1 8.6
3 4.1 3 8.4 3 5.8
4.2 4.2 4.2 6.9 4.2 5
6 3.6 6 6.7 6 4.8
9 3.4 9 6.4 9 4.3
13.5 3.8 13.5 6.4 13.5 4.7
20 4.3 20 6.5 20 5.3
20 5.1 20 5.3 20 5
30 5.6 30 8.3 30 6.3
30 6.8 30 6.8 30 6
45 9.7 45 9.5 45 8
66 13.7 66 13.3 66 11.5
100 19.4 100 18.5 100 15.2
150 26.4 150 23.4 150 18.9
150 24.4 150 23.3 150 19.1
220 33.7 220 23.6 220 20.6
220 32.1 220 24 220 21.7
330 46.5 330 25.3 330 21.3
500 49.4 500 25.4 500 19.2
750 750 750 19.3
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AREA ____Sherra AREA ____Sherra AREA ____Sherra
Easting __510958 Easting __510446 Easting __509993
1.5 78.4 1.5 39.8 1.5 89
2.1 18.6 2.1 22.5 2.1 58.9
3 9.6 3 12.2 3 19.1
4.2 7.2 4.2 7.9 4.2 10.8
6 5.4 6 5.9 6 8.7
9 5.2 9 5.3 9 8.6
13.5 5.4 13.5 5.5 13.5 8.9
20 4.4 20 6.2 20 9.8
20 4.5 20 5 20 6.6
30 3.7 30 7.4 30 11.4
30 3.8 30 6.1 30 7.8
45 5 45 7.6 45 10
66 6.3 66 9.8 66 13.1
100 8.3 100 12.4 100 16.4
150 8.1 150 15.1 150 18.7
150 14 150 14.7 150 17.7
220 6.9 220 17 220 21.5
220 10.5 220 17.3 220 20.8
330 8.8 330 18.7 330 25.4
500 9.6 500 18.3 500 28.9
750 20.6 750 750
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VES __ # 10
Area__ Sherra
Profile __E/sounding
Easting ____510068
Instrument __Iris
Array ___Shlumberger
Northing _955142
Elevation __1827
AB/2 (m) Resis(Ωm)
1.5 104.9
2.1 30.5
3 15.3
4.2 46
6 7.3
9 6.8
13.5 6.4
20 7
20 6.3
30 8.3
30 7.4
45 5.8
66 6.9
100 8.2
150 9.4
150 13.4
220 9.1
220 13.1
330 30.4
500 28.3
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(OSEZ)
750 30
ANNEX – II WELL LOG (well field area)
Lithologic log of AdTW3 (Ada’a test well 3)
S/ Lithology Description Depth Depth to Drilling Method

N from (m)
1 Top Soil (Black Cotton Soil) 0 8 Mud rotary
drilling
2 Massive Basalt 8 28 Mud rotary
drilling
3 Scoracious Basalt 28 42 Mud rotary
drilling
4 Slightly fractured basalt 42 64 Mud rotary
drilling
5 moderately Fractured Basalt 64 74 Mud rotary
drilling
6 Weathered Tuff 74 80 Mud rotary
drilling
7 Highly Fractured Trachy-Basalt 80 104 Mud rotary
drilling
8 Moderately Fractured Trachy-Basalt 104 114 Mud rotary
drilling
9 Massive Trachy Basalt 114 122 Mud rotary
drilling
10 Massive Trachyte 122 134 Mud rotary
drilling
11 moderately weathered Trachy-Basalt 134 140 Mud rotary
drilling
drilling
13 Weathered Tuff 164 174 Mud rotary
Page 60
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S/ Lithology Description Depth Depth to Drilling Method

N from (m)
drilling
14 Moderately weathred & Fractured 174 194 Mud rotary
Trachyte drilling
drilling
16 Moderately Fractured TrachyBasalt 200 236 Mud rotary
drilling
drilling
18 Moderately Fractured Trachyte 248 310 Mud rotary
drilling
19 Trachyte with Obisidian 310 320 Mud rotary
drilling
20 Slightly weathered Trachyte 320 324 Mud rotary
drilling
Page 61
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(OSEZ)
Lithologic Log, Well Design & Borehole Geophysical Log of AdTW3
Page 62
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(OSEZ)
ANNEX – III WELL DESIGN (proposed)
Page 63
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GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION SITE SELECTION FOR

DRAFT FINAL STUDY REPORT

GROUNDWATER SOURCE VERIFICATION AND BOREHOLE SITE

CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

1.2 Study Objectives.......................................................................2

1.3 Scope of the Study.....................................................................2

1.4 Approaches & Methodologies, and Materials used............................2

2. The Study Area............................................................................3

2.2 Physiography and Drainage........................................................4

2.3 Vegetation and Soil Formation.....................................................4

3. GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS.......................................................5

4.1.1. Regional Geology.....................................................................................5

3.2.1 Volcanic Stratigraphy.................................................................................8

4.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES).............................................10

4.4 Data analysis and presentations..................................................14

4.4.1 Results, Discussions and Interpretations..................................................15

6.2. Proposed Production Wells Sites.................................................47

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMMENDATIONS.............................49

1.2 Study Objectives

1.3 Scope of the Study

1.4 Approaches & Methodologies, and Materials used

Generally the following procedures are followed:

Fieldwork and observations

o Making traverses along selected directions to different areas for observations,

2. The Study Area

2.1 Location and Access

2.2 Physiography and Drainage

2.3 Vegetation and Soil Formation

3. GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS

3.1 Regional Geology, Tectonics and Earthquake Activities

4.1.1. Regional Geology

The regional geological of the area is characterized by a series of formation and

In the upper Pliocene to recent, a succession of pantelleritic Rhyololites, Trachytes

4.1.3. Regional Seismology (Earthquake Activities)

The modern events, 100 years records (1875-1974), confirmed by instrumental

 Grid location map of seismic events at their epicenter

3.2 Geology of Bishoftu /Debre-Zeyt - Mojo area (Target Area)

3.2.1 Volcanic Stratigraphy

3.2.1.1 Western Rift Margin Complex

3.2.1.2 Intra-Rift Complex

In this complex upper Miocene-Quaternary products, which constitute the floor of

3.2.1.3 Rift Axis Complex

- Zikwala Volcanic Unit (ZV) : Zikwala is an isolated, well preserved composite

- Lacustrine deposits (LD): LD represent about 28% of the exposed rocks

4. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION RESULTS

To achieve a geophysical image of these underground structures, sufficient contrast of physical

4.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

Vertical electrical soundings are applied to a horizontally or approximately horizontally-layered

4.2.2 Field procedure and Instrumentations

4.3 Objectives of the geophysical survey

Table 1: Locations of the sounding points at Mojo area

Figure 2:VES location Map at Mojo

4.4 Data analysis and presentations

4.4.1 Results, Discussions and Interpretations

4.4.2 Sliced depth section of stacked plan maps at Modjo area

The knowledge on the lateral distribution of the electrical resistivity at the

The overall geo-electrical picture is heterogeneous, with pronounced resistivity

Figure 4 Pseudo depth sections along line at Modjo area

4.4.8 Geo electric section along the line at Modjo (line-2)