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Science
RBI Supplemented
Learning Activity Sheet
Quarter 4, Week 1, Episode 15
3
Digestive system and its Interaction
with Other Body Systems in
Providing the Body with Nutrients
Monday 3:00-3:30 P.M.
May 17, 2021

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheet

Illustrator/ Writer: Raellen A. Regalado
Content Editor: Jonathan M. Casio
Language Editor: Milagros T. Dulfo
Audio Editor: Sittie Asayah C. Dimalna
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 Science 8 Digestive system and its interaction with the
Fourth Quarter circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems in
providing the body with nutrients for energy
Week 1

MELC : Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion.

Objective/s : 1. Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion in humans.

2. Discuss how digestive organs work together to carry out digestion of
food and assimilation of nutrient.
3. Describe how digestive system interacts with the circulatory, respiratory, and
excretory systems in providing the body with nutrients for energy.
4. Practice moderation and healthy lifestyles.

What is It

The existence of life on the planet earth is mainly based on certain functions and
processes. There are certain basic vital processes, which are essential for an organism to stay
healthy and to maintain the proper functioning of the body’s organ systems. They are necessary for
survival. These basic essential activities performed by an organism are called LIFE PROCESSES.

Figure 1: Important Life Processes

THE HUMAN BODY IS A UNIQUE MECHANISM!

A nutrient is a component present in food that is used by living beings to perform bodily
functions and survive. Nutrition in human beings is the process of consuming and absorbing food to
obtain nutrients mentioned above to live and survive. Nutrition covers the process of how food is
consumed, digested and used for the sake of energy.

In human beings, food needs to be processed and absorbed to obtain nutrients. This process is
consisted of the following five steps:

1. Ingestion: Intake of food.

The oral cavity is bounded by the teeth, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate. These
structures make up the mouth and play a key role in the first step of digestion, called ingestion.
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The oral cavity allows food to enter the digestive tract and have mastication (chewing) occurs ,
and the resulting food bolus is swallowed .

There are cases where droplets and viruses may enter our body through our mouth that’s why
wearing a face mask and face shield during COVID 19 pandemic are required.

2. Digestion: Breaking down of food so that it can be absorbed by the body.

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic
fragments. MECHANICAL DIGESTION refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into
smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In CHEMICAL
DIGESTION, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.

3. Absorption: The process of absorbing food in the form of nutrients into the blood stream of the
body.

The simple product of digestion is small enough to be absorbed by the epithelial cells
of the intestinal villi. Almost all ingested food, 80 percent of electrolytes, and 90 percent of water
are absorbed in the small intestine. Although the entire small intestine is involved in the absorption
of water and lipids, most absorption of carbohydrates and proteins occurs in the jejunum.

4. Assimilation: The process of nutrients being absorbed by each cell of the body in the form of
energy.

Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body
where they are used. The liver is important in assimilation. For example: glucose is used in respiration
to provide energy and amino acids are used to build new proteins.

5. Excretion/ Egestion: Secretion of waste, unwanted and excess substances from the body after
food the has been digested.

Excretion is the process of removing metabolic waste products (such as urea and
carbon dioxide) that are eliminated from the body.

Egestion by the time chyme passes from the ileum into the large intestine, it is essentially
indigestible food residue (mainly plant fibers like cellulose), some water, and millions of bacteria.
The colon is the first part of the large intestine. It absorbs most of the remaining water. This leaves
semi-solid waste material called feces. The feces are temporarily stored in the rectum, the last part
of the large intestine. Egestion happens when these feces pass out of the body through the anus.
Process called defecation- removes feces(poop)

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What happens to carbohydrates once they are put into the mouth? If we bite a white bread or
biscuit in the mouth for a long period of time, it would start to get really mushy. Then it would start
tasting sweet. That's because there are enzymes in the saliva. The enzymes break down the
complex carbohydrates in the bread into simple sugars.

Ptyalin enzyme is an amylase enzyme produced by the salivary glands (salivary glands)
whereas the saliva it produces is a product containing various enzymes including one of which is
the ptyalin enzyme. Ptyalin enzymes are sometimes also called alpha-amylase enzymes.

The Role of Enzymes in the Digestive System

Chemical digestion could not take place without the help of digestive enzymes. An
enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. Digestive enzymes speed up
chemical reactions that break down large food molecules into small molecules.

Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of the digestive system. These
enzymes include proteases that digest proteins, and nucleases that digest nucleic acids. Examples
of digestive enzymes are in the table below.

Enzyme What it digests Where it is made

Amylase carbohydrates Salivary glands, pancreas
Trypsin proteins Salivary glands, pancreas
Lipase lipids Salivary glands, pancreas, duodenum
Maltase carbohydrates duodenum
Peptidase proteins duodenum

What are the main functions of the digestive system?

1. Breakdown foods into nutrients that can be used by the body.

2. Absorb nutrients that are necessary for energy, growth, and maintenance.
3. Rid the body of solid waste.
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The Digestive Tract- Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal. Extends from our
mouth to the anus

Digestion Process

1. Mouth - Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion. Salivary
glands produce saliva; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion. Saliva contains
a chemical substance called ptyalin which is an enzyme that breaks down some starches into
sugars. Enzyme- a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.

2. Partially digested food mixes with saliva and lubricated and chewed until it forms into a ball-
shaped bolus. Swallowing pushes the bolus into the pharynx or throat. As we swallow, a small flap
of tissue called the epiglottis automatically closes over windpipe (so your food won’t go down the
wrong way).

3. Esophagus – The muscular transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach. It is lined
with mucus- a thick, slippery substance produced by the body. This makes food easier to swallow.
Food stays in the esophagus about 10-12 seconds.

peristalsis – waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

4. Stomach – J-shaped, muscular pouch located in the abdomen. It continues the process of
mechanical digestion (Mostly mechanical digestion is taking place in the stomach). Stomach has
many folds called rugae. Within the rugae are gastric glands secreting gastric juices and

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hydrochloric acid that digest proteins. The contraction or churning of the stomach mixes the food
with gastric juices and the food is converted into chyme, a semifluid partially digested food.

pepsin- is an enzyme produced by the stomach that digests proteins.

Pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and mucus are secreted by cells in the stomach. After 3 to 6 hours in the
stomach, muscle contractions and enzymes have changed the food into a soft, watery substance
called chyme. Sphincter muscles relax and the chyme enters the duodenum.

Physical digestion by the churning process, chemical digestion by the action of enzymes.

5. Small intestines - The organ where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place; nutrients
from food are also absorbed through the small intestines. The small intestine is approx. 6 meters (21
feet) long and is named for its small diameter (2-3 cm wide). The pancreas, small intestine, and
salivary glands are organs that secrete digestive enzymes. Small intestine is divided into 3 sections:
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

-liver – organ that produces bile. It is the largest and heaviest organ inside the body.
- bile – a substance that breaks up fat particles.
-gallbladder – the organ that stores bile.
-pancreas – a triangular organ that lies between the stomach and the first part of the small
intestine. It produces pancreatic juice and insulin. The enzymes produced by the pancreas move
into the small intestine and help break down proteins, starches, and fats.

The insulin produced is important in controlling the body’s use of sugar.

- Food does not pass through the liver and pancreas – these are digestive helpers. After a period
of 3 to 5 hours, most of the food that is in the small intestine is digested.

-villi – fingerlike structures that line the small intestine through which food is absorbed into the
bloodstream.

Not all food is completely digested. These undigested materials become watery and pass from
small intestine into the large intestine.

6. Large intestines - The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the
bloodstream; prepares the remaining undigested food for elimination from the body. The large
intestine is about 6.5 cm in diameter but only 1.5 meters long. Bacteria that are helpful to digestion
live in the large intestine.

-After spending 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine, most of the water that is contained in the
undigested food is absorbed. Materials that are not absorbed in the large intestine form a solid
waste.

7. Rectum and anus - The rectum is a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the
body (end of the large intestine).

-anus- opening at the end of the rectum through which solid wastes are eliminated.

INTEGRATION OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS

When the stomach is empty and blood glucose levels are low, the digestive system receptors and
the brain respond by making you feel hungry—your stomach may “growl,” and you may feel pain
or discomfort in your midsection. These sensations prompt you to eat, which provides new nutrient
sources to raise blood glucose levels. The exocrine part of the pancreas produces enzymes that
help digest the nutrients you have eaten so they can be absorbed by the small intestine into the
blood.

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The circulatory system is important in transporting the glucose and pancreatic hormones in blood
to all body cells. When your blood circulates through your digestive system, it picks up the nutrients
your body absorbed from your last meal. Your blood also carries oxygen inhaled by the lungs. Your
circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the other cells of your body then picks up any
waste products created by these cells, including carbon dioxide, and delivers these waste products
to the kidneys and lungs for disposal. Meanwhile, the circulatory system carries hormones from the
endocrine system, and the immune system’s white blood cells that fight off infection.

Each of your body systems relies on the others to work well. Your respiratory system relies on your
circulatory system to deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the muscles of your heart cannot function
without the oxygen they receive from your lungs. The bones of your skull and spine protect your
brain and spinal cord, but your brain regulates the position of your bones by controlling your
muscles. The circulatory system provides your brain with a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood
while your brain regulates your heart rate and blood pressure.

Another example, the cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems all help the body control
water balance. The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems transport fluids throughout the body and
help sense both solute and water levels and regulate pressure. If the water level gets too high, the
urinary system produces more dilute urine (urine with a higher water content) to help eliminate the
excess water. If the water level gets too low, more concentrated urine is produced so that water is
conserved. The digestive system also plays a role with variable water absorption

Cellular respiration is the intracellular process that breaks down glucose with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP molecules. It is the process by which cells obtain
usable energy to power other cellular processes. Which organ systems are involved in cellular
respiration? The glucose needed for cellular respiration comes from the digestive system via the
cardiovascular system. The oxygen needed for cellular respiration comes from the respiratory
system also via the cardiovascular system. The carbon dioxide produced in cellular respiration
leaves the body by the opposite route. In short, cellular respiration requires at a minimum the
digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.

Healthy Practices that can promote proper nutrition and over all wellness

1. A diet rich in raw, living food like fruits and vegetables. They are rich with enzymes which hasten
the chemical breakdown of food.

2. Food rich in fibers. Fibers “sweep” the large intestine to keep it clean and to assist in elimination.

3. Drinking enough amount of water.

4. Drinking warm liquid. Ice cold drinks stiffen the muscles of the digestive organs.

5. Light exercises after eating. Brisk walking can increase breathing and heartrate that can
jumpstart the digestive process.

6. Probiotics are available as nutritional supplements. Probiotics can help increase digestive time.

References

Madriaga, Estrellita et. al., Science Links, Published by Rex Bookstore 2015
Ramos, Leah M., Learner’s Module Schools Division of Pasig City 2021
www.Ck12.com

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
MIMAROPA Region
Schools Division of Palawan
BATARAZA DISTRICT II

Name:________________________________________________________Section:_________________
WORKSHEETS
LEARNING AREA: SCIENCE GRADE LEVEL: 8
LESSON: Ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion
QUARTER: 4 WEEK: 1
Date: May 17, 2021 Time: 3:00-3:30 pm
Learning Competency: Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion
Objectives:
1. Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion in humans.
2. Discuss how digestive organs work together to carry out digestion of food and assimilation
of nutrient in providing energy.
3. Practice moderation and healthy lifestyles

What I Can Do

ACTIVITY 1- LIFE PROCESSES

Direction: Complete the table below by choosing the correct letter that best describe the life
process and the specific organs associated with it.
Life Process Description of the process Organ (Write only the letter for the
(Write only the letter for the description of life name of the organ in the space
process) provided beside each picture)
1. absorption

2. assimilation

3. digestion

4. excretion/
egestion

5. ingestion

Choices for the description of life process Choices for organs

A. putting food in the mouth F. mouth
B. break down of food molecules into simple and soluble form. G. liver
C. digested food is absorbed by the villi of small intestine H. small intestine
D. simple products are used to build up bigger I. stomach
molecules of proteins, carbohydrates J. anus
E. undigested food is moved out of the body

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 What’s More

ACTIVITY 2

A. HELP ME IDENTIFY MY DIGESTIVE ORGANS

Direction. Label the organs and glands for digestion. Choose the correct answer from the box

CHOICES
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Esophagus
Rectum
Epiglottis

B. FINDING MY PURPOSE

Direction: Summarize the vital role and purpose of each organ system by completing this table.
Write the letter only by choosing the correct answer from the box.

Organ System Structures/Organs Purpose Interaction with

another organ system
A. Digestive 1. 2. Supplies the needed nutrients
B. Circulatory heart 3. 4.
C. Respiratory 5. 6. Provides oxygen necessary for
cellular respiration
D. Excretory kidney 7. 8.
E. Nervous 9. 10. Controls the function of all
organs.

CHOICES

A. lungs F. Coordinate all organs

B. small intestine G. Removes wastes, water and others
C. brain H. Coordinate all organs
D. Transport water, food and oxygen I. Maintain Homeostasis
E. Breakdown food J. Distribute the needed nutrients, water and oxygen to
every cell

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 What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 3: WRAPPING UP!

A. Let’s wind up this lesson by completing the statements. Choose from the word bank.

Word bank
diet alimentary tract
practices accessory
breaking

Digestion is a process of 1._________ down food into simple components that the cells can use. The
human digestive system has the organs of 2. ______________ ____________ that comes in contact
with the food and the 3. ____________ organs to pour out secretions to assist in the digestive
process.
A healthy 4. _________ and 5. __________ plus some technologies will promote proper nutrition and
overall wellness.

B. I Heart You

Draw a heart before each number if the following are practiced or are found in your family.

1. My diet include raw foods like vegetable salads, fruits, nuts and fruit juices.

2. I drink 10 glasses of water per day

3. I do a light exercise after eating like walking.

4. My family provided a regular serving of vegetables and fruits.

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 ASSESSMENT

A. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which life processes is done the moment you put food in your mouth?
A. assimilation B. digestion C. ingestion D. mastication

2. Which of the following serves as catalyst that speeds up the breakdown of complex food
into simple and soluble products?
A. enzymes B. hormones C. mucus D. teeth

3. Which of the following is a correct sequence of life processes?

A. digestion, ingestion, assimilation, absorption
B. digestion, ingestion, absorption, assimilation
C. ingestion, digestion, assimilation, absorption
D. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation

4. When our blood circulates through the digestive system, it picks up the soluble food absorbed by
the small intestine and sometimes the water level is too low. Which of the following will likely to
happen?
A. More sweat is produced C. More dilute urine is produced
B. More concentrated urine is produced D. Nothing changed

5. Integration and interaction among organ systems are important. What does it mean?
A. Each organ system is independent
B. The processes like ingestion, digestion etc. need the coordination of other organ systems
C. The vital organs need to be protected
D. The disorder of one tissue/organ cannot affect the entire body.

B. Direction: Write True if the idea is correct and change the underlined word if incorrect.

1. The digestive system is comprised of the alimentary tract and accessory organs.
2. The presence of partially digested food in the small intestine will trigger the gallbladder to
release bile.
3. The ailments of our small intestine can be avoided by eating food rich in fiber.
4. Ingestion and excretion is under the conscious control of our brain.
5. We can help our digestive system working at its optimum level by eating balanced diet
using the food pyramid, at a regular interval, drinking sufficient amount of water, and less
stress.

__________________________________________
Signature over printed name of Parent/Guardian
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