Actas de Ingeniería y Construcción Estructural Internacional, 11(1), 2024

Sistemas tecnológicos de construcción líderes para las crisis ambientales y sociales actuales
Editado por Villacís, E., Ayarza, C., Bucheli, J., Miranda, H.,
Flórez-Estrada, M., Yazdani, S., y Singh, A.
Derechos de autor © 2024 ISEC Press
ISSN: 2644-108X
www.doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.2024.11(1). Ref_ID

ARCHITECTURAL APPROPRIATION IN
REDEFINING PERCEPTIONS OF ECONOMIC
DISPARITY
MILENKA RIVAS, MARÍA PAZ PAVÓN, CAMILA GARCÍA
1 School of Architecture, Design and Arts/Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito,
Ecuador
2 Con Lo Que Hay 24, Quito, Ecuador

En el tiempo contemporáneo, la arquitectura se ha vuelto un objeto de disparidad

económica, exacerbando las diferencias sociales y espaciales en nuestras ciudades. La
apropiación del espacio, entendida como el proceso mediante el cual los individuos y
comunidades reclaman y transforman su entorno, ofrece una vía para mitigar estas
desigualdades. Este artículo analiza como la teoría de Henri Lefebvre sobre la
producción social del espacio y su concepto del ‘’derecho a la ciudad’’ proporcionan
un marco teórico sólido para entender y promover la apropiación arquitectónica como
una herramienta de inclusión y justicia social. Al experimentar en el taller ‘’Con lo que
Hay’’ y sus estrategias de intervención comunitaria, se demuestra que la participación
activa en el diseño y uso del espacio puede redefinir percepciones de disparidad
económica y fomentar entornos equitativos y habitables.

CHAPTER I.
Economic disparity refers to significant differences in access to financial resources and
opportunities between different social and economic groups. According to economist
Joseph Stiglitz, "Economic disparity is the gap between the rich and the poor, which is
reflected in differences in income, wealth, and access to opportunities." This inequality
can manifest itself in multiple aspects and is a key factor that affects social cohesion
and stability.
Architectural appropriation emerges as a powerful tool to catalyze positive social
dynamics and transform the perception of economic disparity. By enabling citizens to
become active agents of urban change, this practice not only enhances the aesthetic and
functional aspects of cities but also strengthens social cohesion and promotes greater
equity.
Allowing citizens to actively engage in shaping and redefining their built environment
is a practice that empowers communities by giving them the ability to transform spaces
according to their needs and aspirations. This fosters a sense of belonging and civic
responsibility that is crucial for building cohesive and resilient societies
From the perspective of environmental psychology, active participation in shaping the
environment builds deep emotional connections and strengthens collective identity.
According to Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), this emotional connection not only enhances
individual psychological well-being but also promotes greater social cohesion by
fostering a shared sense of place and community. This aspect is crucial as social
cohesion serves not only as an indicator of community health but also of a community's
capacity to address social and economic challenges, including economic disparity.

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Redefining the urban experience through architectural appropriation, by transforming
previously neglected or degraded spaces into vibrant and active areas help citizens to
not only improve their local quality of life but also challenge negative perceptions
associated with economically disadvantaged areas. This revitalization process not only
beautifies urban environments but also empowers residents to actively confront
economic and social disparities within their communities.
The social and economic benefits are evident in numerous case studies. Urban
regeneration projects that involve residents in revitalizing their neighborhoods not only
enhance physical infrastructure but also strengthen social ties and promote a greater
sense of civic
responsibility. For instance, initiatives described by Jane Jacobs (1961) in "The Death
and Life of Great American Cities" illustrate how community empowerment through
urban appropriation can counteract the effects of economic marginalization by giving
residents a voice in shaping their environment.
Understanding and promoting appropriation in architecture is crucial for advancing
towards more inclusive and equitable cities, where all individuals can actively
participate in creating urban environments that reflect their shared values and
aspirations.

CHAPTER II.
Henri Lefebvre is the author best suited to define the appropriation of space due to his
critical and multidimensional approach to how spaces are produced, perceived and
lived in society. His theory of social space, presented mainly in his work "The
Production of Space" (1974), offers a comprehensive framework that encompasses the
physical, mental and social dimensions of space.

The definition of “Appropriation of Space” according to Henri Lefebvre

Henri Lefebvre, a French sociologist and philosopher, formulated the theory of "space
appropriation" as part of his critical analysis of urbanism and urban life. In his work
"The Production of Space", Lefebvre analyzes how social spaces are created, used and
lived by people, and how these spatial interactions influence the construction of
everyday life and identity.
For Lefebvre, the appropriation of space in architecture implies that built spaces are not
simply static objects, but are in a constant process of appropriation and resignification
by the people who inhabit and use them. It is not just about how architects design and
plan spaces, but also about how these spaces are perceived, experienced and
transformed by those who occupy them.
Lefebvre argues that the appropriation of space is a social and political act, in the sense
that people can claim or resist the control imposed on spaces by dominant authorities or
powers. The appropriation of space is therefore also linked to issues of power, access
and participation in shaping the built environment.
Henri Lefebvre's definition of the appropriation of space is closely related to landscape,
social and materiality in the following aspects:
Landscape:

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 Actas de Ingeniería y Construcción Estructural Internacional, 11(1), 2024
Sistemas tecnológicos de construcción líderes para las crisis ambientales y sociales actuales

Landscape is not simply limited to physical nature but includes man-made

environments. The way in which people interact and modify these natural, urban and
architectural landscapes is part of the appropriation of space. Landscapes are shaped
and reinterpreted by the everyday practices of those who inhabit them, influencing the
way they are perceived and experienced.
Social aspects:
The appropriation of space is deeply linked to social relations. Architectural spaces are
settings where social interactions occur, where individual and collective identities are
expressed, and where dynamics of power and domination are manifested. The way
people use and transform built spaces reflects underlying social relations and can be a
means for resistance or the assertion of social identities.
Materiality:
The materiality of architectural spaces is a fundamental aspect of their appropriation.
The materials used in the construction of a space, its texture, its color, its layout,
influence how that space is perceived and used. Furthermore, materiality can be
significant in symbolic and cultural terms, reflecting local traditions, socioeconomic
status or cultural values. The way in which people interact with the materiality of the
space, whether modifying it, adapting it or resignifying it, is part of its appropriation.

CHAPTER III.
Bruno Taut, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Yi-Fu Tuan and Peter Zumthor are crucial
authors in discussing architectural appropriation and the redefinition of perceptions of
economic disparity due to their complementary perspectives. Taut, with his work in
social housing, showed how architecture can improve people's lives; Norberg-Schulz,
through his concept of "genius loci", emphasized the importance of context and identity
in the perception of the built environment; Tuan, from humanist geography, explored
how spatial experiences influence perception and social inclusion; and Zumthor, with
its focus on quality and atmosphere, demonstrated that considered design can transform
the perception and functionality of spaces, promoting dignity and a sense of belonging.
These authors, together, provide a deep understanding of how architecture can be a
powerful tool for addressing and transforming perceptions of economic disparity.
Finally, the four authors belong to different years, denoting ideas from 1919, 1949,
1974 and 2010.

Landscape, social appropiation and material

3.1 Landscape
For the landscape point, appropriation refers to the way in which architecture and
context integrate and respond to the natural and cultural characteristics of the place. In
this context, appropriation implies a deep understanding and respect for the natural
environment, as well as the use of these elements to create architecture that is in
harmony with its environment.
In "Alpine Architektur", Bruno Taut presents a utopian vision in which architecture and
the alpine landscape are deeply interconnected. Taut sees the mountains as an
inspiration for architecture that not only complements but also enhances the natural
landscape. Appropriation in this context refers to the integration of architectural forms
with the mountains' geological and climatic characteristics.

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Taut proposes an architecture that neither dominates nor destroys the landscape, but
rather becomes an extension of it, respecting and celebrating the majesty of the Alps.
In "Genius Loci", Christian Norberg-Schulz addresses the concept of "spirit of place"
and how architecture can and should capture and reflect the unique qualities of a
specific place. Appropriation, from Norberg-Schulz's perspective, involves
understanding and responding to the historical, cultural, and natural elements of the
environment. For Norberg-Schulz, each place has its own character and atmosphere,
and the architect's task is to recognize and work with these elements to create
architecture that is in tune with the environment. Form and landscape become an
expression of the inherent identity and meaning of the place.
These key points illustrate how both Bruno Taut and Christian Norberg-Schulz
emphasize the significant influence of landscape elements on the emotional and cultural
appropriation of the built environment. Each from their unique perspective in the fields
of architecture and phenomenology, both authors explore:
- Character and Spirit of Place: Norberg-Schulz focuses on deeply understanding the
"Genius Loci," emphasizing how elements such as topography, climate, and vegetation
define a place's unique identity and allow people to emotionally connect with it.
- Sensorial and Phenomenological Experience: He considers how landscape
elements influence the sensory and phenomenological experience of architectural
space, creating environments that are not only seen but also felt and experienced
through all senses.
- History and Collective Memory: Norberg-Schulz explores how landscape elements
that evoke history and collective memory can foster a deeper emotional and cultural
appropriation, enabling people to significantly identify with and relate to the built
environment.

3.2 Social Appropiation

Yi-Fu Tuan, in his work "Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience," explores
the concept of appropriation from a phenomenological perspective, focusing on the
human perception of space and place. According to Tuan, appropriation refers to the
process by which individuals interact with their physical and cultural environment,
imbuing it with personal and cultural significance. This author argues that our sensory
and emotional experiences of space deeply influence our cultural identity and how we
relate to our surroundings.
From this phenomenological perspective, Tuan examines how subjective perceptions of
space and place shape our daily practices, social relationships, and understanding of the
world. This research not only highlights the importance of personal experience in
interpreting built and natural environments but also underscores how these
interpretations impact the active appropriation of space by individuals and
communities.
In the context of architecture and landscape, Tuan's approach provides a theoretical
foundation for understanding how the physical form and structure of urban and natural
environments influence our experience and perception of space. This understanding is
crucial for comprehending how architecture and design can either facilitate or restrict
the appropriation of space by different social groups, thereby contributing to the
formation of cultural identities and the configuration of meaningful and functional
urban and natural landscapes.
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Sistemas tecnológicos de construcción líderes para las crisis ambientales y sociales actuales

Based on Yi-Fu Tuan's perspective on space appropriation, some key aspects to

evaluate a case study could be:
- Perception of Space: Evaluate how people in the case study perceive and experience
the physical space around them. This involves considering how individuals interact
with the environment and how these interpretations influence their daily activities and
social interactions.
- Symbolism of Place: Analyze the personal and cultural meanings that individuals
attribute to the studied place. This includes understanding how the physical
characteristics of the place and its cultural history intertwine to shape the identity and
sense of belonging of the people who inhabit it.
- Use of Space: How individuals and groups actively appropriate the studied space.
This could include how they adapt the physical environment to meet their needs and
aspirations and how they use the space for specific social, economic, or cultural
activities.
- Social Dynamics: Explore how the appropriation of space contributes to the
formation of cultural identities and social dynamics within the studied community. This
involves analyzing how social interactions and power relations are reflected and
reinforced through the shared use and perception of space.
- Design and Planning: Evaluate how architectural and urban planning decisions
influence the appropriation of space by different social groups. This includes
considering how accessibility, aesthetics, and functionality of the environment affect its
use and perception.

3.3 Material
According to Zumthor, 'I try to use materials like this in my work. I believe that they
can assume a poetic quality in the context of an architectural object, although only if
the architect is able to generate a meaningful situation for them, since materials in
themselves are not inherently poetic.'" (Zumthor, 2010, p. 10)
Based on the text of Peter Zumthor's writing, "appropriation through the use of
material" can be defined as the process of giving poetic meanings to materials within
architectural works. This process involves not only the technical utilization of materials
but also the architect's ability to create a meaningful situation that shows the natural and
sensory quialities of the materials.
Zumthor suggests that materials, in themselves, are not poetic. It is the context and the
way they are used that gives this poetic quality. This requires a deep understanding and
sensitivity beyond the physical properties of the material such as texture, smell, etc and
how these can communicate something towards their conventional use. "Appropriation"
in this sense refers to the architect's ability to reinterpret and reuse materials in a way
that their inherent meaning becomes evident and unique in each architectural project,
creating an emotional connection with the people who interact with the space.
Therefore, appropriation using material in architecture, according to Zumthor, is the
ability to make materials "shine and vibrate" by discovering and highlighting their
specific meanings in a given architectural context. This involves a constant reflection
on the purpose and potential of materials in each work, so that they not only fulfill a
structural function but also contribute to the sensory and emotional experience of the

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space.

Based on Peter Zumthor's perspective, some key aspects to evaluate a case study could
be:
- Significant Materiality: Zumthor emphasizes the importance of selecting materials
that not only serve functional purposes but also convey meaning and sensations.
- Sensitive Construction: He advocates for a careful and technical approach in the
selection and use of materials, considering both traditional and contemporary methods.
- Constructive Appropriation: The way materials are manipulated and joined in
construction affects the emotional and physical appropriation of space.
- Sensorial Quality: He values materials that enrich the tactile, visual, and acoustic
sensory experience for users.
- Durability and Aging: Zumthor prefers materials that age gracefully over time,
maintaining their beauty and relevance.
- Contextual Integration: Peter Zumthor stresses the importance of choosing
materials that harmonize with the surrounding natural and cultural environment. He
advocates for the use of endogenous materials, those native to the location or with
significant historical and cultural connections to the region. These materials not only
physically blend with the surroundings but also hold symbolic and emotional value for
the local community. They serve as a tangible representation of cultural identity and
foster a sense of belonging.

CHAPTER IV.
The “Con lo que Hay-CLQH" (with what is available) Workshop

“CLQH, (with what is available), is an academic workshop established and taught by

Ensusitio in different universities within the Architecture field, its main branch at the
Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito at the School of Architecture,
Design, and Art (PUCE-FADA). It is a hands-on experience where academic
knowledge is applied in a specific community. Based on a participatory design process
a real community need is developed by a consensus design process and community
construction. The general timeline of the course is four months, although students know
what the workshop is about, they don’t know the specifics about which technology or
the community where it will be applied”. (Tapia, E. V., & Ayarza, C. (2020).
In the Cachacho Ecological Park in Amaguaña, the workshop "Con lo que hay 24"
dedicated itself to the design, planning, and construction of a replicable structure
capable of providing shade. In close collaboration with the JASDUC Ecological
Foundation, responsible for managing the park, the outcome was the creation of three
Bamboo Arches: the larger arch, the medium arch, and the smaller arch. These arches
serve as the main elements of the entire structure, forming the canopy, each with
different dimensions but following an identical assembly process.
These arches were designed in relation to the Ojo de Agua, a sacred site where the local
community gathers for bathing and ceremonies. According to local tradition, this place
has been revered since ancient times, with stories even recounting that Atahualpa used
to bathe here.

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Sistemas tecnológicos de construcción líderes para las crisis ambientales y sociales actuales

CHAPTER V.
Characteristics of Appropriation

Characteristics of Appropriation Correct Incorrect

Landscape
Does the project clearly reflect the "Genius Loci" of the place,
considering the topography, climate and vegetation, allowing an -
emotional connection with the people?
Does the project create an environment that engages all the
senses, providing a rich and complete sensory and -
phenomenological experience?
Does the project include landscape elements that evoke history
and collective memory, fostering a deep emotional and -
cultural connection with the environment?

Material
Do the materials selected in the case study not only serve a
-
functional purpose, but also convey meaning and sensations?
Has a careful and technical approach been applied to the
selection and use of materials, considering both traditional -
and contemporary methods?
Does the way materials are manipulated and put together in
construction affect the emotional and physical appropriation -
of space?
Do the materials used enrich the tactile, visual and acoustic
-
sensory experience of the users?
Do the materials selected in the project age gracefully,
-
maintaining their beauty and relevance over time?
Do the chosen materials harmonize with the surrounding
natural and cultural environment, using endogenous materials
-
or those with significant historical and cultural connections to
the region?

Social Appropiation
Does the project invite people to interact with the
-
environment and the physical space that surrounds them?
Does the project understand the identity of the place,
considering the physical characteristics of the place and its
-
cultural history, evoking a sense of belonging on the part of
the people who inhabit it?

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Does the case study adapt to its physical environment,
satisfying the needs and aspirations of the people who use it, -
allowing specific social, economic or cultural activities?
Does the project contribute to the formation of cultural
identities and social dynamics within the community through -
use and shared perception of space?
Does the project facilitate the appropriation of different social
groups considering elements such as accessibility, aesthetics -
and functionality of the environment?

CHAPTER VI.
The bamboo structure in the Cachaco Ecological Park was designed with a sensitivity
that makes it part of the natural environment, using materials and shapes that resonate
with the place. Being there, one cannot help but feel how each element of the design
allows a deep connection with nature, both visually and tactilely. The choice of
bamboo, for its part, allows the camouflage with the environment and the form makes
the focus and direction towards the water, respecting and maintaining a relationship
between what was and what continues to be important to the community.
The cover's construction was done with great attention to detail, respecting the natural
properties of bamboo. The arrangement of the bamboo poles and the way they are
joined together suggests a deep understanding of how to work with this material to
maximize its strength and flexibility. This sensitivity in construction ensures the
structure is functional, aesthetically pleasing and in harmony with its natural
surroundings. Also, the experience of being under the bamboo cover provokes several
sensations. The structure allows natural light to enter, creating dynamic shadow
patterns that change throughout the day. In addition, bamboo has a unique texture and a
characteristic sound when the wind passes through it, which enriches the visitor's
sensory experience. The integration of these sensory elements makes the interaction
with the structure an immersive and pleasant experience. In terms of durability,
although bamboo is a natural material that can be subject to the effects of time and
weather, its durability can be improved with appropriate treatments as was done in the
workshop: curing and waxing the canes in addition to manufacturing a tarp as a
covering for the future.
Finally, the shape and layout of the roof suggests a space that can be used for a variety
of activities, such as community meetings, educational events or simply a place for
contemplation and rest. The structure provides shade and protection, making the space
beneath it suitable for different uses, both formal and informal. As another point the
deck was designed to encourage social interaction. Its open layout allows people to
gather and connect with ease, creating a natural focal point in the park where
community gatherings and activities can occur. The structure can act as a catalyst for
social cohesion, offering a place where visitors feel invited to gather and participate in
community life. And to conclude the design and planning of the structure was well
thought out, with attention to form, function and materials. Choosing bamboo is not
only aesthetically pleasing, but it is also functional and sustainable. The structure
integrates coherently with the natural environment, suggesting careful planning that
considers aesthetics as well as functionality and environmental impact.

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Sistemas tecnológicos de construcción líderes para las crisis ambientales y sociales actuales

CHAPTER VII

Landscape:
Evaluating projects from this perspective facilitates understanding of how landscape
elements influence the emotional and aesthetic perception of built spaces, thereby
fostering a deep connection between inhabitants and their environment. Additionally, it
highlights how landscape-sensitive design can strengthen the sense of belonging and
promote the appreciation of local heritage, crucial aspects for sustainable and
meaningful cultural appropriation.

Material:
Evaluating projects from this viewpoint reveals how materials not only fulfill practical
and structural functions but also convey deep cultural and symbolic meanings. This
approach allows us to appreciate how users emotionally connect with space through
materials, thus enabling enriching and enduring cultural appropriation. It also
underscores how sensitivity to materials can inspire architectural designs that withstand
the test of time and maintain their aesthetic and functional relevance within the
community.

Social Appropriation:
This perspective emphasizes how architectural spaces can facilitate meaningful social
interactions and promote a sense of community among inhabitants. Evaluating projects
from this angle reveals how built spaces can serve as arenas for empowerment and
collective expression, where residents not only use the environment according to their
practical needs but also transform it to reflect their cultural and social identities.
Therefore, this approach highlights how architectural design can act as a catalyst for
social cohesion and equity, fostering dynamic and participatory appropriation of the
built environment.
Therefore, this research underscores how active participation in shaping the
environment strengthens emotional connections and collective identity, essential
aspects for social cohesion and community well-being. Using an appropriation
evaluation table would not only provide strategies for future project creation but also
enhance existing architectural spaces by applying concepts from these three
perspectives, strengthening areas where the community can significantly engage. This
promotes more inclusive and equitable environments where all citizens can actively
contribute to shaping their cities according to shared values and aspirations.

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CONCLUSIONS
Future research
This article has focused on the creation of a quantitative table that integrates landscape,
social and material perspectives to address economic disparity in the contemporary
architectural context. Through the theoretical lens of Henri Lefebvre and his focus on
the social production of space, as well as the authors Bruno Taut, Christian Noberg-
schulz, Yifu Tuan and Peter Zumthor with their different concepts on landscape, the
social and materiality, has highlighted how the ‘’Organic Blanket’’ (Manta Orgánica)
project in Amaguaña exemplifies these principles. This project not only considers the
functionality and aesthetics of the physical space, but also promotes community
participation and social and environmental sustainability. By integrating these three key
points, the project not only aims to avoid economic disparity, but also seeks to
transform the built environment into an engine of inclusion and equity for all
inhabitants.

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