GBIO I – 2ND QUARTER FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE

PLASMA MEMBRANE
LESSON 6: CELLULAR
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
I. PHOSPHOLIPID

REVIEW ➢ The lipid molecules are amphipathic:

▪ polar HYDROPHILIC HEAD
(Water loving).
1. What are the other terms for the PLASMA ▪ nonpolar HYDROPHOBIC
MEMBRANE? TAILS (Water fearing)
➢ The head separates the tails from the
Cell Membrane & Plasmalemma aqueous cytosolic and extracellular
environment.
2. What are the major functions of the cell ➢ The bilayer does not allow the passage
membrane? polar molecules and ions.
➢ The bilayer permits the passage of
✓ Controls the entrance and exit of materials in hydrophobic molecules.
the cell.
✓ Prevents the contents of one cell from mixing II. TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS
with those of other cells.
✓ Maintains the shape of the cell and the site of ➢ Functions for transport and communication
cell transport mechanisms. across the membrane.
➢ Serves as receptors, pores, channels and
3. What do you call the energy molecules used gates.
by the cell to perform specific function?
TYPES
Adenosine Triphosphate

OVERVIEW

- Cells are surrounded by a phospholipid

bilayer known as the cell membrane which
demarcates the internal and external
environment of the cell. The structure of the
membrane is designed to be selectively
permeable, which means that it allows only
certain substances to enter and leave the cell.
- Phospholipids and proteins are the
1. Peripheral Proteins (Extrinsic)
principal components of the membrane.
- Found on the periphery or on the sides of the
membrane or not imbedded in the membrane
- Act as receptor of hormones and recognition
How are phospholipids and proteins are centers.
arranged in the membranes?
2. Integral Proteins (Intrinsic)
- Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the plasma
Fluid Mosaic by Jonathan Singer and Garth
membrane which are like tunnels, channels or
Nicholson (1972)
gates.
Fluid - the phospholipid bilayer is viscous
- Channel (tunnel) & Carrier (gate).
and individual phospholipids can move
position.
▪ Transport in channel (transport) protein are
Mosaic - the phospholipid bilayer is
classified as:
embedded with proteins, leading to a mosaic
o uniporter
of components.
 o symporter 1. SOLUTE
o antiporter - Substance that can be dissolved.
- Found in solid, liquid or gaseous phase
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT 2. SOLVENT
PROTEINS - Substance in which different compounds can
be dissolved.
1. UNIPORTER - Transports substances in a - Found in liquid phase.
unidirectional manner.
2. SYMPORTER - Transports different types
of molecules in the cell membrane at the 3. SOLUTION
same time. - Made up of solute and solvent.
3. ANTIPORTER - Transport different types - Is a homogenous mixture of two or more
of molecules in the cell membrane in substances.
opposite direction at the same time.
4. CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
- Results from the unequal distribution of
III. INTERIOR PROTEIN NETWORK molecules between intracellular and
extracellular environment.
➢ It is composed of: - Refers to the difference in the concentration
of two regions.
SPECTRINS
- A large cytoskeletal protein that is found on
the inner cell membrane of red blood cells
REVIEW
and that functions especially in maintaining
cell shape.

CLATHRINS 1. What are the macromolecules make up the

- Anchor certain proteins to specific sites. PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates

IV. CELL-SURFACE MARKERS

➢ Act as a cell identity markers. 2. Which of the following principal components

of the cell membrane served as a gateway,
GLYCOPROTEINS: tunnel, canal and receptors of different
- Sugar chains covalently bonded to proteins. molecules?
- Antigens - initiates immune response.
Transmembrane Proteins
GLYCOLIPIDS:
- Sugar chains covalently bonded to lipids.
- Blood type and receptor. CELL TRANSPORT MECHANISM

GENERALIZATION

Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates

Pospholipd Transmembrane Glycolipids
Polar head 1. Integral: Glycoproteins
Channel &
carrier proteins

2. Peripheral
Non Polar
Tails I. PASSIVE TRANSPORT

➢ DIFFUSION
KEY TERMS
 - The tendency of the solute to spread
throughout the solution from an area of high dissolved in a solution.
concentration to an area of lower The ability of the
concentration. surrounding solution
- It will continue until the concentration in all to cause a cell to
regions become in a dynamic equilibrium. loss or gain water.
DIFFUSION IN CELL
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Fat soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K
4. Water
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE
RATE OF DIFFUSION
1. Temperature – high temperature, high rate.
2. Concentration Gradient – higher the
difference, higher rate.
3. Size/Mass – smaller, higher rate.
4. Solute Solubility – higher the similarities,
higher rate.
➢ FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- A passive transport which relies on integral
proteins in order for the substance to move
down their concentration gradient.
- The solute simply binds to the transport
proteins and gets released to the other side of
the membrane.
OSMOSIS
- The movement of WATER MOLECULES
through SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE
from an area of higher concentration to a
relatively low concentration of WATER.
THREE CONDITIONS OF OSMOSIS
1st CONDITION: The diffusing substance must be
water;
2nd CONDITION: The diffusing substance crosses
a selectively permeable membrane;
3rd CONDITION: If two solutions of different
concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable
membrane, the solvent will diffuse into more
concentrated solution.
TONICITY OSMOLARITY
The amount of solute The measure of the
tonicity of a solution.
Used to relate the
osmolarity of a cell
to the osmolarity of
the extracellular
fluid.
OSMOSIS IN ACTION ISOTONIC
SOLUTION
- The concentration of both water and solute
molecules is the same inside and outside of
the cell.
- No change will occur thus a balance is
maintained.
- NORMAL, FLACID
OSMOSIS IN ACTION HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION
- If the solution outside the cell is less
concentrated than the cell contents , the water
will enter the cell.
- The cell will swell and eventually burst.
- LYSED, TURGID
OSMOSIS IN ACTION HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION
- If the solution outside the cell is more
concentrated than the cell contents it will
cause water to leave the cell.
- Cell will shrink or shriveled.
- SHRIVELED, PLASMOLYZED
To the attain the Homeostasis inside the body
of an organism, cell transport like diffusion
and osmosis act by spreading and
transporting nutrients, water and other
necessary chemicals from the areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration
inside a body. This process is called moving
down of concentration gradient.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN DIFFUSION
AND OSMOSIS
▪ Both of these processes, diffusion and
osmosis tend to equalize the concentration of
the solution.
▪ Both of these processes do not require any
extra energy or input hence these are called
passive processes.
 ▪ Both of these processes observe the - Plasma membrane envelops food particles
movement of molecules from higher and fluids.
concentration area to lower concentration - Three major types of Endocytosis:
area. o Phagocytosis
o Pinocytosis
II. ACTIVE TRANSPORT o Receptor-mediated endocytosis

- If the exchange of substances occur against

the direction of the gradient, inputs of extra PHAGOCYTOSIS
metabolic energy are required.
- If the vesicle holds a solid substance.
- Involves PROTEIN CARRIERS within the
membrane.

➢ SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP PINOCYTOSIS

- A protein carrier that transports sodium ions
(Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the cell
membrane.
- Energy for the processes is provided by the
ATP
- Energy is used to change the conformation of
the carrier protein
- Cells use the Na+/K+ pump to create a high
concentration of Na+ outside the cell, and a
high concentration of K+ inside the cell.
- If the vesicle contains liquid substance.
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
- The molecule can bind to the surface of the
membrane.
- The receptor has a specialized protein which
serve as a coating known as clathrin.
- Coated pit anchors the receptor and initiates
folding to form coated vesicle.

THREE PROCESSES OF RME

PRIMARY ACTIVE SECONDARY
TRANSPORT ACTIVE 1. RECEPTOR BINDING – External binding.
TRANSPORT 2. INVAGINATION – The surface pushes
Binding of three Na+ Two extracellular K+ inwardly.
ions to their active sites ions are transported into 3. FORMATION OF COATED VESICLE –
on the pump which are the cell. Will deliver the molecules inside the cell.
bound to ATP then the
Na+ diffuses out.

Release or the Input of 2 K ions EXOCYTOSIS

exportation of 3 NA
ions. - The discharge of material from vesicles at the
cell surface.

The substances cells require for growth are

mostly large polar molecules that cannot
cross the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.
LESSON 8: ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

How do these substances get into cells? Also known as MACROMOLECULES

➢ BULK TRANSPORT Extracted from living organism
- Also known as VESICULAR Consist of polymers and monomers
TRANSPORT.
- This mode of transport involves movement of FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
large particles through a vesicle.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Nucleic Acid
ENDOCYTOSIS 3. Proteins

- Bulk material enters the cell in vesicles.

4. Lipids - The Pentose sugar in DNA differs from sugar
in RNA by the absence of hydroxyl group (-
OH) on the second carbon of the sugar ring.
- No (-OH) on the second carbon in DNA

STEPS IN PROTEIN FORMATION

1. TRANSCRIPTION – the process by which

the genetic messages contained DNA are
I. NUCLEIC ACID transcribed, and the product is Mrna
2. TRANSLATION – the process by which the
genetic messages carried by RNA are
decoded and used to build proteins. This is to
break the sequence into triplets`(Codons).

PROTEINS

- The most abundant organic compounds in the

- The strings of life living cell.
- Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store
genetic information and enable protein
production. Composed of essential elements such
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. as:
o Carbon
The elemental composition of nucleic acids o Hydrogen
are: o Oxygen
o Carbon o Nitrogen
o Hydrogen o Sometimes, phosphorus and
o Oxygen sulfur are present.
o Nitrogen (15-16%)
o Phosphorus (9-10%) The monomers of proteins are amino
acids.
The monomer of nucleic acids is
nucleotides, which composed of: It composed of:
o Nitrogenous base o Amino group
o Five-carbon sugar o Carboxyl group
o Phosphate group o Side chain “R-group”

Amino acids are linked by a peptide bond

NITROGENOUS BASES
also called amide bond or through
- Categorized into two: Purine & Pyrimidines dehydration synthesis.
- PURINE: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
- PYRIMIDINE: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
and Uracil (U)
- Establish complementary base pairs
- In DNA: A-T, T-A, G-C, and C-G.
- In RNA: G-C, C-G, A-U, and U-A

PENTOSE SUGAR

- Deoxyribose & ribose