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3.Current Electricity
3.Current Electricity
3.Current Electricity
CURRENT ELECTRICTY
Current Electricity:
It is the branch of physics which deals with the study of electric charges in motion.
Electric current or strength of current:
It is the rate of flow of charges through a conductor of any cross-section.
Steady current:
q
If the flow of charges is uniform, then the current is steady. It is given by, I =
t
where q is the charge which flows through a conductor of any cross-section in rime t.
Instantaneous current:
It is the current at a given instant of time.
dq
If the flow of charges is non-uniform, then instantaneous current is given by, I=
dt
where dq is the small amount of charge which flows through a conductor of any cross-section in small
interval of time dt .
Ampere is the SI unit of current.
q
Consider, I = , If q =1 coulomb, t =1 second, then I = 1 ampere,
t
Ampere:
Electric Current is said to be 1 ampere, when l coulomb of charge flows in one second through a
conductor of any cross section,
Current carriers:
The charged particles whose flow in a given direction constitutes electric current are called current
carriers or charge carriers.
In metals, free electrons are the charge carriers. In electrolytic conductors, both positive and negative
ions are the charge carriers. In gases, positive ions and electrons are the charge carriers. In semiconductors,
both electrons and holes are the charge carriers.
Convention for the direction of current:
By convention, the direction of flow of positive charge gives the direction of current. This current is
called conventional current. The direction of electron current is opposite to the conventional current.
Electric current is a scalar quantity:
Even though, electric current has both magnitude and direction, it is a scalar quantity. This is because
the value of electric current does not depend on its direction. That is, the current in a wire remain unchanged
if it is bent, tied with a knot.
Note:
1. If n is the number of free electrons that flows in a conductor of any cross section in time interval t, then
ne
the current is given by, I =
t
2. If q1 is the total positive charge moving in the forward direction and q2 is the total negative charge
moving in the forward direction in a time during the same time interval t, then the current is
q1 q 2 q1 − q 2
I= − =
t t t
3. If q1 is the total positive charge moving in the forward direction and q2 is the total negative charge
moving in the backward direction in a time during the same time interval t, then the current is
q1 q 2 q1 + q 2
I= + =
t t t
4. The current in domestic appliances is of the order of an ampere while in electronic circuits it is in the
range of microampere to milli ampere.
5. The currents through our nerves are in microampere.
Current I
Current density = J=
Area of cross - section A
Current density is a vector quantity. Its direction is same as that of current.
1. Its SI unit is A/m2
2. Its dimensional formula is [AL-2]
3. Current density in vector form I = J • A where I is the dot product of J and A . A is the area vector
which represents cross sectional area of the conductor.
4. If A makes an angle with the direction of current, then I = JA cos . Where A cos is the
component of A along the direction of flow of current.
I q ne
5. Current density in terms of charge and number of charge carriers, J = = =
A At At
6. Current density in terms of drift velocity and number density of charge,
I nAv d e
J= = = nv d e ( I = nAvd e)
A A
7. If the current flows through a conductor of varying cross-section, the current is same at all points along
its length. If this is not true, the charge will not to be conserved. But current density is different at
different points along its length. This is because area of cross-section is different at different points.
Mechanism of flow of current in a metallic conductor:
The free elections will be in random motion within the conductor (Similar to
that of molecules of a gas inside a container). Due to the random motion, the free
electrons collide with positive ions/atoms and undergo change in direction at each
collision.
The average thermal speed of the free electrons is of the order 105m/s. but the average thermal velocity
is zero because of random motion. That is, free electrons in the conductor do not move in any specific direction.
Therefore, the net flow of electrons (charges) inside the conductor in any direction is zero. Hence, net current
in the conductor is zero.
Maintaining of steady current in a conductor:
Consider a cylindrical conductor and two identical discs of dielectric having
the radii equal to that of cylinder. Put the charges +Q and -Q on the two discs and
attaches them to two ends of the cylinder. Due to this, a potential difference is
developed across the ends of the conductor. Then, an electric field will be set up in
the conductor and its direction is from positively charged disc to negatively charged
disc. Due to this field, the free electrons accelerate towards +Q and neutralize the
charges on the discs. The free electrons flow as long as there is electric field inside
the conductor. In this situation, there will be a current for a short time and no current
thereafter.
In order to maintain a steady current in a conductor, a continuous flow of
charges is required. This is possible if the two ends of the conductor are maintained
at different potentials. To maintain potential difference across a conductor, we can
use the battery or dynamo.
Ohm's Law:
Statement:
The current in a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across
its ends, provided the temperature & other physical conditions of the conductor are kept constant.
Explanation:
V
Ohm's Law is given by, I V I =
R
Potential difference V
Resistance = R=
Electric current I
It is the amount of opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of electric current through it.
The SI unit of resistance is
V
In R = if V= 1 volt, I = l ampere, then R= 1 ohm.
I
The resistance of a conductor is said to be 1 ohm, if 1A of current flows through it when a potential
difference of 1V is applied across its ends.
Circuit symbol of resistance is
Origin of resistivity (or) resistance:
When a potential difference is applied across a conductor, an
electric field is set up in it. This electric field accelerates the free
electrons. As the electrons move through the conductor, they collide
with the fixed positive ions/atoms free electrons. This opposition to
the motion of free electrons is the origin of resistivity/resistance.
When the temperature of the conductor increases collisions and hence
resistance increases.
A wire is carrying a current. Is it charged (or) not:
No, the current in a wire is due to flow of free electrons in a definite direction. But the number of
protons in the wire at any instant is equal to number of electrons and charge on the electron is equal and
opposite to that of proton. Hence net charge on the wire is zero.
Factors depend on the resistance of a conductor:
1. Length of the conductor 3. Nature of the conductor.
2. Area of cross section of the conductor. 4. Temperature of the conductor.
Resistance in terms of resistivity:
The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to length of the conductor and inversely
proportional to area of cross-section of the conductor.
L L
It can be shown that, R R=
A A
Where R is the resistance of the conductor is the resistivity of the material of conductor, L is the length of
the conductor and A is area of cross-section of the conductor.
Resistivity of a conductor:
It is the resistance offered by a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross- section
NP 3: (a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area
1.0 × 10–7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly one conduction
electron. The density of copper is 9.0×103 kg/m3, and its atomic mass is 63.5 u. (b) Compare the drift speed
R
where V is the potential difference applied across a resistor and I is the current in the resistor.
E2
Electrical power in a circuit is P = E I = I 2 (R + r ) =
(R + r )
where E is the emf of the cell, I is the current in the circuit and r is the internal resistance of the cell.
Power loss:
The power generated at power station must be transmitted to consumer through transmission cables.
Then there is power loss in the transmission cables due to resistance. This loss is called transmission loss.
We have PC = I 2 RC ------------ (1)
Let P be the power to be delivered to a device of resistance R through the cables. Let V be the potential
difference across R and I be the current passing through it.
P
Then P = V I I = ------------ (2)
V
Electrical network:
It is the complicated arrangement of circuit elements such as resistors and cells.
Junction (or) Node in an electrical network:
It is a point in an electrical network at which more than two currents meet.
Electrical loop (or) mesh:
It is the closed path for circulation of current in an electrical network.
Kirchhoff’s rules of electrical network:
Ohm’s law can be used to analyse simple circuits. Complex circuits cannot be analysed using Ohm’s
law easily. Such circuits can be analysed using Kirchhoff’s laws which can be applied to both AC and DC
circuits.
Kirchhoff’s junction rule:
Statement:
The sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of the currents
leaving the junction.
Explanation:
Let I 1 and I 2 are the currents entering the junction O and I 3 and I 4 are the
currents leaving the junction O.
From Kirchhoff’s junction rule, I 1 + I 2 = I 3 + I 4
Principle involved (or) significance of Kirchhoff’s junction rule: Law of
conservation of charge
Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
Statement:
The algebraic sum of the IR (current and resistance) products is equal to
the algebraic sum of the emfs in an electrical loop.
Explanation:
On applying the loop rule to the loop ABCD, we get, I 1 R1 - I 2 R2 = E1 − E 2
Principle involved (or) significance of Kirchhoff’s loop rule: Law of conservation of energy.
Alternate statement of Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
The algebraic sum of the changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in
the loop is zero.
Sign conventions to apply Kirchhoff’s rules to a network:
1. The directions of currents are indicated arbitrarily.
2. The IR product is taken as positive. if the direction of observation is in the direction of current through
given resistor.
TP.7: Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in Fig.