University of Surrey – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Creep, shrinkage & thermal effects

Exercise solution

Helder Sousa, PhD

Consultant in Bridge Structural Health Monitoring
BRISA, S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
mail@hfmsousa.com
www.hfmsousa.com

Lecture for the Bridge deck loading analysis module (ENGM030)

University of Surrey, 2015
Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 1 (Prestressing the beam, t = 3 days)
Prestressed concrete bridge : pre-tensioned and cast in situ

28.9 m

A. Properties of the section D.1. Precast beam concrete (C45/55)

A (m2) I (m4) fcm= 53 MPa
Concrete (beam) 0.509 0.1090 Ec(3) = 25 GPa Ec(60) = 37 GPa
Concrete (slab) 0.50 0.380 χ(60,3) = 0.86 χ(∞,60) = 0.80
Reinforcement (beam) ×10 12.82×
30× -4 ×10-4 ts = 60 d , t0 = 3 and 60 d αds1 = 3, αds2 = 0.13
Reinforcement (slab) 50×10-4 37.85×10-4
Tendon ×10-4 8.88×
31.6× ×10-4 D.2. Concrete from slab (C20/25)
h0,beam = 300 mm fcm= 28 MPa Ec(3) = 23 GPa
h0,slab = 415 mm χ(∞,3) = 0.78
B. Loading ts = 3 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Pmax=4100 kN (∆ ∆Pel / Pmax = 6.5 %) E. Time history
Gbeam = 13.4 kN/m (MG1 = 1400 kN/m) t = 0 days - precast beam pouring
Gslab = 12.5 kN/m (MG2 = 1388 kN/m) t = 3 days - prestressing the beam
Q = 4.16 kN/m (MQ = 462 kN/m) t = 60 days - casting the deck slab
C. Prestress steel F. Environmental conditions:
Ep = 200 GPa HR = 70 %
Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 1 (Prestressing the beam, t = 3 days)
1. Calculation of the axial and bending forces immediately after prestressing:
N = −4100 × (1 − 0.065) = −3834 kN
M = 1399 − 3834 ⋅ 0.53 = −633 kNm

2. Calculation of change in stress, σ, and strain, ε:

− 3834 − 633
σ sup = + × ( −0.77) = −3.01 MPa
Auxiliary calculation
0.5583 0.1264
− 3834 − 633
σ inf = + × (+0.63) = −10.02 MPa A = 0.509 + 30 × 10 − 4 ×
200
+ 31.6 × 10 − 4 ×
200
0.5583 0.1264 25 25
= 0.5583 m 2
− 3.01 × 106
ε sup = = −120 × 10 −6 = 0.1090 + 12.82 × 10 − 4 ×
200
+ 8.88 × 10 − 4 ×
200
25 × 109 I
25 25
− 10.02 × 106 = 0.1264 m 4
ε sup = = −401× 106
25 × 109

3. Stress and strain profiles:

Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 2 (Change in stress and strain from t = 3 d to t = 60 d)
Prestressed concrete bridge : pre-tensioned and cast in situ

28.9 m

A. Properties of the section D.1. Precast beam concrete (C45/55)

A (m2) I (m4) fcm= 53 MPa
Concrete (beam) 0.509 0.1090 Ec(3) = 25 GPa Ec(60) = 37 GPa
Concrete (slab) 0.50 0.380 χ(60,3) = 0.86 χ(∞,60) = 0.80
Reinforcement (beam) ×10 12.82×
30× -4 ×10-4 ts = 60 d , t0 = 3 and 60 d αds1 = 3, αds2 = 0.13
Reinforcement (slab) 50×10-4 37.85×10-4
Tendon ×10-4 8.88×
31.6× ×10-4 D.2. Concrete from slab (C20/25)
h0,beam = 300 mm fcm= 28 MPa Ec(3) = 23 GPa
h0,slab = 415 mm χ(∞,3) = 0.78
B. Loading ts = 3 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Pmax=4100 kN (∆ ∆Pel / Pmax = 6.5 %) E. Time history
Gbeam = 13.4 kN/m (MG1 = 1400 kN/m) t = 0 days - precast beam pouring
Gslab = 12.5 kN/m (MG2 = 1388 kN/m) t = 3 days - prestressing the beam
Q = 4.16 kN/m (MQ = 462 kN/m) t = 60 days - casting the deck slab
C. Prestress steel F. Environmental conditions:
Ep = 200 GPa HR = 70 %
Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 2 (Change in stress and strain from t = 3 d to t = 60 d)

1. Calculation of the creep coefficient, ϕ(60,3):

ϕ (60,3) = 2.11 × 0.465 = 0.98

0.3
 60 − 3 
ϕ 0 = 1.229 × 2.308 × 0.74 = 2.11 β c (t , t 0 ) =   = 0.465
 673 + 60 − 3 
 1 − 70 / 100 
ϕ RH = 1 + ⋅ 0 . 748  × 0.92 = 1.229
 0.1 × 3 300 

h0 = 300 mm [ ]
β H = 1.5 × 1 + (0.012 ⋅ 70)18 × 300 + 250 × 0.813 = 673
0.7
 35 
α1 =   = 0.748
 53  0.5
 35 
0.2 α3 =   = 0.813
 35   53 
α2 =   = 0.92
 53 

16.8
β ( f cm ) = = 2.308
53
1
β (t 0 ) = = 0.743
0.1 + 30.20
Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 2 (Change in stress and strain from t = 3 d to t = 60 d)

2. Calculation of the age-adjusted elasticity modulus of concrete:

25 ×109
Ec,eff (60,3) = = 13.60 MPa
1 + 0.86 × 0.98

3. Calculation of variation of strain due to creep of concrete (if they were not restrained):

ε sup,creep (60,3) = 0.98 × (−120 ×10−6 ) = −118 ×10−6

ε inf,creep (60,3) = 0.98 × (−401×10−6 ) = −393×10−6

4. Calculation of the stress required to restrain creep:

σ sup,rest (60,3) = −13.60 × 103 × (−118 × 10−6 ) = 1.60 MPa

σ inf,rest (60,3) = −13.60 × 103 × (−392 × 10 −6 ) = 5.33 MPa

Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 2 (Change in stress and strain from t = 3 d to t = 60 d)

5. Calculation of the forces able to restrain creep deformations:

N rest,creep M rest ,creep ! Note:
L1 1.60 = + × (−0.77) ( MPa)
0.509 0.109 Only the concrete section.
N rest ,creep M rest ,creep Reinforcement do not creep!
L2 5.33 = + × (0.63) ( MPa)
0.509 0.109

L2-L1 M rest,creep Mrest,creep = 288 kN⋅m

5.33 − 1.60 = × (0.63 + 0.77) (MPa)
0.109
N rest ,creep 0.288
L2 5.33 = + × (+0.63) (MPa) Nrest,creep = 1853 kN⋅m
0.509 0.109

6. Calculation of the stress and strain able to re-establish the equilibrium:

− 1.853 − 0.288
∆σ sup (3,60) = + × (−0.77) = −1.52 MPa Auxiliary calculation
0.5998 0.1410
200 200
− 1.853 − 0.288 Aeff = 0.509 + 30 ×10 − 4 × + 31.6 ×10 − 4 ×
∆σ inf (3,60) = + × ( +0.63) = −4.38 MPa 13.6 13.6
0.5998 0.1410 = 0.5998 m 2

− 1.52 × 10 6 I eff = 0.1090 + 12.82 × 10 − 4 ×

200
+ 8.88 × 10 − 4 ×
200
∆ε sup (3,60) = = −112 × 10 −6 13.60 13.60
13.60 × 10 9
= 0.1410 m 4
− 4.38 × 10 6
∆ε sup (3,60) = = −323 × 10 − 6
13.60 × 10 9
Creep of concrete
Exercise – Part 2 (Change in stress and strain from t = 3 d to t = 60 d)
7. Stress and strain profiles:

Creep deformations
(1)

Restrain creep
deformations (N,M)
(2)

Restore equilibrium
(-N,-M)
(3)

Final
(1)+(2)+(3)
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 3 (Cast of the deck slab, t = 60 d)
Prestressed concrete bridge : pre-tensioned and cast in situ

A. Properties of the section D.1. Precast beam concrete (C45/55)

A (m2) I (m4) fcm= 53 MPa
Concrete (beam) 0.509 0.1090 Ec(3) = 25 GPa Ec(60) = 37 GPa
Concrete (slab) 0.50 0.380 χ(60,3) = 0.86 χ(∞,60) = 0.80
Reinforcement (beam) ×10 12.82×
30× -4 ×10-4 ts = 60 d , t0 = 3 and 60 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Reinforcement (slab) 50×10-4 37.85×10-4
Tendon ×10-4 8.88×
31.6× ×10-4 D.2. Concrete from slab (C20/25)
h0,beam = 300 mm fcm= 28 MPa Ec(3) = 23 GPa
h0,slab = 415 mm χ(∞,3) = 0.78
B. Loading ts = 3 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Pmax=4100 kN (∆Pel / Pmax = 6.5 %) E. Time history
Gbeam = 13.4 kN/m (MG1 = 1400 kN/m) t = 0 days - precast beam pouring
Gslab = 12.5 kN/m (MG2 = 1388 kN/m) t = 3 days - prestressing the beam
Q = 4.16 kN/m (MQ = 462 kN/m) t = 60 days - casting the deck slab
C. Prestress steel F. Environmental conditions:
Ep = 200 GPa HR = 70 %
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 3 (Cast of the deck slab, t = 60 d)

1. Calculation of the axial and bending forces immediately after casting:

N = 0 kN
M = M G 2 + M Q = 1388 + 462 = 1850 kNm

2. Calculation of change in stress, ε, and strain, σ:

1850 Auxiliary calculation
σ sup = × ( −0.77) = −11.80 MPa
0.1207 200 200
A = 0.509 + 30 × 10 − 4 × + 31.6 × 10 − 4 ×
1850 37 37
σ inf = × ( +0.63) = +9.66 MPa = 0.5423 m 2
0.1207
− 11.80 × 10 6 I = 0.1090 + 12.82 × 10 − 4 ×
200
+ 8.88 × 10 − 4 ×
200
ε sup = = −319 × 10 −6 37 37
37 × 10 9 = 0.1207 m 2
+ 9.66 × 10 6
ε sup = = +262 × 10 − 6
37 × 10 9
3. Stress and strain profiles:
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)
Prestressed concrete bridge : pre-tensioned and cast in situ

28.9 m

A. Properties of the section D.1. Precast beam concrete (C45/55)

A (m2) I (m4) fcm= 53 MPa
Concrete (beam) 0.509 0.1090 Ec(3) = 25 GPa Ec(60) = 37 GPa
Concrete (slab) 0.50 0.380 χ(60,3) = 0.86 χ(∞
∞,60) = 0.80
Reinforcement (beam) ×10 12.82×
30× -4 ×10-4 ts = 60 d , t0 = 3 and 60 d αds1 = 3, αds2 = 0.13
Reinforcement (slab) ×10-4 37.85×
50× ×10-4
Tendon ×10-4 8.88×
31.6× ×10-4 D.2. Concrete from slab (C20/25)
h0,beam = 300 mm fcm= 28 MPa Ec(3) = 23 GPa
h0,slab = 415 mm χ(∞∞,3) = 0.78
B. Loading ts = 3 d αds1 = 3, αds2 = 0.13
Pmax=4100 kN (∆ ∆Pel / Pmax = 6.5 %) E. Time history
Gbeam = 13.4 kN/m (MG1 = 1400 kN/m) t = 0 days - precast beam pouring
Gslab = 12.5 kN/m (MG2 = 1388 kN/m) t = 3 days - prestressing the beam
Q = 4.16 kN/m (MQ = 462 kN/m) t = 60 days - casting the deck slab
C. Prestress steel F. Environmental conditions:
Ep = 200 GPa HR = 70 %
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)

1.A. Calculation of the creep coefficient for the precast beam:

Remaining creep effect due to the prestressing + beam weight

ϕ (∞,60) = ϕ (∞,3) − ϕ (60,3)

= 2.10 − 0.98
= 1.12
Creep effect due to the slab weight
ϕ (∞,60) = 1.19

1.B. Calculation of the creep coefficient for the slab:

Creep effect due to the slab weight

ϕ (∞,3) = 1.19
! Note:
Please, check these values
similarly to what was done in
the Part 2 of this exercise
 Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)

2.A. Calculation of shrinkage deformation for the slab, εcs(∞,3):

ε cs (∞,3) = (−25 − 235) × 10 −6 = −260 × 10 −6

ε ca (∞) = −25 × 10 −6 ε cd (∞,3) = 0.991× 238 × 10−6 = 236 × 10−6

36500 − 3
( −0.2×36500 0.5 ) β (t , t s ) = = 0.991
β as (t ) = 1 − e (36500 − 3) + 0.04 ⋅ 415 3

=1 ε cd ,∞ = 0.72 × (−330.8 × 10−6 ) = 238.18 × 10−6

ε ca (∞) = −2.5 × (20 − 10) × 10 −6   −0.13⋅  
 28 
ε cd ,0 = −0.85 ⋅ (220 + 110× 3) ⋅ e 10 
 ⋅10−6 ×1.0184
= −25 × 10 −6  
= −330.8 ×10−6
  70 
3

β RH = 1.55 ⋅ 1 −  

 = 1.0184
! Note:   RH 0  
 
The infinite time was considered
equal to t = 100 years h0 = 415 mm → k h = 0.72
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)

2.B. Calculation of shrinkage deformation for the precast beam, εcs(∞,60):

ε cs (∞,60) = ε cd (∞,60) = −178 × 10 −6

ε cd (∞,60) = 0.994 × 179 × 10−6 = 178 × 10−6

36500 − 6
β (t , t s ) = = 0.994
(36500 − 6) + 0.04 ⋅ 300 3

ε cd ,∞ = 0.75 × (−239.0 × 10−6 ) = 179.25 × 10−6

  −0.13⋅  
 53 
ε cd ,0 = −0.85 ⋅ (220 + 110× 3) ⋅ e 10 
 ⋅10−6 ×1.0184
 
! Note:
= −239×10−6
The infinite time was considered
equal to t = 100 years   70 
3

β RH = 1.55 ⋅ 1 −  

 = 1.0184
By simplicity, it is assumed that   RH 0  
the autogenous shrinkage has
 
been completed during the first
h0 = 300 mm → k h = 0.75
3 days
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)

3. Calculation of the age-adjusted elasticity modulus of concrete:

37 × 109
beam: Ec ,eff (∞,60) = = 18.95 MPa
1 + 0.8 × 1.19
23 ×109
slab: Ec,eff (∞,3) = = 6.04 MPa
1 + 0.78 × 3.6
4. Calculation of variation of strain due to creep and shrinkage (if they were not restrained):
ε sup,creep+ shrinkage (∞,60) = 1.12 × (−118 × 10−6 ) + 1.19 × (−319 × 10−6 ) + (−178 × 10−6 ) = −690 × 10−6
beam:
ε inf,creep+ shrinkage (∞,60) = 1.12 × (−392 × 10−6 ) + 1.19 × (+262 × 10−6 ) + (−178 ×10−6 ) = −305 × 10−6

slab: ε slab,shrinkage (∞,3) = −260 × 10−6

5. Calculation of the stress required to restrain creep and shrinkage:

σ sup,rest (∞,60) = −18.95 × 103 × (−690 × 10−6 ) = 13.07 MPa
beam:
σ inf,rest (∞,60) = −18.95 × 103 × (−305 × 10−6 ) = 5.78 MPa

σ sup,rest (∞,3) = −6.04 ×103 × (−260 × 10−6 ) = 1.57 MPa

slab:
σ inf,rest (∞,3) = −6.04 ×103 × (−260 × 10−6 ) = 1.57 MPa
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)

6. Calculation of the forces able to restrain creep and shrinkage deformations:

6.A. In the precast beam:
N rest M rest ! Note:
L1 13.07 = + × (−0.77) ( MPa)
0.509 0.109 Only the concrete section.
N M Reinforcement do neither creep nor
L2 5.78 = rest + rest × (0.63) ( MPa) shrinkage!
0.509 0.109

L1-L2 M rest
13.07 − 5.78 = × (−0.77 − 0.63) ( MPa) Mrest = -568 kN⋅m
0.109
N rest − 0.568
L2 5.78 = + × (+0.63) (MPa) Nrest = 4613 kN⋅m
0.509 0.109
6.B In the slab:
N rest = 1.57 × 103 × (2.5 × 0.2) = 785 kN

M rest = 785 × (−0.87) = −683 kNm

6.C. Total ( = 6.A. + 6.B. ):

N rest = 4613 + 785 = 5398 kN

M rest = −568 − 683 = −1251 kNm

Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)

7. Calculation of the stress and strain able to re-establish the equilibrium:

7.A. Precast beam:
− 5.398 1.251
∆σ sup (∞,60) = + × (−0.77) = −10.16 MPa Auxiliary calculation
0.7863 0.2930
200 200
− 5.398 1.251 Aeff = 0.509 + 30 × 10 − 4 × + 31.6 × 10 − 4 × +
∆σ inf (∞,60) = + × ( +0.63) = −4.18 MPa 6.04
18.95
200
18.95
0.7863 0.2930 + 0.5 × + 50 × 10 − 4 × =
18.95 18.95
− 10.16 × 10 6 = 0.7863 m 2
∆ε sup (∞,60) = = −536 × 10 − 6
18.95 × 10 9 200 200
I eff = 0.1090 + 12.82 × 10 − 4 × + 8.88 × 10 − 4 ×
18.95 18.95
− 4.18 × 10 6 6.04 200
∆ε inf (∞,60) = = −221 × 10 − 6 + 0.38 × + 37.85 × 10 ×− 4
18.95 × 10 9 18.95 18.95
= 0.29301 m − 4

7.B Slab:
 − 5.398 1.251  6.04
∆σ sup (∞,3) =  + × ( −0.77 − 0.20)  × = −3.51 MPa
 0 .7863 0 .2930  18 .95
 − 5.398 1.251  6.04
∆σ inf (∞,3) =  + × ( −0.77)  × = −3.24 MPa
 0.7863 0.2930  18.95

− 3.51 × 10 6
∆ε sup (∞,3) = = −581 × 10 −6
6.04 × 10 9
− 3.24 × 10 6
∆ε inf (∞,3) = = −536 × 10 −6
6.04 × 10 9
Shrinkage of concrete
Exercise – Part 4 (Change in stress and strain from t = 60 d to t = ∞)
8. Stress and strain profiles:

Creep & shrinkage

deformations
(1)

Restrain creep &

shrinkage
deformations (N,M)
(2)

Restore equilibrium
(-N,-M)
(3)

Final
(1)+(2)+(3)
Temperature
Exercise – Part 5 (Uniform temperature component, ∆Tu)

Prestressed concrete bridge : pre-tensioned and cast in situ

28.9 m

A. Properties of the section C.1. Precast beam concrete (C45/55)

A (m2) I (m4) fcm= 53 MPa
Concrete (beam) 0.509 0.1090 Ec(3) = 25 GPa Ec(60) = 37 GPa
Concrete (slab) 0.50 0.380 χ(60,3) = 0.86 χ(∞,60) = 0.80
Reinforcement (beam) 30×10 12.82×10-4
-4
ts = 3 d , t0 = 3 and 60 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Reinforcement (slab) 50×10-4 37.85×10-4
α = 10 × 10-6 /°°C
Tendon 31.6×10-4 8.88×10-4
Surfacing: 70 mm C.2. Concrete from slab (C20/25)
Assume beam width ≅ 0.35 m fcm= 28 MPa Ec(3) = 23 GPa
χ(∞,3) = 0.78
B. Prestress steel ts = 3 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Ep = 200 GPa α = 10 × 10-6 /°°C
α = 10 × 10-6 /°°C
D. Time history
Construction: April (T0 = 10 °C)
Temperature
Exercise – Part 5 (Uniform temperature component, ∆Tu)

1. Calculation of the min/max uniform bridge temperature component, Te,min and Te,max:

UK National Tmin = -10 °C EN 1991-1-5 Te,min = -2.5 °C

Annex
(EN 1991-1-5) Tmax = 35 °C Figure 6.1 Te,min = +37 °C
(shade air temperature)

2. Calculation of the the characteristic value of the maximum contraction/expansion range

of the uniform bridge temperature component, TN,con and TN,exp :

initial bridge EN 1991-1-5 ∆TN,con = 10 - ( - 2.5 ) = 12.5 °C

temperature T0 = 10 °C
Eq. 6.1 and 6.2 ∆TN,exp = 37 - 10 = 27 °C

3. Calculation of the range of movements in the bearings and expansion joints:

For bearings ∆TN,con = 12.5 + 10 = 22.5 °C ∆Lcon = 28.9 × 10-5 × 22.5 × 103 = 5.6 mm
and expansion
joints ∆TN,exp = 27 + 10 = 37 °C ∆Lexp = 28.9 × 10-5 × 37 × 103 = 10.7 mm
(∆L = L⋅α⋅ ∆T)
(because T0is specified)
Temperature
Exercise – Part 5 (Uniform temperature component, ∆Tu)

4. Uniform bridge temperature profiles:

∆TN,con = 12.5 °C
∆TN,exp = 27 °C

Te,min = +37 °C

Te,min = -2.5 °C
Temperature
Exercise – Part 6 (Temperature difference components, ∆TM)

Prestressed concrete bridge : pre-tensioned and cast in situ

28.9 m

A. Properties of the section C.1. Precast beam concrete (C45/55)

A (m2) I (m4) fcm= 53 MPa
Concrete (beam) 0.509 0.1090 Ec(3) = 25 GPa Ec(60) = 37 GPa
Concrete (slab) 0.50 0.380 χ(60,3) = 0.86 χ(∞,60) = 0.80
Reinforcement (beam) ×10-4
30× 12.82× ×10-4 ts = 3 d , t0 = 3 and 60 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Reinforcement (slab) ×10-4
50× 37.85× ×10-4
α = 10 × 10-6 /°°C
Tendon ×10-4
31.6× 8.88× ×10-4
Surfacing: 70 mm C.2. Concrete from slab (C20/25)
Assume beam width ≅ 0.35 m fcm= 28 MPa Ec(3) = 23 GPa
χ(∞,3) = 0.78
B. Prestress steel ts = 3 d α1 = 3, α2 = 0.13
Ep = 200 Gpa α = 10 × 10-6 /°°C
α = 10 × 10-6 /°°C
D. Time history
Construction: April (T0 = 10 °C)
Temperature
Exercise – Part 6 (Temperature difference components, ∆TM)

1. Calculation of height deeps (where the temperature profile changes):

h1 = 0.3⋅h ≤ 0.15 m h1 = 0.15 m
heating h2 = 0.3⋅h ≥ 0.10 m and ≤ 0.25 m h2 = 0.25 m
h3 = 0.3⋅h ≤ 0.10 m + surf h3 = 0.17 m

h1 = h4 = 0.2⋅h ≤ 0.25 m h1 = h4 = 0.25 m

cooling
h2 = h3 = 0.25⋅h ≤ 0.20 m h2 = h3 = 0.20 m

2. Interpolation of ∆T (because surfacing ≠ 100mm):

h ∆T1 ∆T2 ∆T3

50 17.8 4.0 2.1 Example:
heating
100 13.5 3.0 2.5
100 − 70 2.5 − y
70 16.1 3.6 2.3 =
100 − 50 2.5 − 2.1
h ∆T1 ∆T2 ∆T3 ∆T4
cooling 50 10.6 0.7 0.8 6.6 y = 2.3 °C
100 8.4 0.5 1.0 6.5
70 9.7 0.6 0.9 6.6
Temperature
Exercise – Part 6 (Temperature difference components, ∆TM)
3. Calculation of the stress distribution:
∆T ∆ε = α⋅∆T ∆σ = E⋅ε

4. Calculation of the restrained forces due to temperature

FA = - 0.5 × (5.5-1.2) × 0.15 × 2.5 × 103 = -806 kN
FB = - 1.2 × 0.15 × 2.5 × 103 = -450 kN
FC = - 0.5 × (1.2-1.0) × 0.05 × 2.5 × 103 = -13 kN
FD = - 1.0 × 0.05 × 2.5 × 103 = -125 kN
FE = - 0.5 × 1.0 × 0.20 × 0.35 × 103 = -35 kN
FF = - 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.17 × 0.35 × 103 = -24 kN
ΣNrest = -1453 kN
Temperature
Exercise – Part 6 (Temperature difference components, ∆TM)

5. Calculation of the restrained moment:

MA = 806 × (0.97 - 1/3 × 0.15) = 742 kNm
MB = 450 × (0.97 - 1/2 × 0.15) = 403 kNm
MC = 13 × (0.97 - 0.15 - 1/3 × 0.05) = 10 kNm
MD = 125 × (0.97 - 0.15 - 1/2 × 0.05) = 99 kNm
ME = 35 × (0.97 - 0.15 - 0.05 – 1/3 × 0.20) = 25 kNm
FF = -24 × (0.63 – 1/3 × 0.17) = -14 kNm
ΣMrest = 1 265 kNm

6. Calculation of the stress and able to re-establish the equilibrium:

− ( −1453) − 1265
σ sup = × 10 −3 + × ( −0.77 − 0.20) × 10 −3 = 6.04 MPa
0.7863 0.2930
− ( −1453) − 1265
σ inf = × 10 −3 + × ( +0.63) × 10 −3 = −0.87 MPa
0.7863 0.2930
Temperature
Exercise – Part 6 (Temperature difference components, ∆TM)

7. Calculation of the resultant stress:

∆T Re-establish equilibrium Resultant

+ =