The Origins and the Middle Ages ‘The Angio- Saxons = ‘They reintroduced pagan values into Britain, to Christianity by the monic Augustine (trom 5 700 BC-1485 AD Pre-Celtic population (> They arrived from Germany and settle! i Rritain ‘They were farmers, hunters, Ashermen and metal workers Trees] Sees [> they built il fortresses used as tribal centres or refuges. {__, mey worshipped nacural elements. Thelr prlests were the Druids. [Under emperor Claudius they conquered tritain (43-47 AD) | ___snaarian's wat (122.aD) divided the cnquered South from she Nort, ‘They built over 9,600 kilometres of paved roads and founded | many towns. They brought their culture, thei language (Latin) and Christianity. {___ in ao9.ap ihey tert sritain co defend Rome against the Barbarians. ‘They came from Northern Burope and settled south of Hadrian's > ‘Wall. They were farmers, onganised in elans. were converted AD). > aired, king of Wessex, managed to defeat the Vikings attacking from the North. = From 793 AD they began invading Britain. ‘They were seafarers and travalled on longships looking for treasure, catle and slaves. ‘They began their conquest of Britain with the Battle of Hastings 0000). William, Duke of Noemandy, was crowned King William 1 (1066), > He introduced the feudal system and strengthened his authority (as recoréed in the Domesday Book). English was replaced by Prench a the language of government 5 atin was used in administrative, religious and intellectual contents.King Willlam died leading tothe beginning ofa period of civil svar (he Anarchy) His kingdom stretched from the Scottish border to the South of, France, He introduced travelling royal judges, who administrated ‘common law’, the basis of law in England even today. 2154-89 He appointed Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury but ’n 1164 entered into conflict with him, as Becket wanted a Church ‘har was independent from the State. Becket was murdered In. Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. EATS Mo aise ntact | Socoeaen ts He summoned a council known as Model Parfiament, the first English Parliament (1295). L% He claimed the crown of France, which led to the beginning of the ‘Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between France and England. He introduced a’poll tava tax impased on every adult, which ptt aca cc Lancastrian king of England). | J ‘The Wars of the Roses broke out because ofthe rivaley between > the nwo families of York (white tose) and Laneaster (red rose), ‘hich had an equal claim tothe throne. ‘ing Richard 14 was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and the > Lancastrian Henry Tudor became king as Henry VIL, He marzied Elizabeth of York. uniting the two roses. Dew otncantenratorges € > Glatheres 1 Literature and Genres ‘snglo-Saxon poetry was anonymous aac oral sung by a poe called a seap. often accompanied by aha. Initially passed on by word of mouth, It was writen own only in the 12° century by church clerks Of kings on the occasion of great ceremonies and festivities. Its purpose was 1 celebrate the actions of heroes and thetr cultural values. Irdeserbed an aristocratic and mlitary society and It dealt with the recollection of a country’s slorious past. Supernatural creatures (ike monsters) were ten characters in the poer, ‘he malin theme was the nature of heroic Hie And leadership in heroic society. Ithadl dldaeite alm, linked tthe celebration of hherote values. Ieeould be sung accompanied by music and ‘expressed intense personal emotions. Ar fist ‘religious in tone, ater It became secular (dealing ‘with love and nature). tress: each line has four stresses and is divided {nto two halves by a break or enesura. “+ Alteration: used to Link the two halves of the Line + Kenning: a formula phrase use in place ofa Its. long narrative poetic composition. ‘The narrative consists of ascrics of vivid, pictorial ashes or type-scenes (cs. the banquet the baile the voyage. the funeral). ‘Thesivle inelevated and the vocabulary is very rich and visi, Tals in verse about ehlvalry.tove and ‘supernatural creatures. The preaies: English metrical romance is Sir Gawain and the Green night.Iewas anonymous and transmitted ‘orally. “The main characteris offen lone wanderer Teva anonymous and vansnitted ‘orally (usally sun by a 8eop) ‘accompanied by music. Ballads were composed in the 1314" centuries. Ieells a dramatie story and bas no ‘moral aim. Ieprovides both a description of real characters ond of supernatural ‘ereatures lke fires, witches and hosts. Structure and style {tis a yea poem usually in the fom of a dramatic monologue. ‘The language is vivid and descriptive. The frequent use of alliteration undeslines the need to make the lines more memorable. ‘The Language is very simple: thete Is ‘mixture of dialogue and narration, repetition of words (fo make t easy Beebe nn maint Afour-tine stanza is used; the ‘hyming scheme is usually ABCB, a ‘The main themes are she figure of the enlle and the loss of friendship, ‘favour or past splendour. Moving views ofthe human condition, Ballads ae classified according to their theme: «ballads of male Elin Knight + border bllads (rivalry between the English and the Scots) = johnny cack + hallads of love and domestic raged =+ Lord Randal «+ ballads of outlaws and rebellion = Geordie Ballads usually tell a dramatic story a8 aseries of rapid flashes. Collections of stories, very popular in the Middle Ages, showing the moral view ofthe time and ‘he changing social structure, Its purpose was to entertain and instruct. Description of lifestyle, psychology and experience of individual characters, {tells a story in verse and contalns narrative ‘elements: thie sctlng in time and place: the ‘description of characters and the use of a ‘arrator (usually in the fest person). Dame oriin anciaritenens <5 Galathere es Authors and Works [tis the oldest surviving epte poem in the English language: ESI > isanorgmens, and tok the name oft Sendinavan heroin the First part: in Denmark a monster, Grendel, has been > gy fterising King Hrothgar' mead hal tr twelve years ‘The young Scandinavian warrior Beowulf sails to Denmate and manages to all the monster, =e OS ‘The poet is written in Old English The style is epic and ‘the language is elevated. “There are many repetitions (irections, reports) and frequent use of alliteration and Stock formule, ‘There are long tists (Lc. of Jeaders and their milicary ‘10005). '# magic sword in a misty lake, “Third part: the old Beowulf is now King ofthe Geats in > Saneinala Thee dragon has ben atactng is people, “P “He sills the dragon bur he is fatally wounded. Hie warriors ‘bum his body on a funeral pre. ‘The poemis setin Denmark. The society ofthe poem isa andin Sweden ‘warrior soclety: the relationship ‘pereeen the leader or king and his warriors (thancs) is founded In Denmark, ruled by Kings ‘on loyalty Hrothgar, thereis the great ‘mead hall of the king and & misty lle where Beowulf fights ‘The focus isthe enamlenge ‘against the monster's moxher, (of good (Seow) against ‘evil Grendel and the other monsters) “The land of the Geats, where the lat part of the poem takes place, is in sweden.He grew up in close contact withthe royal family and he ‘traveled to Franceand Maly. ae eer | = |} fnts8ehe was dsmissd tom his roa offies and bean to:work on The Canterbury Tals. He was the frst poet tobe buried inthe Poets" Corner in ‘Westminster Abbey. ‘The Canterbury Tales is set in soring 20 pilgrims (and Chaucer ‘himself ate going to Canterbury o the shrine ot ‘Thonias Becket story and the best tale will win a priae. ‘Various social classes are represented: members of feudal society, the elergy (eg. the Prioress). the merchant middle lass. 1s Yong narrative poem in rhyming couplers made up of tambic pentamerers (ten-syllable lines alternating unstressed and stressed syllables). There sa General Prologue, \where the pilgrims (the Pricress, the Merchant, the Wife of Bath.) are desesibed with realism (appearance, clothes..) and trony (character, social stanus). ‘There are 24 tales, usually preceded by a prologue. The narrator is Chaucer himselt "The main there isthe journey in the form ofa pilgrimage The loumey is aso a sprttuat journey to a holy destination (Whe shrine of Thomas Becket at Cancerbury). ‘The pilgrimage isa metaphor forte Dame orsin md ineriatenees € +’ ‘The Renaissance and the Puritan Age 1485-1660 + When the Wars ofthe Roses ended, he became the first Tudor King of England. 1495-1509 > Henry VII } He contabuted to the foundations of English Humanism, He secured economic stability for England and achieved peace * with France and Scotland. He became king at the age of 18 and married his brother's co widow, Catherine of Aragon. | ee ig Seen eee some Sele nrc ecet ea Too seen a ere rea {__ of aduitery and treason, and was beheaded: the third, ane Seymour, gave iim a son, Blward. He was Henry Vis only legtimate son, He became king a the age 9 ane tthe age of 15, ‘The Book of Common Prayer, the liturgical book used by the ‘> anglican church wes fist prnted and became compsony ‘vil the ae of Uniformity (1549). 1847-53 > she was Catherine of Aragon's daughter. fe ——_—_—_—_—_—_—— 5 torestore catholicism in Britain and persecuted the Protestants (she was nicknamed ‘Bloody Mary’) ‘Shewas the daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIIL-She was [> dlever and determined and received an excellent education. She never married, ‘She was the last Tudor monarch anc’ her reign was an age | of staity She consolidated the Reformation, but allowed religious tolerance ‘She encouraged sea exploration and in 1588 England confirmed ose seus J gs Plzatetiit sts supremacy at sea by defeating the Spanish Armada. + Under her reign, erature, drama and poetry flourished. Her cousin Mary, Queen of Seots, was executed for treason in 1587,‘ing james V1 of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded! [> Elizabeth. He was the rst stuart king of England. He Joined Scotland to England ana Wales as one kingdom, ‘Great Brftain’ He ignored the Parliament and based his rule on the theory of ‘the divine right of kings. Fe was a Protestant and authorise new translation of dhe Bible Ses (King James Bible). {In 1605 Guy Fawkes and a group of radical Catholics led a | conspiracy, the Gunpowder Plot, to blow up Parliament, but they were discovered and executed. Under his reign, Puritans were persecuted. In 1620 group of, |___, issenters. the Pilgrim Fathers, left for America on the Mayflower and founded Plymouth in Massachusetts, He ruled for eleven years without Parllament and tried to impose {ayes without Its consent. ‘The House of Commons passed the Petition of Right (1628) | > which stated that the king could not imprison without atrial or {impose taxes without its consent. The king dismissed this law. ‘sn 1640 the so-called Short Parliament refed to gv the king fe cranes} » tone othe ama new armen Lang Pramas tiered Bt this atiarien lo red o apr contre over the Wing ‘heking raed an any of Royals ad declared wer agains the |____, Partamennartans casing the Denning of Cai Wa (6 2- 11689). The Parliament array was made up of professional soldiers and commanded by the MP Oliver Cromwell, > The Parliamentarians were vicorious and the hing was condemned to death and executed in 1648 ‘The so-called Rump Parliament, purged of Presbyterians ‘and Royalist sympathisers. abolished the monarchy and ‘declared a Republic the Commonwvealth, Cromell was ‘named ‘Lord Protector —— A rheicona | ____, The country was divided fat eleven military regions rhe Commronweaith under major generals. Puritan rules were introduce. {__, Cromwell died in 1658. tn 1660 Charles was called bback by Parliament and the monarchy was restored. Darerenissanceanttieputanses € 9 G..a‘he Renaissance sateen Tris afourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a fised thyme scheme. Twas inverted in Maly inthe first half of the 13" century and perfected by Petrarch, Petrarehuan sonnet (14 century): * au octave ABBA ABBA (an issue or situation), + sestet CDE CDE or CDC DOD (the solution tothe problem or personal reflection); * s turning point ar the end ofthe eighth line. ‘Shakespearean or English sonnet Ge" century "three quatrains AUAB CDCD BFEF (an {issue or stuation): + a couplet GG (ihe solution to the problem or personal reflection). [wires] ‘The Metaphysical poets wrote during the first three-quarters ofthe 17* century ‘and their main representative was John Donne ‘The poctis a man of wit, witha ‘humorous way of expressing himself. Sensitive, but also learned and dever, be reflects the eiss of the age (transition {rom the Renaissance to the modein age). ry ( mesower [eines] Frequent use of figures of speech lke: + oxymoron (which combines two contradictory terms); + conceit (elaborate extended ‘metaphor that characterises a ‘whole stanza or poera). ‘The style Is elaborate, ‘The most typical feature isthe ‘conceit’, an unusual and intellectual metaphor. Paradox anid conciseness are typical of Metaphysical poetry. Latinisms sand words of Anglo-Saxon origin are frequent. Donne wry often used dramatic ‘monologues ealised love and desire fora lady. Impossibility ofthis love duc 0 the coldness and perfection ofthe lady. a Fundainental problems of he ‘nature of the universe (riizions debate, astrolowy, alchemy, eography.) Man's function or role in ifThe precursors of Elizabethan Arama were the mystery plays, ‘medieval religious celebrations performed in the nave of churches to commemorate Christian events. ‘Through translations, Halian plays became the main source of inspiration for Elizabethan, theatre, together with the Commedia deit arte and Niceoti Machiavelt’s works, inthe display ot horrors crimes, vce and corruption. ‘The Elizabethan theatre was also influenced by Greek tragedies and by the Latin Seneca's works [Drama became the main form of Elizabethan art ‘As public performances were legal inthe City of London, theatres were built on the South Bank, across the Thames. The new theatres prospered. Elizabethan theatres “Theatres were circular or octagonal with 2 stage (apron stage) that projected into ayard, A ‘shadow’ or thatched roof protected the players ‘rom the rain, ‘The poorer spectators stood in the yard oF pI, ‘surrounding the apron stage, while the richer ‘ones sat in roofed galleries. ‘The Elizabethan stage had no general stage ‘curtain, Behind the stage chere was an inner stage, sometimes concealed by a curiain. There ‘were also an upper stage anda haleony, that could host musicians, “There were two doors, for entrances and exis, ‘On the stage chere was a trap door, for deli apparitions and disappearances or for burials. "There was no scenery and a limited aumber of props. ‘The actors and the action ‘The actors changed their costumes in the ring ‘house, which was probably atthe back of the stage. ‘The action was continuous and plays took piace ‘in dayliznt (ac 27pm). Female parts were acted by boys. (Characters used the device ofthe soliloquy'to explain their thoughts and intentions. moronicsaceantie rian age € 11 Glaane vieartan Authors and Works age Sy) He waster in arterbury in 1864 and sted at Cambridge University. (tite | __>)1n 1587 hemoved iotondon wherehe established himself as the most impoctant playwright ofthe period. Yu ia ee ee eee decor eaten Theft avert ty concreting Te esac a oat peel He reinvented medieval morality plays: his characters do not personify virtues or vices but are human beings ‘with passions and faults, sts gives his soul to Doctor Faustus isthe story of a man Doctor Faustus is waitten ta Mephistopheles in resurn, ‘who wants to overcome nature anid blank verse (unciymed iambic for twenty-four years of the hecome omnipotent, like Prometheus pentameter) and prose ‘unllmited power of knowledge. ‘and learus. Marlowe uses seliloquies (0 In the meantime the devil mast austus Is the Renaissance man, who show both sides of Faustus's serve hirm, but atthe end of that is linked to the medieval culrure but character period he takes Faustus's soul ‘Wants fo forge his own destiny toltell Marlowe marked the transition The moral of the play's that ambition from medieval o Renaissance vo damnation, drama, ani dissatisfaction leHe was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and attended al school He married anne Hathaway when he was 18 and they had three children. > _Heslso wrote poems, tha tothe support of the Earl of Southampton. Spgs ete asics > 183500 his company built she Globe Theatre, ‘here most of his plays were performed, published in one volume, the First Folio, Sion tans aia pace eee lays for the theatre: history plays (e.g Richard Julius Caesar), comedies ot romances (e.g. Th Merchant of Venice, The Tempest), tragedies (ea. Romeo and Juliet, Harnet, Othello, Macbeth), > Dating shuakespeare's plays is not easy, because only half of them were printed during his lifetime. > Pays are dated acconding to three Kinds of evidence: external, internal and stylist > Dareneraisneandtheputin nae <1‘The Renaissance inate rata ‘The collection consists of 154 sonnets in decasyllables wits no ttle. ‘They wore published in 1609, even if they were probably composed in the 15908. ‘The frst section (Ito XVI) is addressed to.a‘fair youth’. probably Shakespeare's patron. ‘The seeond seetion (XIX 10 CXXV1) is addressed toa ‘dark Indy’ or blade ‘woman, unattraccve but very desirable for the poet. ‘The order of the sonnets is probably not chronological. ui a Authors and Works Shakespeare dealt with traditional themes (time. fove, death, beauty, arf) inan unconventional way. ‘There sa reversal: love poems are addressed to a young man, while the sonnets addressed to a woman are negative and unconventional, ‘The sonnets explore emotions and behaviour. ‘the sonnets are in decasytlables and consist of three quatrains and ‘final couplet. The turning point can bein the ninth line or at the beginning of the couplet. “The language issih and vivid. Shakespeare used the pronouns “dow and thee’ fo make the style ‘more conversational.Inhis plays Shakespeare usually introduces an element of conflict in the opening scenes to catch the audience's ‘interest. Then things gradually larity, Sometimes he leaves some questions open. Shakespeare does not respect the Aristotelian unities of ime, place and action, Therefore the structure of his plays is exible Shakespeare uses typical conventions, such 36 sollloguies, asi‘, introductory passages, funeral orations and death= bed spesches to make contact with the audience, ‘Mose stage directions were added in the 18> century: directions were implicit, ‘hiddea in questions or metaphors, requiring the active caoperation of the spectator. Hierarchy forms the background of ‘every play the characters belong to different classes, from aristocratic tw ordinary people. Family tes are very important andl often suggest conflict between ssenerations ‘here are symmetrical correspondences among characters (three lords and three ladies, 10 families, tvo lovers, two princes.) ‘Shakespeace uses different levels of speech and action (irom everyday prose for lower classes. to solemn verse for nobles). His language is characterised by wide use of rhetorical figures (Gimiles and meraphors, assonance and alliteraton..) He tases characteristic image motifs (eg dark and light in Romeo ant Juliet, blood in Macbeth) He made up an impressive number of new words. > tons andteputanace € 15Cee iaetd Oi eae teeies ere aa ie EN eT we 2 Authors and Works ews born in uondom sto a Welty Roman Cts family later converte to Anan, Jest ort ys at ext ney on to London to sud a ‘eran’ nee who Was 17 a4 etc ny ones a he gen Crh nd evel ot >> i162 bebo dn os Pas cater ice tits aed when ie, Bib Sea hina elt > Necaphgacl Poetry =a pcm eit binge (61 F162 > “Wo nt. co uls 4 Smeal ake etenlee tates eer medistiv tons trom spn metaphors comparing thaws tension tons). th sce ver ier, “The most emblemacc image in Donne Hispoems poses an intense Iluse ot tmagery ts mpressive death, often inka to dines and ies eamatie quae. any often ate and are, nother frequen maze she woe. ee en | Oooree er Piio.<SC moa as eerie tore se Ra 2 Hews ora a London nt a wey Puram fase Sule a Cambekdge a! Tea ai, Greek ad alan he new Commonwealth snd ws spend uel of Sa He suppor sect fot otlgstocaues in Comotells iis th ttt proc wae Ea pe "entallv he wan pedone! and leased x tnathebeane ie Foxman roo 1 aa ep ares (54 about the freedom of the pes, — Shree long poems: Parsi Lose (16857). Pade Regi (16 1) and Saison goes (1671) The long poem ee the ‘The presence of et ‘The sles eevated, ‘The mal characte satan bibcal story of Adam penning mankind sppropeate ous subst in inl saes mat and ive God 33 ce ofthe al of man. of he fares of the ene (atan), whos expla ‘ero (eadersip.istative ope fo edemption, cae ‘omipt man. The lansiaveis tar rom ‘common speee. in sit a Divine Llane, Iavesions and Satan sa rebel against the Aiton sed his universe Providence: ‘creumlctions hoity of God. on the tolemale system. on wses& mew kind a meneutsaeranltieratantee €SOC aL ee Performer Heritage - Ebook multimediale Volume... 1629-1702 The Restoration and the Augustan Age 1660-1760 He was Charles Is son, and came back rom his ele in rance wen the monarchy wis rated (2660), eexabiabed 2 Court devored opleasute, Ticats, race couses and eras reopened, Fe patrons the Royal Sotes, an sssoclation of sels aad Inelectuals, , Dring his en, the landowners resumed the eadeship of Society and Paiament (Cavalier Parlamend, Anepemic of bubonic plague svg London in Yes. n 1666 the Great Fie of London destzoved nines of the * pulling win dhe Cys medieval wall Fe marie the Catholic Mary of Modes. In 1688 she gave Mah toa Catto so, who took precedence as successor oer Fess Protestant daughtes, Mary and Au Pastinment worse that another ci war might break ot, braun to sonotiate with Willam of Orange (he Protestant Isbund of Princess Mas) to ceplace ames "he king eto France ith his amy ‘They ere ehasen as joint monarchs by Parlamet (oor by divine gh) Areveation nd naccwee without uy ang, the Glorlour Revolution. ‘The Toleralion Act (1655) novice ore eeligits tolerance, bt only for dnsenting Protestant ‘he Ml of Rights (1689) prevented she king os sing > tate heey an army aod stsperding laws witout , 1702 Paament pase the Aet of Settlement, wie eluded Catholic fom the throneCoa Cera ema ean teceen sled ahaa es EVR Te [> Ame, ays ster, Boca qucen ten Wiliam din 2702. 1707 the Act of Union spose: the Kingdom of England and Scotland became the United Kingdom of Great Retain ‘tha single Pariament in Westminster reland remained ‘he Mntish Empire Dezan ‘9 emerse When Quoen Anne ie in 1714, Goong. ctr of anoser 5. James I grest-gandson, inherited re kingdoms aid the Clones , Hewas born and gw up in Geamany, he spoke litle English and spent most of his reign it Hanover Himitsu mre independent an gd was » moaiynicdy fe ate a coef minis Sr ober Walp. sine Malacca ey poet Teplice wa dont hyo patie the wg inser rn wa olen ag fo thea an se (an eke, » Jonathan Swat and Wiliam Hogarth pailosophy John Locke ‘nd George ere and polite debut He was Googe ' son, te eign was noah for oregn wes, the War oF he Asttan succession snd he Seven Years Wi. ‘he Jacobite rebetion aempeed9 resoe james ts -{ Georgent | > lesimste ner atthe tue ot ellen, 1725, jasootes were defeated. , The Whig watam Pier vas Prime Minster his forezn policy ses guided by mercantilism He was succeed by his wrandson Geog I > sre netenstonandtneaupatande € 39SDM Gere tm ean teen eel ate VN a oe ae The Restoration ansthe gustan Characteristies ‘of theage Therole of ‘Anew view of ‘the natural ‘world acteristics ‘Authors acteristies Authors He ad Literature and Genres The 18° century in England was 2 period of cukurl innovation and pubbe deuce andi shereore regarded 35a golden age (3s oles the "Augusta Age) There was rection of superstition fanatics, veal lence and any form of exert, Joseph Addon onde The Spectator (1713) a newspaper festering new iterate, onweraton a! moral exhortation English women wete act in oth olan oul eo the 1S) cnry some women Regan a Writing carer, ke Apa Behn (0660-49) one of heist preston samen wes ‘omen readers and waters induencod hes ofthe novel ‘and book cubs, and he redaction of book pice. tightened thinkers ot only wanted to understand the world but telmprore ‘me Natural work ws noe sen as henizn an bestia There ‘wasa new taste for landscape paintings, hich came regatded as atypeallyEngish gente The ‘English garden's invent 9 caret lanned space ‘ony the vals of resdom, simplicity sn alan ‘Te Restorarion was period of anova in eran comply ‘ees avo" asses ity Poca mally ss The real worlds he rsin obit Interest. ‘The most importans pos fe Restoration was Jom Dryden The new Serie atttudeenccurazed self confidence and faith in ogress Experiments were reson! nals rather than i an he wuss ofthe pilots Thomas Hobbes (2585-1679) and Joli Locke (1632-1704) ale scene tes of nage Newton (62-1729) reflected th ational tenets ofthe time Important prose wer ofthis peta were he rns fom vey An Same Pepys puvides gts io the dai heirCoa [Pra lau eiee a et ceed setsl) aur tintte TCR) Vi one On | Dring the Puan Ag the theatres ha been shut own. n. 1660 ‘hey were made egal again and peed of innovation awed ‘The main ehanges concerned these pay the strate of ‘The theatres ‘theatres acting female roles played by women) and there ot sions nota eases mostirupper clases) [ ‘Theatres were oof and arial i he sudienc usd nin the dain gles the pres pertormanes Were ray bah Ea ‘The comedy of manners mae fn of the sbeies ohh sonhisteated sate, The man themesrae mariage like ose ans money ‘The comedy of Atmosphere. dalogue an satire wee ery important manners ‘The characters were ypes ater thn nada Prose dialogue thes than symod verse nesased the tect ot realm, Books wete expensive, a usury the lower asses couldn ator ‘The eadng pblie a5 moe up ost of mide and Upper slase women ‘There sas. an increase nthe rang public hanks fo lenaing oF ‘ircuating Wbrarics “The rise of prose was eacouraged by he growing importance of the mide classes and a song ballin the power of reason. $ prose Puritan morality was sl important ne ves of many idle css reader, Woks by tes ike Defoe and Richardson omnes rls and secular inert Augustan poets were influenced by the principles Lustre by the Latin poet Horace i is Ars Poetic, ‘They wae sandal panes, perpane fo very jet, apostronhe, inversion, persmfistion an Latina wenden ‘When poems did not express the post’ fesinss, poetry adopred 2 poetry classic pater, ‘The oe ofthe poet was to prone socal poeay with models of tetined bev. ‘ctl and moraconcern were expressed thous sate ana rmockeneroie verse Ano ee of drama Use pantomime ht of alt opera Ing politica ste, plaresqe adventures an lve interest) | ‘The comedy of manners was replaced by the sentimental eomedy, whee every probless were expressed in simple language and ‘rte ttanphed over vice Damenetaniinantierpetinane € 21Cae [Pra lau eime a et cee sel) ar tiantte en i ne a a 2th alsin Literature and Genres he message of the nove 9 sense area an punishment elated to the Puan ahs of the mii sec. he subject of he nel the howrgsods ‘The features rman and his problems He wss general the ofthe novels ‘mouthpiece of his author and he racer was epee to sympathise eth him, "he noir chase ether am omonscene hin person narrator, othe irstperson narrator, ‘ho was the main character a the sa Considered he fathers ofthe English nek ‘Norelists were pa by booksellers. The "wete he spokesmen ofthe mid lass bu they wrote in simple stl nore tobe tusrstod cron es-ecisated eds rome ans te parca times ofthe Year oF of the dy, and descriptions of interes he realist nove fos on realse descriptions of tin a pe, Dan Dele’ Roinson Crise he wlopan note sie eonteriporaey Inglis Society, ke in ooathan S's Gulnrs The epistolary novel ws tid throu eters. An Types of novels ‘example Same! Richardson's Parel he learesque nove els the adventures of young hero who ences mislortancs thresh Ts wt tk ney tela’ om Jones he ani-novel sori the ards othe human ind throes an uncomvenonal ee en ee | Oo0ooOreeo er Piio.<Cae Gora Ug St coed So) a ata IC eT meen 3 Authors and Works Hewas born near Leeds ln 1670 and he stale ac Trinity Clee s Dubin > ee maton thi ay He was suecesf playwright dae wrote ‘wages and comedies) ‘ey of te la omy te one > alneot etn at wes nannies Micali and Millamane want get meet Allama’ aunt doesnot give her onsen. They eed ber approval to inherit ber forte, Alter some misunetstandings and complications, they IRtakes place a wondon athe horse fone of ——-llatnant an abel re red ‘he daogue s sparking and ‘enaln dhractesandinachwcolate house human belngs, conten ‘sy a independent ‘he main theme s mariage, ely and ‘The fanguages expressive of Insappearance Mariage s sen a2 hate The characters ate ale to the earaeters sn reste 8 see stremecy betwee the future bre ahd understana themsetves and panticulistmoephiere Desert ‘room. others same r= ss for he nother theme is dhe tmhereane money asa means to reach final sxu thou the plot lo sie wth the relationship ete paselon and nell conventions >=:monestortin and be augwtanae € 'teeun?ot «x & Ooooreeo er Pio <Coe ore Set ed Soe a iano Ce 2th alpen Authors and Works > Neat ben a nt leer Prot se tie ‘He was an unsuccessful businessman, chen a journalist for ‘his oanae eounet he peo Thee 170) His political esas an pamphlets made him famous. Queen “hones no ie his ental atti adh him es eal i a et Mgt > ‘Siirmerettenapah ene te ae cage cue eae Detoe's noel re tional autobiographies pretending 0 be thietoies, He uses istoperson narration, ‘The structure ofthe novel characterised by a seis of episodes joins bythe presence of singe here, tthe age ot 19 Rabineon Cro Robinson Ses midle-caee min ean is simp nd Aevies to leave home an travel swith rational spproach 0 realty comerete Cle sri prcte detalls around the wor eb aipresked Ne onganises aprusstive empire ave given nares to venfore the ‘on adesert land snd manages to the laa the proeatpe ofthe peession ol elim ‘uri for 28 yes hanks 2 hs English colonise. ‘pramimateapozoach ‘se first-person narrator Robinson ie om the lend declone He keeps lary to rear his the theme f te relationship esperiences and thought, fer 12 bore the navi and sot sears rescues a naive. who he calle ray, Fay nthe it mative toe poctayed in a novel He becomes the ‘nea be ecu to Hola ‘yb of the colonised ten ooor-e9eaye aoa Performer Heritage - Ebook multimediale Volume... Qo @ [] 5) Sane, stun ee Hogan i 488 Three became > Seana witan Rapley (Eerste tem) ‘He wen back o Dubin in 1596 nd was ordained as an Angican pres He bez sng pamphlets Sencunng ‘he injustices stra Wythe rsh people under the Landon ‘overnment (4 Modest Propo, 1729), 2726p ene! Galera is masterpiece The novel cons four books ‘Thenorelcanberesd The novel ienarated in ode Geral frm on diferent eves os eet person Gaver the plat ‘Basol ands shiporecke on an “ale for eile cr uropean les snd inhabited ay peoge 2. pole allegory snipe wel {he tpttns te ears the Gamerociucseme —Theatfetsmatterof educated ap sunible Tnnguage customs and iions, pla soaland faetand the nation + oa ates the lant telous oats ofthe till oL reste deta rina ied ya, time ‘He ears something + Book 3h does (the shot a from each vorase apa nab by seems Inte nove owt an gay ‘poem nua OL mor The source of see makes an entensive begins ro deeiona Hoyts metre horses, «oF She erate Eo ony and sae, rial arenes ve crema ree Rowand, ttave ral nd Antec of paredy's the timitatans of ‘wherehe decides oie na stab maaan acters by combining uropean vale fae aicinnt tthe Da Menotanionndibemmmtinas 25ye aoa Se austell au tae eR ee On — fa | v The Romantic Age 1760-1837 He was George Is radeon. His eign was oe ofthe longest ‘in Enalis istoy He inrd ec new tars (on corn, pep nde) in onder to I reduce the public de due to the Seven Yeu War 1760-1820 192801 the Act Union one ela and ian to form ‘hee United Kido. |____ stnister He edt splits the franca sytem a | reduce the national dey fa 1773 real ayon wih the Moston Tea Part: some reels ‘rewrite es nt te arb The soonist elev tat ‘axes wre unr. a6 hey had no pocalrepreseacation i Sri (No takation without representation ‘he amerian War of independence bro out in 1 opposed Pamors, ho wanted incependcnce, to Loyalists, ‘no waned to rerain ar of in ‘The Amerlean War of independence (om 4 uly 1776 in Philadephia representatives fom 13 ofthe ‘Thomas ftferson. » colons sane the Deiaraton of independence, en by in 1781 ta eognised the independence of is former ‘solonies with the Trea of Verses, In 1787 the nei » republic ofthe United States of Ames acopd 3 feel consituton and in 1789 George Washington became the is Presiden Ache end of the 18% century tngand tansformel fom an ucla co an adsl cous. ‘The population rey, so aurculture was avenged and economic actviy was dlvesfed, The standard of ling mpaved and thi led to the Denno he mass consumption of mashine-made goods ‘Technolog innovations npoved eosin 17 {he steam engine wa vent The Spinning Jenny 30 the om ade tte manulaeturing mote ecient Endofthe ‘The Industrial 18" century Revolution any pepe moved rom the rural South o she Newt a the dls to work in fcore, ‘worker lve ia terete condoms due to low was and ong woiking hours a parca, chldren and worten vere ‘ote indus cies acd basi public sersces, hoes ‘were obra lr and water Were polled,Cm oa Coord ma ean tecees sled at ene EVR vas inspite bythe principles f social equally ofthe Enlightenment ‘The French 02792 the Prench abolished the monarehy and declared Revolution ‘hate country arepubt A period called the Regn of Terror followed: in 1793 Eng |___, outs 30 oueen marke anoinete and thousands of people ‘onsiered to be entice of the Revolton were exces i 1783 ranee destarea war on ttn and ioltand » The trench proved unbeatable on and, thanks to went ‘Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) but wal tS > Napoleon ruled France a litany dictator, tis adel Hat Neton (1758-2421) feted > Napoleon tsa se decsve Rate of Trafalgar 1805, doar lle, Napoleon ws aly detest a the Matte of Waterloo fy ‘he Duke of Wellingon. The costs tthe Ware enormous incomplete harvests, high taxation increases in the price of brea Civ unrest among fer wotkesled 9 wolent protesters to desnoy factory mactinery. The ele themseves * Landes er thei leader Ned Lvl In 2819, in Manchester ‘he mts ed onthe ciowd (Peter Massacre) He succeded bis father George I. who sured froma [severe mental dconer, Le wae now fois eccentric and inesponsble poles, . 1% 1824 trade unions the associations of workers were legalised. 1829 the Metropolitan polce was established He was Ceuge Is brother Whig the at of Greys the sew Prime Miniter, ‘The Great Reform At we passe teaxende height to > sote to almost every male member af the mide classes a. Carmi} e-distibuted Parliament seats ona moe equitable basis I > Savery ws abolished inthe Wes Indies in 883 ed ‘The Factory Act (1833) was pase lined the factory employment of duldren under. Demet S37Ca oa Gere im ean tees ere age Neo 2 Literature and Genres evi eseryany ite. ene he poetry ofthe cond hal of the rmeanehelc and sebagai. Sutferinz of poor people and death revolution the concep of mature, tha Ws no seen ab el lls bei ‘ests ocd om he dntinton Between the bem athe sublime The mow rare work these! wea Bnd ‘Barke's Aleph! Eng inate Origin of Or Teas the ho subtime i ths fecling experienced in cng natura Menomena apposed the Beauty in wens of ar ‘Pastoral posty expressed the ive pleasure and happiness of ‘oun te soes ara sults of innocence aed delet Pastoral poetry ‘one oft main representatives was Wiliam Cowper (1731-1800) ‘ha prea of antes nes imme a Nature poetry (1700-58) He sae nate in spiel dette ac he re ‘on the primitive man Acyde of poems by (G4 eaturyScoland leery Gace warir. Ossian Ossianie poetry . James Maepherson (1756-6) colle and publishes Oss ‘poems The appeal nthe melancholy a the despion ‘nate a5 gloomy ana wild. ‘oats se hele poems in emeteies, ruins and stormy landscapes reap School ho moa eprosetatie poet Was Thomas Gray (1718-7) Ine second lf of he 18° century thece wa ea inertia “Goshle nove chacacterised bythe suai and th serious, and by the fear the sump of ev and chaos over ood and nde. Ee ‘The plot i usually complicated by embeded narratives. sea rare id de ke switches increase the apense an teryaC oa Performer Heritage - Ebook multimediale Volume.. Qo # [] Engin Romantics was domiastd by pets, There ate s60 sweneratons of Rowanric pets: the fist includes Wordswerth and Golerdge: the second Byron. ery Bysshe Seley and Imagination ai he poet to see heron unace ray behaaceris cover trot the poet 3 3 visionary prophet ors teacher. he languages ibd familiar ad spe Ea ‘There was srk imerest about the experiance of chido, ‘he eid eas seen as purer than an adul becuse he was “unspoilt by clistion and eloservo God Tene "hs emphasis ws onthe indivi ans festines The pple the outcast, he bel the eto the eve wet eae, ‘Nature yas sees ava ving free, te expression of ‘universe asoureef inspiration, comfort and oy. inte he movel became the mest napus orm a Heson, ‘The movel or manners a with mile religion and was eretly Instuenced by the mie gine! stpyaciate nea ee mee So. MeniNeckiaberie ‘Sfertnrraoea when ee onia view of fe Was eptimisti. his view of ifewas more Thessructureand the an netan pessimist Tonge ae simple soiree ani ‘ He belcved thatthe ‘The nanaorisasepherd. aes luagination was re Tes symbols ar lambs, Thenanatar ss bard nan ori wa emaaioeaeee, flere an ckten stephens couaterpar. Childhood sa synbl et Fsperience scented "The yers is eae ocence ith adthood. seleythiseal ae eee Ly ‘we inthe cate of ipa srrouncesby 9st andscD ‘the main themes ate the Inthe end Emly manages to escape and reacesValancout. supernatural eeraC aoe footer eres ere aan ie LCN eT shew the imi feisty > watronca wi dldten dapat ale pooper an ier vom Gan ‘She ected mon nectal stim fom her father who wa infeed by the tes of he French Reelin, In 1814 she eloped wi the marie poet Poy ‘yahe Shelley They ented a seu Bouse on ‘he banks of Lake Geneva an there be wrote ‘Frankenstein, ore Mader Promctheas,puishicd ‘snonsmousl fa 1838, ‘ter the death o her husband, she eruned 10 ‘land where she continaed to wee a publish, Robert Walton sa S0ug ‘explorer who, dng sn explo to the North Polerstestve life ofa man ‘led Vitor Frankenstein Vicor Frankeastein aSvisrslentlt fo sucesdad in ereating a ‘human beng co art deren dead ries ‘he erature, whic the experiment hos destroyed renting Frankenstein Tove ‘ronkenstein des on ‘Waltons ship the centre lsapears no the arc May Shliey was svar of te latest scientific ticores and experiments in heel Other induences were Rowsacau nator man, ‘state, noc polled by civilisations ghost stores: ‘tho work ofthe Womantie poets aman wo challenged Aine hort, a8 as ooor-9e ‘The novels wold by Aiierentnarators ‘ait, Franenstetn, the crear) proving “Thequest for orbien sowed at! he moral responsibilities a science ‘The double (Dr Frankenstein fa the creature are ‘The form is epstoar, aspects of the same being), The overeacher ho > Heated the Univer of Cambridge and trast om ohn’ oles 1a 1995 etude yb Fe Reet be Se See oe ene er ‘eer Samuel Taylor Coleridge an hte enaship > ,_ hepsi the eopmento Engh Romane poetry. They became the it generation of >> Tee te cal pos yr Hallas, produced with Olesdee append. In 1800 he wor the-Preace’ ofa tats, whieh ocame te Manifesto oF English Romanticism, ewer 1738 an 1807 he ote the Lacy poms, > utiose ees me rete, long ‘ucobographical poem in 14 books. For Woneworth powty We Seana aay \Wordvorth shared Rowse ble ate asoukaryactorsinaing pyc uasskalarseververse MSS Maurer the exetlenes ofthe chi orainary everyday situations. form, sia oats, ‘sland es ead pantheatie view ot nature (be idee the Hs poetry del with eu, ‘tural tiers with Go). Hes ate a a soutce ature sl ener things fe pleasure anos He wanted the language o be Memory sa mao fore ln the process of goth simple be lansiase spoken by of eps nd and moral character Tou he the bumble rural. ‘e-crealve power of memory -emodan is re-proced an pie ina pot frm enables te poet (each to nsine poetry take ts iin fom emation cit his Kaci recollected in rangullty ''teuvuedt «k Oo0ooOreeo er Piio.<