EEP382

FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

 CHAPTER 6
TRANSFER FUNCTION
ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
ELECTRICAL NETWORK TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
 EXAMPLE 1:
𝑉 (𝑠)
Given the circuit, determine 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑉2 (𝑠)
1

Solution: By voltage-current formulas From the figure:

By KVL: 𝑣1 − 𝑣𝐶 − 𝑣𝑅 = 0 Since ℒ𝑣𝑅 = ℒ𝑖 𝑡 𝑅 → 𝑉𝑅 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 𝑅,
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐶 + 𝑣𝑅 and 𝑉𝑅 (𝑠) = 𝑉2 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 𝑅
1 𝑡 𝑉2 (𝑠)
𝑣1 = ‫׬‬0 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝑖(𝑡)
𝐶
𝐼 𝑠 = -Eq.2
𝑅
Differentiate to eliminate the integral Substitute Eq.2 in Eq.1
1 𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑣1 (𝑡) 1 𝑉2 𝑠
𝑖 𝑡 +𝑅 = + 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉1 (𝑠)
𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑅
1
Taking the Laplace transform of the equation: 𝑉 𝑠 𝑅𝑠
[2 =1 ]∙ 𝑅
1
1 𝑉1 𝑠 +𝑅𝑠
𝐼 𝑠 + 𝑅𝑠𝐼 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉1 𝑠 𝐶 𝑅
𝐶 𝑉2 (𝑠) 𝑠
1 = 1
[ + 𝑅𝑠]𝐼 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉1 (𝑠) -Eq.1 𝑉1 (𝑠) 𝑠+
𝑅𝐶
𝐶
 EXAMPLE 1:
Solution: By voltage-charge formulas But: 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑉2 → 𝐼 𝑠 =
𝑉2 (𝑠)
𝑅
By KVL: 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐶 + 𝑣𝑅 1 𝑉2 (𝑠)
Then: 𝑉1 (𝑠) = (𝐶 + 𝑅𝑠) =
1 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑅𝑠
𝑣1 = 𝑞 𝑡 + 𝑅 1
𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑠 𝑅𝑠
Taking the Laplace transform: [𝑉2 𝑠 = 1 ]∙ 𝑅
1
1 +𝑅𝑠 𝑅
𝐶
1 𝑉2 𝑠 𝑠
𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝑄 𝑠 + 𝑠𝑅𝑄 𝑠 =
𝐶 𝑉1 𝑠 1
𝑠+
1 𝑅𝐶
𝑉1 𝑠 = (𝐶 + 𝑠𝑅)𝑄 𝑠
𝑞 𝑖 𝑖(𝑡)
But = 𝐶𝐷 ; 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑑
𝐶
𝑑𝑡

Take the Laplace transform:

𝐼(𝑠)
𝑄 𝑠 = 𝑠
1 𝐼(𝑠)
Then: 𝑉1 𝑠 = ( + 𝑅𝑠)
𝐶 𝑠
 EXAMPLE 2:
𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
Determine 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑉1 (𝑠)

Solution: By voltage-charge formulas Then: 𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑅𝐶𝑉𝐶 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝐶𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)

1

By KVL: 𝑣1 − 𝑣𝑅 − 𝑣𝐶 = 0 𝑉1 𝑠 = (𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 1)𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)

𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐶 𝑉 𝑠 1
1

𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 1 [ 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = ] ∙ 𝑅𝐶
1
𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑞(𝑡) 1 𝑅𝐶𝑠+1
𝐶 𝑅𝐶
1
Taking the Laplace transform of the 𝑉𝐶 𝑠
= 𝑅𝐶
1
equation: 𝑉1 𝑠 𝑠+
𝑅𝐶
1
𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑅𝑄 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝑄(𝑠)
But ℒ𝑞 𝑡 = ℒ𝐶𝑣𝐶 𝑡 → 𝑄 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
 EXAMPLE 2:

Solution: By voltage-current formulas Taking the Laplace transform:

By KVL: 𝑣1 − 𝑣𝑅 − 𝑣𝐶 = 0 s𝑉𝐶 𝑠 =
𝐼(𝑠)
𝑡 𝐶
1
𝑣1 = 𝑅𝑖 𝑡 + 𝐶 ‫׬‬0 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
𝑑𝑣1 𝑑𝑅𝑖(𝑡) 1 1
Differentiate: = + 𝑖(𝑡) Then: s𝑉1 𝑠 = (𝑅𝑠 + 𝐶 )𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
1
Taking the Laplace transform of the 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 1 𝑅𝐶
equation: [ = ]∙ 1
𝑉1 𝑠 𝑅𝐶𝑠+1
𝑅𝐶
1 1
s𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑅𝐼 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝐼(𝑠) 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝑅𝐶
= 1
1 𝑉1 𝑠 𝑠+𝑅𝐶
s𝑉1 𝑠 = (𝑅𝑠 + 𝐶 )𝐼(𝑠)
𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
But 𝑣𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 → 𝑣𝐶 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐶
 EXAMPLE 3:
Find 𝐺 𝑠 of the circuit below

Solution: By voltage-current formulas But 𝑉𝐶 (𝑠) =

𝐼 𝑠
→ 𝐼 𝑠 = 𝑠𝐶𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
𝑠𝐶
By KVL: 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐿 + 𝑣𝐶 1
𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 𝑖(𝑡)
Then: 𝑉1 = 𝑠𝐿 + 𝐶𝑠 𝑠𝐶𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
𝑣1 = 𝐿 + 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑉1 = 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 1 𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
Taking the Laplace transform: 𝑉 𝑠 1
1
[ 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = ] ∙ 𝐿𝐶
1
𝐼(𝑠) 1 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 +1
𝑉1 = 𝑠𝐿𝐼 𝑠 + 𝐿𝐶
𝑠𝐶 1
1 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝐿𝐶
𝑉1 = (𝑠𝐿 + 𝐶𝑠)𝐼(𝑠) = 1
𝑉1 𝑠 𝑠2 +
𝐿𝐶
 EXAMPLE 3:

Solution: By voltage-charge Then: 𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 2 1

+𝐶 𝐶𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
formulas
𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 2 + 1 𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
By KVL: 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐿 + 𝑣𝐶 1
𝑑2 𝑞(𝑡) 1 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 1 𝐿𝐶
𝑣1 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝐶 𝑞(𝑡) [𝑉 𝑠 = 2 ] ∙ 1
1 𝐿𝐶𝑠 +1
𝐿𝐶
Taking the Laplace transform: 𝑉𝐶 𝑠
1
𝐿𝐶
2 1 = 1
𝑉1 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑄 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝑄(𝑠) 𝑉1 𝑠 𝑠2 +𝐿𝐶

2 1
𝑉1 𝑠 = (𝐿𝑠 + 𝐶 )𝑄(𝑠)
But 𝑄 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝐶 𝑠
 EXAMPLE 4:
Find the transfer function relating the capacitor voltage, VC(s), to the input
voltage V(s)

Solution: By voltage-current formulas From the figure:

1 𝑡
𝑣𝐶 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
By KVL: 𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑣𝐿 − 𝑣𝑅 − 𝑣𝐶 𝑡 = 0 𝑑𝑣𝐶 𝑡 1
Differentiating: = 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣𝐿 + 𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐶 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
1
𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 𝑡 𝑠𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼 𝑠 → 𝐼 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
𝑣1 = 𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 𝑡 + ‫׬‬0 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 -Eq.2
𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Differentiating: Substitute Eq.2 in Eq.1
𝑑𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑2 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 1
𝑑𝑡
=𝐿
𝑑𝑡 2
+𝑅
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑖 𝑡
𝐶
𝑠𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)[𝐿𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝑠 + ]
1
𝐶
Taking the Laplace transform: 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 1 𝐿𝐶
[ = ]∙ 1
2 1 𝑉 𝑠 𝐿𝐶𝑠2 +𝑅𝐶𝑠+1
𝑠𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐼 𝑠 + 𝑅𝑠𝐼 𝑠 + 𝐼(𝑠) 1 𝐿𝐶
𝐶 𝑉𝐶 𝑠
1 𝐿𝐶
𝑠𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 [𝐿𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝑠 + ] -Eq.1 = 𝑅 1
𝐶 𝑉1 𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑠+
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
 EXAMPLE 4:
1
Solution: By voltage-charge formulas 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 1 𝐿𝐶
[ = ] ∙ 1
𝑑2 𝑞 𝑡 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 1 𝑉 𝑠 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 +𝑅𝐶𝑠+1
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐿 +𝑅 + 𝐶 𝑞(𝑡) 𝐿𝐶
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 1
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝐿𝐶
Since 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑉 𝑠
= 𝑅 1
𝑠 2 + 𝐿 𝑠+𝐿𝐶
Then
𝑑 2 𝐶𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑑𝐶𝑣𝐶 (𝑡)
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡)
Taking the Laplace transform:
𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 +
𝑉𝐶 𝑠
𝑉 𝑠 = 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 [𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1]
 EXAMPLE 4:
• Find the response, vC(t) when L=1H, R=4Ω, C=0.25F to an input v(t), a unit step
1
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 (1)(0.25) 4
= = 2
𝑉 𝑠 4 1 𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 4
𝑠2 + 1 𝑠 +
1(0.25)
1
Since 𝑉 𝑠 = 𝑠 (unit step)
4 4 1
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑠 2 = 2
=4
𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 4 𝑠(𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 4) 𝑠(𝑠 + 2)2
Taking the inverse Laplace:
1
𝑣𝐶 𝑡 = 4[ 2 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 ]
2
𝑣𝐶 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡
 EXAMPLE 5:
𝑉(𝑠)
Find 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑅(𝑠)

From the current-voltage formulas:

𝑣𝑅
𝑣𝑅 = 𝑅𝑖 𝑡 ; 𝑖(𝑡)𝑅 =
𝑡 𝑅
1 𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝐶 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑖(𝑡)𝐶 = 𝐶
𝐶 0 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 𝑡
𝑣𝐿 = 𝐿 ; 𝑖 𝑡 = න 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 0
By KCL:
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑅 + 𝑖 𝐿 + 𝑖𝐶
𝑣𝑅 1 𝑡 𝑑𝑣
𝑟 𝑡 = + න 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑅 𝐿 0 𝑑𝑡
 EXAMPLE 5:
Differentiating:
𝑑𝑟(𝑡) 1 𝑑𝑣𝑅 1 𝑑2 𝑣
= + 𝑣𝐿 + 𝐶 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
Taking the Laplace Transform:
1 1
𝑠𝑅 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉𝑅 𝑠 + 𝑉𝐿 𝑠 + 𝐶𝑠 2 𝑉𝐶 𝑠
𝑅 𝐿
But VR=VL=VC=V
Then,
1 1
𝑠𝑅 𝑠 = 𝑠 + + 𝐶𝑠 2 𝑉 𝑠
𝑅 𝐿
1
𝑉 𝑠 𝑠
= ∙𝐶
𝑅 𝑠 1 1 1
𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝑠 +
𝑅𝑠 𝐿 𝐶
𝑉 𝑠 𝐶
=
𝑅 𝑠 1 1
𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝐶 𝑠 + 𝐿𝐶
 ELECTRIC NETWORK TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
Solution using Transfer Method without Writing a Differential Equation
Steps:
1. Redraw the original network showing all time variables, such as v(t), i(t),
and vC(t), as Laplace Transforms V(s), I(s), VC(s), respectively.
2. Replace the component values with their impedance values. This
replacement is similar to the case of DC circuits, where we represent
resistors with their respective values.
Component Impedance Admittance
Z(s)=V(s)/I(s) Y(s)=I(s)/V(s)
Resistor R 1/R
Inductor Ls 1/Ls
Capacitor 1/Cs Cs
 EXAMPLE:
Find the transfer function relating the capacitor voltage, VC(s), to the input voltage,
V(s)

From the equation: 𝑉 𝑠 =𝐼 𝑠 𝑍 𝑠

1
𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 𝐿𝑠 + 𝑅 + 𝐶𝑠 -Eq.1
1
But: 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼(𝑠) ∙ 𝐶𝑠
𝐼 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 -Eq.2
1
Substitute Eq.2 to Eq.1: 𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝐿𝑠 + 𝑅 + 𝐶𝑠
1
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 1 𝐿𝐶
= ∙
𝑉 𝑠 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1 1
1 𝐿𝐶
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝐿𝐶
=
𝑉 𝑠 𝑅 1
𝑠 2 + 𝐿 𝑠 + 𝐿𝐶
 COMPLEX CIRCUITS VIA MESH ANALYSIS
For two loops:

σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1 𝐼1 𝑠 − σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1&2 𝐼2 𝑠 = σ 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1 -Eq.1

− σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1&2 𝐼1 𝑠 + σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 2 𝐼2 𝑠 = σ 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 2 -Eq.2

For three loops:

σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1 𝐼1 𝑠 − σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1&2 𝐼2 𝑠 − σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1&3 𝐼3 𝑠 = σ 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1 -Eq.1
− σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1&2 𝐼1 𝑠 + σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 2 𝐼2 𝑠 − σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 2&3 𝐼3 𝑠 = σ 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 2 -Eq.2
− σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 1&3 𝐼1 𝑠 − σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 2&3 𝐼2 𝑠 + σ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 3 𝐼3 𝑠 = σ 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 3 -Eq.3
 EXAMPLE:
𝑉𝑜 (𝑠)
Find the transfer function, 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
, for the network shown;

Solution: 2𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝐼2 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)

−𝐼1 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 1 𝐼2 𝑠 = 0
2 −1
∆= = 2 𝑠 + 1 − 1 = 2𝑠 + 2 − 1 = 2𝑠 + 1
−1 (𝑠 + 1)
2
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
To solve for I 2(s): 𝐼2 𝑠 = −10
= -Eq.1
∆ 2𝑠+1
𝑉𝑜 𝑠
Since 𝑉𝑜 𝑠 = 𝑠𝐼2 𝑠 → 𝐼2 𝑠 = -Eq.2
𝑠
𝑉𝑜 𝑠 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
Equating the two equations: =
𝑠 2𝑠+1
𝑉𝑜 𝑠 𝑠
=
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) 2𝑠+1
 𝐼2 𝑠
EXAMPLE:
• Given the network, Find the transfer function. .
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)

Solution: 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑠𝐿 𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝑠𝐿𝐼2 𝑠
1
0 = −𝑠𝐿𝐼1 𝑠 + 𝑅2 + 𝐶𝑠 + 𝑠𝐿 𝐼2 𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑠𝐿 −𝑠𝐿
1 1
∆= 1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑠𝐿 𝑅2 + + 𝑠𝐿 − −𝑠𝐿 −𝑠𝐿 = 𝑅1 + 𝑠𝐿 𝑅2 + + 𝑠𝐿 − 𝑠 2 𝐿2
−𝑠𝐿 𝑅2 + + 𝑠𝐿 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑠
𝐶𝑠
𝑅1 +𝑠𝐿 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
𝑠𝐿𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) 𝑠𝐿𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
To solve for I2(s): 𝐼2 𝑠 = −𝑠𝐿 0
= = 1
∆ ∆ 𝑅1 +𝑠𝐿 𝑅2 + +𝑠𝐿 −𝑠2 𝐿2
𝐶𝑠
𝐼2 𝑠 𝑠𝐿 𝑠𝐿
= =
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) 1 𝑅 𝑠𝐿
𝑅1 + 𝑠𝐿 𝑅2 + + 𝑠𝐿 − 𝑠 2 𝐿2 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 1 + 𝑅1 𝑠𝐿 + 𝑠𝐿𝑅2 + + 𝑠 2 𝐿2 − 𝑠 2 𝐿2
𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑠
𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2
= =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶𝑠 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅1 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝑅2 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝐿𝑠 + 𝐿2 𝐶𝑠 3 − 𝐿2 𝐶𝑠 3 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶𝑠 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅1 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝑅2 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝐿𝑠
𝐶𝑠
 EXAMPLE:
𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
Find 𝐺 𝑠 =
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)

Solution: Generate the three equations,

𝑠 + 2 𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝑠𝐼2 𝑠 − 0 = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) -Eq.1
−𝑠𝐼1 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2 𝐼2 𝑠 − 𝑠𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 -Eq.2
1
0 − 𝑠𝐼2 𝑠 + (𝑠 + )𝐼3 𝑠 = 0
𝑠
𝑠 2 +1
0 − 𝑠𝐼2 𝑠 + ( 𝑠 )𝐼3
𝑠 =0 -Eq.3
(𝑠 + 2) −𝑠 0
∆= −𝑠 (2𝑠 + 2) −𝑠 = 𝑠 + 2 2𝑠 + 2 𝑠2 +1 + 0 + 0 − 0 − 𝑠 2 𝑠 + 2 − 𝑠 2 𝑠 2 +1
2
𝑠 +1 𝑠 𝑠
0 −𝑠 𝑠
2𝑠 4 +2𝑠 2 +6𝑠 3 +6𝑠+4𝑠 2 +4 3 2 3 2𝑠 4 +2𝑠 2 +6𝑠 3 +6𝑠+4𝑠 2 +4
∆= − 𝑠 − 2𝑠 − 𝑠 − 𝑠 = − 2𝑠 3 − 2𝑠 2 − 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
2𝑠 4 +2𝑠 2 +6𝑠 3 +6𝑠+4𝑠 2 +4−2𝑠 4 −2𝑠 3 −𝑠 2 4𝑠 3 +5𝑠 2 +6𝑠+4
∆= =
𝑠 𝑠
 EXAMPLE:

To find I 3(s):
𝑠+2 −𝑠 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
−𝑠 2𝑠+2 0
𝑠 2 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 3 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 −𝑠 0
= 4𝑠3 +5𝑠2 +6𝑠+4
= 𝑠 2 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 ∙ = -Eq.1
∆ 4𝑠 3 +5𝑠 2 +6𝑠+4 4𝑠 3 +5𝑠 2 +6𝑠+4
𝑠
1
But from the circuit: 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼3 (𝑠) ∙ 𝑠
𝐼3 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 -Eq.2
Substituting Eq.2 to Eq.1:
𝑠 3 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = 3
4𝑠 + 5𝑠 22 + 6𝑠 + 4
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝑠
= 3
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 4𝑠 + 5𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 4
 EXAMPLE:
𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
Find 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)

Solution: Generate the equations,

3𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝐼2 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) -Eq.1
−𝐼1 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 3 𝐼2 𝑠 − 0 = 0 -Eq.2
1
−𝐼1 𝑠 − 0 + (3 + )𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 -Eq.3
3 −1 −1 𝑠

−1 (𝑠 + 3) 0 1 1 9 1
∆= 1 = 3 𝑠 + 3 3 + + 0 + 0 − s + 3 − 0 − 3 + = 9𝑠 + 3 + 27 + − 𝑠 − 3 − 3 −
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
−1 0 3+
𝑠
9𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 27𝑠 + 9 − 𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 3𝑠 − 1 8𝑠 2 + 24𝑠 + 8
∆= =
𝑠 𝑠
 EXAMPLE:

To find I 3(s):
3 −1 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
−1 𝑠+3 0
(𝑠+3)𝑉 𝑠
𝐼3 𝑠 = −1 0 0 𝑖
= 8𝑠2+24𝑠+8 -Eq.1
∆
𝑠
1
But from the circuit: 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼3 (𝑠) ∙ 𝑠
𝐼3 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 -Eq.2
Substituting Eq.2 to Eq.1:
(𝑠 + 3)𝑉𝑖 𝑠 ∙ 𝑠
𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 =
8𝑠 2 + 24𝑠 + 8
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝑠+3
= 2
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 8𝑠 + 24𝑠 + 8
 EXAMPLE:
𝑉𝐶 (𝑠)
Find the transfer function, 𝐺 𝑠 = , for the network shown in the figure.
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)

1
1∙𝑠 1
𝑍𝑝 = =
1 𝑠+1
1+𝑠

Solution: Generate the equations,

1 1 𝑠+2 1
1+ 𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝐼2 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 → 𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝐼2 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 -Eq.1
𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠+1
1 1 1 1 𝑠2 +3𝑠+1
− 𝐼1 𝑠 + 1 + + 𝐼2 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 → − 𝐼1 𝑠 + 𝐼2 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 Eq.2
𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠(𝑠+1)
1 2𝑠+1
−𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 + 2 + 𝑠 𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 → −𝐼1 𝑠 − 𝐼3 𝑠 + 𝐼3 𝑠 = 0 -Eq.3
𝑠
 EXAMPLE:
Solution:
𝑠+2 1
− −1
𝑠+1 𝑠+1
1 2
𝑠 +3𝑠+1 𝑠+2 𝑠 2 +3𝑠+1 2𝑠+1 1 1 𝑠 2 +3𝑠+1 𝑠+2 2𝑠+1 1 1
∆= − 𝑠+1 𝑠(𝑠+1)
−1 = − − − − −
𝑠+1 𝑠(𝑠+1) 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+1
2𝑠+1
−1 −1
𝑠 2
𝑠 + 2 𝑠 + 3𝑠 + 1 2𝑠 + 1 2 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 1 𝑠+2 2𝑠 + 1
∆= − − − −
𝑠 2 (𝑠 + 1)2 𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)2
𝑠 + 2 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 1 2𝑠 + 1 𝑠+4 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 1 2𝑠 + 1
∆= − − −
𝑠 2 (𝑠 + 1)2 𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)2
𝑠 + 2 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 1 2𝑠 + 1 − 𝑠 2𝑠 + 1 − 𝑠 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 1 − 𝑠 2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 4)
∆=
𝑠 2 (𝑠 + 1)2
2𝑠 4 + 10𝑠 3 + 14𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 𝑠 3 + 5𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 2 − 2𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 𝑠 4 − 3𝑠 3 − 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 3 − 3𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 𝑠 4 − 𝑠 3 + 4𝑠 3 − 4𝑠 2
∆=
𝑠 2 (𝑠 + 1)2
2𝑠 3 + 9𝑠 2 + 9𝑠 + 2 𝑠 + 1 2𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 2 2𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 2
∆= 2 2
= 2 2
= 2
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)
 EXAMPLE:
𝑠+2
𝑠+1
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 −1
1
− 𝑠+1 0 −1
2𝑠+1 2𝑠+1 1 2𝑠+1 1
−1 0 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 +𝑉𝑖 𝑠 +1 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1
𝐼2 𝑠 = = 2𝑠2 +7𝑠+2
= 2𝑠2 +7𝑠+2
-Eq.1
∆
𝑠2 (𝑠+1) 𝑠2 (𝑠+1)
1
But from the circuit: 𝑉𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼2 (𝑠) ∙ 𝑠
𝐼2 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 -Eq.2
Substituting Eq.2 to Eq.1:
2𝑠 + 1 1
𝑠 + 1 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
𝑠+1
𝑠𝑉𝐶 𝑠 =
2𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 2
2𝑠 + 1
𝑠 2(𝑠 + 1)
+ 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)
𝑉𝐶 𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠2 + 3𝑠 + 1
= =
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 2𝑠2 + 7𝑠 + 2 2𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 2
𝑠2(𝑠 + 1)