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Note : Laws of reflection are always valid no GDO = DOI (DG || IO).
matter whether reflection is regular or Hence, DIO = DOI
irregular.
OD = DI
The image will also approach (or recede) at (iii) The size of the image formed by a plane
speed v mirror is same as that of the size of the object.
If object is 10 cm high, then the image of this
The speed of image relative to object will be
object will also be 10 cm high.
v – (–v) = 2v.
(iv) The image formed by a plane mirror is at the
Case II :
same distance behind the mirror as the object is
If the mirror is moved towards or (away in front of it. Suppose, an object is placed at 5 cm
from) the object with speed 'v' in front of a plane mirror then its image will be at
The image will move towards (or away from) 5 cm behind the plane mirror.
the object with a speed '2v'. (v) The image formed by a plane mirror is laterally
inverted, i.e., the right side of the object appears as
Multiple Reflection the left side of its image and vice-versa.
Number of images formed by combination of plane
mirrors depends upon angle between mirrors.
90°
A
C A' P
F Fig. Concave mirror : Object between pole
and focus, image behind the mirror.
B'
(B) BY CONVEX MIRROR :
Concave mirror : object at centre of
(1) Object at infinity
curvature, image at centre of curvature
A point object lying on the principal axis.
(4) Object between Centre of Curvature and Focus
Rays come parallel to the principal axis and
Real object AB has its image AB formed after reflection from the mirror, appear to
beyond centre of curvature. diverge from focus F behind the mirror.
The image is real-inverted and enlarged The image is formed at F.
(bigger in size than the object). (Fig.) The image is virtual and point sized. [fig.]
B
A'
P P C
CA F F
B'
Fig. Convex mirror : point object at infinity,
Concave mirror : object between centre of
virtual image at focus.
curvature and focus, image beyond centre of
curvature.
(2) Object at anywhere on principle axis
convex mirror
distance (u) the image distance (v) and the
mirror focal length (f) is called the mirror anywhere between diminished virtual
formula. on pole & erect
1 1 1 principal focus
axis
v u f
30cm
Ex.9 A 1 cm high object is placed at 20 cm in front
Sol. Here, object distance, u = –40 cm of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm.
Focal length of convex mirror, f = +30 cm Find the position and nature of the image.
1 1 1 Sol. u = –20 cm, f = –15 cm, h0 = 1 cm
Now, using mirror formula, + = we
v u f 1 1 1
get Using mirror formula, + = we get
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = + =
v 40 30 v 20 15
1 1 1 7
or = + = 1 1 1 1
v 40 30 120 or =– + =–
v 15 2v 60
120
or = = – 60 cm
7
The image is formed 60 cm from the mirror.
The positive sign shows that the image is Since, the signs of u and are the same, the
formed on the right, i.e. behind the mirror. object and image are formed on the same side
Now, magnification, of the mirror. Therefore, the image is real.
v 120 3 Now magnification,
m = – =– =+
u 7 ( 40) 7 h' v 60 cm
m= = = = –3
Since, the magnification is positive, the image h u 20 cm
is erect. Thus, the image is formed 17.1 cm h’ = –3h = – 3 × 1 cm = – 3cm
behind the mirror. The image is virtual, erect
and diminished. The negative sign shows that the image is
inverted. Thus, the image is real, inverted and
Ex.8 A 3 cm high object is placed at a distance of of size 3 cm and formed 60 cm in front of the
30 cm from a concave mirror. A real image is mirror.
formed 60 cm from the mirror. Calculate the
focal length of the mirror and the size of the
image.
Ex.10 An object 4 cm high is placed 25 cm in front h' 60 / 7 60 3
of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. At or =– =+ =
5 (20) 7 20 7
what distance from the mirror should a screen
be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? 3 15
or h' = 5 × = cm
Find the nature and size of image. 7 7
Sol. Here, u = –25 cm, f = –15 cm, h = + 4 cm
1 1 1 The height of the image is 2.1 cm. Positive
Using the mirror formula, + = , we get
v u f sign shows that the image is erect.
1 1 1
or + =
v 25 15 Ex.12 A convex mirror used on a automobile has 3
m radius of curvature. If a bus is located 5 m
1 1 1 1 1 2
or = – =– + =– from this mirror, find the position, nature and
v 15 25 15 25 75 size of image.
75
or = = –37.5 cm
2 Sol. Here, u = –5 m, r = +3m
Thus, the screen must be placed 37.5 cm from
r 3
the mirror on the same side as the object. f= =+ 1.5 m
2 7
h' v
Now, magnification, m = = 1 1 1
h u Using the relation, + = , we get
v u f
h' (37.5)
= – 1.5 1 1 1
4.0 cm (25) or + =
v 5 1.5
or h' = – 1.5 × 4 = –6 cm
Negative sign shows that the image is 1 1 1
or = + = + 1.15 m
inverted. Hence, the image is real, inverted v 1.5 5
and of size 6 cm. The image is 1.15 m behind the mirror.
h' v 1.15
Ex.11 An object 5 cm high is placed at a distance of Magnification, m = =– =– = + 0.23
h u (5)
20 cm from a convex mirror of radius of
curvature 30 cm. Find the position, nature and Thus, the image is virtual, erect and smaller
size of image. in size than the object.
Sol. Here, u = –20 cm, h = 5 cm
Radius of curvature, r = +30 cm IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBER
r 30 Laws of reflection :
Focal length, f = =+ = + 15 cm
2 2 (a) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
1 1 1 reflection .
Using the mirror formula, + = , we get
v u f
(b) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
1 1 1
+ = normal all lie in the same plane.
v 20 15
Mirror : A smooth, highly polished reflecting
1 1 1 7
or = + = surface is called a mirror. There are two types
v 15 20 60
of mirrors : (a) plane mirror (b) curved
60
or = cm mirrors
7
Curved mirrors are classified as spherical
The image is formed 8.5 cm from the mirror.
The positive sign shows that the image is mirrors or parabolic mirrors depending upon
formed on the other side or behind the mirror. the curvature of the mirror.
So the image is virtual.
Concave mirror : A spherical mirror whose
h' v inner hollow surface is the reflecting surface
Magnification, m = = –
h u
is called concave mirror. A concave mirror screen is called a virtual image. A virtual
forms a real, inverted image of an object if image is formed only when the reflected or
the object is placed at any place outside F. the refracted rays appear to come from a
However, when the object lies between F and point.
P, the image formed is erect and virtual. Sign convention for spherical mirrors :
Convex mirror : A spherical mirror whose According to the sign convention for mirror,
outer bulging at surface is the reflecting the focal length of a concave mirror is
surface is called convex mirror. The image negative and that of a convex mirror is
formed by a convex mirror is always erect, positive.
virtual and smaller than the object whatever
Mirrors formula : The relationship,
may be the position of the object. A convex
1 1 1
mirror is used as a side-mirror (driver’s is called the mirror formula.
f v u
mirror) on automobiles.
Aperture of a mirror : The effective width Magnification : The ratio of the size of the
of a spherical mirror from which reflection image to that of the object is called
can take place is called its aperture. magnification. For a mirror, magnification
(M) is given by,
Pole : The centre of a curved mirror is called
its pole. v h
M=– = i
u ho
Centre of curvature : The centre of the
hollow sphere of which the spherical mirror is 1
power (in diopters)
a part is called its centre of curvature. The f ( metre)
centre of curvature of a concave mirror is in
front of it, while that of a convex mirror is CONCLUSIONS FROM THE SIGN CONVENTION
behind it.
For spherical mirror :
Radius of curvature : Radius of the hollow
sphere of which the mirror is a part is called Distance of the object, u is negative
its radius of curvature. Distance of the real image, v is negative
Principal axis : A straight line passing Distance of the virtual image v is positive
through the centre of curvature and pole of a Focal length, f is negative for
spherical mirror is called its principal axis. concave & f is +
ve for convex
Focus : A point on the principal axis of a
Radius of curvature, R is negative
mirror at which the rays coming from infinity
for concave &
meet or appear to meet is called its focus.
R is + ve for
Focus is denoted by F. convex
Focal length : The distance between the pole Height of the object, O is positive
of a spherical mirror and the focus is called Height of the inverted (real) image, I is negative
the focal of a spherical mirror. Height of the erect (virtual) image, I is positive
Real image : The image which can be
obtained on a screen is called a real image. A
real image is formed only when the reflected
or refracted rays actually meet at a point.
Virtual image : The image which can be
seen into a mirror but cannot be obtained on a
EXERCISE # 1
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.13 We known that plane and convex mirrors
produce virtual images of objects. Can they
Q.1 A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror, i produce real images under some
being the angle of incidence. What is the circumstances ? Explain
deviation suffered by the ray of light? Q.14 The wall of a room is covered with perfect
plane mirror. Two movie films are made, one
Q.2 A plane mirror reflects a pencil of light to
recording the movement of a man and the
form a real image. What is the nature of the
other of his mirror image. From viewing the
pencil of light incident on the mirror?
films later, can an outsider tell which is
Q.3 Define principal axis of a spherical mirror. which?
Q.1 A child walks towards a fixed plane mirror at (B) neither absorbs nor reflects light
a speed of 5 km h–1. The velocity of the (C) transmits whole of light
image with respect to mirror is - (D) all of the above are correct
(A) 5 km h–1 (B) –5 km h–1
(C) 10 km h–1 (D) –10 km h–1 Q.9 According to laws of reflection of light -
(A) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle
Q.2 The letter that does not show lateral of reflection
inversion-
(B) Angle of incidence is less than the angle
(A) Z (B) M (C) O (D) W of reflection
Q.3 In a plane mirror, an object is 0.5 m in front (C) Angle of incidence is greater than the
of the mirror. The distance between object angle of reflection
and image is - (D) None of these
(A) 0.5 m (B) 1 m
(C) 0.25 m (D) 0.75 m Q.10 Which of the following correctly represents
graphical relation between angle of incidence
Q.4 An object 0.5 m tall is in front of a plane (i) and angle of reflection (r) ?
mirror at a distance of 0.2 m. The size of the y y
image formed is- i i
(A) 0.2 m (B) 0.5 m (C) 0.1 m (D) 1 m (A) (B)
O x O x
Q.5 A plane mirror is approaching you at 10 cm r r
s–1. Your image shall approach you with a y y
speed of- i i
(A) + 10 cm s–1 (B) – 10 cm s–1 (C) (D)
(C) + 20 cm s–1 (D) – 20 cm s–1 O x O x
r r
Q.6 The path along which light travels in a Q.11 A light ray falls on a mirror and deviates by
homogeneous medium is called a- 60° then the angle of reflection will be
(A) beam of light (B) ray of light (A) 30° (B) 90°
(C) pencil of light (D) none of these (C) 60° (D) 180°
EXERCISE-2
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans B A B B C B A D A D C B C B B
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans B D D A C C